Presentation on the topic "Indian Ocean" on geography for schoolchildren. Consists of nine slides. In the presentation, the Indian Ocean is discussed according to the lesson plan: geographical location, history of ocean exploration, features of the nature of the ocean, types of economic activities in the ocean. The project was carried out by Evgenia Yagodorova and Daria Malyutkina.

Excerpts from the presentation:

Lesson plan:

• Geographical position.
• From the history of ocean exploration.
• Features of the nature of the ocean.
• Types of economic activities in the ocean.

Indian Ocean Map

The Indian Ocean has a unique position on the planet: most of it lies in the southern hemisphere. In the north it is limited to Eurasia and has no connection with the Arctic Ocean.

Who discovered and explored the Indian Ocean?

The Arabs were the first to describe ocean navigation routes. Information about the Indian Ocean began to accumulate since the voyages of Vasco da Gama (1497-1499). At the end of the 18th century. The first measurements of the depth of this ocean were carried out by the English navigator J. Cook.

Features of the nature of the ocean

The structure of the bottom topography is complex. Mid-ocean ridges divide the ocean floor into three parts. In the western part there is a ridge connecting south of Africa with the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. The center of the ridge is characterized by deep faults, areas of earthquakes and volcanism on the ocean floor. Fractures in the earth's crust continue in the Red Sea and reach land. The climate is characterized by seasonal monsoon winds in the northern part of the ocean, which is located in the subequatorial zone and is subject to significant influence from land. Monsoons have a huge impact on weather conditions in the northern part of the ocean.

In the south, the ocean experiences the cooling influence of Antarctica; This is where the harshest areas of the ocean lie. The properties of water masses are associated with climate characteristics. The northern part of the ocean warms up well, is deprived of the influx of cold water and is therefore the warmest. The water temperature here is higher (up to +30) than at the same latitudes in other oceans. To the south, the water temperature decreases. The salinity of ocean waters on the surface is generally higher than the salinity of the World Ocean, and in the Red Sea it is especially high (up to 42%). In the northern part of the ocean, the formation of currents is influenced by seasonal changes in winds. Monsoons change the direction of water movement and cause vertical mixing. The current system is being rebuilt. In the south, the currents are part of the general pattern of currents in the World Ocean.

Organic world of the Indian Ocean

Tropical water masses are rich in plankton, which is especially rich in unicellular algae. Among the plankton there are many organisms that glow at night. Variety of fish species: sardinella, mackerel, sharks. Shelf areas and shallow waters near coral reefs are especially rich in life. Turtles and sea snakes live in warm waters. Among the mollusks there are many cuttlefish and squid, and near Antarctica - whales and seals.

Types of economic activities

The ocean shelf is rich in minerals. Huge deposits of oil in the sedimentary rocks at the bottom of the Persian Gulf pose a risk of water pollution. Fishing is also developed. Numerous shipping routes pass through the Indian Ocean. There are especially many sea roads in the northern part of the ocean, where small sailing ships are still used. The direction of their movement is associated with the monsoons.

The project was carried out by Evgenia Yagodorova and Daria Malyutkina.

In the north it washes Asia, in the west Africa, in the east Australia; in the south it borders on Antarctica. The border with the Atlantic Ocean runs along the 20° meridian of eastern longitude; from Quiet along the 146°55 meridian of eastern longitude. The northernmost point of the Indian Ocean is located at approximately 30°N latitude in the Persian Gulf. The width of the Indian Ocean is approximately km between the southern points of Australia and Africa. The Indian Ocean is mainly located south of the Tropic of Cancer between Eurasia to the north, Africa to the west, Australia to the east and Antarctica to the south.

Climate In this region there are four climatic zones, stretched along parallels. Under the influence of the Asian continent, a monsoon climate is established in the northern part of the Indian Ocean with frequent cyclones moving towards the coasts. High atmospheric pressure over Asia in winter causes the formation of the northeast monsoon. In summer it is replaced by a humid southwest monsoon, carrying air from the southern regions of the ocean. During the summer monsoon, winds of more than force 7 (with a frequency of 40%) often occur. In summer, the temperature over the ocean is 2832 °C, in winter it drops to 1822 °C. The southern tropics are dominated by the southeast trade wind, which in winter does not extend north of 10°N latitude. The average annual temperature reaches 25 °C. In the zone 4045°S. Throughout the year, westerly transport of air masses is characteristic, especially strong in temperate latitudes, where the frequency of stormy weather is 30-40%. In the mid-ocean, stormy weather is associated with tropical hurricanes. In winter, they can also occur in the southern tropical zone. Most often, hurricanes occur in the western part of the ocean (up to 8 times a year), in the areas of Madagascar and the Mascarene Islands. In subtropical and temperate latitudes, temperatures reach 1022 °C in summer and 617 °C in winter. Strong winds are typical from 45 degrees and south. In winter, the temperature here ranges from 16 °C to 6 °C, and in summer from 4 °C to 10 °C. The maximum amount of precipitation (2.5 thousand mm) is confined to the eastern region of the equatorial zone. There is also increased cloudiness here (more than 5 points). The lowest rainfall is observed in the tropical regions of the southern hemisphere, especially in the eastern part. In the northern hemisphere, clear weather is typical for most of the year in the Arabian Sea. Maximum cloudiness is observed in Antarctic waters[

Temperature In the equatorial Indian Ocean, surface water temperatures are around 28 °C all year round in both the western and eastern parts of the ocean. In the Red and Arabian Seas, winter temperatures drop to 2025 °C, but in summer the Red Sea sets maximum temperatures for the entire Indian Ocean at 3031 °C. High winter water temperatures (up to 29 °C) are typical for the coasts of northwestern Australia. In the southern hemisphere, at the same latitudes in the eastern part of the ocean, the water temperature in winter and summer is 1–2° lower than in the western part. Water temperatures below 0°C in summer are observed south of 60°S. w. Ice formation in these areas begins in April and the thickness of fast ice reaches 11.5 m by the end of winter. Melting begins in December January, and by March the waters are completely cleared of fast ice. Icebergs are common in the southern Indian Ocean, sometimes reaching north of 40° S. w.

Fauna The flora and fauna of the Indian Ocean are extremely diverse. The tropical region is distinguished by the richness of plankton. The unicellular alga Trichodesmium (cyanobacteria) is especially abundant, due to which the surface layer of water becomes very cloudy and changes its color. The plankton of the Indian Ocean is distinguished by a large number of organisms that glow at night: peridines, some types of jellyfish, ctenophores, and tunicates. Brightly colored siphonophores are abundant, including poisonous physalia. In temperate and arctic waters, the main representatives of plankton are copepods, euphausids and diatoms. The most numerous fish of the Indian Ocean are coryphens, tunas, nototheniids and various sharks. Among reptiles, there are several species of giant sea turtles, sea snakes, and among mammals, cetaceans (toothless and blue whales, sperm whales, dolphins), seals, and elephant seals. Most cetaceans live in temperate and subpolar regions, where intensive mixing of waters creates favorable conditions for the development of planktonic organisms.

Flora The flora of the Indian Ocean is represented by brown (sargassum, turbine aria) and green algae (caulerpa). The calcareous algae lithothamnia and halimeda also develop luxuriantly, which participate together with corals in the construction of reef structures. In the process of activity of reef-forming organisms, coral platforms are created, sometimes reaching a width of several kilometers. Typical for the coastal zone of the Indian Ocean is the phytocenosis formed by mangroves. Such thickets are especially characteristic of river mouths and occupy significant areas in Southeast Africa, western Madagascar, Southeast Asia and other areas. For temperate and Antarctic waters, the most characteristic are red and brown algae, mainly from the fucus and kelp groups, porphyry, and gelidium. In the polar regions of the southern hemisphere, giant microcystis are found. Zoobenthos is represented by a variety of mollusks, calcareous and flint sponges, echinoderms (sea urchins, starfish, brittle stars, sea cucumbers), numerous crustaceans, hydroids, and bryozoans. Coral polyps are widespread in the tropical zone. 23

1. History of formation The Indian Ocean was formed at the junction of the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods. At the end of the Paleozoic and beginning of the Mesozoic, the proto-continent Pangea, which occupied approximately equal areas in the northern and southern hemispheres of the modern land, began to be divided by a gulf (rift) of the ancient ocean that already existed at that time, crashing into it from the east. Africa and South America shifted to the northwest, and in their place the formation of a new ocean floor and the opening of the Indian Ocean began. In the Cenozoic, the continents occupied a position close to the modern one. The Indian Ocean, like the Pacific and Atlantic, acquired the modern coastline and bottom topography of the Jurassic Cretaceous period. The system of mid-ocean ridges, along which Gondwana broke up, crosses the bed of the Indian Ocean submeridionally, deviating in the north to the west, and in the south to the east. The main part of this system, the Central Indian Ridge in the north, passes into the Arabian-Indian Ridge, which, in turn, continues with the continental rift zone of the Gulf of Aden and the Red Sea. In the southern half of the Indian Ocean, a branch departs from the Central Indian Mid-Range to the southwest, and in the south-east, the global system of mid-ocean ridges continues with the Australian-Antarctic Rise, which merges with the Pacific Ocean ridge system.

1. History of formation Between the branches of the mid-ocean ridges there are areas of the ocean floor with oceanic-type crust, covered with sedimentary cover of various ages. They are a system of basins with maximum depths of 5000 m or more, separated by underwater ridges and uplifts, on which individual islands and archipelagos are located as a result of intraplate volcanism: Comoros, Mascarene, etc. Island archipelagos located in subequatorial latitudes between the tropics (Laccadive, Maldives , Chagos), are surrounded by coral reefs and are typical atolls crowning underwater volcanoes. In the northwest of the Indian Ocean there is the shallow Persian Gulf, which juts deep into the land. And in the east and southeast are the interisland basins of the western part of the Malay Archipelago (Arafura, Java and other seas) with continental and numerous volcanic islands separating them, characterized by high seismicity and the active manifestation of modern effusive-explosive volcanism. On the Indian Ocean side, this entire zone, which is actually a continuation of the transition zone of the Pacific Ocean bordering Southeast Asia, is limited by the Sunda (Javan) Trench with a length of 2900 km and a maximum depth of 7729 m for the entire Indian Ocean.

2. Bottom topography In the area of ​​​​Rodriguez Island (Mascarene archipelago) there is the so-called. a triple junction where the Central Indian and West Indian ridges, as well as the Australian-Antarctic Rise, converge. The ridges consist of steep mountain ranges, cut by faults perpendicular or oblique to the axes of the chains and divide the basaltic ocean floor into three segments, and their peaks are, as a rule, extinct volcanoes. The bottom of the Indian Ocean is covered with sediments of the Cretaceous and later periods, the thickness of which varies from several hundred meters to 2-3 km. The deepest of the many ocean trenches is the Java Trench (4,500 km long and 29 km wide). Rivers flowing into the Indian Ocean carry with them huge quantities of sedimentary material, especially from Indian territory, creating high sediment thresholds.RodriguezMascarene archipelago Central IndianWest Indian ridgesAustralian-Antarctic Rise Javan

Indian Ocean A narrow (up to 100 km) continental shelf (shelf) stretches along the coast, the outer edge of which has a depth of m (only in Antarctica and northwestern Australia up to m). The continental slope is a steep ledge, in places dissected by underwater valleys of the Indus, Ganges and other rivers. In the northeastern part of the ocean there is the Sunda island arc and the associated Sunda Trench, which is associated with maximum depths (up to 7130 m). The Indian Ocean bed is divided by ridges, mountains and swells into a number of basins, the most significant of which are the Arabian Basin, the West Australian Basin, and the African-Antarctic Basin. The bottom of these basins is formed by accumulative and hilly plains; the former are located near continents in areas with an abundant supply of sedimentary material, the latter - in the central part of the ocean. Among the numerous ridges of the bed, the meridional East Indian Ridge, which connects in the south with the latitudinal Western Australian Ridge, stands out with its straightness and length (about 5000 km). Volcanoes are widely represented on the ocean floor, which in some places form large massifs.

3. Indian Ocean The Indian Ocean is the third largest ocean on Earth (after the Pacific and Atlantic). Located mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, between Asia in the North, Africa in the West, Australia in the East and Antarctica in the South. The area of ​​the Indian Ocean with seas is thousand km2, the average depth is 3897 m, the average volume of water is thousand km3 (without seas, respectively: 73442.7 thousand km2, 3963 thousand km3). The continents are the natural boundaries of the Indian Ocean over a considerable distance. Only in the southwest and southeast are wide passages connecting it with the Atlantic and Pacific oceans.

4. Seas of the Indian Ocean The Arabian Sea, through the Gulf of Oman and the Strait of Hormuz, is connected to the Persian Gulf, which is actually an inland sea of ​​the Indian Ocean. Like the Red Sea, the Persian Gulf stretches from southeast to northwest. These are the most northward parts of the Indian Ocean. Only in contrast to the narrow and deep graben of the Red Sea, the Persian Gulf is located entirely within the shelf, occupying part of the Mesopotamian foredeep. In other areas, the Indian Ocean shelf is no more than 100 km wide. The exception is the shelf of Northern, North-Western and Western Australia, including the shelf of the Great Australian Bight.

The Suez Canal connects the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. To the east and southeast of the Bay of Bengal, the Indian Ocean includes the Andaman Sea between the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Sumatra and the Indochina and Malacca Peninsulas, as well as the Arafura and Timor Seas, located mainly within the Sahul (northern) shelf of Australia. In the south, the Indian Ocean freely connects with the Pacific and Atlantic oceans.

5. Islands of the Indian Ocean There are few large mainland islands in the Indian Ocean. They are located at short distances from the continents of which they are parts. The largest Madagascar (the fourth largest island on Earth) is separated from Africa by the 400 km wide Mozambique Strait, Tasmania, and Sri Lanka is located to the southeast in close proximity to Hindustan. The remaining islands are small in size and are either surface peaks of volcanoes or coral atolls of Chagos, Laccadive, Amirante, etc. There are also volcanic islands bordered by coral reefs, Mascarene, Comoros, Andaman, Nicobar. The Seychelles occupy a special place: within the ocean floor, this is the only formation composed of granites, i.e., belonging to the earth’s crust of the continental type. The Indian Ocean also includes part of the islands of the Sunda archipelago, Sumatra, Java, and others. Numerous islands and archipelagos of volcanic origin are scattered in the open part of the Indian Ocean. In the northern part of the ocean, many of them are topped with coral structures.

6. Characteristics of the waters of the Indian Ocean The belt of Indian Ocean waters between 10 degrees north latitude and 10 degrees south latitude is called the thermal equator, where the surface water temperature is °C. To the south of this zone the temperature drops, reaching 1 °C off the coast of Antarctica. In January and February, the ice along the coast of this continent melts, huge blocks of ice break off from the Antarctic ice sheet and drift towards the open ocean. To the north, the temperature characteristics of the waters are determined by the monsoon air circulation. In summer, temperature anomalies are observed here, when the Somali Current cools surface waters to a temperature of °C. In the eastern part of the ocean at the same latitude, the water temperature is 28 °C, and the highest temperature of about 30 °C was recorded in the Persian Gulf and the Red Sea. The average salinity of ocean waters is 34.8. The waters of the Persian Gulf, Red and Arabian Seas are the most saline: this is explained by intense evaporation with a small amount of fresh water brought into the seas by rivers. Persian Gulf Red Sea Arabian Seas The circulation of surface waters in the northern part of the ocean has a monsoonal character: in summer - northeastern and eastern currents, in winter - southwestern and western currents. During the winter months, the Interpass (equatorial) countercurrent develops. In the southern part of the Indian Ocean, water circulation forms an anticyclonic circulation, which is formed from warm currents and cold ones. To the south, several weak cyclonic water circulations develop, closing off the coast of Antarctica with an eastern current.

7. Indian Ocean Climate The climate of the northern Indian Ocean is monsoonal; in summer, when an area of ​​low pressure develops over Asia, southwestern flows of equatorial air dominate here, in winter - northeastern flows of tropical air. South of 8-10° south latitude, the atmospheric circulation is more constant; Here, in tropical (summer and subtropical) latitudes, stable southeastern trade winds dominate, and in temperate latitudes, extratropical cyclones moving from West to East dominate. In tropical latitudes in the western part there are hurricanes in summer and autumn. The average air temperature in the northern part of the ocean in summer is °C, off the coast of Africa - up to 23 °C. In the southern part it drops to °C in summer. In winter, the air temperature varies from 27.5 °C at the equator to 20 °C in the northern part, to 15 °C at 30 °C. At the same time, in the southern subtropical latitudes, the temperature in the West is 3-6 °C all year round under the influence of the warm Madagascar Current higher than in the East, where the cold West Australian Current exists. Cloudiness in the monsoon northern part of the Indian Ocean is 10-30% in winter, up to 60-70% in summer. In summer, the greatest amount of precipitation is observed here. The average annual precipitation in the East of the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal is more than 3000 mm, at the equator mm, in the West of the Arabian Sea up to 100 mm. In the southern part of the ocean the average annual cloudiness is %, south of 40° south latitude - up to 80%. The average annual precipitation in the subtropics is 500 mm in the East, 1000 mm in the West, in temperate latitudes more than 1000 mm, and near Antarctica it drops to 250 mm.

8.Hydrological regime. The circulation of surface waters in the northern part of the ocean has a monsoon character: in summer - northeastern and eastern currents, in winter - southwestern and western currents. Surface water temperatures reach a maximum (over 29 °C) in May in the northern part of the ocean. In the summer of the Northern Hemisphere it is °C here and only off the coast of Africa it decreases to °C under the influence of cold waters coming to the surface from the depths. At the equator, the temperature is °C and decreases to °C at 30° S latitude, to 3-5 °C at 50 ° S latitude and below -1 °C south of 55 ° S latitude. In the winter of the Northern Hemisphere, the temperature in the North is °C, at the equator 28 °C, at 30° south latitude °C, at 50° south latitude from 5 to 9 ° C, south of 60° south latitude temperatures are negative. In subtropical latitudes all year round in the West, the water temperature is 3-5 °C higher than in the East. The salinity of water depends on the water balance, which is formed on average for the surface of the Indian Ocean from evaporation (-1380 mm/year), precipitation (1000 mm/year) and continental runoff (70 cm/year). The main flow of fresh water comes from the rivers of South Asia (Ganges, Brahmaputra, etc.) and Africa (Zambezi, Limpopo). The highest salinity is observed in the Persian Gulf, the Red Sea and the Arabian Sea. The highest water density (1027) is observed in Antarctic latitudes, the lowest (1018, 1022) in the northeastern part of the ocean and in the Bay of Bengal. In the northwestern part of the Indian Ocean, the density of water is .5. The oxygen content in the surface layer of water increases from 4.5 ml/l in the northern part of the Indian Ocean to 7-8 ml/l south of 50° south latitude. At depths of m, the oxygen content in absolute value is significantly lower and varies from 0.21-0.76 in the North to 2-4 ml/l in the South, at greater depths it gradually increases again and in the bottom layer is 4.03-4.68 ml/l. The color of the water is predominantly blue, in Antarctic latitudes it is blue, in places with greenish tints.

9.Flora and fauna. The entire Indian Ocean lies within the tropical and southern temperate zones. The shallow waters of the tropical zone are characterized by numerous 6- and 8-rayed corals and hydrocorals, which, together with calcareous red algae, can create islands and atolls. Among the powerful coral structures lives a rich fauna of various invertebrates (sponges, worms, crabs, mollusks, sea urchins, starfish), small but brightly colored coral fish

FLORA AND FAUNA Most of the coasts are occupied by mangroves, in which the mudskipper stands out - a fish that can exist in the air for a long time. The bulk of ocean animals are copepod crustaceans (more than 100 species), followed by pteropods, jellyfish, siphonophores and other invertebrate animals. The most common unicellular organisms are radiolarians; Squids are numerous. Of the fish, the most abundant are several species of flying fish, luminous anchovies - myctophids, coryphaenas, large and small tuna, sailfish and various sharks, poisonous sea snakes. Sea turtles and large marine mammals (dugongs, toothed and toothless whales, pinnipeds) are common.

The sea devil or manta ray is a large animal, reaching a length of 7 m and a mass of over 2 tons. It lives in tropical waters, mainly in the Indian Ocean. The size of this harmless animal is truly amazing. The only predator that can attack the sea devil is large carnivorous sharks. Mantas have nothing as a defensive weapon. They do not have sharp spines, like stingrays, and do not produce electrical discharges, like some stingrays. Therefore, an attack could end tragically for a manta ray. Indian Ocean But people became convinced of the safety of these animals quite recently, and in the 60s of the 20th century. sea ​​devils appeared before people in the form of bloodthirsty creatures. But after getting to know them better, it becomes clear that these are not killers. Manta rays feed on plankton, larvae and very small fish. They filter out this trifle in the manner of whales - swimming with their mouths wide open, they filter the water, leaving food in their mouths. The sea devil's brain is larger than that of other rays or sharks. Due to their intelligence, flexible nature and tamability, manta rays are well-deserved among divers around the world who come to the islands of the Indian Ocean to swim side by side with manta rays. Besides, he is quite curious. When an interesting object appears on the surface, it floats up and drifts on the waves, observing what is happening. Another feature of the manta is its jumping above the water. It is not clear exactly what purpose the devil is pursuing by jumping 1.5 m above the surface of the water. His deafening landing of a 2-ton body can be heard for several kilometers around, and it is possible that this is the purpose of the jump - to attract a partner or to kill small surface fish?

BIRDS OF THE INDIAN OCEAN Among the most typical birds are albatrosses and frigatebirds, as well as several species of penguins inhabiting the coasts of South Africa, Antarctica and islands lying in the temperate zone of the ocean Frigate bird Indian ringed parrot Penguins Flamingos Marabou Roseate spoonbill

10. Conclusion The history of exploration of the Indian Ocean can be divided into 3 periods: from ancient voyages to 1772; from 1772 to 1873 and from 1873 to the present. The first period is characterized by the study of the distribution of ocean and land waters in this part of the globe. It began with the first voyages of Indian, Egyptian and Phoenician navigators, who traveled through the northern part of the Indian Ocean years before our era, and ended with the voyage of James Cook, who penetrated as far south as 71° south latitude. The second period was marked by the beginning of deep-sea exploration, first carried out by Cook in 1772 and continued by Russian and foreign expeditions. The main Russian expeditions were O. Kotzebue on the Rurik (1818) and Pallena on the Cyclone (). The third period is characterized by complex oceanographic research. Economic-geographical and political-geographical essay. The penetration of Europeans (the Portuguese, then the Dutch, the French and the British) into the Indian Ocean basin dates back centuries, and by the mid-19th century, most of its shores and islands were secured by Great Britain, which exported from here the most important raw materials and food products for its economy. Naval (and later air force) bases were created at all entrances to the Indian Ocean: in the Atlantic Ocean - Simon's Town, in the Pacific Ocean - Singapore, in the Red Sea - Aden, on the approaches to India - Trincomalee. In the northeastern part of the Indian Ocean there were colonies of France, the Netherlands (Netherlands Indies), and Portugal. After the end of World War II, the collapse of the colonial system of imperialism made fundamental changes to the political map of the Indian Ocean basin.

“Flora and fauna” - Tundra. The distribution of animals obeys the law of latitudinal zonation and altitudinal zonation. Animals of the steppes. Herbivorous animals. Predators of the Tundra. Find on the vegetation map areas occupied by deserts, tundras, forests and steppes. Deer is a forest dweller. Flora and fauna of Russia.

"Ocean Animals" - Stingrays are sometimes jokingly called flattened sharks. Common dolphins live in temperate and warm waters of the Pacific Ocean. Life in the ocean. Parrot fish. Sea stars. Stingrays. The largest animal. The length of an ordinary porpoise is about 180 cm, and the average weight is 50 kg. In total, 40 species of dolphin-like animals live in the World Ocean.

“Flora and fauna of Africa” - Okapi. Cheetah. Savannas and woodlands OCCUPY THE LARGEST AREA OF THE CONTINENT. African turtles are good migrants. Date palm. Camels. Hippopotamus. You can find reptile representatives anywhere on the continent. Buffaloes. A lion. Africa is home to the tallest animal in the world - the giraffe. A striking representative of the savanna flora is the baobab.

“Geography of the Indian Ocean” - Islands of the Indian Ocean. Scat. Sea turtles. The Indian Ocean is inhabited by... Flying fish. The island of Mauritius is the pearl of the Indian Ocean. Coral. Minerals. Dorado. Ocean research. Mainland. Tuna. Bartolomeu Dias. Lobster. Marine fishing. Starfish. Animal world.

“Development of the plant world” - Exit of plants to land Terrestrial-aquatic 350-400 million years. The main stages of development of the plant world. Lower plants. Mosses. Development of flora on Earth. Lesson topic. Eukaryotes. Lesson objectives: Chlamydomonas Laminaria Kukushkin flax Pine. Emergence and dominance of the Land Over 200 million years ago Gymnosperms.

“Animal World” - Steller sea lions, seals, and ringed seals set up rookeries on the shore. One of the oldest in Russia (1919) is the Astrakhan Nature Reserve. Red is the color of danger. Wryneck. Sable. The Caucasian brown bear, lynx, and forest cat have become very rare. Siberian Cranes. Forest-steppe. In the reed thickets of river valleys there are wild boars here and there.

• GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION.
• FROM THE HISTORY OF OCEAN EXPLORATION.
• FEATURES OF THE NATURE OF THE OCEAN.
• TYPES OF ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES IN THE OCEAN.

MAP OF THE INDIAN OCEAN.

THE INDIAN OCEAN IS DIFFERENT BY A PARTICULAR POSITION ON THE PLANET: MOST OF IT LIES IN THE SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE. IN THE NORTH IT IS LIMITED TO EURASIA AND HAS NO CONNECTION WITH THE ARCTIC OCEAN.

WHO DISCOVERED AND EXPLORED THE INDIAN OCEAN?

DESCRIPTION OF ROUTES THE ARABS WERE THE FIRST TO NAVIGATE THE OCEAN. INFORMATION ABOUT THE INDIAN OCEAN BEGAN TO ACCUMULATE DURING THE VOYAGES OF VASCO DA GAMA (1497-1499). AT THE END OF THE 18TH CENTURY THE FIRST MEASUREMENTS OF THE DEPTH OF THIS OCEAN WAS MADE BY THE ENGLISH NAVIGATER J. COOK.

ORGANIC WORLD OF THE INDIAN OCEAN.

TROPICAL WATER MASSES ARE RICH IN PLANKTON, IN WHICH ARE ESPECIALLY A LOT OF SINGLE-CELLULAR ALGAE. AMONG THE PLANKTON ARE MANY NIGHT-GLOWING ORGANISMS. VARIETY OF FISH SPECIES: SARDINELLA, MACKERL, SHARKS. SHELF AREAS AND SHALLOW WATER OF CORAL REEFS ARE ESPECIALLY RICH IN LIFE. WARM WATERS HAVE TURTLES AND SEA SNAKES. THERE ARE A LOT OF CUTTLE CUTS AND SQUIDS OF MOLLUSKS, AND WHALES AND SEALS NEAR ANTARCTICA.

Types of economic activities.

THE OCEAN SHELF IS RICH IN MINERAL RESOURCES. IN THE THICKNESS OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS AT THE BOTTOM OF THE PNRSD GUY, HUGE OIL DEPOSITS CREATE A HAZARD OF WATER POLLUTION. DEVELOPMENT AND FISHING. THERE ARE NUMEROUS SHIPPING ROUTES CROSSING THE INDIAN OCEAN. THERE ARE ESPECIALLY MANY SEA ROADS IN THE NORTHERN PART OF THE OCEAN, WHERE SMALL SAILING SHIPS ARE STILL USED. THE DIRECTION OF THEIR MOVEMENT IS CONNECTED WITH THE MONSOONS.