Morozov, Nikolai Alexandrovich(1854-1946) - Russian public figure, revolutionary populist, thinker, scientist, honorary member of the USSR Academy of Sciences, writer, poet.

Party and literary pseudonyms - "Sparrow", "Zodiac".

Born on June 25, 1854 in the village of Borok, Nekouzsky district of the Yaroslavl province. the illegitimate son of a wealthy landowner and a serf peasant woman set free, he received a good education at home, completing it at the 2nd Moscow classical gymnasium. There, carried away by the natural sciences, he founded the "Secret Society of Naturalists-Gymnasium Students". Starting from the 5th grade of the gymnasium, he attended, dressed in a student uniform, lectures at Moscow University, thoroughly studied university museum collections.

Carried away in 1874 by populist ideas, he entered the Moscow circle of N.V. Tchaikovsky (“Tchaikovsky”), together with his comrades “went to the people” - conducted propaganda among the peasants of Moscow, Kursk and Voronezh provinces. Police persecution forced him to return to Moscow, from where he left for St. Petersburg, and by the end of 1874 - to Geneva. There he collaborated in P.L. Lavrov’s magazine “Forward”, joined the International Association of Workers (I International).

In January 1875 he tried to return to Russia, but was arrested at the border and allowed into the country under the guarantee of his father. Leaning towards the bourgeois-liberal idea of ​​progress through the dissemination of scientific and accurate knowledge among the people, Morozov gave himself up to the revolutionary struggle, and not so much for the sake of "peasant socialism" as in the name of the program of civil liberties. Having gone underground, he again engaged in propaganda among the peasants - this time in the Saratov province.

In 1878, having returned to St. Petersburg, he joined the organization "Land and Freedom", became one of the editors of its underground publication of the same name.

In 1879, with the split of "Land and Liberty" into "Cherny Repartition" and "Narodnaya Volya", he entered the organization of Narodnaya Volya, edited their printed organ. In 1880 he emigrated to Geneva, where he wrote the pamphlet The Terrorist Struggle, theoretically substantiating the tactics of the Narodnaya Volya. In the opinion of his comrades, he became "one of the first ardent heralds of the people's will" (V.N. Figner). At the same time he published his first collection of poems - Poems. 1875–1880(It is no coincidence that Russian Marxists called Morozov a liberal with a bomb).

Having moved from Geneva to London, he met Karl Marx.

When trying to return to Russia on January 28, 1881, he was again arrested at the border near Verzhbolov. After the assassination on March 1, 1881, Alexander II was imprisoned in the Peter and Paul Fortress and in 1882 he was tried by the "Trial of 20", sentenced to life imprisonment. His verbal portrait was preserved in the court report: “more than average height, very thin, dark blond, oblong face, small features, large silky beard and mustache, wearing glasses, very handsome, speaks quietly, slowly.” During the investigation, he frankly stated: “By conviction, I am a terrorist.”

After the trial, he was imprisoned in the Alekseevsky ravelin of the Peter and Paul Fortress.

Long-term imprisonment in a ravelin without the right to use printed matter, with constant "torture by lack of food and lack of air" did not break his will. Having received some time later permission to use theological literature, he mastered the Hebrew language (in total, Morozov knew 11 foreign languages). In prison he began in-depth study biblical history, as well as the chronology of heavenly phenomena during the years of Christ's life. Meticulous work led him to a new understanding of chronology world history. Being transferred to the casemate of the Shlisselburg Fortress and having the opportunity to use scientific books, throughout the entire period of 25 years of imprisonment, he stubbornly engaged in “thought work” (creative scientific activity), having created works on chemistry, physics, astronomy, mathematics, history. The books written by him in prison were published after his release in November 1905 (among them - Periodic system of the structure of matter: theory of education chemical elements . M., 1907; Revelations in thunder and storm: the story of the emergence of the Apocalypse. M. - St. Petersburg, 1907; Fundamentals of Qualitative Physical and Mathematical Analysis and New Physical Factors Discovered by It in Various Natural Phenomena. M., 1908; D.I. Mendeleev and the importance of his periodic system for the chemistry of the future. M., 1908, etc.).

The enthusiastic revolutionary youth perceived him as the personification of the coming democratic revolution. Soon after his release, Morozov's scientific merits were noticed in society, he was awarded the title of professor of physical chemistry at the Higher Free School of P.F. Lesgaft. Soon he was appointed director, first of the biological laboratory, and then of the entire Natural Science Institute. P.F. Lesgaft. It was at this institute, on the initiative of Morozov, that the development of a number of problems related to space exploration began.

Often speaking with public scientific lectures, he traveled to many cities in Russia, spoke in Siberia and Far East. Interesting are Morozov's attempts to publish "scientific poetry" on astronomical topics, theoretically comprehended by him in the article Poetry in science and science in poetry(“Russian Vedomosti”, 1912, No. 1).

For the publication of a collection of poems star songs(M., 1910) was put on trial and spent the whole of 1911 in the Dvina fortress. He used his conclusion to write a multi-volume Lead my life; the memoirs in it are brought to the foundation of the "Narodnaya Volya". L.N. Tolstoy highly appreciated his writing gift: “I read it with the greatest interest and pleasure. I am very sorry that there is no continuation of them ... Talentedly written!

In Morozov's poems there were calls for social feat (comparable to the poetry of N.A. Nekrasov and V.S. Kurochkin), for the glorification of the revolutionary struggle, and the glorification of sacrificial heroism.

In the 1910s, having become interested in aeronautics, as a researcher, he flew the first airplanes, including over the Shlisselburg fortress 10 years after his release from it (he was already about 60 years old). Being elected after returning from a long prison term to honorary members of many scientific societies, he taught at the Higher Women's Courses of P.F. Lesgaft, read the course "World Chemistry" at the Psychoneurological Institute.

Lev Pushkarev, Natalya Pushkareva

Nikolai Alexandrovich Morozov, working at the "junctions of sciences", using the facts and methods of various fields of knowledge, became the founder of a systematic approach in science. He is rarely remembered, although the new Chronology of Fomenko and Nosovsky, for example, is based on the legacy of this particular scientist.

Honorary Academician N.A. Morozov is known as an original scientist who left a large number of works in the most diverse fields of natural and social sciences. N.A. Morozov performed work in various areas astronomy, cosmogony, physics, chemistry, biology, mathematics, geophysics, meteorology, aeronautics, aviation, history, philosophy, political economy, linguistics. He wrote a number of well-known autobiographical, memoir, poetic and other literary works.

The highest intellect and the rebellious spirit of the Russian intelligentsia turned out to be focused in the personality of N.A. Morozov. Next to him you can put, perhaps, only V. I. Vernadsky. Both of them personify the bygone era of scientists - encyclopedists. His style of thinking is somewhat elusive reminiscent of the scientists of the medieval Renaissance. " silver Age", which is often written about, is characteristic not only for Russian poetry, art and culture. It can also be traced in science. In late XIX At the beginning of the 20th century, Russia was on the rise. In everything that N.A. Morozov wrote and what he thought, thought, steps were heard tomorrow. In terms of their encyclopedic knowledge, enormous capacity for work, productivity and creativity N.A. Morozov is an exceptional phenomenon.

Nikolai Alexandrovich Morozov was born in 1854. At that time, a torch and a candle also served as lighting in the village. He survived the first steps in the development of technology, steam and electricity, and completed his life path at the beginning of the era atomic energy, the possibility of which he foresaw before most physicists and chemists.

Life among nature from childhood aroused in Nikolai Alexandrovich a passionate interest in natural science. Having received an initial home education, as was customary in noble families, at the age of fifteen he entered the 2nd Moscow Gymnasium. Nikolai Aleksandrovich unites around himself a group of young men like him, striving for knowledge, and organizes a circle called the Society of Natural Science Lovers, at whose weekly meetings scientific abstracts were heard. Members of the circle publish a handwritten journal edited by Nikolai Alexandrovich.

Until 1874, N.A. Morozov led a busy life full of scientific research, deeply studying mathematics and a number of disciplines that were not included in the gymnasium program - astronomy, geology, botany and even anatomy. At the same time, he is also interested in social issues, studying the history of revolutionary movements.

The difficult fate of N.A. Morozov was programmed from the first days of his life. The eternal drama of children born in an unequal marriage. In the case of N.A. Morozov, the noble blood of the father, who was related to Peter the Great, was diluted with the genes of the mother, who came from a serf family. History is replete with numerous examples of such children growing up into the highest degree talented and smart people. This is one of the manifestations of the greatness of the nation. At the same time, such examples show their vulnerability to common philistine ideas. The situation of the illegitimate and the experiences associated with it made N.A. Morozov think about social injustice and material inequality in society.

In 1874, N.A. Morozov met with some members of the revolutionary circle of "Chaikovites" (S.M. Kravchinsky and others). Their ideals and activities captivate Nikolai Alexandrovich so much that, despite disagreeing with some of their views on the peasant question, he, after being expelled from the gymnasium with a ban on entering any Russian educational institution, embarks on the path of revolutionary struggle.

N.A.Morozov leaves his family and "goes to the people", lives and works in the villages as an assistant to a blacksmith, sawyer of the forest, wanders, doing propaganda among the people, calling them to fight for their liberation. But the ardent young man, who longed for a feat for the sake of lofty ideals, is not satisfied with "going to the people" and the activities that followed in Moscow in workers' circles.

At the suggestion of his comrades, N.A. Morozov moved to Geneva, where he edited the Rabotnik magazine, which was illegally transported to Russia. At the same time, he continues to study natural science, sociology and history.

In the spring of 1875, when crossing the Russian border, he was arrested and imprisoned in the St. Petersburg House of Preliminary Detention. While in prison, he persistently studied foreign languages, algebra, descriptive and analytical geometry, spherical trigonometry and other branches of mathematics.

After three years of imprisonment, in January 1878, N.A. Morozov was released and soon joined the new revolutionary organization "Land and Freedom". He becomes one of the editors of the magazine "Land and Freedom" and the keeper of all illegal documents, money and printing.

As a result internal struggle"Land and Freedom" splits into "Narodnaya Volya" and "Black Repartition". N.A. Morozov became a member of the Executive Committee of the party "Narodnaya Volya" and in 1880 emigrated again to publish a magazine abroad called "Russian Social Revolutionary Library". At the same time, he writes the History of the Russian Revolutionary Movement, studies at the University of Geneva, where he listens with particular interest to the lectures of famous naturalists.

N.A. Morozov decides to involve Karl Marx in cooperation in the journal, for which he travels to London in December 1880, where he meets with him and receives for translation into Russian "Manifesto Communist Party"and a number of other works by K. Marx and F. Engels. According to the promise given to N.A. Morozov, K. Marx and F. Engels wrote a preface to the Russian translation of the Manifesto.

Returning from London to Geneva, Morozov receives a letter from Sofya Perovskaya and hastily goes to Russia to help his comrades in the struggle, but he is arrested at the border. After the assassination of Alexander II, according to the "Trial of 20 Narodnaya Volya", N.A. Morozov was sentenced to life imprisonment without the right to appeal the sentence.

In the Alekseevsky ravelin of the Peter and Paul Fortress, the strictest regime prevailed. N.A. Morozov did not have the right to walk, did not receive books, and from poor nutrition he developed scurvy and tuberculosis.

An exceptional will allowed N.A. Morozov to survive these difficult years and, while maintaining firmness of spirit, continue his scientific work. creative work. Two years later, the prisoners of Alekseevsky ravelin were transferred to the Shlisselburg fortress, which had a particularly strict regime. Only after five years of N.A. Morozov's stay in the fortress, after a number of deaths among prisoners, the prison regime was somewhat weakened, and Morozov got the opportunity to read scientific literature and write his own works.

In the Shlisselburg convict prison, he wrote 26 volumes of various manuscripts, which he managed to save and take out when he was released from prison in 1905. In conclusion, N.A. Morozov studied French, English, German, Italian, Spanish, Latin, Greek, Hebrew, Old Slavonic, Ukrainian and Polish.

In the same place, he wrote the memoirs "At the Beginning of Life", published in 1907. Subsequently, they compiled the first part of his memoirs, The Tale of My Life.

In the fortress, he first began to read the Journal of the Russian Physical and Chemical Society. Here he wrote a theoretical essay "The Structure of Matter", which remained unpublished. Other works, in particular " Periodic systems structure of matter", was published only after leaving the fortress.

Research conducted at the end of the 19th century by scientists various countries, have shown that both our planetary system and the most distant stellar nebulae are composed of the same elements that have been found on Earth. Establishing the unity of the chemical composition of world matter was of paramount scientific and philosophical importance.

In 1897, N.A. Morozov informed his relatives from Shlisselburg: “Now I am writing a book on the structure of matter. I have already written almost one and a half thousand pages, and no more than five hundred remain. yet I have been diligently working on it almost every day for the last three years, and feel an inexpressible pleasure whenever, after long reflections, calculations, and sometimes sleepless nights, I manage to find order and regularity in such natural phenomena, which until now seemed mysterious ."

The inner world of the prisoner "with a dried up body" turned out to be so rich, his self-control was so high that he not only did not die and did not go crazy in the terrible conditions of a long solitary confinement in the "stone tomb" of the Alekseevsky ravelin and the Shlisselburg fortress, but, on the contrary, filled his life of creativity. N.A. Morozov looked forward to each new day, as each new day allowed him to move forward in the development of scientific ideas. Many years later, Morozov will say that he was not in prison, but "in the Universe."

So, not far from St. Petersburg University, where D.I. Mendeleev worked at that time, in the Shlisselburg fortress there was a man who tirelessly thought about the essence of the periodic law, about the theory of the formation of chemical elements. Despite the lack of a systematic chemical education in a higher educational institution, despite the fact that N.A. Morozov did not go through a proper experimental school, thanks to his amazing talents, he mastered the heights of various chemical disciplines and two to three years after his release from the fortress he taught chemistry , wrote books on general physical, inorganic, organic and analytical chemistry. D.I. Mendeleev, with whom N.A. Morozov met shortly before his death, spoke with approval of the work "Periodic systems of the structure of matter", and according to his presentation for this work in 1906, N.A. Morozov was awarded, without dissertation defense, academic degree Doctor of Sciences.

N.A. Morozov was released as a result of the 1905 revolution. He devotes himself entirely to science, begins to prepare for publication his works written in prison. During the same period, he makes many lecture trips throughout Russia. With lectures, he visited 54 cities of the country - from St. Petersburg to Vladivostok. His public lectures on problems of chemistry, aviation, and the history of religions were brilliant and attracted huge audiences. All this frightened the authorities, and they often banned lectures.

The multifaceted scientist had another gift - poetic. He wrote stories, novels, poems. For the poetry collection Star Songs, he was sentenced to a year in prison. In conclusion, he began to write his memoirs "The Tale of My Life", which are distinguished by a tense plot, beautiful language and well-aimed images of contemporaries. These memoirs were highly appreciated by Leo Tolstoy.

In 1907, at the invitation of P.F. Lesgaft, N.A. Morozov began to teach the course general chemistry. A few years later he was elected head of the department of astronomy at the Higher Courses of Lesgaft.

In 1911, at the II Mendeleev Congress, N.A. Morozov made a report on the topic "The past and future of the worlds from a modern geophysical point of view", where he expressed the bold idea that new stars arise as a result of the explosion of old luminaries, which occurs as a result of the decomposition of atoms of matter that have become radioactive. Today, this previously disputed hypothesis, in a slightly modified form, is shared by a wide circle of astronomers and physicists.

N.A. Morozov was interested in many branches of mathematics - from differential and integral calculus and algebra complex numbers to vectors and projective geometry, as well as probability theory. His interest in these questions was closely connected with the application of these mathematical disciplines to natural science. From 1908 to 1912 he published three large works on mathematics: "The beginnings of vectorial algebra in their genesis from pure mathematics", "Fundamentals of qualitative physical and mathematical analysis" and "A visual presentation of differential and integral calculus".

The most complete original and original ideas of N.A. Morozov in the field of astronomy are presented in his work "The Universe". In a new way, he considers questions about universal gravitation, about the origin and evolution solar system, about star clusters, about the structure of the Milky turbidity. N.A. Morozov worked a lot on questions of the theory of relativity. His remarkable ideas also include the hypothesis of the relationship and periodicity of astrophysical and astrochemical phenomena. For a long time he worked on the fundamental work " Theoretical basis geophysics and meteorology", in which he showed that the influence of the Galaxy on the meteorological and geophysical processes of the Earth is of a natural nature and is so great that without introducing it into calculations one cannot even dream of scientific weather prediction.

N.A. Morozov showed great interest in aviation and aeronautics. He became one of the pioneers of scientific aeronautics in Russia, received the title of pilot, was chairman of the commission for scientific flights, lectured at an aviation school, flew the first balloons himself more than once, proposed an automatic parachute system, as well as special suits for high-altitude flights (the prototype modern clothing for pilots and astronauts).

During the First World War, in 1915, N.A. Morozov went to the front and here, at the forefront, as a delegate of the All-Russian Zemstvo Union, he actively assisted the sick and wounded. He reflected his memories and thoughts about the war in the book "At War", published in 1916.

After the October Revolution, N.A. Morozov transformed higher courses Lesgaft to the Natural Science Institute named after P.F. Lesgaft and became its elected director. At the same time, N.A. Morozov was in charge of the astronomical department of the institute and created an observatory in which he himself worked.

Since 1918, N.A. Morozov has been working with enthusiasm for many years on the great fundamental work "History of Human Culture in the Natural Science Illumination". Part of this great work in the form of seven volumes was published under the title "Christ" (edition 1924-1932). The three later volumes of the manuscript remained unprinted.

The name "Christ" proposed by the publisher does not fully correspond to the content of this work. In the preface to the 7th volume, N.A. Morozov wrote: “The main task of this great work of mine was: to harmonize the historical sciences with natural science and discover general laws mental development humanity". The version of the chronology adopted today ancient history was created in period XIV- XVI centuries and finally completed, in general terms, by medieval historians-chronologists I. Scaliger (1540-1609) and D. Petavius ​​(1583-1652). Morozov was the first to understand that both ancient and medieval events needed to be re-dated. Based on the analysis of a huge amount of factual material, having rechecked many historical documents using mathematical, linguistic and astronomical methods, N.A. Morozov put forward and partially substantiated the fundamental hypothesis that the Scaligerian chronology is artificially stretched, elongated compared to reality. He pointed to ancient texts that probably describe the same events, but then dated from different eras. Morozov pointed out that since the ancient texts were repeatedly copied and, as a rule, modified, they could deviate quite far from the original text. At that time, there was no such branch of science as mathematical linguistics. N.A. Morozov suggested establishing the authorship of texts and detecting plagiarism by the statistical distribution of function words. In this regard, Morozov should be considered one of the heralds mathematical methods in linguistics.

Listing the works of N.A. Morozov, one cannot fail to mention his historical study on alchemy "In Search of the Philosopher's Stone". This book was accepted by readers with great interest, it is still one of the most fascinating works about the alchemical period in the development of chemistry. As you know, N.A. Morozov always sought to study history from primary sources. Starting to write this book, he subjected to a critical analysis of historical manuscripts, covering the most important facts from the development of chemistry. Here is how he evaluates many historical documents that he had to use: "Everything that we know about the writings of ancient authors is almost entirely taken by modern historians from collections of the 15th - 17th centuries, i.e. from persons who lived a whole thousand years after the death of those quoted they are writers, from persons of the highest degree of gullibility, dotted with their reports with incredible stories about all kinds of miracles.It is almost impossible to distinguish the truth from plausible fabrications and later additions in them.Thanks to this circumstance, all our primary sources for the ancient period of the pre-printing era are real Augean stables ", for the purification of which a new Hercules is needed. But even Hercules alone could not do anything here. Here, a special international society is needed to develop the primary sources of ancient history."

However, the methodology of research by N.A. Morozov of the history of mankind, his historical concept, turned out to be so revolutionary that it was not recognized by official historical science. The facts given by the scientist are considered to be largely misinterpreted by him. At present, research according to the new chronology is continued not by historians, but by scientists from other fields of knowledge - mathematics, physics (in particular: M.M. Postnikov, A.T. Fomenko, G.V. Nosovsky, S.I. Valyansky, D. V. Kalyuzhny and others).

While still in prison, N.A. Morozov develops the idea of ​​the complex structure of atoms and this substantiates the essence of the periodic law of chemical elements. He passionately defends the proposal about the possibility of the decomposition of the atom, which at that time seemed unconvincing to most physicists and chemists, since. there was not yet sufficient experimental evidence for this assertion.

N.A. Morozov also expresses the idea that the main task of the chemistry of the future is the synthesis of elements.

Developing the idea of ​​J. Dumas, N.A. Morozov proposed a periodic system of hydrocarbons - "carbohydrides", by analogy with the periodic table - "in order of increasing share weight", and built tables reflecting the periodic dependence of a number of properties of aliphatic and cyclic radicals on molecular weight.

N.A. Morozov suggested that chemically neutral elements should exist among atoms. A number of atomic weights of elements of the zero and first groups calculated by N.A. Morozov coincided with the atomic weights of the corresponding isotopes determined many years later. A deep analysis of the properties of the elements of the zero and eighth groups of the periodic system of Mendeleev led N.A. Morozov to the idea of ​​the need to combine them into one zero type, which was also justified by subsequent works. “Thus,” wrote the famous chemist Professor L.A. Chugaev, “N.A. Morozov could predict the existence of the zero group 10 years before it was actually discovered. Unfortunately, due to circumstances beyond his control, this prediction did not could have been published then and appeared in print much later.

Striking and indisputable is the fact that more than 100 years ago, N.A. Morozov boldly and confidently accepted the point of view of the complex structure of atoms, the convertibility of elements, allowing the possibility of artificial production of radioactive elements, recognizing the extraordinary reserves of intra-atomic energy.

According to Academician I.V. Kurchatov, "modern physics has fully confirmed the assertion about the complex structure of atoms and the interconvertibility of all chemical elements, which was analyzed at one time by N.A. Morozov in the monograph "Periodic Systems of the Structure of Matter."

Research results recent decades The 20th century marks the beginning of a true triumph of the once misunderstood ideas of V.I. Vernadsky, N.A. Morozov, K.E. Tsiolkovsky, A.L. Chizhevsky.

N.A. Morozov from 1918 until the end of his life was the director of the Natural Science Institute. P.F. Lesgaft, distinguished by the diversity of research in various fields of knowledge, as evidenced by the Proceedings of the Institute published since 1919 under the editorship of N.A. Morozov. It was at this institute that, on the initiative of the scientist, the development of a number of problems related to space exploration began.

The principle of integrated research was embodied not only in the institute he led, but also in the work of the scientific center, created in 1939 on his initiative in the village of Borok, Yaroslavl Region, where the Institute of Biology of Inland Waters and the Geophysical Observatory of the Russian Academy of Sciences now operate.

The Soviet government awarded Nikolai Aleksandrovich Morozov two Orders of Lenin and the Order of the Red Banner of Labor. A museum has been organized in the house where the honorary academician N.A. Morozov lived and worked. A village in the Leningrad Region, not far from the Shlisselburg Fortress, was named after him. Astronomers named a small asteroid planet after him. "Morozoviya" entered all the star catalogs of the world. One of the craters is also named after N.A. Morozov reverse side Moon (5" N, 127" E).

The constant desire of N.A. Morozov to work at the "junctions of sciences", using the facts and methods of various fields of knowledge, brings him close to a systematic scientific approach (which is now one of the leading methods in science) in the study of phenomena in their diverse and often unexpected relationships , uniting completely heterogeneous, it would seem, phenomena and processes. The range of interests of the scientist extended from chemical elements to the essence of life; from the formation of stars as a result of the explosion space bodies before the formation of clouds; from vector calculus to relativity theory; from the processes taking place in the center the globe, before aeronautics; from ancient and medieval history to the results of science at the beginning of the 20th century. N.A. Morozov believed that in the future all separate knowledge would unite into one common natural science, merge into a mighty stream of united knowledge, and become a common natural philosophy of the future.]]>

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Curator of the personal archive of the honorary academician Nikolai Alexandrovich Morozov(1854-1946) is the Archive of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Personal archive of N. A. Morozov ( fund 543) represents 13 descriptions containing 5293 cases involving 135746 sheets of archival documents.

The information resource "Archive of N. A. Morozov" was developed in the Department of the Insurance Documentary Fund of the Archive of the Russian Academy of Sciences and is a database describing one of the sections of the user fund on microfiche of the Archive of the Russian Academy of Sciences - the personal archive of Nikolai Aleksandrovich Morozov. To provide navigation and search in this material for interested professionals, appropriate applications have been developed. The presence of such fields in the records as “case number”, “case name”, “type of material”, “document creation date” allows you to effectively navigate the whole variety of documents and search for sections of interest, order copies of documents from the fund holder.

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Creation works information resource"The Morozov Archive" was carried out within the framework of the program of the Presidium of the Russian Academy of Sciences "Informatization" together with the Institute of Informatics Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

Nikolai Alexandrovich Morozov

The name of Narodnaya Volya N. A. Morozov, who spent 29 years in solitary confinement in the Shlisselburg fortress and other tsarist prisons, went down in the history of the Russian revolutionary movement.

Honorary Academician N. A. Morozov is also known as an original scientist who left a large number of works in the most diverse fields of natural and social sciences. He is known both as a writer and as a poet.

N. A. Morozov performed works in various fields of astronomy, cosmogony, physics, chemistry, biology, mathematics, geophysics and meteorology, aeronautics, aviation, history, philosophy, political economy, and linguistics. He wrote a number of widely known autobiographical, memoir and other literary works.

Morozov combined amazing scientific erudition, a wide synthetic coverage of the main areas of knowledge and creative inspiration with an original approach to each topic that interested him. According to encyclopedic knowledge, enormous capacity for work, productivity and creative potential, N. A. Morozov is an exceptional phenomenon.

Nikolai Aleksandrovich Morozov was born in 1854. He survived the first steps in the development of steam and electricity technology, and completed his life in the initial period of the era of atomic energy, the possibility of which he foresaw before most physicists and chemists.

Until 1874, N. A. Morozov led a busy life full of scientific research, deeply studying mathematics and a number of disciplines that were not included in the curriculum of gymnasiums - astronomy, geology, botany, and even anatomy. At the same time, he is interested in public issues, read by Nekrasov, Chernyshevsky, Dobrolyubov and studies the history of the revolutionary movement.

In November 1905, as a result of the revolution, N.A. Morozov, after 25 years of imprisonment, was released. Now he devotes himself entirely to science, begins to prepare for publication his works written in prison, and publishes a number of books and articles on various topics.

Assessing the scientific path traversed by N. A. Morozov, taking into account his lack of special chemical education and the opportunity to experiment in the laboratory during his youth, one has to wonder how deeply and versatile he mastered the treasures of chemical science, how boldly, creatively he used them, how relatively he made few mistakes. Being cut off for almost 30 years from live communication with chemists, having neither teachers nor students, N.A. Morozov, naturally, had to independently, without experiment, without the latest literature, solve the often very difficult problems that arose for him.

In his writings, the sharpness of thought, generalizations and forecasts is striking.

According to Academician I. V. Kurchatov, “modern physics has fully confirmed the assertion about the complex structure of atoms and the interconvertibility of all chemical elements, which was analyzed at one time by N. A. Morozov in the monograph Periodic Systems of the Structure of Matter.”

N. A. Morozov from 1918 to the end of his life was the director of the Natural Science Institute. P. F. Lesgaft, distinguished by the diversity of research in various fields of knowledge, as evidenced by the works of the institute published since 1919 under the editorship of N. A. Morozov. It was at this institute, on the initiative of N. A. Morozov, that the development of a number of problems related to space exploration began.

The principle of complex research in science, which N.A. Morozov adhered to all his life, was embodied not only in the institute he led, but is also embodied in the work of the scientific center, created in 1939 on his initiative in the village of Borok, Yaroslavl Region, where now the Institute of Biology of Inland Waters and the Borok Geophysical Observatory operate Russian Academy Sciences. This science Center in the homeland of N. A. Morozov is a worthy monument to an outstanding scientist and citizen.

The works of N. A. Morozov are used by specialists in many fields of knowledge. His name went down in the history of Russian science and culture, in the history of the Russian revolutionary movement.

In one of his poems, N. A. Morozov says: “Only the one whose response is in others did not die - who in this world lived not only a personal life.” These fine words should also be attributed to Morozov himself.

On the initiative of V. I. Lenin, the Borok estate was transferred to N. A. Morozov for life use. He was born there, lived and worked, in Bork he died on July 30, 1946 at the age of 93. On his grave there is a monument by the famous sculptor G. I. Motovilov, depicting a scientist sitting with a book in his hand.

A museum has been organized in the house where the honorary academician N.A. Morozov lived and worked. The Soviet government awarded Nikolai Aleksandrovich two Orders of Lenin and the Order of the Red Banner of Labor. A village in the Leningrad Region, not far from the Shlisselburg Fortress, was named after him.

Archival materials, memoirs, the most unexpected finds reveal ever brighter and wider the feat of life of this amazing person.

People keep the memory of N. A. Morozov as a remarkable scientist, a man of exceptional moral purity, warmth and humanity.

A thorough and versatile study of the creative heritage of N. A. Morozov will make his wonderful life, his valuable thoughts, his bright ideas the property of many generations. (From the book Nikolai Alexandrovich Morozov (1854 - 1946). "Science" M. 1981).

The book of one of the leaders of the party "Narodnaya Volya" Nikolai Alexandrovich Morozov (1854-1946) is part of the multi-volume study "Christ" (1924-1932), which proposed a revision of the basic facts of world history. Morozov's work continues his well-known interpretations of the Bible: "Revelation in Thunderstorm and Storm" (1907) and "Prophets" (1914). The identification of astronomical evidence in Russian chronicles and their dating serves Morozov as the basis for rewriting Russian history. The methods used and the conclusions that Morozov comes to make it possible to attribute him to the predecessors of the "new chronology".

N. A. Morozov
A new look at the history of the Russian state

Published with the financial support of the director of LLC "Mirage-Stal" and "Katto-Neva"

Kulakov Andrey Anatolievich

Rep. ed. prof. A. F. Zamaleev

Historical nihilism N. A. Morozova

Oh, you deprived me of peace? Okay! Your world didn't exist!

Yu. K. Olesha

Of course, each of us is free to dispute the truth of ancient history, with one condition - to do without it. You can deny it; but you can't put anything in its place.

S. S. Uvarov

The first Russian historiographer, Vasily Nikitich Tatishchev, I remember, divided history into periods of "enlightenment of the mind": before the invention of writing, from the invention of writing to Jesus Christ, from Jesus Christ to the "acquisition of embossing books", and from the invention of book printing to the present. From the middle of the XV century. - the time of the Gutenberg discovery - the period of modernity begins, called modern. From the point of view of modernity, in a simplified way, all history can be divided into modernity and non-modernity, or into the history of the printed and preprinted periods. Modernity for modernity has in relation to others historical eras semantic priority. Modernity owns scientifically substantiated truth, while other generations are mired in prejudices. The fundamental nature of Gutenberg's invention was duly appreciated by posterity. It even gave rise to a review of the entire historical science: if the truth belongs to the present, then the truth of history is the exclusive property of the era of printing and the exact sciences. Historiography and philosophy of history of the XX century. know several attempts to revise Russian history. Marxists rewrote it from class positions; a look at Russian history from the East was offered by the Eurasians; The "natural-scientific" revision of history is undertaken by the followers of the "new chronology". Among the predecessors of the latter was Nikolai Alexandrovich Morozov (1854-1946). Dictionary entries and numerous studies about Morozov paint the image of a staunch revolutionary and consistent fighter against the autocracy, a member of the circle of "Chaikovites", "Earth and Freedom", a member of the executive committee of "Narodnaya Volya", one of the main theorists of terrorism, a participant in assassination attempts on Emperor Alexander II. At the same time, Morozov's revolutionary activity was constantly intertwined with scientific work. An unusually gifted man, encyclopedically erudite, who knew twelve languages, Morozov was an original scientist who left numerous studies in chemistry, physics, mathematics, astronomy, linguistics, and history. In terms of the versatility and diversity of the problems involved, perhaps only A. S. Khomyakov and A. A. Bogdanov are comparable with Morozov.

Morozov's life path, which stretched for almost a century, began and ended in the Borok estate of the Yaroslavl province. Morozov was the son of a landowner P. A. Shchepochkin and a serf peasant woman A. V. Morozova. Morozov's father came from noble family Naryshkin and was related to Peter I himself. Marginality of origin, perhaps, determined the subsequent fate of Morozov. He chose the path of a revolutionary terrorist, and after the fall tsarist regime made a refutation of traditional historiography. Morozov took part in "going to the people", lived in an illegal position, emigrated to Switzerland twice, was arrested three times, having spent a total of twenty-nine years in prison, of which he spent a quarter of a century in solitary confinement in the Peter and Paul and Shlisselburg fortresses. Having received a letter from S. Perovskaya in Switzerland, Morozov hurried to Russia to take part in the impending assassination attempt on Alexander II, but was captured at the border and already in the fortress learned about the death of the emperor. This preliminary arrest probably saved Morozov from the death penalty. Hard mental work helped Morozov survive in captivity. He taught languages, read all the non-fiction available in prison, and wrote constantly. According to the testimony of Morozov's wife, Ksenia Alekseevna: "When some confiscated student library was brought to Shlisselburg, in which there were several hundred books of scientific content, as well as fiction on foreign languages, Morozov eagerly pounced on reading and began to divide time between books, dreams and thoughts and memories. Creating his own world of thoughts and images, he surrounded himself with them, like an impregnable wall behind which the hopeless reality disappeared. "Leaving prison, he took out twenty-six volumes of manuscripts (about fifteen thousand pages), containing about two hundred monographs on mathematics, chemistry, physics , stories, the publication of which he began in freedom.In 1906, on the proposal of D. I. Mendeleev, for the essay "Periodic systems of the structure of matter. The theory of the emergence of modern chemical elements "St. Petersburg University awarded Morozov without defense the degree of an honorary doctor of science in chemistry. This gave him the opportunity to start research at the St. Petersburg biological laboratory of P.F. Lesgaft and start teaching analytical chemistry at the Higher Free School of P. F. Lesgaft. In 1918, through the efforts of Morozov, the biological laboratory was transformed into the Scientific Institute. P.F. Lesgaft, whose director Morozov remained until the end of his life. In 1932 he was elected an honorary member of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Efficiency, multiplied by longevity, gave abundant results. In total, Morozov owns about three thousand works, of which he managed to print only four hundred.

However, many years of solitary confinement, Morozov's marginal position in society and official science affected the manner and specificity of his research. First of all, this is the monologism of Morozov's thinking, caused by a lack of communication; the desire to do away with the old science in the same way that a revolutionary does away with the old regime; reaching fanaticism conviction in their rightness. This was most noticeable in historical research Morozov. On the other hand, Morozov's natural-scientific rationalism paradoxically combined with anti-Christian pantheistic mysticism. It is difficult to say how much solitary confinement disposed to mysticism. Studying science allowed me to maintain clarity of mind and did not let me go crazy. But Morozov himself admitted that the consciousness that he was sitting in the Universe, and not in prison, helped him survive in solitary confinement. The theory and practice of mysticism knows numerous descriptions of such growth of the microcosm into the macrocosm. Archpriest Avvakum, for example, in prison not only saw an angel with cabbage soup, but his own body grew to the whole world. Some figures of the Bolshevik government also showed interest in mysticism and the occult (F. E. Dzerzhinsky, A. V. Lunacharsky, V. V. Bonch-Bruevich). Thanks to the support of Dzerzhinsky and Lunacharsky, Morozov's historical writings began to be published. Mystical and occult moods were also popular among the Russian intelligentsia at the beginning of the 20th century. Morozov's revelations of Christianity and related historiography were in tune with the search for a "new religious consciousness", expectations of a new revelation, and criticism of historical Christianity. Mystical motives were not alien to the representatives of Russian cosmism, for example, K. E. Tsiolkovsky. Morozov's new view of history echoes the views of Russian cosmists on the influence of extraterrestrial factors on historical events, although their points of view cannot be identified. Even a personal acquaintance with A. L. Chizhevsky did not lead to the correction of Morozov's concept. Developing the doctrine of the unity of the Universe, he came to the conclusion about the impact of space on geological and climatic phenomena on Earth. According to Morozov, life is the result of the evolution of the universe, the evolution of life is a continuation of the evolution of matter. The pinnacle of evolution is the human mind. This Renaissance anthropological point of view is also important for understanding the philosophical and historical system of Morozov. The mystical-occult meaning is also embedded in the title of Morozov's main historical work, the seven-volume study "Christ". "Christ," Morozov emphasized, means "initiate," "master of occult sciences," that is, a person who owns secret knowledge.

Morozov's historical concept and his refutation of traditional Christianity are closely linked. He came to a new view of history from the study of the Bible and theological literature. Initially, in the conclusion of the books, only the Holy Scriptures were available to him.

Share with friends: The memoirs of the writer Yuri Olesha tell of his unusual quarrel with the critic and historian D. Mirsky. “When, after reading Morozov, I declared with aplomb that the ancient world did not exist,” wrote Yuri Karlovich, “this son of the prince, an exquisitely polite man who lived for a long time in London, a kind man, hit me on the back with a cane.
- You say it to me, a historian? You... you...
- Yes Yes! The Acropolis was not built by the Greeks, but by the Crusaders! I shouted. - They found the marble and...
He walked away from me, not listening, with his fringe on his trousers and in an old London hat, randomly put on.
Then, of course, they reconciled, and over a bottle of wine and a chicken of tobacco, Mirsky explained to Olesha what, from the point of view of historians, was the ignorance of the famous Schlisselburger. The writer held firm, objected, but in the end succumbed to the arguments of historians. “I agreed with him that the ancient world existed, although many of the insights of the Shlisselburger still shine for me,” he recalled. - Be that as it may, but the fact that he created his own system of denying the ancient world is brilliant, given the fact that Morozov was imprisoned in a fortress for twenty-five years, that is, deprived of communication with the world, in essence, forever.
- Oh, you deprived me of peace? Okay! Your world didn't exist!"
What a simple and what a deeply incorrect explanation of the motives of Morozov's feat (and there is no doubt that Morozov's scientific work is a feat). Great creations of the spirit are not created out of a feeling of annoyance, "weakly". For this, immeasurably deeper and more powerful motives are needed - abilities, readiness to devote oneself to the selfless search for truth are needed. And in Morozov's life, happy and tragic circumstances paradoxically intertwined to fulfill this task.
An ardent, inquisitive high school student, Morozov was fond of astronomy, mathematics, physics, chemistry, botany, zoology, entomology, geology and mineralogy, and in his dreams he saw himself as a scientist heading a professorial department. But his fate turned out differently: in 1874 he gave himself up to the revolutionary movement and ten years later ended up in a newly built prison in Shlisselburg. And no matter how blasphemous it sounds, Shlisselburg miraculously transformed Morozov. While his allies, plunged into countless prison days, languished, yearned, withered, went crazy, committed suicide, Nikolai Alexandrovich was looking forward to each new day. The jailers truly cast him not into prison, but into the universe. “I often flew in thought from the walls of the tomb to distant world spaces, or to the recesses of organic nature, or to the depths of centuries,” he wrote many years later.
Versatile scientific interests, once abandoned for the revolutionary struggle, saved Morozov in a long solitary confinement. The abyss of free time, lack of concern for daily bread, position in society, career, the thirst for selfless knowledge of the truth gave rise to a phenomenon the like of which history does not know. On October 28, 1905, when Morozov was released from the fortress after 25 years of imprisonment, according to the historian of science Yu. Solovyov, “a man came out whose scientific ideas were more advanced than the ideas and convictions of some professors who lectured from at the meetings of scientific societies, could go to libraries at any time and, finally, work in the quiet of their cozy offices. By the time Nikolai Alexandrovich left Shlisselburg forever, his volume scientific works reached 26 volumes!
Having found himself after his arrest in the Alekseevsky ravelin of the Peter and Paul Fortress, Morozov had only the Bible as a reading, which had been preserved here since the time of the Decembrists. And when he read the Apocalypse - the revelation of the beloved disciple of Christ, John the Theologian, about the terrible judgment and the end of the world with its terrible horsemen executing people, with the elders worshiping the throne of God, with angels and monsters appearing in heaven, an unusual thought dawned on him. Are not all these horrors a certain position of the luminaries, planets and zodiac constellations translated into the language of images? Is not Babylon mentioned by the author of the Apocalypse - Byzantium, and the harlot sitting on the beast - the Christian church of the impious heresiarch Arius, who denies the divinity of Christ? If this is so, then the author of the revelation could not be the Evangelical John the Theologian, but the Bishop of Constantinople John Chrysostom, who lived in the 4th century. On the island of Patmos, where he was exiled by the Byzantine emperor, according to him, an angel appeared to him, who handed over the "divinely inspired book", written allegedly by the Apostle John the Theologian.
Due to the lack of the necessary astronomical materials, the verification of this conjecture had to be postponed for a quarter of a century, but, having barely left the conclusion, Morozov made necessary calculations and established: the picture described in the Apocalypse, translated into the language celestial bodies, could be observed on the island of Patmos on September 30, 395, that is, just when John Chrysostom was there! The Apocalypse turned out to be a historical document, a religious-political pamphlet, reflecting the intra-church struggle that took place in the 4th century.
Having analyzed the biblical prophecies with the same method, determining the time of the appearance of the comets described in them, solar and lunar eclipses and the location of the heavenly bodies at that time, Morozov showed that many of the prophecies were written much later than church history claims, namely, in the early Middle Ages, and not many centuries before our era. The continuation of these works in tsarist Russia was difficult because of the obstacles that could be placed by representatives of the church. And, perhaps, great work Morozov's life would never have seen the light of day if not for October Revolution and the ensuing persecution of religion.
On August 18, 1921, in an effort to enlist the support of the head of the Soviet state, Morozov explained to Lenin the purpose of the ten-volume work “Christ” undertaken by him: the basis of this book is “the fluctuation of all Old Testament and New Testament religious messages, based on determining the time of these events in an astronomical way, and it turns out to be complete disagreement of chronology, and the natural explanation of all mysticism. This plan of the scientist, apparently, was supported. In 1924, the 1st book of this unique work was published: “Heavenly milestones in the earthly history of mankind”; in 1926, the 2nd book: "The Forces of the Earth and Heaven"; in 1927 - 3rd: "God and the Word"; in 1928 - the 4th: "In the darkness of the past by the light of the stars"; in 1929 - 5th: "Ruins and Ghosts"; in 1930 - the 6th: "From the depths of the centuries"; in 1932 - the 7th: "Great Romea".
And then a scandal erupted. It took eight years for the ideologists of the party to understand that Morozov's works dealt a blow not only to the church, but also to the very historical materialism of Karl Marx. Historians hastened to recognize Morozov's theory of the successive continuity of human culture as erroneous, and to declare the facts cited by Morozov as erroneously interpreted and doubtful by him. The publication of the publication was stopped, and three recent volumes remained unpublished.
To be fair, Morozov's views on history are truly stunning. Realizing that in the limited volume of a journal publication it is impossible to systematically present the concept of Nikolai Alexandrovich (in seven published volumes it took 5822 pages), we will limit ourselves to presenting only some of his especially extraordinary statements that once so shocked his contemporaries.
Among the researchers of antiquity there was no specialist with a broader erudition than Nikolai Morozov. Possessing a unique background in the natural sciences, he simultaneously had a thorough linguistic knowledge that underlay his very unconventional, sometimes paradoxical historical views. “From childhood I knew only Russian and French,” he wrote in his old age, “then in the gymnasium period I learned Latin, Greek, Slavonic and German. Quite by accident I got acquainted with Ukrainian in Moscow. From church services and reading spiritual books, I got acquainted with Church Slavonic. And then, on my own during the first imprisonment, I learned English and, carried away by linguistics, at the same time I learned Italian and Spanish. Then, already in the Shlisselburg fortress, I learned the Polish language and dialect with Hebrew, I met only in 1912 during my imprisonment in the Dinaburg fortress and read only one Bible in it, and in Sanskrit, Arabic, modern Greek I did not read anything except grammars and dictionaries. All this, although Morozov himself did not consider himself a specialist in linguistics, makes his statements about the events of ancient history, which are largely based on the materials of linguistics, quite weighty.

Nikolai Alexandrovich Morozov (1854-1946). Revolutionary populist, scientist. Honorary Member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Member of the Chaikovtsy circle, Land and Freedom, the Executive Committee of the People's Will, a participant in the assassination attempts on Alexander II. In 1882 he was sentenced to eternal hard labor. Released in 1905, he was engaged in literary and lecturing activities. From 1918 to 1946 he headed the Leningrad Institute of Natural Sciences. P. F. Lesgaft.

MIRAGES OF MEDIEVAL LEARNING
Due to the gullibility inherent in young people, all of us, studying the history of the ancient world at school, did not think about the question of when and how the works of the great thinkers of antiquity appeared to the European world. And we were quite satisfied with the indistinct information in textbooks about ancient writings, which, successively moving from clay and wax tablets, first to papyrus scrolls, then to sheets of parchment, and from them to the paper of the first printed books, have come down to our days. Although, it would seem, it was not difficult to guess that for such huge poems as, say, the Iliad or the Odyssey, no clay tiles would be enough, and a whole cartload of parchment was required. And in reality, of course, it was not at all like that ...
This is how, for example, the appearance of Plato's writings on the European book market looked like. In 1481, the Florentine Marcellino Ficino brought thirty-six of his manuscripts to the wealthy Venetian publisher Veneti. Latin and declared that this was a translation of the writings of a certain ancient Greek philosopher Plato. Although Ficino did not show the Greek originals to the publisher, he hastened to publish the Latin manuscripts brought to him, and the name of Plato, which in Greek means "Wide", thundered throughout the then reading world. And with him came fame and a lot of money to his Latin translator Ficino. In the next edition, he eliminated a number of anachronisms pointed out to him by readers, but still did not show anyone the Greek originals. Neither did the heirs of Ficino. The heightened interest in these originals prompted another publisher of those times, Aldo Manuchio, to announce that he would pay a gold coin for each correction of Ficino translations from a Greek original submitted by anyone. And now 31 years have passed since the first edition of Plato in Latin, and the Venetian merchant Mark Mazur presented to the publishers the Greek texts of these works that he allegedly found ...
It turns out, Morozov said, that the cunning navigator, having learned about the publisher's proposals, ordered during his travels thirty-six Greeks to translate one work from the Fichinov collection and, having collected them together, sold them to Italian publishers as the original Platonic works!
This assumption well explains the fact noted by many researchers that Plato's writings contradict one another. Unable to admit that Plato's manuscripts are fake and written by different authors, experts in antiquity preferred the ridiculous assertion that Plato wrote these works at different periods of his life, and changed his political, moral and religious views to the exact opposite!
Having studied the Greek texts attributed to Plato using the method of linguistic spectra developed by him, Morozov established that they belong not to one author who is unstable in his views, but to completely different writers, who, in terms of philosophism and manner of presentation, belonged not to antiquity, but to the 15th century of our era!


A similar story happened to another Greek philosopher, Aristotle, whose name, translated into Russian, means "The Best Completion." The authors of the Renaissance claimed that the great philosopher with such a strange name lived from 384 to 322 BC, and his numerous works, having lain for about a thousand years, appeared in Europe in Arabic translations in the 8th century AD, by the 13th century. XIV centuries spread among the scientists of the West and became so popular here that they brought their author the glory of "the supreme teacher in human affairs." And what was really? The writings of this enigmatic philosopher were first published in Venice in 1489 in Latin, revised and commented by the Spanish-Arab philosopher Averroes of Córdoba. And six years later (sufficient time to translate them from Latin into Greek), Aldo Manuchio, already familiar to us, published them in Greek.


After analyzing the texts of The Best Completion, Morozov came to the conclusion that these are “not the ideas of the ancients, but the ideas about the ancients that developed in the Renaissance, when scientists Western Europe wrote on their behalf both in Latin and in Greek their own thoughts and that these are not even works of one person, but of an entire school "...
Even more amazing discoveries awaited Morozov when studying the history of Ancient Rome, the main information about which is contained in the writings of Titus Livy - the Venerable Libyan. This extraordinary man, allegedly born in 59 BC. e., wrote 144 volumes of "History of the Romanesque people from the founding of the capital." True, only 35 of them have survived to this day. The first edition of Titus Livy, printed in Rome in 1469 from a lost manuscript, contained 30 books that described events from the founding of Rome to 292 BC. and from 217 to 176 BC. Later, in Hesse, in a Benedictine monastery, the manuscript of five more books was “discovered”, continuing the story until 165 BC. e., which was immediately published in Basel in 1531.
The value of the works of the Venerable Libyan for Morozov was that they contain, as he said, astronomical clues - a description of five solar and lunar eclipses and one comet. The chronology of such events can be established objectively and compared with the descriptions of the historian. Having done this very painstaking work, Morozov came to the conclusion that the astronomical events described by Livy, which allegedly occurred in the 3rd-2nd centuries BC, could not have been observed earlier than the 5th-10th centuries of our era (!). It turns out, concludes Morozov, Titus Livius is some kind of Renaissance author hiding under a pseudonym, who described much later events according to fairly accurate documents, but also fantasized a lot from himself. “Regarding the scene of the action,” wrote Morozov, “I will only note that the Romans (Romeans, from the word Roma - Rome) have always called themselves not Italians, but Greeks, and then the City (Urbs) of the Venerable Libyan is more suitable for Constantinople than under Italian Rome.
They say that among the admirers of the works of Titus Livius were famous Roman politicians - Seneca ("Old Man") and Mark Cicero ("Faded Peas"), as well as the prominent historian Tacitus ("Silent"), who allegedly lived in 55-120 AD . The main work of this prolific writer is considered to be the Chronicles (the history of Rome under the emperors Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius and Nero) and the History (the troubled times of Galba, Otto and Vitellius). These works have long raised doubts about their authenticity, and Morozov only has to present the works of his predecessors - Ross, Goshar Amfiteatrov, who published their research long before Morozov's "Christ". According to their research, the author of the works of Tacitus was Poggio Bracciolini (1380-1460) - a gifted Italian writer and linguist, a connoisseur of Latin, Greek and Hebrew. Starting his career as a copyist at the papal court, he ended it as Chancellor of the Florentine Republic.
Leading the life of a reveler and a prankster, Bracciolini, in need of money, entered into relations with the king of the then book market Niccolo Niccoli, to whom for many years he supplied translations of supposedly ancient authors, which in reality were fabricated by a group of capable but dishonest writers. In 1415, he offered Niccoli a large batch of ancient manuscripts, allegedly found in the old tower of the St. Gallen monastery. This is how the works of Quintilian, Valerius Flacus, Nonius Marcellus, Probus, and later Calpurnius' Bucoliki and several chapters of Petronius appeared in the spiritual circulation of Western Europe.
Such a release of supposedly ancient works on the book market created a rush demand, and kings, dukes, cardinals, and universities appeared among the clients of Bracciolini and the company. Under these conditions, falsifiers began to skillfully insert references to the outstanding historical works of Tacitus into the forged works of Pliny the Younger, Tertullian, Oresius, Sidonius and other supposedly ancient authors. A situation was created when many heard about his great works, but no one had the happiness to read them. And so demand gave rise to supply: Tacitus was found!
In November 1425, Bracciolini informed Niccoli that a certain monk, his friend from Germany, was offering a batch of ancient manuscripts, among which were several works by Tacitus. The delighted publisher immediately agreed to the deal, but Bracciolini is in no hurry. For four years he leads the publisher by the nose with stories that the monk is letting him down, and in the meantime he is negotiating these manuscripts with wealthy patrons. Finally, Niccoli receives and publishes the first manuscript of Tacitus, and Bracciolini spreads rumors that he has an older Tacitus from an inaccessible northern monastery...
These eternal mysterious monks were, according to Gaushar, part of the falsification system established by Poggio. No one has ever seen or heard of them, but today one of them brings from Sweden or Denmark lost volume Titus Libya; tomorrow another mysterious monk carries Tacitus from Corvea or Fulda. And always, for some reason, from the distant, inaccessible north, and always exactly what there is a frantic demand for. For eighty years of his life, Bracciolini "discovered" Quintilion, treatises and speeches of Cicero, the works of Lucretius, Petronius, Plautus, Tertullian, Tacitus and many other "ancient Romans". Towards the end of his life, Poggio was fed up with his apocryphal literature, began to write exclusively under his own name.
The system of falsification of ancient manuscripts created by Bracciolini and others like him could not be kept secret for long: driven by ambition, the true authors could not resist and boast in a friendly company that it was they who composed the books of ancient authors admired by enlightened Europe. And this explains the deep distrust with which contemporaries of the Renaissance greeted every next "find" of all ancient classical authors without exception. The "Renaissance" was in fact the "Era of the Origin," wrote Morozov, "but due to the conditions of the religious life of its time and for other reasons, this "genesis" was expressed in a very original form - in the apocrypha, that is, the systematic attribution of one's own works to the mythical figures of antiquity ".
INTELLECTUAL FIELD OF ANTIQUITY
Researches like the above could be continued indefinitely, but this is not necessary, since Morozov has already done this work. Collecting the names of all prominent intellectuals Ancient Greece and Rome, as well as the years of their lives and activities in the traditional chronology, he built a diagram, a simplified version of which is given here:

Ten intervals are plotted along the horizontal axis, denoting one or another type of mental activity: lyric poetry, satire, drama, oratory, etc. Vertical - chronological scale from 900 BC to 1700 AD.
Having sorted the names of ancient writers and thinkers into columns in accordance with the years of their life, Morozov received a chronological picture of the spiritual activity of Ancient Greece (blue segments) and Ancient Rome (green segments). Drawing horizontal lines through the points - 900, - 700, - 500, - 300, 0, 1200, 1300 and 1600 of the vertical axis, Morozov received the periodization of Greco-Roman and European culture (periods: epic, poetic, dramatic, didactic, Roman, Byzantine , Crusades, Renaissance).
The diagram makes the whole picture of the traditional intellectual history of Europe visible. So, in the most ancient - epic - period, we find activity only in lyrical and heroic poetry (blue line in column 1). Here Morozov enters 5 names, the most famous of which are Orpheus, Homer and Hesiod. In the second period - poetic - the boundaries of creativity expand: in addition to 13 poets in the first column (including Sappho, Pindar and Anacreon), 3 names appear in column 2 - satire - and 1 in column 10 - astronomers, geographers, mathematicians (this is the famous philosopher Thales, who claimed that everything came from water).
After this, the brilliant classical period of Greek culture begins - the dramatic one. Poetry and satire fade away, but in column 3 - dramaturgy - 14 names appear, including Aristophanes, Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides. In column 4 - oratory - 5 names, including Lycurgus and Demosthenes; in column 5 - pre-scientific philosophy - 7 great names - Heraclitus, Plato, Anaxagoras, Theophrastus, Democritus, Socrates, Aristotle; in column 9 - history - 5 names, including Herodotus, Thucydides and Xenophon; in column 10 - astronomers, geographers, mathematicians - 3 names, including Euclid.
In the next Alexandrian period - didactic - the spiritual activity of Ancient Greece concentrated on bucolic and didactic poetry - column 6 (8 names), on sophistry, wisdom - column 8 (Greek Voltaire Lucian); history - column 9 (3 names) and astronomy, geography, mathematics - column 10 (7 names, including Archimedes, Aristarchus of Samos, Eratosthenes, Heron, Strabo, Hipparchus).
In the fifth - Roman - period, the Greek world gives rise to the gospel doctrine - in column 7 are the names of 4 apostles-evangelists; the activity of the philosophers of wisdom continues - column 8 (4 names, among which John Chrysostom); many historians - column 9 (7 names, including Josephus, Plutarch and Appian); the decline of scientific activity - in column 10 there is only one name, but a great one - Ptolemy.
The Byzantine period marks the decline of Greek culture, spiritual activity practically ceases, only in column 8 we see one name of John of Damascus and in column 9 - the name of the historian Socrates-Scholast. True, it is in column 9 (the red segment in the upper part) that the only bridge appears that connects the culture ancient world with the era of the Crusades and through it with our time. Here, for the first time, original manuscripts appear, the age of which is not in doubt. There are 9 of them, including the Easter chronicles, as well as the chronicles of George Amartol, George Kedren, John Zonar and Nikita Acominatus. And these are the most ancient manuscripts that historical science has.
As for Ancient Rome, its spiritual activity is concentrated at the turn of the old and new eras, around the zero year. Age of poetry - green segment in column 1 (10 names, including Flac, Ovid, Virgil); satire - 7 names in column 2 (including Apuleius, Juvenal, Horace); dramaturgy - 9 names in column 3; oratory - 5 names in column 4 (Cicero, Cato, Crassus); pre-scientific philosophy - 4 names in column 5 (Pliny St., Pliny Ml., Seneca); didactic poetry - 4 names in column 6 (Ovid, Virgil, Lucretius); history - 6 names in column 9 (among them Julius Caesar, Titus Livius, Tacitus)...
We already know that Morozov, like many other researchers, doubted ancient origin works of Plato, Aristotle, Titus Livius, Tacitus. Reflecting over the diagram again and again, he became convinced of the complete implausibility of this, as he put it, "fertile farming" in ancient history. Here, whatever the name, the question. How could, for example, Pythagoras develop the theory of numbers a thousand years before the Arabs invented the decimal number system, without which there could be no question of any theory of numbers? Isn’t Georg Stahl’s phlogiston, which was born in last years seventeenth century? Isn't Democritus amazing, who allegedly in the 5th century BC. e. said about atoms almost the same thing that Lavoisier said about them 2200 years later? And the oldest of the philosophers, Thales, who, not knowing the duration solar year, as if predicting a solar eclipse due to take place on May 28 minus 584 according to the Julian calendar, which appeared almost eight hundred years later?
And such perplexing questions arise at every step. Why before the 5th century BC. e. only poets will be born?
Why in the time of Homer, who wrote huge poems in hexametric verse, there are no historians, although historical records are the first to which writing is attached? Why is ancient Greek poetry interrupted for a thousand years before the Renaissance, and it is replaced by the richest dramaturgy? Why do playwrights disappear as suddenly as poets, only to be reborn a thousand years later, to be replaced by didactic poets and mathematicians? Why did the primitive annals and chronicles of the Middle Ages become a continuation of the deep and refined historical writings of Herodotus, Thucydides and Xenophon?
Is it because, Morozov suggests, that all the so-called ancient authors actually worked in the Renaissance, when “there was a fashion to apocryphal lyrical and heroic poems in the most ancient centuries; dramas, comedies, philosophical and oratorical works after this, and bucolic and didactic poetry still later. Historians, on the other hand, unwittingly had to be distributed over different centuries: after all, while dozens of comedies or poems of different content could be written in the same year, it cannot be allowed that at the same time Greece had several different histories?
Summing up his analysis of the diagram, Morozov comes to the conclusion that no ancient manuscripts existed in nature, that all the works of the so-called antiquity have come down to us either in manuscripts on parchment whose antiquity never goes deeper than the 11th century, or in printed editions of the 15th-18th centuries. centuries, and the manuscripts from which the set was made disappeared without a trace somewhere. That is, Morozov writes, "were obviously destroyed by the owners after printing."
According to Morozov, when studying the history of the Ancient World, he was always surprised by the mysterious similarity of the three periods in the history of the Roman Empire. So, in Italy, a military-monarchical state arose from primary democracy, created by the two brothers Romulus and Remus. Then Romulus killed his brother, became the sole ruler, was recognized as a saint, temples were built in his honor and prayers were served. Having existed for two and a half centuries, this monarchy fell, a troubled time came, then a republic was established, but then two co-rulers came to power and established a new monarchy. Then one of them - Octavian - killed another - Anthony, was recognized as a saint - Augustus and died in glory. But again: two and a half centuries passed, a time of troubles came to replace the monarchy of Augustus, a new wave surged, and two co-rulers Constantine and Lucinius created a third monarchical state that extended its power on the territory of the Balkan Peninsula, the Middle East, Egypt and Italy. And the same story: Constantine, who killed the co-ruler, was canonized, prayers are served for him, and after two and a half centuries the monarchy disintegrates, and medieval republics and principalities arise on its territory ...
“All this was completely incomprehensible to me until,” wrote Morozov, “until I managed to establish astronomically that the gospel Christ was pillared (crucified - Ed.) on March 21, 386, that the Apocalypse was written on September 30, 395 and that the persecutor of Christians, Nero, is written off from the emperor-consul Valens. in which there was also persecution of Christians. If Nero is Valens, then all the emperors of the Second Empire may have analogues in the Third. And it is possible that the same dependence exists for the kings of the First Empire.
After a rigorous analysis of the sources, Morozov came to the conclusion that the entire Second Roman Empire, headed by Augustus Caesar, was written off from the Third Kingdom, the only one that really existed in Byzantium, and the First Kingdom of Romulus and Remus, as well as the biblical "Kingdom of David" turned out to be mirages of a mirage. Together with these kingdoms, “all Christianity of the first three centuries of our era and all Judaism until the birth of Arius-Aron at the end of the 3rd century AD disappeared from consideration. It also became clear that not one of the solar and lunar eclipses was justified until the end of the 3rd century, and from the 4th century all were justified.
But if there was no Julius Caesar, Pompey, Cleopatra, Hannibal, then where did the ancient palaces, triumphal arches, statues, the Colosseum come from in Rome?
To answer these questions, together with Morozov, you should make a sortie into that very “gloomy Middle Ages”, which for some reason is sparingly written about in our history books ...
“For a correct understanding of ancient history,” Morozov wrote, “we must free ourselves from the idea instilled in us from childhood that the Roman Empire emerged from Italian Rome.” This city, standing in the swamps forty kilometers from the mouth of the shallow Tiber, could never compete with Constantinople on the Bosphorus, located on the shores of two continents and connected by sea routes with Balkan Romania, Rumelia, Greece and the Greek archipelago, Asia Minor, Egypt, Tunisia and Southern Italy. Constantinople, placed in the center of the Mediterranean world by nature itself, naturally became from 324 AD. e. the capital of the Great Roman Empire, whose citizens called themselves not Byzantines, not Greeks, not Hellenes, but Romays, that is, Romans. Italian Rome was at that time a third-rate town, which had significance only as a religious center like Mecca or Lhasa.
But the significance of this town increased as Christianity took shape, exerting more and more influence on the political, public and private life of the people of Western Europe. And for several centuries, the main attention of the Roman church has been focused on several areas of activity necessary for the prosperity of the city.
First of all, the dramatic feature of Rome was that, while claiming spiritual power over the whole world, it could not defend itself even from petty neighbors. And the constant concern of the Roman pontiffs, and then the popes, was the search for powerful secular patrons. Further, the prosperity of the city and the church depended on the influx of pilgrims, for which it was necessary to create and constantly maintain the prestige and glory of the city at any cost: by attracting all kinds of relics and relics, building luxurious palaces and temples, holding mass processions, entertainment and spectacles, disseminating information about the former power and glory of the city of Rome. Together, all of these events set the stage for one of the greatest frauds in history.
Here are some examples. Gregorovius is the most authoritative historian on the history of medieval Rome. He's so saturated with the ideology of greatness ancient rome that, describing majestic structures, palaces and buildings, sees in them only pale semblances of what was in their places in antiquity. So, looking at the famous Pantheon, built under Pontifex Boniface IV in 608-615, he does not forget to note that an abandoned pagan temple stood on this site for many centuries, until Boniface IV built a temple on its ruins, but already a Christian one.. Here is the famous plumbing, allegedly "built by the slaves of Rome." It came into operation under Pontifex Adrian I (772-795), but Grigorovius again did not fail to remind: the plumbing was only “restored” by Adrian.
The question arises: on what basis were such categorical amendments based? To answer this question, Morozov studied the two oldest guides to Rome, from which all subsequent authors wrote off, and came to the conclusion that these works are based on nothing but the frivolity of the authors. “Monuments that are now considered classical are often designated by the names of churches that are now considered to be built as if on the ruins of those monuments.”
In 1300, Boniface VIII held a famous pilgrimage celebration in Rome in honor of the advent of the 14th century; the papal bull promised complete absolution to all who visited the basilicas of Peter and Paul - and the influx of pilgrims was expected to be unprecedented. For this celebration, according to Morozov, the famous Colosseum was built. “It involuntarily comes to mind that such a building was originally erected for some exceptional tournament for the glory of the Madonna. His whole apparatus is adapted to this, and reports of his legendary past are all late. By the way, as Morozov notes, the gladiator in translation into Russian means “sword-bearer” ...
In the earliest documents of the Roman Senate, dating back to the 12th century, Morozov found information about the leasing of the famous supposedly ancient columns of Trajan and Antoninus, as well as the arch of Titus. From these documents it was clear that these structures brought their owners some kind of income, and if so, then the legends about their ancient origin could be composed for selfish purposes. It is possible that the owners of these structures could not always resist the temptation and, during restorations and repairs, they made inscriptions to prove the antiquity of the structure and the origin of the family.
Then, in the XII century, families of artists and sculptors appeared and began to flourish in Rome. “Locating in their secluded workshops,” wrote Morozov, “amidst the noise and disasters of internecine wars, they created all the classical sculpture, since almost all popes, without exception, already took care of decorating churches and palaces with statues, including the Vatican.”
Morozov also answers the question about the origin of the Roman ruins, which were considered by lovers and admirers of antiquity as irrefutable evidence of the existence of ancient Rome. In reality, these are traces of a fierce struggle for power between the supporters of the popes - the Guelphs and their opponents the Ghibellines in the XII-XV centuries. Once, a certain Brancaleone turned out to be at the head of the Ghibellines, who ordered the destruction of the castles and palaces of the Guelphs. “They dug up the base, supporting the tower with wooden supports,” an eyewitness wrote, “then they lit them, and the tower fell” ... Thus, in many cities of Italy, including Rome, dozens of luxurious buildings were destroyed, the remains of which were later passed off as antique ruin...
“And what do we see after all that has been said in these volumes of our research? - asked Morozov, finishing the next volume. - From the ancient classical Greece and from the ancient classical Rome, there is nothing real left. There is nothing real left of Ancient Phoenicia, Ancient Carthage and from the kingdoms of Israel and Judah."
What could Morozov count on after such statements? Least of all on the termination of publication in 1932 and the imposition of the strictest ban on the slightest mention of these works in the Soviet press for a long fifty years ...
Nikolai Alexandrovich was saved this time by his fantastic versatility: he stopped working on a forbidden topic and switched to other problems, which he successfully developed until his death at the age of 92. The charge of vitality in this extraordinary man was such that at the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, having crossed the eighth decade, he enrolled in the people's militia ...
Only at the end of the 1970s did a group of mathematicians - M. Postnikov, A. Fomenko, A. Mishchenko, and others - begin to further develop the problem posed by Morozov and publish several articles in the scientific press. However, an attempt by the Tekhnika i Nauka journal, made in 1982, to make these works available to wide publicity resulted in a strict suggestion from the Central Committee of the CPSU. And now we again bring to the attention of readers a presentation of Morozov's concept of the successive continuity of human culture and an article by mathematician Anatoly Fomenko, who talks about the methods of scientific analysis developed by him and his colleagues historical documents. Read about it in the article.