It came unexpectedly, silver streams ran along the loose paths. Winged wanderers have returned from distant lands, these feathered workers build their nests tirelessly.

The spring picture conveyed by this text makes us remember the rules for writing doubled consonants.

in loanwords

If the spelling of double consonants in a word cannot be checked in any way, then they are called double. These words are to be remembered. As required by this rule, we memorize the words with doubled consonants below.

1. Some Alla, Anna, Vassa, Inessa, Ella, Rimma, Cyril, Savva.

2. terrace, ton, effect, tennis, repression, program, column, correspondent, assembly, alley, ball, etc.

3. Some native Russian words: Russia, burns, buzzes, yeast, quarrel.

4. In all words that are cognate with the above.

Differences of words with different number of consonants

When there is one consonant in some words, and double consonants in others, the rules are as follows:

1. If it differs in the number of consonants, then these are most likely different words with different lexical meanings:

• ton - a measure of weight, tone - the case form of the word tone - a shade of sound or color;
• cash desk - a device for storing money, touch - connection at some point;
• point - a unit of assessment, ball - an evening of relaxation with dancing.

Suggestion examples:

• A ton of coal has already been loaded onto the ship.
• Igor had never heard such a pure tone.
• The box office is closed today.
• The touch was weak.
• I got a high score in the exam.
• Natalia was invited to the ball.

2. There are cases when the number of identical letters does not affect the lexical meaning of words: Alla - Alka, crystal - crystal, art - skillful, correspondent - junkor, column - column, Finn - Finnish, ton - five tons.

No double consonants

If we take, for example, the word "aluminum", then it has one letter "l". Remember words that don't have double consonants. Word examples:

• apartments;
• balustrade;
• gallery;
• humanist, humanistic;
• decibel;
• dealer, dealer;
• dilettante, dilettante;
• drama, dramatic, dramatic;
• imitation, imitate;
• corridor, corridor;
• midget;
• producer, producer.

with double consonants

Usually words are carried by syllables: ma-shi-na. doubled consonants are:

• Part of the word with one consonant remains on one line, and part of the word with the second consonant is transferred to another: column-na, ton-na, Al-la, Russia.
• The transfer of words with doubled consonants should be carried out, if possible, in a place where there is no doubled consonant: art, terrace, correspondent.

Unfortunately, even adults are sometimes mistaken, well, or they don’t know how to properly transfer such words. So that embarrassment does not happen to you, let's discuss in which cases the transfer of words with double consonants is unacceptable. Examples:

• all-her;
• terrace;
• art.

In addition, the rules for transferring double consonants prohibit transferring words with one vowel sound: class, score, burns.

At the junction of morphemes

When the end of a prefix and the beginning of a root, the end of a root and the beginning of a suffix, or the suffix are the same letter, doubled consonants appear. The rules dictate this:

• permanent;
• fearless;
• selfless;
• toothless;
• lawless;
• provoke;
• open;
• story;
• get angry;
• pick;
• dissect;
• dry up;
• be pinched with cold;
• vestibule;
• give in;
• pry;
• thaw;
• outflow;
• beat;
• enter,
• up;
• entrusted;
• art;
• Russian;
• sailor;
• Novocherkassk;
• picture;
• old;
• true;
• cardboard;
• coaster;
• windowsill;
• supporter;
• wanderer;
• chosen one;
• pickpocket;
• raspberry;
• aspen.

Doubled consonants appear when adding abbreviated stems:

• head physician;
• maternity hospital.

In adjective suffixes

In Russian, one of the most complex orthograms is one and two letters H in suffixes that are found in words of different parts of speech. Consider spelling -n- And -nn- in adjectives. A table will help us with this.

There are several exceptions to this rule: windy (windless), glass, tin, wood.

It is especially worth mentioning the words that are formed without a suffix:

• pork;
• mutton;
• young;
• scarlet;
• blue;
• green.

In participle suffixes

To apply the rule correctly, words with double consonant-participles must be distinguished from adjectives. They are formed from verbs:

• proceed - well-groomed;
• paint - painted;
• write - written;
• expel - exiled;
• wish - desired;
• buy - bought;
• eradicate - eradicated;
• elect - elected;
• red-hot - red-hot;
• fry - fried;
• wake up - awakened;
• delimit - delimited;
• print - printed;
• draw - drawn;
• interrogate - interrogated;
• seize - seized.

Spelling of double consonants. Rule for participles with one letter H
In short participles	All tasks completed.
In imperfect participles without dependent words and prefixes	The bench is painted.
Spelling double consonants with two letters H
There are prefixes	Arranged tables.
There are dependent words	A bench painted yesterday.

Words to remember: unseen, unexpected, unexpected, unexpected, unread.

In adverb suffixes

In adverbs, the same amount is written H, how many in the generating word. This is the simplest rule. Words with double consonants with this spelling exist in Russian along with those that are written with one letter:

• sincere - sincerely;
• unintentional - inadvertently;
• beautiful - beautiful;
• interesting - interesting.

Test

Now that the topic "Double consonants" has been studied, the rules are familiar and understandable, you can check how high the level of assimilation of the educational material is.

A. Ball. B. Group. B. Class. G. Alley. D. Gallery.

A. You need to leave both letters on the line.

B. Both letters must be transferred to the next line.

A. Definitely need to check.

B. No, you need to remember.

A. Saturday. B. Telegram. B. Story. G. Hockey.

5. In what word are LJs written? Write it _____________________

• bry ... chewing liquid;
• zadrebe ... scarlet iron;
• drive through the bridge;
• annoying and ... burning;
• ra ... reap a trap;
• ra .. complain to mom;
• ye...wife earth;
• bred ... zhannaya horse;
• see... a squeezing child.

beech a (l / ll) her, television (n / nn) ante (n / nn) a, dra (m / mm) atic co (l / ll) izia, friendly team (l / ll) ective, interesting pie (s/ss)a, capture(n/nn)te(r/rr)itoria, (s/ss)fight with friends, old dro(f/lj)i, show gu(m/mm)anism, krista (l / ll) honesty, file a (p / pp) e (l / ll) ation, a (l / ll) yuminium alloy, inventive claim (s / ss) art, a (k / kk) decompose urately, intelligently talk, go to the opera (t / tt) y, ma (s / ss) onskaya box, I’m fond of be (l / ll) etristy, a (n / pp) etitny pie, art (n / nn) th ha (l / ll) here.

Tasks in the GIA format

• The snow has already melted.
• The shores of ... are heated in the spring.
• The sun mercilessly eats away the snow drifts.
• Rays be… pitifully burn the yellowed fields.
• Streams and .. dried up.
• Travelers wandered along the road along ... holding each other.
• Everyone sat down around the fire.

• It is a pleasure to walk with a full bucket along a barely visible path to the hut.
• He liked everything here and delighted him: how large drops flopped, breaking from the leaves of trees, how peaceful ... about the fire crackled and the forest land smelled breathtakingly.
• Grandmother collected herbs: St. John's wort, plantain, fern, and always told me about their healing mysteries ... properties.
• His tanned face was furrowed...with deep wrinkles.
• The owner spoke unusually ... oh tenderly, talking to the pigeons.
• We approach the house and see that the gate is open: it is clapping from the wind, and the heck is torn off ... but.
• The next day, the gate was more beautiful ... ah, its hinges are greased ... s.
• In the square at the very entrance of the tree ... there is a bench.
• Near the bench were new poles vkopa..y.
• Waves lazily crawled onto the sand and slowly crawled away, leaving behind an edge of snow-white foam.
• The dog stood and looked into the distance of the sea, numb, with a lowered ... tail.
• Grandmother was sitting at the table, silent and slowly ... about chewing bread.
• The dog was huge, with a big head and lion paws.
• He was wearing faded, impossibly wide canvas pants.
• Posters were pasted all over the city.
• Everyone left, and only the sleek faces of the lackeys flickered in the corridors.
• In the center of the room stood a table covered with a woven gold tablecloth.

3. Select the sentences in which the numbers are correctly indicated, in the place of which HH are omitted.

• On the table there are (1) a lot of vases with flowers and a throw (2) and a bunch of branches, so that the dishes stand, as if in a sacrament (3) more often. (3)
• At the end of the nineteenth century, the variable filling thermometer was invented. Behind such a wise (2) name was a device intended (3) for measuring temperature in a small interval. (13)
• On a hot day, I sat by a tree (1) pier and ate ice cream (2) with crushed (3) nuts. (1)
• On the table are (1) s peaches, prepared (2) for compote, not yet cleaner .. s. (2)
• The glazed (1) doors were loose (2), and their standing (3) ringing merged with the ringing of the chandelier. (13)
• At the end of the long (1) corridor there was a fence (2) and a closet that served as a guest (3). (1)

Answers

1. Which word is spelled wrong?

D. Gallery.

2. What is the answer to the question: “How to transfer a word?” will be true?

B. Leave one letter on the line, and transfer the other.

3. Answer: is it possible to check double consonants?

B. No, you need to remember.

4. In which word is not a double, but a doubled consonant?

B. Story.

5. In what word are LJs written? Write it: scorched.

6. One or two letters are missing in brackets:

Beech alley, television antenna, dramatic conflict, art gallery, friendly team, interesting play, occupied territory, quarrel with friends, old yeast, show humanism, crystal honesty, file an appeal, aluminum alloy, inventive art, neatly decompose, intelligently talk, go to the operetta, the Masonic lodge, I am fond of fiction, an appetizing pie.

Tasks in the GIA format

1. What sentences contain words that are written with double consonants?

• The streams have dried up.
• The travelers walked along the road, supporting each other.
• Everyone sat around the fire.

2. Which sentences contain words with two letters H?

• It is a pleasure to walk with a filled bucket along a barely visible path to the hut.
• He liked everything here and delighted him: how large drops flopped, falling from the leaves of trees, how peacefully the fire crackled and the forest land smelled breathtakingly.
• Grandmother collected herbs: St. John's wort, plantain, fern, and always told me about their healing mysterious properties.
• The owner spoke with unusual tenderness when talking to the pigeons.
• There is a wooden bench in the square near the entrance.
• Waves lazily crawled onto the sand and slowly crawled away, leaving behind an edge of snow-white foam.
• The dog stood and looked into the distance of the sea, numb, with its tail lowered.
• Grandmother sat at the table, was silent and slowly chewed bread.

For the third task, the answers are given in the text itself, in brackets.

§ 058-069. DOUBLE CONSONANTS

Double consonants are written when a prefix and a root are combined, if the prefix ends and the root begins with the same consonant, for example: support, threshold, enter, wipe, pour, restore, lawless, counter-revolution.

Double consonants are written when combining the constituent parts of complex abbreviated words, if one part ends and the other begins with the same consonant, for example: Moscow Council, head physician.

Double n and double s are written when the root and suffix are combined, if the root ends and the suffix begins with a consonant n or s:

With the suffix -n-, for example: long (length), ancient (old), stone (stone), domain (blast furnace), legal (law), temporary (time basis-); with the suffix -sk-, for example: Kotlas (Kotlas), Arzamas (Arzamas), Russian (Rus), but: Tartu (Tartu), Hankow (Hankou); with the suffix -stv-: art (cf. skillful). The double c is also written in past tense verbs when the stems on -c are combined with the reflexive particle -sya, for example: escaped, rushed. Note. Double n is written in the numeral eleven. Section 61.

The double n is written in the suffixes -enn-, -onn- of adjectives formed from nouns, for example: straw, painful, cranberry, artificial, internal, bucket, characteristic, dining, revolutionary, positional.

Note. In the word windy and in derivatives from it, one n is written, but in prefixed formations -nn- is written (still, leeward). (Code 2000: Write the adjective windy with two n, respectively: windless, windy, leeward (but: chickenpox, chickenpox - with a different suffix), windiness, windmill, windmill, windy (predicative: today it's windy in the yard).) Adjectives with a suffix -yan- (-an-), formed from nouns, are written with one n, for example: hair, wood, clay, leather. Adjectives wooden, tin, glass are written with a double n. With one n, the suffix -in- is written in adjectives, for example: nightingale, chicken, living room, and also in the noun hotel. Section 62.

The double n is written in the passive participles of the past tense, for example: reports read at the solemn meeting; a fighter wounded by an enemy bullet; collective farm, organized in 1930; detachment reinforced by two companies; deputies elected to the Supreme Council.

The double n is written in all adjectives formed from the passive participles of the past tense (or according to their type), if these adjectives have prefixes or end in -ovanny, -evanny (except for chewed and forged), for example: the patient is prescribed enhanced nutrition, a volume of the chosen ones has come out Pushkin's works, sublime style, inscribed triangle, aged wine, trusted person, temperate climate, refined manners, abstract question, absent-minded student, worn dress, used books, tear-stained face, rusty key, risky step, spoiled child, uprooted plot.

But with one n one should not write adjectives formed from passive participles of the past tense (including complex ones, see § 80, paragraph 2), if these adjectives do not have a prefix and are not formed from verbs in -ovate, -evate, for example : scientific works, wounded border guards, torn clothes, smoked sausage, boiled milk, dried fish, slaked lime, pickles, pickled apples, steamed potatoes, one-colored fabric. The words desired, sacred, unexpected, unprecedented, unheard of, unexpected and some others, defined in the dictionary order, are written with two n. (Collection 2000: Rejection of the orthographic distinction between participles and adjectives (not in -ovanny, -evanny), formed from imperfective verbs; for both, spellings with one n are accepted: fried potatoes and fried potatoes, short-haired hair and cropped hair, wagons laden with firewood and laden wagons.For formations from perfective verbs, single spellings with two nn are preserved (abandoned, finished, deprived, solved, etc.) The verbal aspect is determined by the presence / absence of a prefix: all formations from imperfective verbs are non-prefixed , while non-prefixed verbs of the perfect form represent a very small group... The new rule naturally includes the formations done (made indifference), counted (a few minutes) and homegrown, still written with nn, as well as finished (finished man), written with one n.) § 64.

Double n is written in adverbs in -o and in nouns with suffixes -ik, -its-, -ost, formed from adjectives, if the latter are written with two n, for example: accidentally, unheard of, excitedly, excitement (agitated); confident, confident (confident); upbringing, pupil, pupil (educated); protege (placed); prisoner (prisoner); birthday boy (birthday); sennik (hay); root (root); characteristic (proprietary).

If the adjective has one n, then the adverbs and nouns formed from it are written with one n, for example: confused, confused, confused (confused); learned, learning (scientist); hemp (hemp); silversmith (silversmith). Also, with one n, the words srebrenik (in the meaning of a coin) and unmercenary (disinterested person) are written. § 65.

Double n is written in plural. h. and in the feminine and neuter gender units. hours of short adjectives formed from passive participles of the past tense, in the full form of which - double n, for example: groups are disciplined and organized; the girl is educated and smart; they are very scattered.

Short passive participles are written with one n, for example: broken, broken, broken, broken; the young man was brought up by the Komsomol; the girl is pampered by upbringing; we are limited by time; students are organized into groups. Section 66.

The double w is written in the words reins, yeast, juniper, buzz and in derivatives from them, as well as in some formations from the verb to burn, for example: you burn, burns, burnt, burning, burning.

If there is an alternation of zg - zzh, zd - zzh, you should write not double w, but zzh, for example: grumble (grub), cerebellum (brain), arrive (arrival), later (old late, modern late), clutter (clutter up ), as well as to glimpse (cf. old brezg - “dawn”). Section 67.

More than two identical consonants in a row are not written, even though this was required by the composition of the word, for example: quarrel (race + quarrel), Odessa (Odessa + Sky), Prussian (Prussian + Sky), five-ton (five-ton + ny).

The spelling of double consonants in foreign words is determined in dictionary order, for example: irrigation, corrosion, cassation, kurtosis, essence, but: poster, letter, official, etching, report.

In words formed from stems ending in two identical consonants, double consonants before suffixes are preserved, for example: group - group, group; program - program, software; kilowatt - kilowatt; Calcutta - Calcutta; class - cool; Hun - Hun; score (unit of evaluation measure) - five-point; gall - Gaulish; libretto - librettist.

The spelling of double consonants in the roots of borrowed (foreign) words is determined in dictionary order , for example: abbreviation, acclimatization, accompaniment, accreditation, neat, alley, antenna, appeal, device, association, attraction, Foreign words with single consonants : aluminum, gallery, dessert, dealer, amateur, impresario, corridor, office, official, offshore, report, race, soffit, torero, sidewalk, plug, emigration and many others.

Double consonants are also written in some proper names, for example: Haggai, Apollo, Vissarion, Gennady, Hippolyte, Cyril, Philip, Alla, Anna, Apollinaria, Bella, Henrietta, Inna, Rimma; Akkerman, Bessarabia, Bonn, Holland, Essentuki, Odessa .

In options diamond - diamond and derived words ( brilliant - brilliant, brilliant - brilliant, brilliant - brilliant) the second members of these pairs are written with one letter l before b . The same applies to options like million - millionth, millionth - millionth, billion - billionth(the second members of such pairs, limited in use, are more common in poetry).

In words formed from stems ending in two identical consonants, double consonants before suffixes are preserved, for example: group - group, group, group; program - program, program, program; score - five points, Gauls - Gallic, metal - metal, metallurgist; class - class, class, classmate; compromise - compromise, kilowatt - kilowatt, libretto - librettist, Normans - Norman, antenna - aerialist, bath - bathtub, Dardanelles - Dardanelles, Calcutta - Calcutta, Cannes(And Cannes) - Cannes, Ravenna - Ravenna

However, instead of a double consonant, one consonant is written in the following cases:

1) in diminutive and familiar forms of personal names with a suffix -To (A), for example: Alla - Alka, Stella - Stelka, Emma - Emka, Zhanna - Zhanka, Inna - Inka, Rimma - Rimka, Vassa - Vaska, Mirra - Mirka, Marietta - Marietka, Savva - Savka, Cyril - Kirilka, Philip - Filipka(Also: Filipok, genus. P. Filipka? And Filipchik);

2) single letter n - in any words with a suffix -To (A), for example: Finnish(cf. Finn), five-ton, three-ton (ton), column (Column), antenna (antenna);

3) in the following words: crystal (crystal), Finnish (Finn), operetta (operetta).

When abbreviating words containing a double consonant, only one consonant is retained as part of complex abbreviated words, for example: record (gramophone record), bureau (correspondent office), terrorist attack (terrorist act), groupcom, grouporg, special correspondent.

In the first part of complex words written with a hyphen, double consonants are preserved, for example: mass indicator, mass culture, mold, press center, express analysis, watt-second; same in word wattmeter.

TO ACTIVITY 3.

After hissing vowels are written:

· and, a, y in all words bowl, read).

Exceptions: jury, brochure, parachute;

· And after c written in all words circus, revolution), except:

o endings ( skiers);

o suffix -un- (Kuritsyn);

o five exception words: gypsy, chick, tiptoe, chick, chick;

· e written in unstressed position: plush, clumsy, gully;

· oh yo are written under stress:

o in the roots of words a letter O need to remember: seam, rustle, hood; letter yo you can check: whisper - whisper;

o in suffixes and endings of all words formed not from verbs, it is written only O: hook, canvas, with baby, large;

o in verbs and in words formed from verbs, it is written only yo: flowing, stew - stew - stew+ words on -yor: conductor.

TO ACTIVITY 4

The most important spelling rules.

The letters b and b.

4. Letter b written to indicate the softness of consonants other than sibilants at the end of a word, e.g. con b , Sol b , topics b .

Note. At the end of a word after a hissing letter b put to indicate
word forms, for example: backwoods b (see paragraph 20), strich b (see par. 66), cut off b (see par. 67).

5. Letter b is written to denote the softness of a consonant before a hard consonant, for example: WHO b mu, hammer b ba, nanny b ka, vos b my.

6. Letter between soft consonants b it is written in the event that when the word changes, the second consonant becomes hard, and the first retains its softness, for example: WHO b mi - WHO b mu, hammer b be - hammer b ba, nanny b ki - nanny b ka, vos b mi - vos b my, (compare words in which a letter is not written between soft consonants b ; branches(because branch), worms(because worm-hole), death(because mortal).

Note 1: In some cases, the letter b is placed between consonants to indicate the grammatical form: 1) in imperative mood verbs ( ready b those, sit down b those, familiar b tes); 2) in the indefinite form of the verb ( cook b Xia, sits down b Xia, will introduce b Xia); 3) when declining some nouns and numerals ( children b mi, people b mi, horse b mi, four b me).

Note 2. After the hissing letter b is used either to indicate the form of a word, or as a separate sign: 1) yes b those, dir b those(form of the imperative mood); 2) you wash your face b Xia(form of the second person singular); 3) sharp b Xia(infinitive); 4) erysipelas b Yu(as a separator).

7. Letter b used after soft l , standing before any consonant (both hard and soft), for example: in eh ny, me eh nitsa, se eh d, soon eh sz.

Note. between two soft l letter b not written, for example: gu ll willow, uh ll in(Greek).

8. Letter b used only as a separator before letters her) , Yu , I in the following cases:

a) between a prefix on a consonant sound and a root starting with letters her) , Yu , I , For example: under b rides, about b eat, above b natural, volition b phenomenon, between b longline;

b) in compound words after numerals two-, three-, four-, For example: two b longline, three b lingual;

c) in foreign words after foreign prefixes, for example: hell b dutant, in b section, con b juncture, counter b tier, about b ect, sub b ect, trance b European and so on.

Spelling prefixes

Console, prefix (from lat. praefixus"attached in front") - part of the word before the root. In Russian words, there can be from 1 to 3 prefixes before the root: tremble, join, open-open. Most Russian prefixes coincide in form and partly in meaning with prepositions (roadless - without a road, verbal - from the verb, from below, from under the brows - from under the forehead), particles (not appearing - not to appear). Among the prefixes of the Russian language there are a number of borrowed ones: A in the meaning of "not", anti - "against", archi - "very", counter - "against", pan - "all", sub - "under", trans - "through" and etc.

2.1. Spelling of invariable prefixes
Most of the prefixes in Russian are invariable, i.e. regardless of the sound in one position or another, they are written in the same way. The spelling of such prefixes should be memorized. See the list of invariable prefixes in the table:

ABOUT-	called out, stop, sediment, go numb
BEFORE-	reach, reach, guess
BY-	belief, courtyard, cut, rely
PRO-	boil, gap, trick, grow
PRA-	In a special sense: (meaning of kinship) great-grandmother, proto-language
ON THE-	attack, cover, overtake
BEHIND-	ask, prisoner, pick up, score
OVER- (OVER-)	bite, crack, inscribe, tear
POD- (POD-)	melt, undermine, suggest, wait
OT- (OTO-)	give away, rest, push back, open
OB-(OBO-)	cut off, grind off, wipe off, bypass
B- (VO-)	relish, sew, cling to, involve
PREV-	chairman, predecessor, predetermine
RE-	humus, overflow, skew
C- (CO-)	move go astray save surrender make friends do bend over	There is no prefix in the words: here, local, building, health, never mind and single roots.

2.2. Spelling of prefixes on ... s - ... s
In Russian, there are prefixes in which letters alternate W And WITH :
WITHOUT- / WITHOUT-, TIME- / RAS-, WHO- / VOS- (VZ- / VS-), FROM- / IS-, BOTTOM- / NIS-, THROUGH- / THROUGH- (THROUGH- / CHES-)

Doubled consonants appear at the junction of morphemes (inzz wat, pass swear); in dictionary words of foreign origin (andkk urate, toll section); in suffixes of individual parts of speech (we will talk about this in the corresponding section of the workshop).

Double consonants in foreign words should be memorized.

There are words that have a double consonant before the ending (programmm a, gruepp A). Before diminutive suffix-To- , as well as suffixes-n- , -sk- double consonants are preserved (programmm ka, gruepp ka). There are a few exceptions:

- in proper names (All a - Al ka, Ann a - An ka, Kirill – Kiril ka, Filipp – Filipp ka);

- in common nouns (kristall – kristal ny,But cristall ic, kristall ik; colonn a - colon ka but colonn hell; normnn s - the normn sky, operatt a - operaT ka, finn – fin sky, fin ka, thennn a - threen ka, but thennn already).

Words with a double consonant lose one of them if they become part of a compound word: gramm background plate - gram plate.

Should be remembered : ss ora,LJ young, drawLJ and, inLJ and, moLJ evelnik, zhuLJ at, uhm play (departure), andmm play (entry)

Exercise 9 Write off, inserting a letter where necessary. Give an interpretation of words with an unknown lexical meaning for you.

Inca…sator, a…symmetry, de…sant, emi…sia, court of cassation, and…lusion, qualification…lfication, a…sociation, collection…lecture, collective…lective, gallery…gallery, congress…, oh… Ponent, s...ud, crystal..., crystalline... personal, e... migrant, and... migrant, colo... greasy, a... zero, dealer... ler, mo... zhevelnik, a... credit, pe... ron, b... liant, you ... wifey, dro ... zhy, problem ... ma, dile ... ma, co ... ridor, ba ... lon, a ... traction, ap ... ok ... al ... ipsis, app ... rtaments, tank .. .lavr, belarusian ... sy, pass ... ovate, passivity, o ... official, group ... pka, mi ... liarder, producer ... sir, rac ... sism, colo ... greasy, opera ... tka, calculating ... prog ... mka, fi ... ny, Finnish ..., fi ... nka (kind of a knife), crystal ... l, clothes ... sieves, press ... center, bru ... that, not ... that, goo ... tapercha, li ... liput, co ... rida, str ... owl, amy ... this, co...mixes, co...legal, broker...ker, dealer...ler, ki...ler, ha...ker, ma…sonism, pa…sajir di…sonance, and…sku ... art, art ... compromise ..., gallery ... gallery, co ... respondent, appeal ..., and ... lusions, differentiate ... differentiate, a ... aluminum, co ... munique, com ... mercia, and ... municipality, br ... liant, sue ... realism, a ... notation, dir ... gray, e ... effect, quantity ... quantity, re ... resources, those ... rakota, a ... literature, co ... communicable.

3. Spelling prefixes

3.1. Spelling prefixes pre- and pre-

Vowels in the prefixes PRE- and ATTRIBUTED depending on the meaning:

attachment PRE- It hastwo values: highest quality (pre wise) and in the meaning of "through" (pre hail);

prefix PRI- It hasfive values: spatial proximity (at station), approximation, attachment (at fasten), incomplete action (at sit down), bringing the action to the end (at think) and accompanying action (at brag,at whistle).

should be distinguished : pre to be - "to be" andat to visit - "to come";pre give - "commit betrayal" andat give - "give something extra";pre affairs - "border" andat affairs - "extension";pre zirat - "to treat with contempt, do not respect" andat to see - "to give shelter and food";pre step - "violate" andat step - "begin";pre to create - "to carry out" andat create - "cover";pre reduce - "many times" andat reduce - "slightly";pre walking - "short-lived, temporary" andat walking - "somewhere".

Should be remembered writing prefixes in foreign words that begin with combinations of pre- and pre-, which are not prefixes:pre zidium,pre zident,pre mier,pre people,pre ambulance,pre zupmtion,pre zent,pre tension,pre trend,at mitive,pre effect,at priority, etc.

Exercise 10 Write by inserting the missing letters.

Pr... to be on time, pr... to close in front of someone, in pr... coastal greenery, pr... to be present at the change of dec... walkie-talkies, imp... erm... my version, old pr. ..given, pr...multiply fortune, stumbling block, honorary pr...zidium, everlasting truth, torn...torn discussion, not pr...cr...pr... ...reproaches, pr...to open the veil of secrecy, impenetrable...foot pr...grads, pr...to be present at the presentation of the book, without interrupting the conversation, pr...to line up on the edge of the bench, without (z, s) pr ... bench wool ... sweat, pr ... overcome super ... natural obstacles, pr ... rise all expectations, pr ... stop and replace .. .retreat from surprise, pr ... neglect of duties, prim ... mitative answer, pr ... math teacher, important pr ... education, pr ... claims, pr ... pony c ... nzura, nepr ... river ... my authority, pr ... valirovatp over all, right ... wrong opinion; be (z, s) pr ... cedent incident ... procession, slightly (slightly) pr ... reduce, through (s, s) mind pr ... increase, pr ... satiety, be (z, s) pr ... obliquely obey, pr ... visit the mountains, pr ... endure the heat, pr ... endure hardships, pr ... creator, pr ... look at lies, pr ... ...d...value, pr...claims unfounded, pr...get a bicycle, continuity of generations, pr...stop traffic, pr...be ignorant, pr... matters of patience, an indispensable condition, pr... exaltation of power, pr... to give a lesson, a stone of pr... stumbling, to ... overlook threats, pri... priority areas, pr... be on schedule, pr ... a fictitious city, pr... a strange pr... miracle, an indispensable condition, a pr... fastidious passenger, a valuable pr... acquisition, pr... the notorious pr... dent, pr...beautify reality pr...to see an orphan, pr...to flatter, pr...a candidate for a position, unpretentious...in everything, without pr...beautiful, pr...be patient, pr...to close, pr...to see off, pr...to go.

Exercise 11 Make up and write down phrases with these pairs of words:

Pretend - pretend; acceptable - successor; arrive - stay; coming - transient; bow down - bow down; to endure - to endure; despise - despise; give - betray; aisle - limit; to fall - to teach; perverse - gatekeeper; transgress - proceed;

rule

Doubling in Russian words

double consonants are written when combined with a prefix and a root, if the prefix ends and the root begins with the same consonant, for example: support, threshold, introduce, wipe, pour, restore, lawless, counter-revolution.

double consonants written in combination constituent parts of compound words, if one part ends and the other begins with the same consonant, for example: Moscow City Council, chief physician.

The double w is written in the words reins, yeast, juniper, buzz and in derivatives from them, as well as in some formations from the verb to burn, for example: you burn, burns, burnt, burning, burning.

Doubling in loanwords

Words of foreign origin in their languages ​​are written according to the same principle, the doubling of consonants is most often preserved when the word passes into Russian, but we cannot explain the doubled consonant without knowing the morphemes of the language from which the word came. The spelling of such words remains to be memorized, which is what the grammar of 1956 recommends to us:

"§ 68. The spelling of double consonants in foreign words is determined in dictionary order, for example: irrigation, corrosion, cassation, kurtosis, essence, but: poster, letter, official, etching, report."

In order to learn foreign words with doubled consonants, you need to at least make a list of them. There are now more than 300 such words in the collection of our site.List of words with doubled consonants and exercises that will help you quickly learn these words are contained in the course.

Examples

A ll igator

those pp asa - a word of Greek origin: te rr a - earth.

A tt ration

O kk upant

be ss O nn itza - doubling at the junctions of the prefix, root dream and suffix.

ra ss to fall

ss ora

What to look out for

• More than two identical consonants in a row are not written, even though this was required by the composition of the word, for example: quarrel (race + quarrel), Odessa (Odessa + Sky), Prussian (Prussian + Sky), five-ton (five-ton + ny).
• In words formed from stems ending in two identical consonants, double consonants before suffixes are preserved, for example: group - group, group; program - program, software; kilowatt - kilowatt; Calcutta - Calcutta; class - cool; Hun - Hun; point (unit of measure, assessment) - five-point, Gallus - Gallic; libretto - librettist. But it is written: crystal (although crystal), Finnish, Finnish (although Finn), column (although column), five-ton (although ton), operetta (although operetta).
• Read a separate article about the choice of H and HH. Н and НН in all parts of speech.
• Sometimes foreign words, having become Russified, lose their second consonant. So the word office, which entered the Russian language along with business in the 90s of the 20th century, was first written with a double FF (as in the English word), but quite quickly people began to use it with one F. The word traffic is now written with one, then with two f.

There are no double consonants in the words:

grimace, dealer, gallery, corridor, aluminum, play, drama, dramatic, galley, furor, race, masons, operetta, literate, headmistress, tremble, quantity, caricature, crystal, column, cavalry, cymbals, emigration, wolverine, problem, producer, actress, rope, ammunition, stagecoach, sonata, stele, climbing wall, comic, rigging.