Part III Varangian shadows on the face of Muscovite Rus' In previous chapters we talked about how the Varangians appeared in the history of the Russian state. But to be more precise, about how the people who wrote the Varangians into our history, especially in the middle of the 9th century, imagined it. We were talking about

Almost no legends have survived about the activities of the semi-fairytale Rurik (in Old Scandinavian Hroerekr) in Novgorod. They said that he initially lived not in Novgorod, but in Ladoga, at the mouth of the river. Volkhov moved to Novgorod after the death of his brothers. His rule allegedly aroused displeasure and even caused a rebellion under the leadership of some Vadim the Brave; but Rurik killed Vadim and defeated the rebels. Those dissatisfied with him fled to Kyiv, where the Varangian warriors Askold and Dir were already sitting, having left Rurik’s squad and founded their principality in Kyiv. It is difficult, of course, to say how true all these legends are.

After the death of Rurik (879), his relative Oleg (in Old Scandinavian Helgi) began to reign in Novgorod. He enjoyed power as the guardian of Rurik's young son Igor (in Old Norse Ingvarr). Oleg did not stay in Novgorod: together with Igor, he moved south along the great path “from the Varangians to the Greeks,” conquered Smolensk and Lyubech on the Dnieper and approached Kiev. By deception, he captured and destroyed Askold and Dir here on the grounds that they “are not princes and not of a princely family,” while he himself is a prince, and Igor is a Rurik prince. Having occupied Kyiv, Oleg settled in it and made it the capital of his principality, saying that Kyiv would be “the mother of Russian cities.” This is how Oleg managed to unite in his hands all the main cities along the great waterway. This was his first goal. From Kyiv he continued his unification activities: he went against the Drevlyans, then against the northerners and conquered them, then he subjugated the Radimichi. Thus, all the main tribes of the Russian Slavs, except for the outlying ones, and all the most important Russian cities gathered under his hand. Kyiv became the center of a large state and freed the Russian tribes from Khazar dependence. Having thrown off the Khazar yoke, Oleg tried to strengthen his country with fortresses from the eastern nomads (both Khazars and Pechenegs) and built cities along the border of the steppe.

But Oleg did not limit himself to uniting the Slavs. Following the example of his Kyiv predecessors, Askold and Dir, who raided Byzantium, Oleg conceived a campaign against the Greeks. With a large army “on horses and ships” he approached Constantinople (907), devastated its surroundings and besieged the city. The Greeks started negotiations, gave Oleg a “tribute”, that is, they bought off ruin, and concluded an agreement with Russia, which was confirmed a second time in 912. Oleg’s luck made a deep impression on Rus': Oleg was sung in songs, and his exploits were embellished with fabulous features. From the songs, the chronicler entered into his chronicle the story of how Oleg put his ships on wheels and went on dry land with sails “across the fields” to Constantinople. From the song, of course, the detail was taken into the chronicle that Oleg, “showing victory,” hung his shield at the gates of Tsaryagrad. Oleg was given the nickname “prophetic” (wise, knowing what others are not given to know). Oleg’s activities were indeed of exceptional importance: Oleg created a large state from disunited cities and tribes, brought the Slavs out of subordination to the Khazars and, through treaties, established correct trade relations between Rus' and Byzantium; in a word, he was the creator of Russian-Slavic independence and strength.

After the death of Oleg (912) he came into power Igor, apparently, who did not have the talent of a warrior and ruler. He made two raids into Greek possessions: into Asia Minor and into Constantinople. The first time he suffered a severe defeat in a naval battle, in which the Greeks used special vessels with fire and fired “fire at the Russian boats with pipes.” The second time, Igor did not reach Constantinople and made peace with the Greeks on the terms set out in the treaty of 945. This treaty is considered less beneficial for Rus' than Oleg’s treaties. In Igor’s campaign against the Greeks they also took part Pechenegs(§2), for the first time under Igor, they attacked the Russian land, and then made peace with Igor. Igor ended his life sadly: he died in the country of the Drevlyans, from whom he wanted to collect double tribute. His death, the matchmaking of the Drevlyan prince Mal, who wanted to marry Igor’s widow Olga, and Olga’s revenge on the Drevlyans for the death of her husband form the subject of a poetic legend, described in detail in the chronicle.

Prince Igor's campaign against Constantinople in 941. Miniature from the Radziwill Chronicle

Olga(in Old Norse and Greek Helga) remained after Igor with his young son Svyatoslav and took over the rule of the principality. According to ancient Slavic custom, widows enjoyed civil independence and full rights, and in general the position of women among the Slavs was better than among other European peoples. Therefore, it is not surprising that Princess Olga became a ruler. The chronicler’s attitude towards her is the most sympathetic: he considers her “the wisest of all people” and attributes to her great concerns about the structure of the earth. Traveling around her possessions, she established order everywhere and left behind a good memory everywhere. Her main business was the adoption of the Christian faith and a pious journey to Constantinople (957). According to the chronicle, Olga was baptized “by the king and the patriarch” in Constantinople, although it is more likely that she was baptized at home, in Rus', before her trip to Greece. Emperor Constantine Porphyrogenitus, who honorably received Olga in his palace and described her reception (in the essay “On the Rituals of the Byzantine Court”), talks about the Russian princess with restraint and calm. The legend that has developed in Rus' about the princess’s journey says that the emperor was so struck by Olga’s beauty and intelligence that he even wanted to marry her; however, Olga declined this honor. She behaved respectfully towards the patriarch, but quite independently towards the emperor. The chronicler is even sure that she managed to outwit the emperor twice: firstly, she cleverly managed to refuse his matchmaking, and secondly, she refused him tribute or gifts, which he supposedly gullibly counted on. Such was the naive legend that taught Olga exceptional wisdom and cunning. With the triumph of Christianity in Rus', the memory of Princess Olga, in the holy baptism of Helen, began to be revered by the Orthodox Church and Princess Olga was canonized.

Duchess Olga. Baptism. The first part of the trilogy "Holy Rus'" by S. Kirillov, 1993

Olga’s son Svyatoslav already bore a Slavic name, but his character was that of a typical Varangian warrior and warrior. As soon as he had time to mature, he formed a large and brave squad for himself and with it began to seek glory and booty for himself. He left the influence of his mother early and “was angry with his mother” when she urged him to be baptized. “How can I change my faith alone? The squad will start laughing at me,” he said. He got along well with his squad, led a harsh marching life with them, and therefore moved with unusual ease: “walking easily, like a pardus (leopard),” as the chronicle puts it.

While his mother was still alive, leaving the Principality of Kiev in Olga’s care, Svyatoslav made his first brilliant campaigns. He went to the Oka and subjugated the Vyatichi, who then paid tribute to the Khazars; then he turned to the Khazars and defeated the Khazar kingdom, taking the main cities of the Khazars (Sarkel and Itil). At the same time, Svyatoslav defeated the Yasov and Kasog (Circassian) tribes on the river. Kuban and captured the area near the Sea of ​​Azov called Tamatarkha (later Tmutarakan, and now Taman). Finally, Svyatoslav, having penetrated the Volga, ravaged the land of the Kama Bulgarians and took their city of Bolgar. In a word, Svyatoslav defeated and ruined all the eastern neighbors of Rus', which were part of the Khazar state. Rus' was now becoming the main power in the Black Sea region. But the fall of the Khazar state strengthened the nomadic Pechenegs. All the southern Russian steppes, previously occupied by the Khazars, now fell at their disposal; and Rus' itself soon had to experience great troubles from these nomads.

Returning to Kyiv after his conquests in the east, Svyatoslav received an invitation from the Greeks to help Byzantium in its fight against the Danube Bulgarians. Gathering a large army, he conquered Bulgaria and remained there to live in the city of Pereyaslavets on the Danube, since he considered Bulgaria his property. “I want to live in Pereyaslavets Danube,” he said, “there is the middle of my land, all sorts of blessings are collected there: from the Greeks gold, fabrics, wines and fruits, from the Czechs and Ugrians - silver and horses, from Rus' - furs, wax and honey and slaves." But he had to return from Bulgaria to Kyiv for a while, because in his absence the Pechenegs attacked Rus' and besieged Kyiv. The people of Kiev with Princess Olga and Svyatoslav’s children barely escaped the formidable enemy and sent to Svyatoslav with reproaches and a request for help. Svyatoslav came and drove the Pechenegs into the steppe, but did not stay in Kyiv. The dying Olga asked him to wait in Rus' until her death. He granted her wish; but, having buried his mother, he immediately left for Bulgaria, leaving his sons as princes in Rus'. However, the Greeks did not want to allow Russian domination over the Bulgarians and demanded the removal of Svyatoslav back to Rus'. Svyatoslav refused to leave the banks of the Danube. The war began, and the Byzantine emperor John Tzimiskes defeated Svyatoslav. After a series of difficult efforts, he locked the Russians in the fortress of Doristol (now Silistria) and forced Svyatoslav to make peace and cleanse Bulgaria. Svyatoslav's army, exhausted by the war, on the way home was captured in the Dnieper rapids by the Pechenegs and scattered, and Svyatoslav himself was killed (972). Thus the Pechenegs completed the defeat of the Russian prince, begun by the Greeks.

Monument to Prince Svyatoslav in Zaporozhye

After the death of Svyatoslav in Rus', bloody civil strife occurred between his sons (Yaropolk, Oleg and Vladimir), in which the brothers of Prince Vladimir died, and he remained the sole sovereign. Shocked by strife, the Principality of Kiev showed signs of internal decay, and Vladimir had to spend a lot of effort to pacify the Varangians who served him and subjugate the renegade tribes (Vyatichi, Radimichi). After the failures of Svyatoslav, the external power of Rus' was also shaken. Vladimir waged many wars with various neighbors over border volosts; He also fought with the Volga Bulgarians. He also became involved in a war with the Greeks, as a result of which he converted to Christianity according to the Greek rite. This most important event ended the first period of power of the Varangian dynasty in Rus'.

HISTORY OF RUSSIA Test No. 1
Topic: “Ancient Rus'”. Option 3 (profile)
1. The following dates back to the 10th century:

























1) calling the Varangians to rule 2) the campaign of Askold and Dir to Constantinople
3) death of Prince Igor 4) formation of the Old Russian states








15. From what historical source are these words taken:



16. (1 point) Place historical events in chronological order. Write down the numbers that indicate historical events in the correct sequence in the table.
1) uprising of the Drevlyans
2) the calling of Rurik by the Novgorodians
3) capture of Kyiv by Prince Oleg
4) Oleg’s campaign against Constantinople
5) campaigns of Prince Svyatoslav
17. (2 points) Which three of the listed terms denoted categories of people dependent on large landowners in Ancient Rus'

18. (2 points) What three events relate to the period of the reign of Vladimir Monomakh? (1113-1125)
1) annexation of the Vyatichi, imposition of tribute on them
2) the first chronicle mention of Moscow
3) creation of the “Charter”
4) organizing an attack on the Polovtsians and preventing their raids on Rus'
5) "Teaching"
3 4 5
6) installation of Hilarion to the Kyiv Metropolis
19. (2 points) Establish a correspondence between the princes of Ancient Rus' and the peoples and states to which these princes inflicted major military defeats, which had important consequences for the further course of events. For each position in the first column, select the corresponding position in the second and write down the selected numbers in the table under the corresponding letters.


B) Oleg 2) Varangians
B) Svyatoslav 3) Pechenegs
D) Yaroslav the Wise 4) Polovtsy
5) Khazar Khaganate
A B C D
4 1 5 3
20. (2 points) Establish a correspondence between the name of a people (tribe, union of tribes) and the area of ​​their residence.


B) Vyatichi 2) lower Volga

D) Khazars 4) Scandinavia
5) the middle reaches of the Dnieper
A B C D
4 1 5 2
21. (2 points) Establish a correspondence between the name of a people (tribe, union of tribes) and the area of ​​their residence.
Peoples (tribes, tribal unions) Areas of residence
A) Varangians 1) Oka River basin
B) Vyatichi 2) lower Volga
B) clearing 3) lower reaches of the Danube River
D) Khazars 4) Scandinavia
5) the middle reaches of the Dnieper
A B C D
22. (2 points) Establish a correspondence between the rulers of Ancient Rus' and their contribution to the formation of the Old Russian state.
Rulers Contribution





A B C D
5 4 3 1
23 (1 point) Read an excerpt from the work of historian S.M. Solovyov and write who you are talking about.

Answer:________________
24. (1 point) Read an excerpt from “The Tale of Bygone Years” and write the name of the place where the event described took place.
“We gathered... to establish peace and said to each other: “Why are we destroying the Russian land, creating strife among ourselves? But the Polovtsians carry the land differently and are glad that there are wars between us. Let us unite with one heart from now on and let us guard the Russian land, and let everyone own his homeland...” And with that they kissed the cross.” Answer:_____________
HISTORY OF RUSSIA Home test No. 1
Topic: “Ancient Rus'”.
Read the questions and mark the correct answer after each (circle the number).
Complete the tasks of part “B” strictly according to the instructions. Submit the completed test to your teacher for review before the start of class.
Full name Group No.
Test score (A+B+C) points Max. score (A+B+C) points
Tasks of part “A” of the Unified State Exam (score 1 point for each test task).
1. The following dates back to the 10th century:
1) baptism of Rus' 2) calling of the Varangians
3) creation of the “Tale of Bygone Years” 4) congress of princes in Lyubich2. The first prince to subjugate most of the East Slavic tribes was:
1) Rurik 2) Svyatoslav 3) Oleg 4) Igor
3. According to chronicles, the uprising of the Drevlyans in 945 was caused by:
1) inter-tribal strife between the Drevlyans and the Ilmen Slovenes 2) an attempt by the Kyiv prince to take tribute from the Drevlyans a second time
3) the reluctance of the Drevlyans to accept Christianity 4) the forced recruitment of the Drevlyans into the squad of Prince Vladimir
4. Read an excerpt from an essay by a twentieth-century historian and indicate who is being discussed.
“Under him, as the chronicler says, “the Christian faith began to multiply and expand.” Summoning craftsmen from Byzantium, he built churches (of which the most famous was the Cathedral of St. Sophia in Kyiv), founded monasteries, continued the organization of church administration and contributed to the spread and strengthening of Christianity throughout the vast borders of his state.”
1) Vladimir Monomakh 2) Vladimir the Holy 3) Svyatoslav Igorevich 4) Yaroslav the Wise
5. Read an excerpt from the work of a 19th-century historian and indicate whose reign the author characterizes.
“His activities were of exceptional importance: he created a large state from disunited cities and tribes, brought the Slavs out of submission to the Khazars and, through treaties, established correct trade relations between Rus' and Byzantium; in a word, he was the creator of Russian-Slavic independence and strength.”
1) Rurik 2) Oleg 3) Igor 4) Svyatoslav
6. In what war were the Russians forced to retreat with honor after a stubborn defense of the city, but their leader died while returning from the campaign?
1) the war of Prince Svyatoslav with Byzantium in Danube Bulgaria 2) the campaign of Prince Igor against Constantinople
3) the defeat of the Khazar Kaganate by Prince Svyatoslav 4) the campaign of Vladimir Monomakh against the Polovtsians
7. The changes in management carried out by Vladimir I include:
1) using their sons as governors 2) giving the Varangians privileges in Russian service
3) creation of a senior squad as a council under the prince 4) strengthening the role of the veche
8. What was the name of the trade and craft part of the Russian medieval city?
1) veche 2) posad 3) district 4) appanage
9. In what year was Vladimir Monomakh invited to the Kiev throne?
1) 1111 2) 1113 3) 1125 4) 1132
10. Which of the listed princes ruled earlier than others?
1) Vladimir Monomakh 2) Alexander Nevsky 3) Svyatoslav 4) Yaroslav the Wise
11. What event happened in 882?
1) the calling of the Varangians to reign 2) the death of Prince Igor
3) the formation of the Old Russian state 4) the campaign of Askold and Dir to Constantinople
12. Which cathedral was the main one in Novgorod?
1) Kazan 2) Sofia 3) Uspensky 4) Pokrovsky
13. The Congress of Russian princes in Lyubech was convened with the purpose of:
1) establish a new procedure for collecting tribute 2) stop civil strife
3) accept the Russian truth 4) decide on the baptism of Rus'
14. Read an excerpt from the ancient Russian chronicle and indicate the name of the prince in question.
“He said to his mother and his boyars: “I don’t like to sit in Kiev, I want to live in Pereyaslavets on the Danube - for there is the middle of my land, all the good things flow there: from the Greek land - gold, grass, wine, various fruits, from the Czech Republic and from Hungary silver and horses, from Rus' furs and wax, honey and slaves.”
1) Oleg 2) Igor 3) Svyatoslav 4) Yaroslav
15.From what historical source are these words taken:
“My children or anyone else who listens to this letter, do not laugh at it, but accept it into your hearts and do not be lazy, but work hard.”
1) “The Tale of Igor’s Host” 2) “The Teaching of Vladimir Monomakh”
3) “The Tale of Bygone Years” 4) “Russian Truth”
Assignments for part “B” of the Unified State Exam (the assignment number and the Unified State Exam score are indicated in parentheses).
16 (B1-1 point) Place historical events in chronological order. Write down the numbers that indicate historical events in the correct sequence in the table.
1) uprising of the Drevlyans (945)
2) calling of Rurik by the Novgorodians (862)
3) capture of Kyiv by Prince Oleg (882)
4) Oleg’s campaign against Constantinople (907, 911)
2 3 4 1 5
5) campaigns of Prince Svyatoslav (964-966) or (969-972 for Orlov)
17 (B1-1 point) Arrange historical events in chronological order.
1) the war of Prince Svyatoslav with Byzantium (967-971)
2) uprising in Kyiv (1113)
3) formation of the Kyiv Metropolis (1036)
4) Prince Igor’s campaign against Constantinople and its defeat by the Greeks (941)
5 4 1 3 2
5) formation of the state of Rus' (882)
18 (B2-2 points) Which three of the listed terms denoted categories of people dependent on large landowners in Ancient Rus'. Circle the appropriate numbers and write them in the table.
1) smerd2) ryadovichi3) serf 4) monk5) sorcerer6) purchase
1 2 6
19 (B2-2 points) What three events relate to the period of the reign of Vladimir Monomakh? (1113-1125)
1) annexation of the Vyatichi, imposition of tribute on them (966)
2) the first chronicle mention of Moscow (1147)
3) creation of the “Charter” (1113)
4) organizing an attack on the Polovtsy and preventing their raids on Rus' (1116) 5) “Teaching” (at the end of life)
3 4 5
6) installation of Hilarion to the Kyiv Metropolis (1051)
20 (B3-2 points) Establish a correspondence between the princes of Ancient Rus' and the peoples and states to which these princes inflicted major military defeats, which had important consequences for the further course of events. For each position in the first column, select the corresponding position in the second and write down the selected numbers in the table under the corresponding letters.
Princes Peoples or states
A) Vladimir Monomakh 1) Byzantine Empire
B) Oleg 2) Varangians
B) Svyatoslav 3) Pechenegs
D) Yaroslav the Wise 4) Polovtsy
5) Khazar Khaganate
A B C D
4 1 5 3
21 (B3-2 points) Establish a correspondence between the name of the people (tribe, union of tribes) and the area of ​​their residence.
Peoples (tribes, tribal unions) Areas of residence
A) Varangians 1) Oka River basin
B) Vyatichi 2) lower Volga
B) clearing 3) lower reaches of the Danube River
D) Khazars 4) Scandinavia
5) the middle reaches of the Dnieper
A B C D
4 1 5 2
22 (B3-2 points) Establish a correspondence between the rulers of Ancient Rus' and their contribution to the formation of the Old Russian state.
Rulers Contribution
A) Oleg 1) the beginning of written legislation
B) Olga 2) mixing tribes in order to create a single people
B) Rurik 3) creation of a ruling layer
D) Yaroslav the Wise 4) establishment of regular taxation
5) formation of the main territory of the state
A B C D
5 4 3 1
23 (Q9-1 point) Read an excerpt from the work of historian S.M. Solovyov and write who you are talking about.
He is presented in the chronicles as “an inactive prince, an unbrave leader. He does not go for tribute to previously subjugated tribes, does not conquer new ones, his squad is poor and timid, like him: with great forces they return back from the Greek campaign without a fight. But to these character traits in the legend another one was added - greed, unworthy, according to the concepts of that time, of a good leader of the squad, who shared everything with it.
Answer:________________(Igor)
24 (B9-1 point) Read an excerpt from “The Tale of Bygone Years” and write the name of the place where the described event took place.
“We gathered... to establish peace and said to each other: “Why are we destroying the Russian land, creating strife among ourselves? But the Polovtsians carry the land differently and are glad that there are wars between us. Let us unite with one heart from now on and let us guard the Russian land, and let everyone own his homeland...” And with that they kissed the cross.” Answer:_____________Lubech

Read each task carefully and the suggested answer options, if any. Answer only after you understand the question and have considered all possible answers.

Complete the tasks in the order in which they are given. If a task is difficult for you, skip it. You can return to missed tasks if you have time.

One or more points are given for completing tasks of varying complexity. The points you receive for completed tasks are summed up. Try to complete as many tasks as possible and score the most points.

When completing the tasks of this part, for each task, choose the answer that, in your opinion, is correct.

A1. By the 10th century:

1) baptism of Rus';

2) the calling of the Varangians;

3) writing “The Tale of Bygone Years”;

4) congress of princes in Lyubech.

A2. The first prince to subjugate most of the East Slavic tribes was

2) Svyatoslav;

A3. Polyudye was called (as, axis):

1) popular assembly among the ancient Slavs;

2) the Grand Duke’s tour of the subordinate tribes for the purpose of collecting tribute;

3) the work of dependent peasants on the feudal lord’s farm;

4) gathering of the people's militia to organize resistance to the nomads.

A4. According to chronicles, the uprising of the Drevlyans in 945 was caused by:

1) inter-tribal strife between the Drevlyans and the Ilmen Slovenians;

2) an attempt by the Kyiv prince to take tribute from the Drevlyans a second time;

3) the reluctance of the Drevlyans to accept Christianity;

4) forcible recruitment of Drevlyans into the squad of Prince Vladimir.

A5. Read an excerpt from an essay by a twentieth-century historian and indicate who is being discussed.

“Under him, as the chronicler says, “the Christian faith began to multiply and expand.” Summoning craftsmen from Byzantium, he built churches (of which the most famous was the Cathedral of St. Sophia in Kyiv), founded monasteries, continued the organization of church administration and contributed to the spread and strengthening of Christianity within the vast borders of his state.”

1) Vladimir Monomakh;

2) Vladimir the Holy;

3) Svyatoslav Igorevich;

4) Yaroslav the Wise.

A6. In what century did all these events take place - the murder of Boris and Gleb; the final defeat of the Pechenegs; the beginning of the Polovtsian invasions of Russian lands?

A7. In what war were the Russians forced to retreat with honor after a stubborn defense of the city, but their leader died while returning from the campaign?

1) the war of Prince Svyatoslav with Byzantium in Danube Bulgaria;

2) Prince Igor’s campaign against Constantinople;

3) the defeat of the Khazar Kaganate by Prince Svyatoslav;

4) the campaign of Vladimir Monomakh against the Polovtsians.

A8. What is the name of the oldest part of “Russian Truth”?

1) “Russian Law”;

2) “The Truth of St. Vladimir”;

3) “Yaroslav’s Truth”;

4) “The Charter of Vladimir Monomakh.”

A9. Which of the following concepts is associated with the pagan beliefs of the Slavs?

1) “corvée”;

2) “rope”;

3) “patrimony”;

4) “temple”.

A10. The Baptism of Rus' led to...

1) the rapid disappearance of all traces of pagan beliefs;

2) subordination to the princely power of the Orthodox Church;

3) the transformation of Rus' into a state dependent on Byzantium;

A11. Read an excerpt from an essay by a 19th-century historian and indicate whose reign the author is describing.

“His activities were of exceptional importance: he created a large state from disunited cities and tribes, brought the Slavs out of submission to the Khazars and, through treaties, established correct trade relations between Rus' and Byzantium; in a word, he was the creator of Russian-Slavic independence and strength.”

4) Svyatoslav.

A12. Prince Vladimir the Holy created a system of defensive fortifications against raids...

1) Varangians;

2) Pechenegs;

1) Vladimir Monomakh;

2) Hilarion;

3) Nestor;

A14. According to the chronicle, Prince Vladimir was baptized in the city...

2) Constantinople;

3) Korsun;

4) Novgorod.

A15. After baptism, the head of the Russian church became...

1) Grand Duke of Kyiv;

2) archbishop;

3) metropolitan;

4) patriarch.

A16. The first Russian saints are

1) Askold and Dir;

2) Boris and Gleb;

3) Vladimir Saint and Anna;

4) Cyril and Methodius.

A17. As a result of Prince Oleg's campaign against Constantinople...

1) a trade agreement beneficial for Rus' was concluded;

2) Byzantium ceded Danube Bulgaria to Rus';

3) the prince and his squad were baptized;

4) the capital of Byzantium was plundered.

A18. Which of the following is part of the process of formation of the feudal system?

A) the emergence of corvée and quitrent;

B) the emergence of purchases and rank-and-file employees

B) the appearance of the first chronicles

D) distribution of lands by the Grand Duke and their transformation into estates

E) decorating temples with mosaics and frescoes

Please indicate the correct answer.

A19. Read an excerpt from “The Tale of Bygone Years” and indicate what it is about.

“Olga went to Novgorod and established graveyards and tributes along Msta, and along Luga - dues and tributes, and her traps were preserved throughout the land, and there are testimonies about her, and her places and graveyards, and her sleigh stands in Pskov to this day, and along the Dnieper there are places for catching birds, and along the Desna...”

1) tax reform;

2) the conquest of the rebel tribes;

3) distribution of estates;

4) preparation for baptism.

A20. Read the passage and indicate under which ruler(s) the document from which the passage is taken was drawn up.

“To kill a husband’s husband, to take revenge on a brother’s brother, or a father’s son, or a son’s father, or a brother’s brother, or a son’s sister; If there is no one seeking revenge, then 40 hryvnia per head.”

1) under St. Vladimir;

2) under Yaroslav the Wise;

3) under Yaroslavich;

4) under Vladimir Monomakh.

A21. During the war with Byzantium, Svyatoslav...

1) subjugated the Vyatichi;

2) personally met with the emperor;

3) nailed the shield to the gates of Constantinople;

4) was baptized.

A22. The changes in management carried out by Vladimir I include...

1) using their sons as governors;

2) granting the Varangians privileges in Russian service;

3) the creation of a senior squad as a council under the prince;

4) strengthening the role of the veche.

A23. Vladimir Monomakh ruled in...

1) 1019-1054;

2) 1054-1113;

3) 1113-1125;

4) 1125-1132

1) “purchases”;

2) “patrimonial people”;

3) “magi”;

4) all of the above.

A25. One of the main goods exported from Ancient Rus' was...

1) wood;

A26. The foreign policy of Vladimir I was characterized by the desire

1) get rid of paying tribute to the Varangians;

2) secure Russian lands from Pecheneg raids;

3) subordinate Byzantium to the Old Russian state;

4) destroy the Khazar Khaganate.

A27. What was one of the reasons for the formation of the Old Russian state?

1) the need to establish trade with Byzantium;

2) inviting the Varangians to serve the Slavic tribes;

3) the spread of Christianity;

4) strengthening the tribal system.

A28. Read an excerpt from “The Tale of Bygone Years” and indicate what followed the events described.

“That year the squad said to Igor: “The youths of Sveneld are dressed in weapons and clothes, and we are naked. The prince will go with us for tribute, and you will get it for yourself, and for us.” And Igor listened to them - he went to the Drevlyans for tribute...”

1) the Drevlyans turned to the Khazars for help;

2) Igor’s squad killed the Drevlyan elders;

3) the land of the Drevlyans was annexed to Ancient Rus';

4) Igor was killed by the Drevlyans.

A29. Read an excerpt from the document, choose a statement related to it.

“As for ar-Rusiya, it is located on an island surrounded by a lake... They have a king called the Kagan of the Rus. They attack the Slavs, approach them on ships, disembark, take them prisoner, take them to Khazaria and Bulgaria and sell them there. They have no arable land, but feed only on what they bring from the land of the Slavs."

1) has a purely fantastic character;

2) dates back to the 11th century;

3) confirms the arguments of supporters of the Norman theory;

4) talks about the struggle of the Slavs with the Khazar Khaganate.

A30. St. Sophia Cathedrals were built in

2) Novgorod;

3) Polotsk;

4) all the cities listed above.

A31. Read an excerpt from a work by a Byzantine historian and indicate when what it describes could have happened.

“The winter and harsh way of life of those same dews is like this. When the month of November comes, the archons immediately leave Kyiv with all the Ros and go to... Slavinia of the Vervians, Druguvites, Krivichi, Severii and other Slavs, who are tributaries of the Ros. Feeding there throughout the winter, they return to Kyiv again, starting in April, when the ice on the Dnieper River melts.”

1) under Rurik;

2) under Oleg and Igor;

3) under Svyatoslav;

4) under Vladimir.

A32. In what year did the unification of Kyiv and Novgorod take place within one state?

A33. Which of the named persons Not was he a descendant of Rurik?

1) Vladimir Monomakh;

2) Vladimir the Holy;

3) Oleg the Prophet;

4) Svyatoslav Igorevich.

A34. The concepts of “filigree” and “grain” are associated with (o)...

1) the formation of ancient Russian statehood;

2) the development of crafts in Ancient Rus';

3) the formation of the feudal system;

4) the spread of Christianity.

A35. An obligatory element of the patrimony was (o, a)

1) military squad for border protection;

2) the use of slave labor;

3) the presence of fishing grounds and forests;

4) transmission by inheritance.

A36. The result of Vladimir Monomakh’s accession to the Kiev throne was

1) temporary cessation of princely civil strife;

2) the final defeat of the Polovtsians;

3) the subordination of the Drevlyans to the power of the Kyiv prince;

4) turning Kyiv into the capital of the state.

A37. Which tribes belong to the eastern branch of the Slavs?

A) Vyatichi

B) Slovenian Ilmenskie

B) Slovenes

D) Poles

D) clearing

E) muroma

Please indicate the correct answer.

A38. Read an excerpt from a Western European chronicle and explain why the head of the Old Russian state is called so unusually in it.

“King Henry sent... to a certain to the king in the Greek regions so that he would give him his daughter as a wife. He sent them back to France with great gifts and their daughter.”

1) Rus' was then dependent on Byzantium;

2) Rus' adopted Eastern Christianity from Byzantium;

3) Rus' traded a lot with Byzantium;

4) many people from Byzantium lived in Rus'.

A39. The calling of the Varangians, according to the chronicle story, is connected with(o)

1) the desire to get rid of the power of the Khazars;

2) the inability of the Slavs to independently defend themselves;

3) strife between Novgorodians;

4) fear of the Varangian invasion.

A40. One of the main problems solved by the Yaroslavichs was

1) the fight against the metropolitans’ claims to supreme power;

2) organizing the fight against the Polovtsians;

3) preparation for the invasion of Byzantium;

4) subjugation of all East Slavic tribes.

Tasks B1 – B10 require an answer in the form of one or two words or a sequence of letters.

B1. Place the following events in chronological order. Write down the letters that represent the events in the correct sequence. For example: BVAG.

A) baptism of Novgorodians

B) baptism of Vladimir I

B) baptism of Kievites

D) campaign of Vladimir I to Korsun

B2. Establish a correspondence between the neighboring countries of Rus' and the religions that dominated them in the 10th century. When writing down the answer save subsequence first column. Write down the answer DO NOT make gaps or use commas. For example: 1В2А3Б4Г.

B3. Read an excerpt from the work of historian N.M. Karamzin and name the Old Russian prince to whom this characteristic applies.

“Thus died this Alexander of our ancient History, who fought so courageously both with enemies and with adversity, was sometimes defeated, but in the very misfortune he amazed the victor with his generosity, equaled the harsh military life with the Heroes of the Songsinger Homer and, patiently enduring the ferocity of bad weather , exhausting labor and everything terrible for bliss, showed Russian soldiers how they could defeat their enemies at all times. But..., the example of great Commanders, is not an example of a great Sovereign, for he respected the glory of victories more than the state good, and, with his character, captivating the imagination of the Poet-Creator, he deserves the reproach of the Historian.”

B4. Establish a correspondence between the princes of Ancient Rus' and the peoples and states to which these princes inflicted major military defeats, which had important consequences for the further course of events. When recording a response save subsequence first column. Write down the answer DO NOT make gaps or use commas. For example: 1В2А3Б4Г.

B5. Read an excerpt from “Russkaya Pravda”, name which social structure this article assigned the responsibility to.

“If someone kills a prince’s husband as a robber, and they are not looking for the killer, then a vira (fine) for him in the amount of 80 hryvnia will be paid to the one... on whose land the murdered person is found; in case of murder of a lyudin (commoner), pay the viru (prince) 40 hryvnia.”

B6. Read an excerpt from the work of historian S.M. Solovyov and write who you are talking about.

He is presented in the chronicles as “an inactive prince, an unbrave leader. He does not go for tribute to previously subjugated tribes, does not conquer new ones, his squad is poor and timid, like him: with great forces they return back from the Greek campaign without a fight. But to these character traits in the legend another one is added - selfishness, unworthy, according to the concepts of that time, of a good leader of the squad, who shared everything with it.

B7. Establish a correspondence between the name of the people (tribe, union of tribes) and the area of ​​their residence. When recording a response save subsequence first column. Write down the answer DO NOT make gaps or use commas. For example: 1В2А3Б4Д.

B8. Read an excerpt from “The Tale of Bygone Years” and write the name of the place where the event described occurred.

“We gathered... to establish peace, and said to each other: “Why are we destroying the Russian land, arranging strife among ourselves? But the Polovtsians are fighting our land separately and are glad that wars are going on between us. Let us from now on unite with one heart and guard the Russian land, and let everyone own his fatherland..." And on that they kissed the cross."

B9. Establish a correspondence between the rulers of Ancient Rus' and their contribution to the formation of the Old Russian state. When recording a response save subsequence first column. Write down the answer DO NOT make gaps or use commas. For example: 1В2Д3Б4Г.

B10. Read an excerpt from an article by a modern historian and write the name of the person in question.

“At the age of sixteen he became the prince of Chernigov, one of the most ancient and powerful cities in Rus', then succeeded his father not at the Pereyaslav “table”, taking on his shoulders the entire burden of defending the southern border, but in his later life, at the age of sixty, at the zenith of military glory, was called to the capital Kiev, became the Grand Duke. But wherever he reigned, he remained a warrior for the Russian land, a tireless warrior.”

He was married to the English princess Gita, daughter of King Harold, who died in the Battle of Hastings with the Norman conquerors. Their son, Yuri Dolgoruky, will be the founder of the dynasty of Vladimir-Suzdal princes.”

Read an excerpt from a historical source and briefly answer questions C1 – C3. Answers involve the use of information from the source and the application of historical knowledge and skills.

From The Tale of Bygone Years.

“And the noble prince Mikhail, whose name was Svyatopolk, died on the 16th day of April outside Vyshgorod, they brought him in a boat to Kiev, and brought his body into proper shape, and laid it on a sleigh. And the boyars and his entire squad cried for him; After singing the funeral songs over him, he was buried in the Church of St. Michael, which he himself built. His princess (wife) generously divided his wealth among monasteries, priests, and the poor, so that people were amazed, for no one could create such generous alms. After that, on the tenth day, the people of Kiev held a council and sent to Vladimir, saying: “Go, prince, to your father’s and grandfather’s table.” Hearing this, Vladimir cried a lot and did not go (to Kyiv), grieving for his brother. The Kievans plundered the courtyard of Putyata Tysyatsky, attacked the Jews, and plundered their property. And the Kyivians again sent to Vladimir, saying: “Go, prince, to Kiev; if you don’t go, then know that a lot of evil will happen, not only the Putyatin yard or the sotskys, but also the Jews will be robbed, and they will also attack your daughter-in-law, and against the boyars, and against the monasteries, and you will have to answer, prince, if the monasteries are also plundered." Hearing this, Vladimir went to Kyiv.”

C1. What events are described in this passage? Name the time when they occurred.

C2. Why did riots occur in Kyiv? In what meanings does the chronicler use the word “Kievans”?

C3. Why did Prince Vladimir at first refuse to become the prince of Kyiv, but then agreed?

Tasks C4-C7 involve different types of activities: presentation of a generalized description of historical events and phenomena (C4), comparison (C5), analysis of the historical situation (C6), consideration of historical versions and assessments (C7). As you complete these tasks, pay attention to the wording of each question.

C4. Indicate the main results of the foreign and domestic political activities of Prince Oleg (the Prophet).

C5. Compare the biographies and political activities of Prince Igor and his son Svyatoslav. Find similarities and differences.

Note. Write your answer in table form. At the same time, in the second part of the table, both differences in comparable characteristics and those features that were inherent only in one of the objects should be given.

C6. Consider the historical situation (the baptism of Rus') and answer the questions.

Why did Prince Vladimir choose precisely in favor of adopting Eastern Christianity from Byzantium? Why did Vladimir start a war with the state from which he decided to accept a new faith?

C7. Information from historical sources about the relationship between the Slavs and the Varangians gives rise to different assessments by historians. What assessments do you know, what arguments are given in the dispute? Which assessment do you find more convincing? Provide provisions and facts that support your chosen point of view.