CRISIS OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE. Who is to blame or what to do?

It has been said for a long time that our great and mighty Russian language is going through hard times. School teachers and philological professors are sounding the alarm, writers and publicists are worried, and everyone for whom their native language is something more than a “second signaling system.”

The alarm is well founded: Russian speech is rapidly changing, and not for the better. Here is the dominance of profanity - not only in colloquial speech, but also in fiction, and thieves' "Fenya" that penetrates into all layers of society - from shoemakers to deputies, and illiterate clerical staff, perceived by many as a linguistic norm, and many unjustified English borrowings , and, finally, the “padonkaff” jargon that recently appeared among Internet users, the essence of which is a deliberate distortion of the norms of writing and pronunciation (preved, bear, crosavcheg).
Until now, we have traditionally struggled with borrowing, although completely unsuccessfully. Borrowing is a rather objective process, and it cannot be canceled so easily. And it’s also worth thinking about the fact that the most “pure” language in Europe from borrowings is Hungarian, followed by Icelandic, but something is not very noticeable for these peoples to stand out sharply from the rest with their virtues... And amid the noise of this struggle, the Russians people began to speak extremely tongue-tied, and it’s not a matter of vocabulary. There is a well-known saying: “you can’t put two words together.” And when a great people hardly utters any meaningful phrases, linking them with endless, this, that, kind of, as it were, or even meaningless abuse - this is worse than any user.
But language is not only a means of everyday communication, it is the circulatory system of culture. And if the language is bad, the culture will be bad too.
But this formulation of the question is too general, but what happens at the private level? Is there any connection between a person’s characteristic language and his views, his behavior? Does language determine the way we think? Does the worldview of a person for whom swearing or Internet slang have become the norm narrow?
You won’t be able to answer quickly, but, of course, the level of language proficiency is related to the level of thinking.
And since such a correlation exists, the question naturally arises: what to do? For us, Orthodox Christians, the idea is quite obvious that the Church could help society here. But how? Is it just a prayer for all citizens of Russia, so that they stop littering their speech, read more, expand their vocabulary? Or is there something else?
There is a rich church culture that has developed over centuries, including the culture of language - primarily, of course, Church Slavonic, but many texts have been written (or translated into) in literary Russian - theological, pastoral, polemical, artistic, and finally.
Unfortunately, this entire huge cultural layer for the most part remains within the church environment, and it is not even known to all Orthodox people.
But can the Church go out into the external linguistic environment and reveal its cultural riches to people with little church or even non-church people? Can it somehow influence the state of the modern Russian language? And what are the mechanisms of such influence? Here we should not forget that the Church must also develop the language it uses, because language changes uncontrollably, and offering for study and imitation even the most outstanding texts written a hundred years ago means dooming itself to failure.
Only one thing is clear - the Church cannot stand aside, if only because Orthodox Christians do not live in a parallel world, but in the same place as everyone else. They breathe the same air, ride on the same buses, speak the same language... which means that all the diseases of the Russian language are reflected in believers, in their spiritual life. Anyone whose ear and eye are accustomed to “previous” will have great difficulty understanding the works of the Holy Fathers. Anyone for whom criminal jargon is natural can perceive intra-church life in the format of such jargon. In other words, the problems of language are also the problems of the Church. And something needs to be done. And what?
There are many more questions here than answers. Even professional philologists do not know how to save the Russian language (and whether it needs to be saved at all). They do not have a unified opinion. Some believe that the patient is more likely alive than dead, and everything will somehow work out by itself - after all, our language has survived everything: the Tatar-Mongol yoke, and German influence, and French, and the much more terrible Soviet “newspeak”. Others believe that it has never been as bad as it is now, that the language is on the verge of complete destruction, splitting into dozens (if not hundreds) of primitive dialects.
In the same way, there is no consensus in the church environment. We do not have specific recipes for how to cure the Russian language with the help of Orthodox culture. There are no generally valid answers. But this is not a reason to give up. The answers will appear, apparently, only when we start doing something. ■

Editorial

It is obvious that it is with the destruction of the diversity of this language and cognitive forms that the loss of the experience of revelation and the ability to perceive the numinous occurs. The crisis of religion - the crisis of its language, is associated with a violation of the action of religious symbols: the loss of their polysemy and, accordingly, “negotiability”; reduction to a literal concept, sign, comparison, “flat” metaphor. It is with these phenomena of destruction of the language of religious symbols that the collapse of the mythology and religion of antiquity is associated, as well as the emergence of the first “methodological teachings” known to us that desacralize the symbol (euhemerism, etc.). At the end of Antiquity, the numinous understanding of the symbol continued to be developed by mystical circles of Neoplatonists, who, in turn, influenced the formation of a new religious concept - Christianity.

The loss of numinous content by a religious symbol is also characteristic of the developing Christian religion: over time, the number of conceptual forms constantly increases, and the number of numinous-symbolic ones decreases; rationalism dominates, while mystical teachings lose touch with real things-symbols. This is also explained by the constant conscious distancing from the religious experience of pagan cultures, “based” entirely on hierophanies and theophanies in specific things and natural objects.

The numinous effect of material religious symbols is stably preserved within the framework of “folk religions”, for example, in “folk Orthodoxy” - here religion still lives steadily not only in books, but also in the surrounding landscape. However, in the last hundred years, the rate of destruction of traditional cultures has increased exponentially. With the loss of many local variations of rituals and beliefs, we lose the richness of the language of religious symbols, the wealth of countless nuances of forms of interaction with the Other World, receiving “in return” a surrogate of officially established, and therefore abstract, rationalistic forms. A significant effort of personal or collective (for example, in a monastery community, a “house church” of Protestants, etc.) mysticism is required in order to existentially fill the proposed forms and, moreover, to experience numinous experience through them.

As Mel Thompson writes about these phenomena, “Western culture, especially in the realm of science, is dominated by literal language. Because of this, religious beliefs are sometimes taken literally and considered as statements that can be proven empirically ... ". However, “if the language of religion is taken literally, it invariably gives rise to problems.”

Figuratively speaking, it was easier for a person to be religious in the ancient world than for our Christian contemporary. It is easier for a pagan or a magician of the Renaissance to be religious, since in their case gods and spirits were needed in a real problem situation and for specific help; within the framework of this practice, “as a monopolist,” religious language was preserved and developed, and, in particular, its variety - language of magic. Similarly, a scientist needs the help of a new methodological technique or method (obtaining an effect, researching it, understanding it, further interpreting it) and thus develops the language of his concept.

With the development of European science, it became clear that many problematic situations are much more effectively solved by means of science, while expressing them as simply as possible, in an unambiguous conceptual form. The effectiveness of the means of religion, including its language, ways of knowing and navigating the world, was increasingly called into question.

Midlife crisis is a long-term emotional state (depression) associated with a reassessment of one’s experience in middle age, when many of the opportunities that a person dreamed of in childhood and adolescence have already been irretrievably lost (or seem to be lost), and the onset of one’s own old age is assessed as an event with a very realistic deadline (not “sometime in the future”).

A midlife crisis is a turning point in life. The time when we reap the first fruits of our achievements and look for new ways of development. In order not to fall into depression, you need to recognize the enemy by sight and learn to fight him.

At the origins

Discussions about the midlife crisis can be found in the monographs of the Swiss psychiatrist Carl Gustav Jung and the Russian psychologist Lev Vygotsky. Both noted that at a certain stage in life, it is common for a person to think about reassessing values. In the middle of the last century, the leading American sociopsychologist Daniel Levinson defined a midlife crisis as “a state of deep physiological and psychological stress.” But the official terminological status of “midlife crisis” received only thanks to the Canadian psychologist Jacques Elliot, who first used it in 1965.

Three stages

The course of the midlife crisis is described in different ways, but most experts agree with the stages proposed by the American and Swiss analyst Murray Stein. Conventionally, they can be called “death”, “reinterpretation” and “rebirth”. At the first stage, a person has a feeling of irretrievable loss, which may be associated, for example, with the loss of parents. In the second, uncertainty arises, which is accompanied by numerous questions about the effectiveness of the years lived and attempts to understand one’s place in life. On the third, a new meaning is acquired. Psychologists do not undertake to define the boundaries of the stages, warning: if a person experiences a crisis ineffectively, the stages-states may return. It is recommended to pay special attention to the second stage: the search for answers and the formation of a new consciousness take time.

No gender

Both Jung, Vygotsky, and Levinson believed that the midlife crisis is a predominantly male problem. But modern science is erasing gender stereotypes. The midlife crisis is no longer the exclusive domain of men. A researcher of the characteristics of transitional moments in a person’s life, Doctor of Science Dan Jones believes that the crisis occurs differently in men and women. While men primarily assess their level of success through professional achievements, women rely on personal relationships and their own worth as a wife and mother. True, women who devote themselves to their families often cannot avoid a crisis. The loss of former attractiveness is another reason for the emergence of a midlife crisis, and not only among women.

When to expect?

If Jung and Vygotsky gave very vague age boundaries for the crisis (from 35 to 60 years), then Levinson, who actively studied various age-related crises, limited the time frame. He believed that the crisis occurs “at the stage of transition to middle adulthood,” which occurs at the age of 40-45. In the modern world, both men and women between the ages of 25 and 50 go through the “midlife crisis,” while in Russia, where life expectancy is lower than in Europe, most of the population goes through a midlife crisis at 30–40 years old .

Myth or reality?

Most modern psychologists believe that all people, without exception, are experiencing a midlife crisis. It’s just that temperamental and reflective people go through this period more painfully, while others don’t notice it at all. Modern science generally prefers not to use the term “crisis”, calling it a “transition period”, since this period can be accompanied by both serious depression and significant personal growth. American psychologist Joan Sherman, for example, is confident that the path a person chooses after a crisis depends on numerous factors, including the support of loved ones.

New opportunity

Scientists from Tel Aviv University, led by Carlo Strenger, are convinced that middle age is the moment when a “second wind” should open. This time is perfect for self-development, setting new goals and actually achieving them. Israeli scientists refute the idea that the brain capabilities of a 40-year-old person begin to deteriorate. It is at this age that life can be full of rich events and activities for which there was simply no time before. To overcome the crisis, according to Professor Strenger, will help to realize the opportunity to improve your life, build personal plans, know yourself and search for strengths, which, however, may not meet the expectations of others. Finally, the one who is not afraid of difficulties and is guided when choosing a new path by his own experience and knowledge, and not by blind ambitions, can defeat the crisis. James Hollis, in his book Midway Pass, talks about the unique opportunity that a person receives. It allows you to make the second part of your life more exciting and interesting.

Know the enemy by sight!

Loss of appetite, drowsiness, feelings of hopelessness and pessimism, irritability and anxiety, feelings of guilt, loss of interest in what is happening - these are the symptoms that may indicate the onset of a midlife crisis. Thoughts about the illusory nature of the life lived, about unfulfilled plans, an unfound calling, that most of life has remained in the past lead to despondency, emptiness, self-pity and other negative emotional experiences. Modern domestic and foreign psychologists give different descriptions of ways out of the crisis, while most are confident that it is possible to prepare for a crisis in advance. Healthy eating, proper active rest, a new hobby - all this can help you withstand the “blow” with dignity. Considering that the age limits for the onset of a crisis are extremely blurred, preparations should begin in adolescence.

Midlife crisis: when a man ruins everything. What to do?

A man's life is “tears invisible to the world.” Tormenting crises of self-identity flow into one another throughout life. The search for meaning at every stage of life plunges a man into a state of confusion and aggressiveness. How to help your man? The famous psychologist and radio host Elena Novoselova argues.

A person can laugh at the notorious “midlife crisis”, consider it the lot of weaklings and losers, or an invention of psychologists - or who knows what else... But exactly until one morning he wakes up irritated, with a heaviness in his chest and an incomprehensible melancholy . And he won’t deal with this feeling for several months, until he finally realizes that he’s been “overwhelmed” and something needs to be done about it. This is the best case scenario. More often, the situation is much sadder: troubles in the family, difficulties at work, escape to alcohol or the search for new love relationships as a panacea for troubles...

Unfortunately or fortunately, a person goes through several turning points in his life, experiencing them painfully and difficultly. Problems arise unexpectedly, out of the blue. Yesterday, a person was still full of plans, prospects, he knew why he lived and worked. And today everything has become meaningless. It’s not clear why you should give all your best at work, it’s boring to set your teeth on edge when spending weekends with your family, you want to bury yourself in a hole and not see anyone. And all this - out of the blue, for no apparent reason. This condition is called a personal crisis.

As I grew older, I began to be afraid of the dentist, not the pain, but the bill.

A person is designed in such a way that his personality grows through a sinusoid of crisis states, and not smoothly and upward. Crises are like giving birth to yourself, and being born is always painful and risky. It seems to me that we live not one, but several lives. In each of them, there is, of course, the same personality, with its own emotional, behavioral and logical structure. But the content, the way of thinking and feeling, the arrangement of values change with development, that is, the change of “lives”, quite significantly. And this, in turn, changes a person’s perception of reality and himself in it. This means that the way of life is changing. This is connected, in my deep conviction, not with age-related changes, but with how a person survived his crises, how he was “born again.” If you fail and despair, there will be one result. If you successfully passed the test, built new values within yourself, fell in love with them, it means you have become wiser, matured, loved life and began to appreciate it more. I began to treat many things more leniently, including myself.

In psychology, it is customary to associate personal crises with hormonal changes, with sexual life, with decreasing male potency and female menopause. There are certainly reasons for this. But no less important and significant for a person is the search for the meaning of existence. And not in a high philosophical meaning that forces you to look for answers to “damned questions,” but in the daily saturation of your day with these very meanings. The meaninglessness of living life day after day leads to depression and deprives you of joy and pleasure.

Personal crises don't only come with age. There is a crisis of achievement that can manifest itself both with the crisis of the thirties and in the “fatal forties.” And also the empty nest crisis that characterizes the experience of turning fifty. I would not classify crises either by age or by situation. In my opinion, a crisis can occur both with and without aggravation. It still hurts the person. He still gets sick!

I say “man” and “he” for a reason and not because I have not encountered similar experiences in women. Of course they happen. But not with such regularity and tragedy as in men. Until men started talking about it, I believed for a long time that periods of personality development in men and women follow the same sinusoid. I had no idea that where a woman has a “hole”, a man has an “abyss”. And there are reasons for this.

Background

The identity crisis, the midlife crisis, began to be talked about with or without reason relatively recently. Twenty or thirty years ago no one had heard of him. This does not mean that before people did not worry, did not search for themselves, did not feel inexplicable melancholy and disappointment. Of course, all this happened. Everyone remembers the film “Flying in a Dream and in Reality,” in which the hero Oleg Yankovsky toiled between love and duty, the desire for the significance of his own life and the meaninglessness of existence. The style and atmosphere of Roman Balayan’s wonderful film breathes the crisis of the main character. To say that crisis situations are a sign only of our time is incorrect and frivolous. I think that men’s crises in our time are aggravated by many factors: the loss of a leading position in society, strict criteria for success, loss of priorities.

Midlife crisis in men - when a mistress is no different from a wife...

It is generally accepted that the myths about the heroes of the times of the birth of our civilization reflected the ideas of the ancients about agricultural cycles and astronomical observations. In my opinion, there is another hidden meaning in them: the development of personality, the achievement of new, previously unknown limits.

The heroes of ancient myths, be it Osiris, Baloo, Adonis, Attis or Dionysus, enter into a conflict that is caused by an attack on their well-being. The enemy usually belongs to the supernatural world. The hero dies, that is, leaves the everyday world, fights otherworldly forces, defeats them, or takes possession of the object he needs to restore his well-being. The death of the Hero is accompanied by the fading of nature, depression and sterility, sadness and anxiety. The return and resurrection of the Hero is the resurrection of life, the triumph of victory over darkness. In myths, this event is associated with the spring revival of nature, novelty and promises of prosperity. The revival of life itself. The Gospel story about the death and resurrection of Jesus Christ also tells about this.

Are the stories of mythological heroes not a vivid allegorical description of the condition of a man in a period of crisis? Perhaps the ancients knew about this cyclical nature and conveyed to us the idea of human development in poetic form?

When we talk about a personal crisis, we mostly mean a man, and much less a woman. Not only does a man’s personal crisis pass brighter and more severely, but it is also almost unbearable for those around him, since it is often destructive. Men's hopelessness and apathy, which arose for no apparent reason, frightens women, they begin to speculate on the non-existent: “He’s cheating, he’s fallen out of love...” - and further in the text. Paranoid surveillance, nervous conversations, and suspicions begin. In short - the end of a quiet family life!

A man experiences such conditions several times throughout his life.

Crossroads of the thirtieth anniversary

The male crisis of thirty years is like a two-faced Janus.

One of his “heads” looks into the past, assessing what has been done and achieved. And as a rule, in the past, almost everything went wrong. There is a very accurate joke: “If you didn’t have a bicycle as a child, and now you have a jeep, you still didn’t have a bicycle as a child.”

Midlife crisis: old age is approaching, but there is still no Lexus.

The second head looks into the future and asks in horror: “Is that all? Now only repetition? No acute experiences? Life is over and all the most interesting things are behind us?” The man’s soul protests and demands change. My thoughts are racing from changing my family to moving to another country. Most often, a man decides to change his job or type of activity. He may suddenly want to get a new education, go into business from a well-paid position. He can turn things around quite sharply, sometimes not paying attention to the reasonable arguments of his wife and friends. Or he may suddenly become interested in competitive or extreme sports. After all, at this age it’s not too late, all roads are still open...

A man at this age is so drawn to exploits and the search for strong emotions by the same notorious phallic aspect of his life. A man needs bright victories. And quickly and with honors. He longs to realize his own childhood and youth dreams of heroism, a vibrant life, independence and adventure. Maybe it’s still possible to catch up with childhood? Well, except he’s unlikely to become an astronaut! And then, who knows...

The crisis of the thirtieth birthday, naturally, does not come on the birthday, exactly by the clock. It can occur between 28 and 34 years of age. And it proceeds differently, depending on what baggage a person brings to the first peak.

Paradoxically, the richer the luggage, the more the man is overwhelmed. If by the age of thirty he has been married for a long time and closely, has children, a permanent job with a stable income, then the feeling of hopelessness and melancholy is especially acute, since a crisis of achievement is added to the crisis of revaluation. The man studied, worked, built a nest... It seemed to him: just a little longer, and he would be able to relax. He thought: “Now I’ll buy an apartment, and we’ll live... Now I’ll become a leader, and we’ll be able to live more peacefully... Here the children will grow up a little, it will become easier." The apartment has been bought, the position has been won, the children have grown up, and what next? Total déjà vu? Now everything will go according to a pre-planned scenario: winter vacation, summer vacation, and work in a circle between them. And no surprises ! And no dreams! No bright emotions! All that's left is to live... Unbearable.

What's behind? Yes, too, everything is a “C”, as with a bicycle: continuous regrets and fantasies: “But if I had then...” But this is just suffering for something that has not come true. And it’s pounding in my head: “Never, never, never...” Existence becomes meaningless. If dreams of bright emotions, a happy joyful family, big victories are just an illusion, and life is worries, responsibility and duty, then what is there to live for? For the sake of gray everyday life, repeating itself like a bad dream?..

In these difficult times, a stereotype learned in youth often comes into play. New love will bring flight and a desire to move forward. Fresh feelings for a woman, like living water, will wash your soul and restore joy. This means that life will again find meaning and fulfillment.

This line of thinking leads a man to the most tragic consequences. A crisis is a deeply personal, personal event that has little dependence on other people. It happens to a man not because his wife turned out to be a witch, and his work turned into a routine. But because the time has come for him to rethink himself, his goals and values. If a person does not solve them in an established family life, he will transfer the untouched problems into a new relationship. And in a year or two everything will happen again, but it will be even more difficult - the person will feel empty.

So it makes no sense to resolve internal conflicts by changing external factors.

The most effective and safe way to get through this period is to grow professionally and learn. Concentrate on your and only your personal tasks, find new goals, go beyond the pessimistic “never”. Don't be afraid to be selfish. This is a short period of concentration only on yourself. It will end, but everyone will remain safe.

The first crisis may go more or less smoothly and push a person to development. Experience shows that a crisis passes more easily if:

The man got married after twenty-five years, avoiding early marriage.
The man has prospects for career growth, and the maximum has not yet been reached.
He has not stopped developing, he wants to change further, and his ambitions are quite high.
He will take the risk of bringing something new, special, but not destroying the family into his life.
He realizes that a new wife or mistress will not save him from a personal crisis.

Melancholy can overcome a person even under these favorable conditions. But he will create his future, and not destroy the present. A successful exit from a crisis is characterized by a feeling of confidence, new clear goals, and responsibility for oneself and family.

Opening prospects return the excitement and joy of life to a person. Identity crisis over! The crisis of thirty years is not so typical for a woman - at this time she actively resolves her problems. Its revaluations are associated with completely different achievements. Despite equal training and education, boys and girls are almost always set up for different lives. For a girl, it was and remains one of the main tasks in life - to create a family and give birth to children. Even if a woman makes a brilliant career and postpones this process for the time being. If a woman by the age of thirty has completed her minimum program, that is, she has established herself professionally, she has a good husband and a child, then the crisis will pass her. She doesn’t have the question “What’s next?” The road is more or less clear. Feminine nature is in harmony with its social role.

The age of onset of crisis varies from 37 to 42 years - this is one of the most difficult periods in a man’s life. It is also sometimes called "forties fatal." How to survive a midlife crisis with minimal disruption? Advice from a psychologist - for men and their wives.

If the crisis of a man’s thirtieth birthday mainly affects his revaluation of his social role, concerns the choice of work path, self-determination in life, and at the same time his personal life suffers much less, then at forty this is a real disaster.

There are several reasons for this - and they are not comparable to the reasons for the identity crisis.

Firstly, this is the age of summing up. If a man considers himself successful by the age of forty, that is, his social ambitions are satisfied, then he is a winner. And the winner requires a reward and a pedestal, and thunderous applause, and admiring glances. The man is a hero! His family is fine, everything is in its place. He fulfills the role of head of the family, in his opinion, perfectly. He has hobbies, his own circle of friends, and the external attributes of success. The world simply must admire his achievements. And who inhabits this world? Did his wife, who went with him all the way through his formation, see both his “broken nose” and despair? She has long stopped praising and admiring her husband, and treats his successes as something completely natural. Sometimes he will say: “You’re great! I should also have this...” - and will calmly continue the conversation about family needs. These are not the “copper pipes” that male pride craves, oh, not those!

Perhaps the father is admired by his children, who have reached adolescence by his fortieth birthday? I can already see your smile, we won’t even discuss it. Everything is clear here.

So who will appreciate the hero’s feat? Who will look at him with loving eyes, full of admiration and delight? You know this too! Young women captivated by the image of the “alpha male”. And the point here is not that the man was drawn to exchange “his old forty-year-old wife for two young twenty-year-olds.” And not that he is corrupted or corrupted. He needs success like air! But the wife is in no hurry with the laurel wreath - or appears at the wrong time and inappropriately. And there are so many enthusiastic girls around... “If not now, then when?” - the man thinks. He is haunted by the question: “What am I worth in life?” - and a person does not look for an answer from colleagues and friends, this is a passed stage. He needs the admiration of women. Now the main thing for him is the attitude towards his powerful personality.

Fears are mixed with the hunger for recognition. Forty is not twenty or thirty. The man has reached his fifth decade. It is unknown how much of a man's life is left; where is the triumph?

And here the body also tells you: youth slips away like sand through your fingers. The lungs, liver, blood vessels, stomach, heart begin to play tricks... The man suddenly realizes that old age is just around the corner, that all the best is left behind, that he will soon begin to lose strength, that nothing can be turned back, that he is getting old.

The first signs of erectile dysfunction complete the gloomy picture. Dear ladies, do not try to understand what this means for a man. The cellulite, wrinkles and other minor troubles that bother us cannot give even a shadow of an idea of what a man feels! Any change at the hormonal level, anxiety, fear of impotence, decreased potency, erectile dysfunction in mid-life cause panic in men.

Impotence for a man is the end of life, the curtain. Forever.

One day we were having a philosophical conversation with a middle-aged gentleman. We talked about the meanings of life and death. And he exclaimed: “Death! It’s natural and it awaits everyone! But it’s better to die before you realize that you can’t do it anymore! That’s what’s really scary!” He was sincere.

The man becomes withdrawn and irritated. He looks at himself in the mirror: it seems like nothing, not an old man. And in my head I hear: “Soon you will become old and weak. Hurry while there is gunpowder in the flasks.” And he's in a hurry...

Desperately rushes to restore health, sometimes causing harm to himself. This makes him even more scared. And if you consider that testosterone, the hormone of aggressiveness, splashes into the blood in large volumes during stress, then you can easily imagine the situation in the home of an aging man. No one seems to care enough. And the wife, as a rule, becomes the scapegoat.

At the age of forty, all suffering in a man is concentrated on his potency and intimate achievements. Self-identification suffers, because, as you and I already know, the phallus for him is a symbol of success and victory, well-being and masculine strength.

He is absolutely sure that his relationship with his wife has outlived its usefulness, his feelings have evaporated, and only duty remains. A sense of duty is what inspires a man the least in his forties. A sense of duty cannot make him happy, rather the opposite. Therefore, during a crisis, a man claims that his wife tortured him; it is she who does not give him the opportunity to breathe deeply and feel young. The marital bed grows cold. And the wife is “to blame” for this too.

A man feels that no one understands him, he is endlessly lonely, everyone needs something from him, but no one needs him. He can become sentimental, shed tears. The very fact of tears, self-pity and sentimentality become for a man a sign of intolerable misfortune. “If I cried, then life is really terrible.”

The following text can be printed out and attached with a magnet to the refrigerator, so as not to bother your spouse with “composing” the reasons for dissatisfaction and disappointment.

You have become unsexy and uninteresting. Like a man in a skirt.
There is nothing to talk about with you, you have no interests except household chores and your girlfriends.
You no longer understand me, I am completely alone in my family.
You don’t play sports, so you look blurry and flabby.
You are only busy with your career and rags.
You are treating me like a consumer.
I need freedom, and you are constantly spying on me.
I worked all my life, now I want to live for myself.
There are a lot of problems at home, this is how you raised your children! I was busy with work, earning money. It’s unclear what you were doing.
You always talk to me with metal in your voice.
I'm an idiot for putting up with all this! I have one life!
Don't pester me with stupid questions! You still won't understand what's wrong with me.

The changes that a forty-year-old man craves already concern the foundations of his well-established life. This is an escape from a prison where a witch rules the roost. And there are so many beautiful and kind fairies around! This is the breaking of everything familiar and established, this is the thirst for a “different life”. Truly different!

Middle age is when you can still do everything you did before, but you prefer not to do it.

The male crisis of forty years is a ten-magnitude earthquake. The man is going crazy. Everything is going wrong, the thirst for freedom is off the charts. Neither work nor usual hobbies can save you. Everything is devalued. All that matters is the last car of the departing train, which you can jump into while it is moving. And the man jumps!

Yes, it is at the age of forty that a man longs for a romantic relationship, “high feelings,” sincere acceptance of himself, without any pretensions or reservations. In this respect, he is like a teenager and thinks and feels just as anxious and vague.

At the age of forty, having become more sentimental and vulnerable, a man does not just have affairs to test his sexual viability. No! He falls in love! He needs understanding and unconditional acceptance. His soul requires inspiration, as in his youth. And this can only be given by a woman who is not like his wife.

There is another interesting point here. If a man’s testosterone level begins to decrease by the age of forty, and this is what makes him more sensitive and sentimental, then a woman, on the contrary, becomes more self-confident and stronger. And a man needs a soul mate, gentle and sensual. It is such a woman that becomes sexually attractive to him. And the man begins to feel that he will never return to his family. Who would voluntarily return to prison!

It is during this period that the peak of divorces occurs. If a man gets divorced and starts a new family - with a good fairy, of course - after some time he will begin to compare her with his “old wife” and try to create a copy of her.

I have encountered situations that were more similar to the theater of the absurd than to real life. From them you can see what kind of confusion occurs in a man’s head.

“We got married in our fifth year at the institute, we were both a little over twenty. We grew up professionally together. Then a daughter and a son appeared one after another. My wife was more involved with the children than with her career. And all my life I worked, worked, worked... We lived together for twenty years old. My wife became like a mother. We live like close relatives. But we are still young! Life became gray. I understand that these new feelings will probably end someday, too. What if they don’t? But I don’t want to leave my family for twenty years. I’m ashamed in front of my children, they won’t understand how I’ll leave them all. ? So I’m torn to pieces. I can’t see my wife. She knows everything. I can’t look my children in the eyes, I’m ashamed of the thought of leaving my family. I’m torn into pieces there. crazy, and despair, and shame, and the impossibility of living like this anymore... All in one bottle. How can I sort this all out? Maybe everything will somehow resolve itself?"

And this person sincerely believes that he can somehow sort everything out, everything will fall into place by itself. And the wolves will be fed, and the sheep will be safe. He may even tell his wife, who has learned about his mistress: “Why are you so worried! I’m not going to marry her! I’m not leaving the family. Give me a little freedom!”

And he says this, confusing his forty with sixteen, and his wife with his mother. His wife decides that her husband has either gone crazy or lost both his mind and conscience.

In reality, the husband really needs the support and help of his wife, but does not know how to ask for it, how to explain the terrible thing that is happening to him. Because a man behaves aggressively and inexplicably, he is responded to by being judged and pushed away. The crisis will end someday, but the suffering man has no idea about it. His problem is “forever.”

How can a woman cope with a midlife crisis?

If a woman of Balzac's age increasingly begins to have sad thoughts that her youth has passed, life is heading towards sunset, and the present and future are presented in dark gray tones - one can suspect that she has begun a so-called midlife crisis.

Most often, the crisis occurs at the age of about 40 years, but it can begin at 35 and 45 years. Few manage to avoid the emotional experience of this turning point. But, if you approach this event philosophically and know what to do, then you can easily survive this period of life.

Symptoms of midlife crisis in women

Panic fear of losing attractiveness A woman begins to react too sharply and painfully to the inevitable age-related changes in her own appearance: fine wrinkles, weight gain, etc. Periodically, she meticulously examines her face and figure in the mirror, and finds herself completely unattractive. And when young and slender 20-year-old beauties catch her eye, she’s ready to cry out of despair. More and more often, a woman is visited by bitter thoughts that no one else will ever be able to please her. Dissatisfaction with her personal life If a woman is married, she begins to feel that her husband has stopped loving her and is ready to exchange her for someone younger and more beautiful, and if she is single, she becomes depressed and stops hoping for the best. Many married women experiencing a midlife crisis become terribly suspicious, suspicious and touchy towards their husbands. They constantly imagine betrayal, so they try their best to find physical evidence of it and, out of nowhere, throw real jealous hysterics at their husband. At the same time, a woman may even realize that she herself is ruining her relationship with her husband, but she cannot help herself. Dissatisfaction with work and career During a midlife crisis, a woman increasingly compares her professional achievements and standard of living with what her more successful peers were able to achieve, and begins to feel like a real loser. Fear of old age and illness A woman mistakes any slightest ailment for symptoms of serious illness and is very worried that she will soon become an old, sick and useless wreck.

All of the above fears, to a greater or lesser extent, visit almost all middle-aged women. But some women can take control of their emotions and behavior, while others have trouble doing so.

Therefore, many representatives of the fair sex, unable to cope with the negative emotions caused by the midlife crisis, plunge into various behavioral extremes: they immerse themselves in work, doing it almost 24 hours a day, conflict with others, change lovers like gloves, etc. .d.

But, going to various extremes, a woman, as a rule, not only does not feel relief, but can further aggravate her state of mind. What to do?

It is quite possible to overcome a midlife crisis, but for this you need, firstly, to pull yourself together and be patient, and secondly, to adhere to certain rules.

Develop positive thinking As soon as negative thoughts about how bad everything begins to enter her head, a woman must, through an effort of will, switch herself to positive thoughts about how wonderful everything is for her or what brilliant successes she will achieve in the future. Learn to see the positive side in any situation. For example, if a woman does not have a husband, this does not mean that she is lonely! This means that she will definitely meet her soulmate, and the wisdom that comes with age will help her make the right choice and not make a mistake. Taking care of your appearance Sincere self-love will help a woman survive a crisis period. By taking proper care of yourself, you can remain attractive at 40, 50, and 60 years old! After all, men aren’t getting any younger either, and most normal middle-aged men are still looking for close relationships with women their own age, not young girls! Find yourself an interesting hobby or hobby. You can, for example, take up drawing, embroidery, or join a club of interests. It has been noticed that women who have hobbies and interests other than family and work feel more fulfilled and cope with any crisis more easily. Set specific goals for yourself and develop tactics and strategies for their implementation. If a woman has a hard time with a midlife crisis and does not come out of depression for a long time, it means that something very important is missing in her life, for example, a close friend, love, romance or an interesting job. . So why not, instead of wallowing in depression, start doing something specific to attract the things you want into your life? Appreciate the good things in life In the life of almost every woman there is a lot that brings her joy, and that she is afraid of losing, for example, children, parents, friends, her beloved husband or an interesting job. A woman must learn to appreciate all this, and not take it for granted - only then can she easily survive the midlife crisis and realize that she is happy and that her life was not lived in vain!

3 aspects of the crisis: 1) The presence of different national languages, which pose a barrier to the effective exchange of information.

2) Modern languages contain many terms that are interpreted ambiguously, which leads to ambiguity in communication.

Modern forms of natural language make it difficult to describe objects that are not perceived by specific senses.

Exit routes:

Creation of the supranational language Esperanto.

Creation of formalized languages - the use of languages that would eliminate the ambiguity of words.

Forms of existence of language.

Territorial and social differentiation and forms of existence of the national language.

Nature Language norms.

Literary language as the highest form of existence of language.

Boundaries of the concept of modern literary language.

Literary language and functionality. Styles.

About secret speech.

Systems of regular and interdependent options for the implementation of linguistic interaction form the forms of existence of language. The forms of language existence include:

Territorial dialects or dialects are the pronunciation features of sounds.

The supra-dialectical language of education (Koine language).

Various social dialects (professional speech or argot, caste languages, secret corporate languages).

Vernacular.

Youth argot.

Everyday colloquial speech.

Literary speech.

All forms of language existence, except secret ones, within a given national language are understandable. However, the highest form is the literary language.

The relationship between the forms of existence of a language becomes more complex as functional styles develop. The speaker gradually develops usus(translated as custom, rule) speeches is the generally accepted use of a word or phrase. Both common speech, dialect, and professional argot have their own usage. Nature the linguistic form is similar in both dialects and literary languages. norms are the existence of an ideal, model, standard for the speaker. Between the individual norms of the literary language and vernacular there are border zones where interpenetration of norms occurs, and there are duplicate variants of norms.

Two factors participate in the dynamics of the norm in any society:

prevalence of competing variant

Literary norms can change with the development of language. The concept of normal is very subjective. Those. From the point of view of linguistics, the different forms of an existing language cannot be right or wrong, exemplary or funny.

Features of the literary language norm:

Literary language arose as a supra-dialectical norm; it is the language of the media and education.

Literary language has the highest prestige in communication.

The norms of the literary language are codified, and systems of language norms are created in grammars and dictionaries.

The norms of the literary language are more stable.

Literary language is the most convenient, optimal version of the national language for expressing meanings.

The norms of a literary language are a national and historical phenomenon.

The following important norms of literary language can be distinguished:

orthoenic (phonetic), i.e. single rules for the pronunciation of individual sounds and their combinations.

Lexical, rules associated with the use of individual words and combinations in accordance with their semantic meaning.

Grammar, rules for combining words to construct sentences

Stylistic techniques and means that help to express thoughts clearly and accurately.

The Russian literary language exists in two forms: oral and written.

Features of the oral form:

Any form of language can be perceived by ear using phonetic and prosodic language. Properties

Created in the process of speech, it looks spontaneous.

It is characterized by verbal improvisation, simple sentences, repetitions, and incompleteness.

Speech is formed taking into account the psycholinguistic characteristics of the addressee.

Features of writing:

Graphically fixed, not perceptible by ear.

Can be thought out in advance.

Bookish vocabulary and the presence of complex sentences are typical.

Strict adherence to language standards.

Not targeted at a specific addressee.

Can be improved.

Forms of speech and functional styles.


	Forms of speech

	func. styles	written

lecture, report, discussion	scientific	diploma, article, dissertation, monograph, book

poetry, prose. Jokes	art

speech, debate, speeches	journalistic

negotiations, speech in court, press conference	official business	agreement, order

	colloquial	writing, play, script

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