C is unvoiced or voiced in Russian. Voiced and voiceless, hard and soft consonants. Are vocal cords involved in the pronunciation of voiceless consonants?

1. Look at the pictures. Say the words that are the names of the objects. Listen to the sound of the consonants in these words.

When pronouncing which consonants, only noise is heard? And when pronouncing which consonants, both voice and noise are heard?
Write the words. Underline the letters in them that represent the consonant sounds.

2. Name the letters.

Pronounce the consonant sounds, which can be indicated by the letters of the bottom row. What do you hear when you make these sounds: noise? voice and noise? Of course there is noise! This deaf consonant sounds.
Say the consonant sounds, which can be indicated by the letters in the top row. What do you hear: noise? voice? voice and noise? Of course, voice and noise! This voiced consonant sounds.

Pay attention! When spoken deaf consonant sounds, only noise is heard. Voiced Consonant sounds are pronounced with the participation of the voice; they are more sonorous than voiceless ones.

3. Look at the pictures.

Name the objects. Listen to the pronunciation of the consonant sounds in these words. In which words do you hear only voiced consonants, in which words do you hear only voiced consonants, and in which words do you hear both voiced and voiceless consonants?
Say the consonant sounds in any word in order and determine what they are: voiceless or voiced, hard or soft.

4. Read it.

What sounds do the words of each pair differ in? Say these sounds.

Page for the curious

Voiceless and voiced consonants

Some voiceless and voiced consonant sounds are paired. Why?

Carry out an experiment: pronounce the sound [zh] louder and louder. What is it like: voiced or deaf? That's right, the sound [zh] is a voiced consonant sound.

Now pronounce the sound [zh] quieter and quieter, almost in a whisper. Do you feel that the voice has disappeared, only noise remains? And you are already pronouncing a dull consonant sound [sh].

Such consonants are called paired according to deafness-voiceness sounds.

5. First pronounce the hard paired consonant sounds, then the soft paired consonant sounds.

Explain why there are six pairs of sounds in the first column, and only five in the second.
Choose words that have these sounds.

Pay attention! The remaining consonants are called unpaired according to deafness-voicing.
Unpaired voiced consonant sounds: [l], [l"], [m], [m"], [n]. [n"], [p], [p"], [th"].
Unpaired deaf consonant sounds: [x], [x"], [ts], [h"], [sch"].

6. Read it.

Forget-me-not reveals
Blue eye
And the dewdrop sparkles in it,
Like a diamond.
(G. Boyko)

Find words in the lines that answer the question what? and end with a letter denoting a paired consonant sound in terms of deafness and voicedness. Make this sound. What letter does it represent in words?

7. Look at the endpapers of the textbook “Wonder Town of Sounds” and “Wonder Town of Letters.”

Find fairy-tale houses there where paired and unpaired consonant sounds and the letters denoting these sounds “live”.
Have one of you say a voiceless or voiced consonant sound, and the other say a word that begins with that sound.

In the Russian language, voiced and voiceless consonants are distinguished by the participation/non-participation of the voice in the formation of the consonant sound.

The following consonants are voiced: [b], [b'], [c], [c'], [d], [d'], [d], [d'], [g], [h], [h'], [ th'], [l], [l'], [m], [m'], [n], [n'], [p], [p'].

The sound [zh’], found in the speech of individuals in the words yeast, reins and some others, is also voiced.

The following consonants are voiceless: [ k], [k'], [p], [p'], [s], [s'], [t], [t'], [f], [f'], [x], [x '] [ts], [h'], [w], [w'].

To remember which consonants are unvoiced, there is a mnemonic rule (rule for memorization): in the phrase “Styopka, do you want a shetz?” - “Fi!” contains all voiceless consonants.

There are 11 pairs of consonants contrasted in deafness / voicedness: [b] - [p], [b'] - [p'], [v] - [f], [v'] - [f'], [g] - [k], [g'] - [k'], [d] - [t], [d'] - [t'], [z] - [s], [z'] - [s'], [g] – [w]. The listed sounds are, respectively, either voiced pairs or voiceless pairs.

The remaining consonants are characterized as unpaired. Voiced unpaired ones include [й'], [l], [l'], [m], [m'], [n], [n'], [р], [р'], and unpaired unpaired sounds include sounds [x], [x'], [ts], [h'], [w'].

But the appearance of a dull or voiced sound can be predetermined by its position in the word. Such deafness/voiceness turns out to be dependent, “forced,” and the positions in which this occurs are considered weak in deafness/voiceness.

Voiced pairs are deafened (or rather, changed to voiceless)

1) at the absolute end of the word: pond [rod];

2) in front of the deaf: booth [booth].

Voiceless paired consonants standing before voiced ones, except [v], [v'], [th'], [l], [l'], [m], [m'], [n], [n'], [р], [р'], are voiced, that is, they change to voiced: threshing [malad'ba].

In this lesson we will learn to distinguish between voiced and voiceless consonant sounds and denote them in writing with consonant letters. Let's find out which consonants are called paired and unpaired according to their voicing - deafness, sonorant and hissing.

Voiced and voiceless consonants

Let's remember how speech sounds are born. When a person begins to speak, he exhales air from his lungs. It runs down the windpipe into the narrow larynx, where special muscles are located - the vocal cords. If a person pronounces consonants, he closes his mouth (at least a little), which causes noise. But consonants make different noises.

Let's conduct an experiment: cover our ears and pronounce the sound [p], and then the sound [b]. When we pronounced the sound [b], the ligaments became tense and began to tremble. This trembling turned into a voice. There was a slight ringing in my ears.

You can conduct a similar experiment by placing your hands on the neck on the right and left sides and pronouncing the sounds [d] and [t]. The sound [d] is pronounced much louder, more sonorous. Scientists call these sounds sonorous, and sounds that consist only of noise - deaf.

Paired consonant sounds in terms of voicedness and deafness

Let's try to divide the sounds into two groups according to the method of pronunciation. Let's populate phonetic houses in the city of sounds. Let's agree: dull sounds will live on the first floor, and voiced sounds will live on the second floor. Residents of the first house:

[b]	[d]	[h]	[G]	[V]	[and]
[P]	[T]	[With]	[To]	[f]	[w]

These consonant sounds are called paired by sonority - deafness.

Rice. 1. Paired voiced and voiceless consonants ()

They are very similar to each other - real “twins”, they are pronounced almost identically: the lips form the same way, the tongue moves the same way. But they also have pairs of softness and hardness. Let's add them to the house.

[b]	[b’]	[d]	[d’]	[h]	[z’]	[G]	[G']	[V]	[V']	[and]
[P]	[P']	[T]	[T']	[With]	[With']	[To]	[To']	[f]	[f’]	[w]

The sounds [zh] and [sh] do not have paired soft sounds, they always hard. And they are also called sizzling sounds.

All these sounds are indicated by letters:

[b]	[b’]
[P]	[P']
[d]	[d’]
[T]	[T']
[h]	[z’]
[With]	[With']
[G]	[G']
[To]	[To']
[V]	[V']
[f]	[f’]
[and]
[w]

Unpaired voiced consonants

But not all consonant sounds and letters form pairs. Those consonants that do not have pairs are called unpaired. Let's put unpaired consonant sounds in our houses.

To the second house - unpairedvoiced consonants sounds:

Let us remind you that the sound [th’] always just soft. Therefore, he will live alone in our house. These sounds are represented in writing by letters:

[l]	[l’]	(ale)
[m]	[m’]
[n]	[n’]
[R]	[R']
	[th’]	(and short)

The sounds of the second house are also called sonorous , because they are formed with the help of the voice and almost without noise, they are very sonorous. The word “sonorant” is translated from the Latin “sonorus” meaning sonorous.

Unpaired voiceless consonants

We will put you in the third house unpaired voiceless consonants sounds:

[X]

[X']

[ts]

[h’]

[sch']

Let us remember that the sound [ts] is always solid, and [h’] and [sch’] - always soft. Unpaired voiceless consonants are indicated in writing by letters:

[X]	[X']
[ts]
	[h’]
	[sch']

Sounds [h’], [h’] - sizzling sounds.

So we populated our city with consonant sounds and letters. Now it’s immediately clear why there are 21 consonant letters and 36 sounds.

Rice. 2. Voiced and voiceless consonants ()

Consolidating knowledge in practice

Let's complete the tasks.

1. Consider the pictures and turn one word into another, replacing only one sound. Hint: remember pairs of consonant sounds.

d points - point

b glasses - kidney

w ar - heat

fishing rod - duck

2. There are riddles, the meaning of which lies in the knowledge of consonant sounds, they are called charades. Try to guess them:

1) With a deaf consonant I pour into the field,
With the ringing one - I myself am ringing to the expanse . (Kolos - voice)

2) With a deaf person - she cuts the grass,
With a voiced sound, it eats the leaves. (Scythe - goat)

3) With “em” - pleasant, golden, very sweet and fragrant.
With the letter “el” it appears in winter, but disappears in spring . (Honey - ice)

In order to develop the ability to pronounce certain sounds, especially hissing ones, they learn tongue twisters. The tongue twister is told slowly at first, and then the pace is accelerated. Let's try to learn tongue twisters:

Six little mice rustle in the reeds.
The hedgehog has a hedgehog, the snake has a squeeze.
Two puppies were chewing a brush in the corner, cheek to cheek.

So, today we learned that consonant sounds can be voiced and unvoiced and how these sounds are indicated in writing.

Andrianova T.M., Ilyukhina V.A. Russian language 1. M.: Astrel, 2011. ().
Buneev R.N., Buneeva E.V., Pronina O.V. Russian language 1. M.: Ballas. ().
Agarkova N.G., Agarkov Yu.A. Textbook for teaching literacy and reading: ABC. Academic book/textbook.

Fictionbook.ru ().
Deafnet.ru ().
Samouchka.com.ua ().

Andrianova T.M., Ilyukhina V.A. Russian language 1. M.: Astrel, 2011. Pp. 38, ex. 2; Page 39, ex. 6; Page 43, ex. 4.
Count how many voiced consonants and how many voiceless consonants are in a word unsatisfactory ? (Voiced consonants - 9 - N, D, V, L, V, R, L, N, Y, various - 6, voiceless consonants - 2 - T, T, various - 1.).
Read the proverb: « Know how to speak at the right time, and be silent at the right time.” Name the letters that represent voiced consonants. (Voiced consonant sounds in the proverb are represented by the letters M, J, V, R, Z, L.)
4* Using the knowledge gained in the lesson, write a fairy tale or draw a comic book on the theme “In the city of consonant sounds.”

All consonant sounds in the Russian language are divided according to several criteria, including the principle of voicedness and deafness. This pronunciation characteristic influences whether the voice is used when pronouncing a sound or not. Studying this topic is very important for understanding the basic principles of the phonetic system, because voiceless consonants are a very important part of it.

What is a voiceless consonant?

Voiceless consonant sounds are produced only by noise, without the participation of the voice. When pronouncing them, the vocal cords are completely relaxed, the larynx does not vibrate.

Paired and unpaired voiceless consonants

Most sounds that fall into this category have a voiced pair. What sounds these are, you can find out from the table “Voiceless consonant sounds in the Russian language.”

Thus, in the Russian language there are 11 voiceless consonants that have a voiced pair. But there are also unpaired ones - these are sounds such as [x], [x’], [h’] and [sch’].

They cannot become voiced regardless of position.

A special mnemonic phrase helps to remember all the voiceless consonants that exist in the Russian language: “Styopka, do you want shchetc?” - Ugh!". But it will not help to remember their pairing by hardness-softness, since voiceless consonants that have a pair are presented in it only in one variety - either hard or soft.

Consonant devoicing rule

In the Russian language, there are often cases when a voiced consonant is written in writing, but in speech it turns into a dull consonant. This happens, for example, when a voiced letter appears at the very end of a word, as in the word mushroom, the transcription of which will look like [flu].

Due to the fact that voiced consonants are deafened at the end, difficulties often arise when reproducing such words in writing. However, there is an easy way to check which letter to use: you need to change the word so that the consonant appears before the vowel, for example, mushroom - mushroom. Then it will immediately become clear what needs to be written. The same applies to cases when there is a voiceless consonant at the end, and in writing it is voiced “according to the general rule.” You can check which letter is written in the same way: krik - krik, lot - lota.

Voiced consonants located in positions at the beginning and in the middle of a word can also be deafened if they are followed by a voiceless consonant. This is easy to understand using an example: booth [booth].

What have we learned?

Voiceless consonant sounds are those sounds in the formation of which the larynx does not vibrate, that is, the voice does not participate. They consist only of noise. Most voiceless consonants have a voiced pair, but there are four unpaired sounds of this type - these are [х], [х'], [ч'] and [ш']. Due to the rule of deafening consonants during pronunciation, those consonants that are voiced in writing go into their voiceless pair. This happens if they appear at the end of a word, and also when another voiceless consonant precedes them.

In the elementary grades, the basis of a person’s spelling literacy is formed.

Everyone knows that the difficulty of the Russian language is largely due to the discrepancy between spelling and pronunciation. This is often associated with paired consonants.

What is a paired consonant?

All consonants are in one opposition or another with each other according to their characteristic features. One of them is the contrast between sounds based on deafness and voicedness.

Some consonants, while all other features coincide, such as the place of formation and the method of pronunciation, differ only in the participation of the voice in the sound process. They are called pairs. The remaining consonants do not have a voiceless-voiced pair: l, m, x, ts, ch, shch, y.

Paired consonants		examples of words with paired consonants
		examples of words with paired consonants
		tables[b]s - table[p]
		draw[v]a - draw[f]
		doro[g]a - doro[k]
		boro[d]a - boro[t]ka
		blah[zh]it - blah[sh]
		frosty[z]ny - frosty[s]

Paired consonants are given here. The table also contains examples that illustrate the spelling “Verified consonants in the root of a word.”

Spelling rule for paired consonants

During pronunciation, paired sounds can be interchangeable. But this process is not reflected in writing. That is, the letters do not change, no matter what sounds we hear in their place. This is how the principle of uniformity of morphemes is implemented in the Russian language. The spelling of paired consonants is completely subject to this law.

The rule can be stated in the following paragraphs:

the root of the word is always written the same way, since semantics depends on this;
spelling needs to be checked by selecting or changing word forms;
You must select as a test one the one that has either a vowel sound or a sonorant sound after the dubious consonant (р,л,м,н,й).

This can be seen in the examples from the table: consonant spellings appear either at the end of words or before other paired sounds. In test words they are located before vowels or before phonemes that are unpaired in voicing.

Application of the rule

The spelling of paired consonants needs to be practiced. You need to start by developing the ability to see the spelling pattern being studied. This will be the end of a word or a combination of consonants, in which sounds begin to influence the sound of each other - the subsequent one changes the quality of the pronunciation of the previous one.

When we know what a paired consonant is, it is not difficult to draw a conclusion about which option to choose:

bo[p] - beans - bean;
bro [t] - broda - ford;
bro[f"] - eyebrows - eyebrow;
nail[t"] - nails - nail;
vegetable garden [t] - vegetable gardens - vegetable garden;
dro [sh] - trembling - trembling;
stripe [s]ka - stripe - stripe;
ko[z"]ba - mow - mowing;
re[z"]ba - cut - carving;
goro[d"]ba - fence - gorodba;
kro[v"] - blood - blood;
str[sh] - guard - guard.

Paired consonants. Examples of differentiating words

Deafness and voicedness are able to distinguish words by meaning. For example:

(soup) thick - (above the river) bush;
(telegraph) pole - (Alexandria) pillar;
bark (oak) - (high) mountain;
(unbearable) heat - (surface) of the ball;
(bouquet) of roses - (boy) grew up;
(new) house - (thick) volume.

In weak positions, at the end of words, for example, as in the example of “roses” and “ros”, verification is required to avoid semantic confusion. Paired consonants in Russian require careful attention.

Test on the topic studied

grass[..]ka, fish[..]ka, zu[..]ki, arbu[..], lo[..]ka, kor[..]ka, ko[..]ti.

Fabulous - fairy tale, head - head, pie - pies, ditch - groove, birch - birch, eyes - eyes, stripe - stripes, notebook - notebook, spikelet - spikelets, jump - jumping

6. F or W?

Boots...ki, doro...ki, bum...ki, cro...ki, ro...ki, vice..ki, bara...ki, lo...ki, game...ki, cha...ki, lie down...ki.

g...ki (__________);
fl...ki (__________);
gr... (__________);
gla... (__________);
jump...ki (____________);
lo...ka (____________);
horse (______________);
zu.. (_______).

Sha(p/b)ka, provo(d/t), kru(g/k), povya(s/z)ka, myo(d/t), su(d/t), sla(d/t) cue, oshi(b/p)ka, doba(v/f)ka, uka(z/s)ka.

9. Insert letters in the text:

Swan is the king of all waterfowl. He is, like a dream..., white, graceful, he has shiny eyes, black varnishes and a long, flexible neck. How beautifully he floats on the smooth water of the pond!

10. Correct errors:

I love reading stories.
How fragrant the strawberries are!
Carrots are sown on the beds.
A flexible birch tree flutters its petals in the wind.
The tray floated on the lake.
Berek is gradually approaching.
Storosh is not sleeping.
A mongrel rattles loudly in the yard.
Yosh rustles in the bushes.

Answers

1. What is a paired consonant? A consonant that has a pair of deafness or voicedness.

2. Complete the sentence:

To check paired consonants, you need choose a test word.

3. Highlight the words that need checking:

immer..ka, underwater... smooth, smart... horse, careful..prepare, du..ki, l o...ki, other..ny.

4. Write the sounds in square brackets:

grass[V]ka, lo[D]ka, zu[B]ki, arbu[Z], lo[D]ka, koro[B]ka, ko[G]ti.

5. Underline the test word:

Fabulous - fairy tale, head - head, pie - pies, ditch - ditch, birch - birch, eyes - eyes, stripe - stripes, notebook - notebook, spikelet - spikelets, bounce- jumping