^ GETTING READY FOR CONTROL WORK

IN RUSSIAN
PREDICATE

SIMPLE VERB PREDICT
Predicate- this is the main member of the sentence, which usually agrees with the subject (in number, person or gender) and has a meaning expressed in questions: what does the subject do? what happens to him? what is he? what is he? who is he?

The predicate expresses the grammatical meaning of one of the moods (indicative mood - present, past, future tense; conditional mood, imperative mood).

^ Types of predicates:

Simple verbal predicate - PGS

Compound verbal predicate - GHS

Compound nominal predicate - SIS

A simple verbal predicate (PGS) can be expressed in one word and more than one word.

1 . Verb in the form of any mood	Coming gloomymorning . It has come gloomymorning. Sergey will do to the theater school. He with pleasurewould leave to the village. write down homework.
2 . Independent infinitive	Live - homelandserve.
3 . Interjectional verb forms (truncated forms of a verb like bam, grab, jump )	Girlfriend everyone here is quietsense girlfriend.
4. Phraseological turnover with the main word - a verb in conjugated form	Team won in the championship. He againchasing a quitter .
5 . Conjugated verb + modal particle ( yes, let, let, let's, let's, it was like, like, like, like, exactly, hardly, almost, just and etc.)	Let's I I will go with you. Let him leave with Father. Yes, they will dream you are sweetdreams . He was gone to the door, but suddenly stopped. In the roomas if it smelled cinder. He as if dumbfounded from fear. He nearly died with grief. He just didn't tumble trying to make the audience laugh. He almost freaked out from happiness.

!!! NOTE!

1) Form of complex future tense ( will write; will sing etc.) is a simple verbal predicate;

2) as if, as if, as if, exactly, as if with the predicate - modal particles, not comparative conjunctions, therefore do not put a comma before them(subject and predicate are never separated by a comma!);

3) modal particle was denotes an action that has begun, but not completed due to any reasons, unforeseen circumstances, and commas(unlike introductory words, it happens, it happened with the meaning of regular repetition of the action) not highlighted.

Wed: ^ He used to not appear in the village for weeks;

4) in order to distinguish a simple verbal predicate, expressed by a phraseological unit, from a compound nominal predicate, one should remember:

a) phraseologism often can be replaced with one word:

to win - win; to have meaning - to mean; make a promise - make a promise give an order - order, etc .;

b) in a simple verbal predicate-phraseologism, the verb cannot be replaced by a connective to be, but in a compound nominal predicate it can.

Wed: ^ He hung his nose (PGS) - it is impossible: He was a nose; She sat tired (SIS) - She was tired; He was born happy (HIS) - He was happy.

NOTE

In speech (especially colloquial) there may be various kinds of complicated simple verb predicates with expressive meaning. The most common among them are the following:
1) a combination of two verb forms with a particle so (I made you so happy!);

2) verb combination go with another verb in the same form (I'll go call my mother);

3) verb combination take with another verb in the same form in conjunction with particles yes, yes and, and (I'll take it and leave tomorrow for the village; I'll take it and leave- these are not homogeneous predicates (!), but one; and in this case - a particle, not a union);

4) combination of a verb with particles yes how, know (to yourself), well, so, to yourself (And Ivanushka, know yourself, hold on; I cried out like that);

5) a combination of a verb with a single-root form of an adverbial type (He eats her; she roars roaringly).
^ Complicated types of simple verbal predicate

^ Sample parsing

Myaffairs go uphill .

They go uphill - simple verbal predicate; expressed by a verbal phraseological unit in the present tense of the indicative mood.

to forget about everything.

to forget - simple verbal predicate; expressed by the verb in the conditional mood.

 FIXING.
Exercise 1. Highlight the grammatical basis in each sentence. Disassemble the subjects and predicates according to the plan.
1. I have been fishing all morning (Paustovsky). 2. Decayed leaves lay at the bottom of the lake (Paustovsky). 3. There is something evening in all sounds (M. Gorky). 4. The old woman rushed after her son (Grigorovich). 5. So she roars all day long (Chekhov). 6. So I'll take and sell the top three! (Chekhov). 7. His words again touched Valitsky for the living (Chakovsky). 8. I'll go call my mother (Chekhov). 9. And you cry right now (A.N. Tolstoy). 10. Through the bare brown branches of trees, the still sky peacefully whitens (Turgenev). 11. Brother stood up for me (Marshak). 12. I will also sing for a long time (Yesenin). 13. The day seemed to be dozing (Paustovsky). 14. Your lie in all nine years is standing across my throat (Chekhov). 15. The first weeks of sailing brought disappointment (Paustovsky). 16. Each friend here is quietly talking about a friend (Krylov). 17. Here he is - to scold me (M. Gorky). 18. Don't be offended, Emelya (Chekhov). 19. Let them leave Godunov (Pushkin). 20. Let readers know this mistake of mine (M. Gorky). 21. Suddenly the old mother - walk into the room (Turgenev). 22. Take your father to her and become attached (Turgenev). 23. Olya Nechaeva will bite her elbows from remorse (Kataev). 24. The Kulumbe (Arseniev) River originates from here. 25. A member of the French Assembly probed the ground with Krasin, ascertaining the possibility of trade with Russia (Mogilevsky).
^ COMPOSITE VERB PREDICT
Compound predicates- these are predicates in which the lexical meaning and grammatical meaning (time and mood) are expressed in different words. Lexical meaning expressed in the main part, andgrammatical meaning (time and inclination) - in the auxiliary part.

Wed: Hesang (PGS). - Hestarted singing (GHS)

The compound verb predicate (CGS) consists of two parts:

A) auxiliary part(verb in conjugated form) expresses grammatical meaning (time and mood);

b) main part(indefinite form of the verb - infinitive) expresses lexical meaning.

^ GHS = auxiliary verb + infinitive

For example: I started to sing; I want to sing; I'm afraid to sing.

However, not every combination of a conjugated verb with an infinitive is a compound verbal predicate! In order for such a combination to be a compound verbal predicate, two conditions:

The auxiliary verb must be lexically ambiguous, that is, it alone (without the infinitive) is not enough to understand what the sentence is about.

Wed: I started - what to do?; I want what to do?
If in the combination "verb + infinitive" significant verb , then he alone is a simple verbal predicate, and the infinitive is a secondary member of the sentence.

Wed .: She sat down (for what purpose?) to rest.
The action of the infinitive must refer to the subject (this is the subject infinitive). If the action of the infinitive refers to another member of the sentence (objective infinitive), then the infinitive is not part of the predicate, but is a minor member.

1. I want to sing. I want to sing compound verb predicate (I want - I, I will sing - I).

2. I asked her to sing. Requested- simple verbal predicate , sing - addition (asked - I asked(about what?) her, she will sing).

MEANING	^ TYPICAL VERBS AND PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS	EXAMPLES
1. Phase (beginning, continuation, end of action)	Start, become, start off, continue, finish, stay, stop, quit, stop, etc.	^ Hebegan to prepare to departure. Hecontinued to prepare to departure. Hefinished writing book.
2. Modal meaning (necessity, desirability, ability, predisposition, emotional evaluation of the action, etc.)	To be able, to be able, to wish, to want, to dream, to intend, to refuse, to try, to try, to count, to be able, to contrive, to try, to assume, to get used to, to hasten, to be shy, to endure, to love, to hate, to be afraid, to be afraid, to be cowardly, to be ashamed, to set a goal , burn with desire, have honor, etc.	II can sing . II want to sing . Iafraid to sing . II like to sing . Iashamed to sing . II hope to sing this aria.

Plan for parsing a compound verb predicate

1. 
   Specify the type of predicate.
2. 
   Indicate how the main part is expressed (subjective infinitive); what is the meaning of the auxiliary part (phase, modal) and what form of the verb it is expressed.

Sample parsing

Hare started running from a hunter.
Started to run - compound verb predicate. The main part (to run) is expressed by the subjective infinitive. The auxiliary part (started) has a phase meaning and is expressed by the verb in the past tense of the indicative mood.
 FIXING.

Exercise 1. Highlight the grammatical foundations of the sentences. Disassemble simple and compound verbal predicates according to the plan.

1. He was afraid to go to the doctors (Paustovsky). 2. A footman came to call me to the princess (Lermontov). 3. The old woman went to fuss about leaving (Grigorovich). 4. He asked me to work on leaving (Chakovsky). 5. The great national poet knows how to make both the master and the peasant speak in their language (Belinsky). 6. I try to teach them respect for their native land (Paustovsky). 7. Under no effort can a person be able to convey the charm of this day (Paustovsky). 8. In Moscow, I will neither see you, nor write to you, nor call (Paustovsky). 9. Rare drops of rain began to pound heavily on the ground (Paustovsky). 10. The autumn rain will drizzle for a long time (Paustovsky). 11. And as if in response to her words, a rare and warm rain quietly begins to rustle along the river and bushes (Paustovsky). 12. Behind the gate, dense, neglected alleys immediately began (Paustovsky). 13. Ominous rumors began to circulate about the need not only for literacy, but also for other sciences, hitherto unheard of in that everyday life (Goncharov). 14. They continued to sniff, doze and yawn for decades (Goncharov). 15. The sea at times completely stopped making noise (Paustovsky). 16. And the blizzard, as if mocking, did not want to let up (Lavrenev). 17. Antonenko ordered people to leave the barge (Konetsky). 18. I will not allow you to speak badly about life in my presence (Lukonin). 19. Tagilov didn't go to have breakfast (Dicharov). 20. She did not even have time to say hello to him (Fedin).

^ COMPOSITE NOMINAL PREDICT
Compound nominal predicate (CIS) consists of two parts:

A) auxiliary part – bundle(verb in conjugated form) expresses grammatical meaning (time and inclination);

b) main part - the nominal part (name, adverb) expresses lexical meaning.

SIS \u003d link + nominal part

For example: He was a doctor; He became a doctor; He was ill; He was sick; He was wounded; He came first.
^ TYPES OF CONNECTING VERBS

Link type by value	Typical verbs	Examples
1. Grammatical link - expresses only grammatical meaning (time, mood), has no lexical meaning.	Verbs to be, to be. link in present tense be usually stands in the zero form ("zero copula"): the absence of a copula indicates the present tense of the indicative mood.	^ Hewas a doctor . Hewill be a doctor . Hedoctor . Hewas sick . Hewill be healthy . Hesick . Heis sick . LyricsThere is the highestmanifestation art.
2. Semi-notional copula - not only expresses the grammatical meaning, but also introduces additional shades into the lexical meaning of the predicate, but cannot be an independent predicate (in that meaning).	a) the emergence or development of a sign: become, become, become, become; b) preservation of the sign: stay; c) manifestation, detection of a sign: to be, to be; d) assessment of the sign from the point of view of reality: to appear, to appear, to be presented, to be considered, to be known; e) the name of the sign: to be called, to be called, to be revered.	^ Hebecame ill . Hestayed sick . Hebeen sick every autumn. Heturned out to be sick . Heconsidered sick . Heseemed sick . Heis sick . Hereputed to be sick . Theircalled sick.
3. Significant link - a verb with a full lexical meaning (one can act as a predicate).	a) Verbs of position in space: sit, lie, stand; b) verbs of motion: go, come, return, wander; c) state verbs: live, work, be born, die.	^ Shesat tired . Heleft angry . Hereturned frustrated. Helived as a hermit . Heborn happy. Hedied a hero .

Verb be can act as an independent simple verbal predicate in sentences with the meaning of being or having:

^ He had three sons; He had a lot of money.

Verbs become, becomes, turn out etc. can also be independent simple verbal predicates, but in a different meaning:

^ He ended up in the center of the city; He stood against the wall.

The most difficult to analyze are compound nominal predicates with a significant copula, because usually such verbs are independent predicates. (cf .: He was sitting at the window). If the verb becomes a link, then its meaning is less important than the meaning of the name associated with the verb (He was sitting tired; it is more important that he was tired than that he was sitting rather than standing or lying down.)

To combination "significant verb + name" was a compound nominal predicate, the following conditions must be met:

• 
  the significant verb can be replaced by the grammatical connective be:

^ He sat tired - He was tired; He was born happy - He was happy; He came first - He was first;

• 
  the link can be made null:

^ He sat tired - He is tired; He was born happy - He is happy; He came first - He is the first.

If the verb has dependent forms of the full adjective, participle, ordinal number (answers the question which one?), then it is always a compound nominal predicate (sit tired, left upset, came first). The parts of such a compound nominal predicate are not separated by commas!

^ WAYS OF EXPRESSING THE NOMINAL PART

FORMS	EXAMPLES
Noun
1.1. Noun in nominative or instrumental case	He is mineBrother . Hewas minebrother .
1.2. Noun in the indirect case with or without a preposition	Navigatorwas in oblivion . Ipenniless . This house -Meshkov .
1.3. A whole phrase with the main word - a noun in the genitive case (with the meaning of a qualitative assessment)	son-in-lawwas a silent breed . This girltall .
2. Adjective
2.1. short adjective	Heoars. Hebecame cheerful.
2.2. Full adjective in the nominative or instrumental case	Hefunny. Hebecame cheerful .
2.3. Comparative or superlative adjective	Here the sound of musicwere more audible . Youthe best .
3. Communion
3.1. Brief Communion	Heinjured. glasswere broken .
3.2. Full participles in the nominative or instrumental case	glasswere broken . glasswere broken .
^ 4. Pronoun or whole phrase with the main word pronoun	All fish-your . Thissomething new .
^ 5. Numerals in the nominative or instrumental case	Their hut -third on the edge. Their hutwas the third on the edge.
6. Adverb	Iwas alert . His daughterMarried behind my brother.

!!! NOTE!

1) Even if the predicate consists of one word - a name or an adverb (with zero bond) , it is always a compound nominal predicate;

2) short adjectives and participles are always part of a compound nominal predicate ;

3) nominative and instrumental cases - the main case forms of the nominal part of the predicate;

4) the nominal part of the predicate can be expressed whole phrase in the same cases as the subject.
The most common mistakes when parsing a compound nominal predicate :

1. The short form of the adjective and especially the participle is taken as a verb, so the predicate is mistakenly considered a simple verb. In order not to be mistaken, put the predicate in the past tense: the suffix -l appears in the verb, and the short adjective or participle will have a bunch was (was, was, were).

For example:

^ He is sick (PGS). - He was sick;

He is sick (SIS). - He was ill;

City taken (SIS). The city has been taken.

2. The short adjective of the middle gender (the nominal part of the predicate) is confused with the adverb in -o. In order not to be mistaken, pay attention to the form of the subject:

If there is no subject (the sentence is one-part), then the nominal part of the predicate is an adverb.

^ Wed: The sea is calm;

If the subject is an infinitive, a feminine, masculine noun, a plural noun, then the nominal part of the predicate is an adverb:

^ Living is good; Life is good; Children are good;

If the subject is a neuter noun, change the number of the subject or substitute another subject - a feminine or masculine noun: the form of the adverb will not change; the ending of the short adjective will change; you can also replace the short adjective with a full one.

^ Compare: The sea is calm (SIS; the nominal part is expressed by a short adjective). - The river is calm; The seas are calm; The sea is calm).

3. The nominal part of the predicate, expressed by the full adjective, participle, ordinal number, is mistakenly parsed as a minor member - a definition. In order not to be mistaken, pay attention to the word from which the question is raised what? to the given name.

If the question is posed from the subject or object, then this is the definition.

Wed: she haswas red (what?)dress ; red - definition.

If the question is what? is placed from the verb, then this is the nominal part of the predicate.

^ Compare: Her dresswas (which?)red ; red is the nominal part of the predicate.

If there is no verb in the sentence, then pay attention to the word order:

• 
  definition usually comes before the subject noun.

^ Compare: She has a red dress;

• 
  nominal part of the predicate usually comes after the subject noun.

Cf .: Her dress is red.

4 . The nominal part of the predicate, expressed by a noun, a pronoun in the nominative case, is often confused with the subject. It is especially difficult to distinguish between the subject and the predicate if both members are expressed in the nominative case.

To distinguish between subject and predicate expressed in the nominative case, consider the following:

The subject usually precedes the verb:

^ Moscow is capital of Russia; The capital of Russia is Moscow.

However, in Russian, the predicate can also precede the subject.

Compare: Good man Ivan Ivanovich;

The demonstrative particle stands or can be placed before the predicate:

^ Moscow is the capital of Russia; Moscow is the capital of Russia; Ivan Ivanovich is a good person.

Note that in sentences like: This is good; This is my brother – This is a subject expressed by a demonstrative pronoun in the nominative case;

The subject can only be expressed in the nominative case; the predicate has two main case forms - the nominative and instrumental cases. If you put a link in a sentence be past tense ( was, was, was, were ) or a bunch of appear, then the form of the nominative case of the predicate will change to the form of the instrumental, and for the subject it will remain the same.

^ Compare: Moscow was the capital of Russia; Moscow is the capital of Russia; Ivan Ivanovich was a good man; Ivan Ivanovich is a good person.

Plan for parsing a compound nominal predicate

1. 
   Specify the type of predicate.
2. 
   Indicate how the nominal part is expressed, in what form the linking verb is.

Sample parsing

Life - ThisFine .
Fine - compound nominal predicate. The nominal part is well expressed by the adverb; the grammatical link to be is in the zero form; zero connective indicates the present tense of the indicative mood.
I came first .
Came first - compound nominal predicate. The nominal part of the first is expressed by the ordinal number in the nominative case; the significant copula came is expressed by the verb in the past tense of the indicative mood.
^ Thisboy medium height .
Medium height - compound nominal predicate. The nominal part of the average height is expressed as a whole phrase with the main word - a noun in the genitive case; the grammatical link to be is in the zero form; zero connective indicates the present tense of the indicative mood.

 FIXING.

Exercise 1. Highlight the grammatical foundations of the sentences. Disassemble the predicates according to the plan.

1. The last door was closed (Bondarev). 2. Alyoshka and Aleksashka once came to dinner cheerful (A.N. Tolstoy). 3. The office is for Shura the Enchanted Kingdom (Mamin-Sibiryak). 4. For an hour she lay motionless (Lermontov). 5. Husband and wife are the most respectable people (Pushkin). 6. All the fish is yours (Soloukhin). 7. The air is clean and fresh, like the kiss of a child (Lermontov). 8. To yield is shameful (Tendryakov). 9. In the lower grades of the gymnasium, I was very short (Veresaev). 10. The word is the clothing of all facts, all thoughts (M. Gorky). 11. How out of place this memory was (Chekhov). 12. All phenomena of nature are dressed in words by the work of our mind (M. Gorky).
Task 2. Highlight the grammatical foundations of the sentences. Which of these predicates are simple and which are compound? Justify your answer.

1. And the sailor walked wounded, tired (Semerin). 2. A wet, tired horse dutifully follows me on occasion (Bunin). 3. In early August, the heat is often unbearable (Turgenev). 4. He stood sideways to her, pulling his hat over his forehead (Turgenev). 5. Apparently, I was born like this (Bunin). 6. From the second wife, two girls were born to the forester (Isakovsky). 7. The whole story turned out to be stupid nonsense (A. Ostrovsky). 8. In an instant, the sleigh was over the cliff (Markov). 9. The rain during the summer was medium-sized and warm (Soloukhin). 10. Warm rain falls in the dark (Berholz).
Task 3. Highlight the grammatical foundations of the sentences. Explain the distinction between subject and predicate.
1. Are all people buyers and sellers for you? (M. Gorky). 2. What am I? (M. Gorky). 3. Well, you are funny! (M. Gorky). 4. Clever little thing - the human mind (M. Gorky). 5. The need to simplify is our childhood disease (M. Gorky). 6. What happiness is to be able to do everything (M. Gorky). 7. Accuracy and certainty are one of the most important and essential qualities and conditions of true poetry (Belinsky). 8. The deer was born as spotted as the mother (Prishvin). 9. A remarkable property of Valetka was his incomprehensible indifference to everything in the world (Turgenev). 10. The book had a lot of color pictures covered with tissue paper (Paustovsky). 11. I woke up on a hard carriage bench, all stiff from stiffness and morning cold (Bunin). 12. The next day, early in the morning, I ordered to lay my carriage (Turgenev). 13. I went to wander around a small, once fruity, now wild garden (Turgenev). 14. I began to look with tension into the twilight of the moonlight, covered with vapors of light (Turgenev). 15. Annushka stood pale against the wall (Paustovsky).

Predicate Definition

The predicate is the main member of the sentence, which denotes what is being said about the subject of speech (the subject of speech in the sentence denotes the subject). The predicate usually agrees with the subject and answers the general question: what is said about the subject?(In most cases, more specific questions can be posed to the predicate - what does the subject do? what happens to him? what is he? what is he? who is he? and etc.) To me will be remembered melting snow this bitter and early spring.(what does it say about snowmelt?) . Child goes barefoot on the path bears strawberries in an open basket(What is the child doing?). Like a golden bird trembles fire in the dark(what happens to fire?). AND yellowish And red last quarter moon(what is the moon?). We are an early test of nature(what are we?) . I am a fisherman(Who am i?) , and the nets were carried away to the sea.(A.A. Tarkovsky)

Exercise. Find the predicates and highlight them.

Sir, I am a hat and hat craftsman. I make the best hats and caps in the world. I have been working for you all night today, sir, and wept like a child with grief. It's such a tragic, special style. It's an invisibility hat. As soon as you put it on, you will disappear, and the poor master will never know whether it suits you or not. Take it, just don't try it on with me. I won't take it! (E.L. Schwartz)

Answer. Sir, I am a hat and hat business master. I do the best hats and caps in the world. Tonight I'm up all night have worked on you, sir, and cried like a child, with grief. It's so tragic, special style. This invisible hat. As soon as you put on, and disappear and the poor master forever won't recognize, goes she to you or not. take, only don't try on with me. I am this I can't bear! (E.L. Schwartz)

Lexical and grammatical meaning of the predicate

Each predicate has lexical and grammatical meanings. The lexical meaning of the predicate is the name of the action (On that familiar mountain a hundred times a day I I come. V.A. Zhukovsky), states (Already turns pale day, hiding behind the mountain. V.A. Zhukovsky), quality (Like the sun behind the mountain captivating sunset... Silent And sad dear Svetlana. V.A. Zhukovsky), a generic concept (Love There is sky gift. V.A. Zhukovsky) and etc.
The grammatical meaning of the predicate is tense and mood.
Lexical and grammatical meanings can be expressed in one word, or they can be in two or more words.

Simple verb predicate

A predicate in which lexical and grammatical meanings are expressed in one word - a verb in the form of some mood - is called a simple verb. Grasshopper in the meadow chirp in his protective cape.(A.A. Tarkovsky) - exc. inc., present temp. Sergei Sergeyevich, I I'll go And will wait you in the office.(A.S. Griboedov) - rev. incl., bud. temp. (the first verb is in the form of the future simple, the second is in the future compound; both predicates are simple verbs). My father's house is still in the spring of my days left I.(V.A. Zhukovsky) - exc. inc., past time You fellow boys take a horse. (A.S. Pushkin) - pov. incl. I never would not know you, would not know bitter agony...(A.S. Pushkin) - conditional. incl.
A simple verbal predicate can be expressed by a phraseological phrase, which includes a verb in any mood. deceased With went crazy eight times.(A.S. Griboyedov) Hussar Pykhtin visited us; how he was seduced by Tanya, how crumbled like a petty demon! (A.S. Pushkin)

Simple verbs also include predicates that do not have a formal indicator of mood, tense and grammatical subordination to the subject. These are predicates, expressed

truncated verb forms: push, grab, bang etc. ... Lighter shadows Tatiana jump into other passages, from the porch to the yard...(A.S. Pushkin); And you, madam, a little out of bed jump, with a man! with the young!(A.S. Griboyedov); ... And Prince Gvidon from the shore with a sad soul accompanies their long-distance run; look- a white swan swims over flowing waters.(A.S. Pushkin); I hurry here grab, touched the threshold with his foot and stretched out to his full height.(A.S. Griboyedov); But princess in both hands grab- caught.(A.S. Pushkin);

infinitive in the meaning of the indicative mood: And the queen laugh, and shoulders shake, And wink with eyes, and snap fingers, and twirl, akimbo, proudly looking in the mirror.(A.S. Pushkin)

It happens that in simple verbal predicates verbal forms of one mood are used in the meaning of another; then there are additional semantic shades. For example, in a sentence She does not notice him, as he don't fight, though die (A.S. Pushkin) the form of the imperative mood is used in the meaning of the indicative (cf. no matter how he fought), but with the additional meaning of conditional (cf. no matter how he fights).
In a sentence ... Foot in the stirrup and rushing on a greyhound stallion; autumn wind blow either in front or behind(A.S. Griboyedov) the imperative mood in the meaning of the indicative creates an additional shade of possibility (the wind can blow from anywhere - it will not interfere with anything).

Compound verb predicate

A compound verb predicate consists of an auxiliary verb and a verb in an indefinite form (in the infinitive). The main lexical meaning is expressed by the verb in the infinitive, and the auxiliary verb expresses the general grammatical meanings of mood, tense, person, as well as additional meanings.

In a compound verbal predicate, auxiliary verbs of two types can be used:

phase(indicating the beginning, continuation, or end of an action): to begin, to become, to continue, to finish, to cease, to cease, to quit. Oh my god! What will speak Princess Marya Aleksevdasya, and people can deceive

on the!(A.S. Griboyedov);

I said something - he started laughing. (A.S. Griboyedov);

modal(with the meaning of possibility, desire, etc.): be able, want, wish, prepare, strive, decide, be able and etc. He's nice knows how to laugh everyone. With him not swept away I die uh, you have ask, on you take a look. We, Alexei Stepanych, with you failed to say two words. Ranks by people

to be. Ah, Chatsky! love you are all jokes dress... (A.S. Griboyedov) Chichikov, as we have seen, made up his mind at all don't stand on ceremony... I thought it was for the night guess on the cards after the prayer...(N.V. Gogol) But why with a rhymer to roam across the wide world in defiance of the elements and the mind so I want to and at the poet's hour of death? I have done so little for the future, but I only yearn for the future and don't want to start at first...(A.A. Tarkovsky)

The modal meaning can be expressed not only by auxiliary verbs, but also by some short adjectives and participles, adverbs (words of the state category), nouns: glad, must, ready, obligated, capable, forced, necessary, possible, impossible, master, able, able etc. Molchalin for others himself ready to forget. She did not give birth, but, according to my calculation, should give birth. And you glorify This glad? After all need and depend from others. Not a craftswoman I'm a regiment distinguish. (A.S. Griboyedov)
In this case, the grammatical meaning of the mood and tense is expressed by the linking verb be in the right form, so that the predicate consists of 3 words: 1) bundles; 2) an auxiliary component expressed by a short adjective or participle, adverb, noun; 3) a verb in an indefinite form (the absence of a link, as in the examples above, indicates the present tense of the indicative mood; it is more correct to say that in such sentences the link is zero). Entering the hall, Chichikov had for a minute screw up eyes, because the shine from candles, lamps and ladies' dresses was terrible. ... Alcides, closing his eyes and opening his mouth, was ready to sob in the most miserable way, but, feeling that it was easy could have lost dishes, brought his mouth to its former position and began to gnaw a mutton bone with tears. Fetinya, as you can see, was a whipper e feathers. The coachman, noticing that one of them was big hunter become on the heels, whipped him with a whip ...(N.V. Gogol)
The compound verb predicate may have a complicated form; in this case, in addition to the infinitive of the main verb, the infinitive of the auxiliary verb is used: In my summers should not dare your judgment have. (A.S. Griboyedov)

Exercises

1. Find compound verb predicates.

How I want to breathe into a poem
This whole world changing shape...

I'm afraid it's too late
I began to dream of happiness.

I won't sleep on New Year's Eve
I will start a new notebook today.

I wrote down a long address on a piece of paper,
He couldn't say goodbye, and he held the paper in his hand.
The light spread over the cobblestones. On eyelashes, and on fur,
And wet snow began to fall on gray gloves.

(A.A. Tarkovsky)

Answer:I want to breathe in, I began to dream, I could not say goodbye, I began to fall.

Predicate I will not sleep simple verb, because is the future compound tense of the verb. Verb start can be mistaken for a phase auxiliary, but there is no indefinite verb in the sentence, so start- a simple verbal predicate.

2. Find simple and compound verb predicates.

They saw a young nobleman beating a servant with something. The whole appearance of the stranger was remarkable, but the first thing that caught my eye was his huge nose. "What do you allow yourself?" the philosopher asked sternly and heard in response: “I want to listen to the lectures of the great Gassendi, and this whip has spread out on my way. But, I swear by my nose, I will listen to this most intelligent person, even if I have to pierce this fool or someone else with a sword! Gassendi's voice warmed noticeably: “Well, perhaps I can help you. What is your name, young man?" - "Savignon de Cyrano de Bergerac, poet," the guest answered proudly. (A.L. Tsukanov)

Answer: simple verbs - saw, caught the eye(stable expression), allow me, I heard, I spread myself, I will listen, I warmed up, they call me, I answered; compound verbs - want to listen, have to pierce, able to help.

It is important to draw students' attention to the fact that not every combination of a conjugated verb and an infinitive is a compound verb predicate. In a sentence Here began He to yawn And ordered take yourself to your room(N.V. Gogol) the first predicate is a compound verb (the phase verb in the past tense + the main verb in the infinitive), and the second is a simple verb; infinitive action take away, does not refer to the subject, but to some other person, a servant or an innkeeper, so the infinitive take away performs the complementary function here. In a sentence He went look at the river flowing in the middle of the city(N.V. Gogol) infinitive of purpose take a look is a circumstance with a simple verbal predicate expressed by the verb of motion.

3.

One young Athenian went to court. He claimed that his decrepit father had lost his mind and was therefore incapable of managing the family's property. The old man did not make excuses - he only read the just finished tragedy to the judges. After that, the dispute was immediately resolved in his favor, and the son was recognized as an unscrupulous liar. The tragedy was called "Oedipus in Colon", and the old man's name was Sophocles. (O. Levinskaya)

1) went to court- simple verb
2) survived- simple verb
3) unable to manage- compound verb;
4) did not- a simple verb.

Answer: 3.

Compound nominal predicate

In a compound nominal predicate, there is a verbal connective that expresses the grammatical meaning, and the main (nominal) component is words or phrases of different parts of speech (most often nouns or adjectives), which contain the lexical meaning of the predicate.

As a link in a compound nominal predicate, the verb is most often used be in the form of an inclination. He is in Rome would be Brutus, in Athens - Pericles (A.S. Pushkin) - conditional. incl. In a harsh lot be stubborn, be gloomy,poor And bent... (N.S. Gumilyov) - command. incl. His voice was a song fire and earth...(N.S. Gumilyov) - will express. incl., past temp. destructive will be crushed, overturned broken tiles...(N.S. Gumilyov) - will express. incl., bud. temp.
Present tense verb be usually absent; in other words, the link is zero: Not sinful he is nothing, you are a hundred times more sinful. Liar He, gambler, thief. (A.S. Griboedov) However, there is also a copula in the present tense of the verb be: Daughter of hell, malice There is sodetel countless cruel misfortunes.(V.A. Zhukovsky) Thought spoken there is a lie. (F.I. Tyutchev)
In a compound nominal predicate, other linking verbs can also be used: appear, remain, become, become, become, be considered, be called, appear, turn out, appear and so on.; they differ in meaning. Our estate was called a farm, - farm Kamenka, - main estate our was considered Zadonsk, where my father often and for a long time left, and on the farm there was little, domestic small.
All in all more striking in the city of wax.
Then my childhood life becomes more diverse . (I.A. Bunin)
have become our generals funny, loose, well-fed, white. Atrocities are large and serious often are called brilliant... Atrocities are small and comic are called shameful... (M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin) AND Seems at all not difficult, whitening in the thicket of emerald, the road will not say where.(A.A. Akhmatova)

It can be difficult to correctly determine the boundaries of the predicate and its form if the sentence contains a verb be in conjugated form. It is necessary to remind students that this verb can be not only a link in a compound nominal predicate. If it is used in the sense of "to be", "to be", "to occur", then it is a simple verbal predicate in the sentence. Yesterday was ball, and tomorrow will two.(A.S. Griboyedov) Left was gloomy forest, to the right - the Yenisei.(N.A. Nekrasov) Here were relatives of those who have gone to where I myself was in a hurry. (N.A. Nekrasov)
Verb be not used as an auxiliary in a compound verb predicate: will fly, we will remember - this is the compound future tense of the verb and, therefore, in the sentence it is a simple verbal predicate. We we will remember and in the cold of Lethe, that the earth cost us ten heavens.(O.E. Mandelstam)

The nominal part of the compound nominal predicate is usually

short adjectives and participles – house greenery painted (participle) in the form of a grove. Myself fat (adjective) , its artists skinny (adjective) (A.S. Griboyedov);

nouns in the nominative or instrumental case – Deceased was venerable chamberlain. (A.S. Griboyedov) matrimony us it will be flour. (A.S. Pushkin) lace, stone, be And become a web... (O.E. Mandelstam);

full adjectives in the nominative or instrumental case -After all crazy your father...(A.S. Griboyedov) Am I real and will death really come? At such moments and air to me it seems kareem... (O.E. Mandelstam) I I won't more young. (S.A. Yesenin);

adjectives in the comparative or superlative degree – Ah, evil tongues scarier pistol. Well, constant taste in husbands most expensive! (A.S. Griboyedov)

In addition, the nominal part of the predicate can be expressed by prepositional-case forms of the noun – And I'm in front of her V unpaid debt. (A.A. Tarkovsky) Mind with heart out of tune. (A.S. Griboyedov); pronoun – Like all Moscow, your father such is... my custom such: signed, so off your shoulders.(A.S. Griboyedov); adverb – After all, I told her a few akin. (A.S. Griboyedov); infinitive – His joy is in the woods wander behind the animals.(V.A. Zhukovsky); phraseological turn – He out of your mind. Dearest! You not at ease. (A.S. Griboyedov)
The nominal part can be expressed by a phrase, the main lexical meaning of which is contained not in the main, but in the dependent word. All the old ladies people are angry. He conspicuous person... My husband - lovely husband... Ball good thing, bondage is bitter.(A.S. Griboyedov)
The nominal part may include unions as, as if, as if etc., introducing the meaning of comparison into the predicate. Your every verse like a bowl poison, What's up burned by sin.(A.A. Tarkovsky)

Exercise.Find compound nominal predicates.

Vaska Pechenkin's favorite pastime is kite-flying. From this peaceful occupation, he made himself a robbery. When his kite is released, Vaska feels like the only master of the sky, and in front of him our poor snakes are like sparrows in front of a kite. The Pechenkin Serpent is powerful and huge. (K.I. Chukovsky)

Answer:letting go, let go, feels like a master, just like sparrows, powerful and huge.

A compound nominal predicate can have a complicated form if the connective is used in the infinitive and is complemented by a conjugated auxiliary verb that adds an additional meaning to the predicate. yes smart person can't be a rogue. (A.S. Griboyedov) Those who think that only those scribblers can be considered worthy citizens koi, mad with fear, sit in holes and tremble.(M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin) So don't try to be smart ... (O.E. Mandelstam)
There are predicates in which the lexical meaning is expressed not only by the nominal part, but also by the full-fledged verb used instead of the copula. As a rule, it is a verb of movement or state: He will raise a cloud of dust, rustle with paper foliage and will not return at all - or he will return at all another. (O.E. Mandelstam) In this sentence, it is equally important that he (rhythm or wind) will return (it would be a simple verbal predicate), and that he will become different (compound nominal). And you sat sad (A.S. Pushkin) (sat and was sad). In school textbooks, such predicates are called a kind of compound nominal predicates.

Exercises

1. Find simple verbal predicates expressed by 1) the verb be in the required form; 2) phraseological turnover; 3) compound nominal predicate with a linking verb be.

The bear cub was quite tall, with intelligent eyes, with a black muzzle, and he lived in a booth in the lyceum yard. It belonged to General Zakharzhevsky, the manager of the Tsarskoye Selo Palace and the palace garden. Every morning, the lyceum students saw how, about to go around, the general patted the bear cub on the head, and he tried to break free from the chain and follow him.
And then one day, before the eyes of the lyceum students, an event occurred that brought the bear cub into the political history of the lyceum.
General Zakharzhevsky, passing by the booth one day, to his horror, found that the booth was empty: the bear cub had broken the chain. They began to look - unsuccessfully: there was no bear cub in the yard or in the garden. The general lost his head: two steps away was the palace garden... (Yu.N. Tynyanov)

Answer: 1) ... neither in the yard nor in the garden of a bear cub did not have; two steps away was palace garden; 2) lost his head; 3) was quite tall, with intelligent eyes, with a black muzzle ....

2. Find 1) compound verb predicates; 2) compound nominal predicate.

Alexander the Great with a sword walked through Persia, subjugated Egypt, reached the shores of the Indian Ocean. On the vast territory of the state he formed, the Greek language was established. On its basis, Latin writing arose in the second century BC. For about a thousand years, Greek was the official language of the Byzantine Empire.
But in Western Europe it was only in the fourteenth century that the language of the great thinkers of antiquity began to be studied. Only then did he become a sign of learning for the enlightened people of his time.

(According to E. Vartanyan)

Answer:1) was the state language; became a sign 2) began to study.

3. Find the predicate that is highlighted and characterized incorrectly.

He was a thorough hare, he looked out for a daughter from a widow, from a hare, and wanted to marry. (M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin)

1) was thorough- compound nominal;
2) looked out- simple verb
3) wanted to marry- compound verb.

Answer: 1.

4. Find a predicate that is highlighted and characterized correctly.

He was an old servant beast, he knew how to build lairs and uproot trees; therefore, to some extent, he knew the art of engineering. (M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin)

1) was- simple verb
2) knew how to build- compound verb;
3) uproot- compound nominal;
4) knew art- compound noun.

Answer: 2.

Dash between subject and predicate in a simple sentence

A dash is often placed between the subject and the compound nominal predicate with a zero connective. The presence or absence of a dash is determined by what parts of speech the main terms are expressed and what words are in the sentence between them.
A dash is placed if the subject and predicate are expressed by nouns in the nominative case: Grushnitsky is a cadet. Nature is a fool, fate is a turkey, A life is a penny! My answer – title this book.(M.Yu. Lermontov) Love- saint keeper b il formidable fighter mental purity. Immortality... quiet bright shore; our path- to him aspiration. (V.A. Zhukovsky) Oh! My God! Am I one of those who target all life - laughter? (A.S. Griboyedov) The predicate can be expressed by a phrase with the main word - a noun in the nominative case: Taman – the ugliest town from all coastal cities of Russia.(M.Yu. Lermontov)
Before the predicate there can be words this, here, means; a dash is placed before these words: Learning is the plague, learning is the reason why today more than ever, crazy divorced people, and deeds, and opinions.(A.S. Griboyedov)
If there is a linking verb in the predicate, the dash is not put: providence was secret feeder is yours.(V.A. Zhukovsky) Expectation no violent death There is is it real disease? (M.Yu. Lermontov)
A dash is not put if there is between the subject and the predicate

particle (most common negative particle Not) : Sin is not a problem rumor is not good.(A.S. Griboyedov) But bad pun is no consolation for a Russian... Passion nothing but ideas in its first development...(M.Yu. Lermontov);

union (comparative or any other): Bazaar as a field, sown randomly either with rye, or with oats, or with buckwheat,(O.E. Mandelstam) At least our Kabardians or Chechens although robbers, naked, but desperate heads... (M.Yu. Lermontov);

introductory word: This Human, without a doubt, Jonah.

If the subject and predicate are expressed by nouns in the nominative case, but the predicate is in front of the subject, there is no dash between them: What a glorious place this valley is! Terrible beasts, these Asians!(M.Yu. Lermontov) (in these sentences the words valley And Asians are subject, and nice place And terrible beasts- predicates). In the replica of the heroine of the poem, V.A. Zhukovsky Prince of Kyiv is my parent subject parent, because she answers the question about herself, and not about the Kiev prince; hence the dash is not needed.

Exercise. Find among the sentences given with the preservation of the author's punctuation, one in which the punctuation marks comply with the rules.

1. ... And his saber is a real gourd: put it with a blade to your hand, it will dig into the body itself ...
2. Confess, however, that Maxim Maksimych is a man worthy of respect?
3. His arrival in the Caucasus is also a consequence of his romantic fanaticism...
4. My soldier's overcoat is like a seal of rejection.
5. ...Vera's husband, Semyon Vasilievich G...v, is a distant relative of Princess Ligovskaya.

(M.Yu. Lermontov)

A dash is placed between the subject and the predicate if one of the main members is expressed by a noun in the nominative case, and the other by a verb in an indefinite form (or a phrase with the main word - a verb in an indefinite form): You in the world to live is trouble... untested joy- by them live, for them breathe. Joy us - about the happiness of tears pour! Great, be wise- your definition... (V.A. Zhukovsky) Produce effect is their pleasure. His target – become a hero novel.(M.Yu. Lermontov)
It is also necessary to put a dash in the case when both main members of the sentence are expressed by verbs in an indefinite form: scientist learn- only spoil.

A dash is usually not put if the subject is expressed by a personal pronoun: I'm pathetic, I'm funny I'm ignorant,I'm a fool. (A.S. Griboyedov)
A dash is placed if both main members are expressed in the nominative case of a quantitative numeral (or turnover with a numeral) or one is in the nominative case of a quantitative numeral, and the other is in the nominative case of a noun: Wheel – one of the most ingenious inventions in the history of mankind. thrice three - nine.

Exercises

1. Find among the sentences given with the preservation of the author's punctuation, those in which the punctuation does not comply with the rules.

1. Alien hordes - food of swords... (V.A. Zhukovsky)
2. Oh my friend! The mind of all joys is the executioner! (V.A. Zhukovsky)
3. Love is self oblivion! (V.A. Zhukovsky)
4. All your troubles are dreams of the imagination... (V.A. Zhukovsky)
5. Dear friend, do you not hear that the crackling noise of life is only a distorted response of triumphant harmonies? (V.S. Solovyov)
6. I am a parrot from the Antilles... (N.S. Gumilyov)
7. She is not a pale wife, but a crowned goddess. (N.S. Gumilyov)
8. All of us, saints and thieves, from the altar and prison, we are all funny actors in the theater of the Lord God. (N.S. Gumilyov)
9. Star beam - like salt on an ax ... (O.E. Mandelstam)

Answer: 2, 5, 6, 8, 9.

2. Find the wrong statement.

A dash is not put between the subject and the predicate, expressed by nouns in the nominative case, if the predicate is preceded by

1) particle;
2) an agreed definition;
3) introductory word;
4) linking verb.

Answer: 2.

3. Find among the sentences given with the preservation of the author's punctuation, one in which the arrangement of punctuation marks corresponds to modern rules.

1. Werner is a wonderful person for many reasons.
2. Of two friends, one is always the slave of the other ...
3. According to local scientists, this failure is nothing but an extinct crater...
4. Perhaps you don't know what an "occasion" is? This is a cover, consisting of half a company of infantry and a cannon, with which carts go through Kabarda from Vladikavkaz to Ekaterinograd.
5. The history of the human soul, even the smallest soul, is almost more interesting and useful than the history of an entire people, especially when it is the result of observations of a mature mind over itself ...

(M.Yu. Lermontov)

Answer: 3.

4. Find among the sentences given with the preservation of the author's punctuation, one in which the placement of punctuation marks does not correspond to modern rules.

1. Yes, only he answered me that a wild Circassian woman should be happy having such a nice husband as he, because in their language he is still her husband, and that Kazbich is a robber who should have been punished.
2. One word is a whole story for us...
3. Ideas are organic creations...
4. Is it really, I thought, my only purpose on earth - to destroy other people's hopes?
5. Mountain rivers, the smallest, are dangerous, especially because their bottom is a perfect kaleidoscope...
6. I am like a person who yawns at a ball, who does not go to bed just because his carriage is not yet there.

(M.Yu. Lermontov)

Answer: 6.

It is worth drawing the attention of students to the fact that it is necessary to distinguish between sentences with the word This between subject and predicate: Irpin is a memory of people and summer, of freedom, of escape from bondage...(B.L. Pasternak) - and sentences where the pronoun This- the subject and between it and the predicate a dash is not put: This is truly a new miracle, it is, as before, spring again.(B.L. Pasternak)
The teacher should be prepared for the puzzled questions of students who have discovered that the rules for placing a dash between the subject and the predicate are very often violated in printed texts. There are at least two explanations for this. First, not all of the cases detailed in press handbooks are dealt with in schools. For example, reference books indicate that a dash should not be put if there is an adverb between the subject and the predicate: But this calmness is often a sign of great, though hidden strength...(M.Yu. Lermontov) Secondly, most formulations include the words as a rule, usually those. variable punctuation is allowed, the presence or absence of a dash is determined by intonation, the presence or absence of a pause, the need for logical selection. But in the examination papers, students and applicants should not deviate from the rules, copyright marks are considered as errors.

В 1. Indicate the number of the sentence in which the predicate is expressed by the name of the noun. _____________________
B 2. Write which members of the sentence are homogeneous members in sentence 3.

(1) Heracles is the favorite hero of the ancient Greeks. (2) A popular cycle of myths is devoted to his deeds. (3) Hercules is endowed with valor, courage, perseverance,

savvy. (4) These qualities helped the hero accomplish the twelve glorious deeds.
В 1. Indicate the number of the sentence in which the predicate is expressed by the name of the noun.

1 Find a sentence in which the subject is expressed by a phrase. A. The foliage of the birch alley was all transparent. B. Several Cossacks about

Savelitch stepped in.

B. It was scary to approach the beast.

D. Father and his brothers walked across the field.

2 Write the sentence with a simple verb predicate.

A. Nothing in life can knock us out of the saddle.

B. white sail from the fog begins to emerge.

V. we will talk to you until dawn.

G. in the brilliance of the sun, the fire was beautiful.

3 Point to the proposal with the inconsistent definition.

A. Separation gives us a second sight.

B. from childhood he lived with a dream to accomplish a feat.

V. in summer the day is longer than the night.

G. over the weary city the moon is at its zenith.

4 Find a sentence in which the definition is expressed by an adjective

A. the coast quickly darkened, became blue, purple.

B. How can you help your dear one with your anxiety?

V. how much charm there is in human faces!

G. brave strives for victory.

Task number 1. Indicate the numbers of sentences that contain correct statements.

1. The union and the allied word are service parts of speech that connect homogeneous members and parts of complex sentences.
2. Union is a service part of speech that does not change and is not a member of the sentence.
3. Unions are immutable words that indicate an object.

4. Union is a service part of speech that determines the grammatical relationships between words.
5. Allied words refer to independent parts of speech.
6. Only adverbs can be allied words.
7. Subordinate unions - unions that serve to connect syntactically unequal units.

Task number 2. Set up punctuation marks. Circle the union(s) that are simple in structure.

1. He spoke that refined French language that our grandfathers not only spoke but also thought.
2. More than all the others in this first time, both Pierre's affairs and himself were mastered by Prince Vasily.
3. General Sorbier must be ready, on the first order, to take out with all the howitzers of the guards artillery against one or another fortification.
4. The Rostovs remained in the city until September 1, that is, until the eve of the enemy's entry into Moscow.
5. Boris went out quietly at the door and followed Natasha. The fat boy angrily ran after them, as if annoyed at the disorder that had occurred in his studies.
Task number 3. Open parenthesis.
1. Have you ever thought about marrying your prodigal son Anatole?
2. I don't care what (whatever) they think of me.
3. Pierre was the only person before whom he dared to speak out; but for (that) he expressed to him everything that was in his soul.
4. Once or twice, they angrily shouted at him for (what) he was on the road.
5. When (that) some people wrote books at that time.
6. Petya answered that he (same) was used to doing everything carefully, and not at random
7. And at that (same) moment there was a clatter in front of galloping horses, screams from different sides and more shots.
8. In the Finnish War, he managed to distinguish himself in the same way
9. She was now completely ugly; but I thought that she was not only so (same) good, but even much more attractive than she was before
Task number 4. Indicate in which sentences there are errors in the spelling of unions or allied words, and correct these errors.
1. But why worry so much?
2. Moreover, observations of how, as it were, a family (separated from all others) circle of people who were on the battery, absorbed all the attention of Pierre
3. Why didn’t you take us one, at least one marshal?
4. A whole series of reasonable, logical arguments why he needed to go to St. Petersburg and even serve, was every minute ready for his services.
Column answer to task number 4:

Task number 5. Indicate the numbers of sentences, where the union "and" connects parts of a compound sentence, and not homogeneous members. Insert missing punctuation marks.
(Excerpts from poems by B. Pasternak and S. Yesenin are used).

1. Melo all month in February
And now and then from the trees a thousand rooks
The candle burned on the table, They will break into puddles and bring down
The candle was burning. Dry sadness at the bottom of the eyes.
2. Where, like charred pears, From the trees, thousands of rooks Will break into puddles and bring down Dry sadness to the bottom of the eyes. I'm still just as gentle
And I only dream about
So that rather from rebellious longing
Return to our low house.

Column for answering task number 5:

Task number 6. Highlight the union(s) (!) in the text.

1. The old coachman Yefim, with whom the countess alone decided to ride, sitting high on her goats, did not even look back at what was being done behind him. He knew with thirty years of experience that it would not be soon before he would be told “God bless!”...
Task number 7. Indicate sentences that include subordinating temporary unions.
1. Prince Andrei was during the battle with the Austrian general Schmitt, who was killed in this case.
2. He finished reading without raising his head, while the door opened and steps were heard.
3. Not that he lost weight, turned pale, his friend matured; but this look and the wrinkle on the forehead, expressing a long concentration on one thing, amazed and alienated Pierre until he got used to them.
Column for answering task No. 7:

Task number 9. Specify the number(s) of the sentence(s) with a separating conjunction.

1. Did fate bring us together again in the Caucasus, or did she come here on purpose?
2. The eyes can deceive the beast, but the sense of smell never.
3. I almost died of hunger there, and in addition, they wanted to drown me.

Column for answering task number 9:

Task number 10. Find the sentence(s) with the stylistic error.

1. Son, we will go for a walk now to play in the sandbox.
2. If the toast gets stuck, turn off the appliance and remove the toast carefully so as not to damage the internal parts.
3. It would seem that everyone was waiting for the war, and yet at the last minute it turned around like a bolt from the blue.
Column for answering task number 10.

Predicate- this is the main member of the sentence, which usually agrees with the subject (in number, person or gender) and has the meaning expressed in questions: what does the subject do? what happens to him? what is he? what is he? who is he?

The predicate expresses the grammatical meaning of one of the moods (indicative mood - present, past, future tense; conditional mood, imperative mood).

Types of predicates:

1. Simple verb predicate - PGS
2. Compound verbal predicate - GHS
3. Compound nominal predicate - SIS

Ways of expressing a simple verbal predicate

Form	Examples
1. Verb in the form of any mood	A gloomy morning comes. A gloomy morning came. Sergei will enter the theater school. He would gladly go to the countryside. Write down your homework.
2. Independent infinitive	To live - to serve the motherland.
3. Interjectional verbal forms (truncated forms of the verb like bam, grab, jump)	Each friend here quietly understands a friend.
4. Phraseological turnover with the main word - a verb in conjugated form	The team won the championship. He's chasing the loafer again.
5. Conjugated verb + modal particle ( yes, let, let, let's, let's, it was like, like, like, like, exactly, hardly, almost, just and etc.)	Let me go with you. Let him go with his father. May you have sweet dreams. He started to walk towards the door, but suddenly stopped. In the room as if it smelled cinder. He as if dumbfounded from fear. He nearly died of grief. He just didn't tumble trying to make the audience laugh. He almost freaked out from happiness.

Note!

1) Complex future tense form ( I will write; will sing etc.) is a simple verbal predicate;

2) as if, as if, as if, exactly, as if with the predicate - modal particles, not comparative conjunctions, therefore, a comma is not placed in front of them (the subject and the predicate are never separated by a comma!);

3) the modal particle was denotes an action that began, but did not take place due to any reasons, unforeseen circumstances, and commas (unlike introductory words, it happens, it happened with the meaning of regular repetition of the action) is not highlighted.

Wed: He used to not show up in the village for weeks.;

4) in order to distinguish a simple verbal predicate, expressed by a phraseological unit, from a compound nominal predicate, one should remember:

A) phraseologism can often be replaced with one word:

win - win; to have meaning - to mean; make a promise - promise; to give an order - to order and etc.;

b) in a simple verbal predicate-phraseological unit, the verb cannot be replaced by a bunch to be, but in a compound nominal predicate it can.

Wed: He hung his nose(PGS) - you can not: He was the nose; She sat tired(SIS) - She was tired; He born happy (SIS) - He was happy.

Note. In speech (especially colloquial speech) there can be various kinds of complicated simple verbal predicates with expressive meaning. The most common among them are the following:

1) a combination of two verb forms with a particle like this ( Made me feel so good! );

2) a combination of the verb go with another verb in the same form ( I'll go call my mom);

3) the combination of the verb take with another verb in the same form in conjunction with particles yes, yes and, and ( I'll take it and leave tomorrow for the village; I'll take it and leave- these are not homogeneous predicates (!), but one; and in this case - a particle, not a union);

4) combination of a verb with particles yes how, know (to yourself), well, so, to yourself (And Ivanushka know yourself hold on; I so she screamed );

5) a combination of a verb with a single-root form of an adverbial type ( He eats her; She is roaring).

Plan for parsing a simple verbal predicate

1. Specify the type of predicate.
2. Specify the form of the conjugated verb.

Sample parsing

My business is on the up.

They go uphill- simple verbal predicate; expressed by a verbal phraseological unit in the present tense of the indicative mood.

Forget about everything.

to forget- simple verbal predicate; expressed by the verb in the conditional mood.

1. A dash is placed between the subject and the predicate in the absence of a link, if both main members of the sentence are expressed nouns in the nominative form: Loneliness in creativity - hard piece (Ch.); Next station - Mytishchi, The Moscow Games are a wonderful academy sports creativity(Gas.).

As a rule, a dash is placed:

1) in sentences that have the character of a logical definition: Geometry - department mathematicians, studying the spatial forms and relations of bodies;

2) in sentences of book styles (scientific, journalistic, official business) containing characterization, appraisal object or phenomenon: Matter is an objective reality, existing outside and independently of human consciousness;Disarmament is a command time;

3) in sentences of identity (subject and predicate express the same concept): Moscow is the capital Russia;

4) after homogeneous subjects: Kazan, Nizhny Novgorod, Saratov, Volgograd, Astrakhan- the largest cities of the Volga region;

5) with parallelism of structures (parts of a sentence): Diligent in the brigade - a treasure, lazy - a heavy burden;

6) to clarify the meaning of the proposal; cf .: His older sister is a teacher; The older sister is his teacher.

Note. Usually a dash is not put:

1) in simple sentences of a colloquial style of speech: My mother is an engineer; My brother is a schoolboy;

2) if comparative conjunctions act as a link as, as if, as if, exactly, as if, as if etc.: Speech as speech (Furm.); The stars are small diamonds; Clouds like fabulous monsters; Today the sky is like a sea.

Deviations from this position among classical writers and modern authors are associated with the previous punctuation norms or with the desire to emphasize the shade of comparison contained in the predicate: Your speeches are like a sharp knife (L.); Such a phrase is like a big helmet in jumble (T.); This girl is like a holiday! (Azh.); The term of the war is like a century of life (Tv.);

3) if the predicate is preceded by a negation not: This officer is not like you (Fed.); ... The Ussuri tiger is not a fairy tale at all, almost a reality (March.); Poverty is not a vice(Pogov.); The heart is not a stone(Pogov.); Analogy is not proof.

Setting a dash in this case aims to logically and intonationally emphasize the predicate: But an explanation is not an excuse(M. G.); His views on family etiquette - is it not a prejudice ?;

4) if there is an introductory word between the subject and the predicate, sometimes an adverb, union, particle: Dubava seems to be a friend of Korchagin (N. O); Risk, as you know, is a noble cause; A rash act is generally a dangerous step; Sergeev is now a famous artist; Fir is also a resinous tree; March is just the beginning of spring.

Wed the presence / absence of a dash depending on the specified conditions: Ivanov is good chess player; Ivanov, seems to be a good chess player (the presence of an introductory word); Ivanov is now an experienced chess player (the presence of an adverb); Ivanov is also a well-known chess player (the presence of an alliance); Ivanov is just a novice chess player (the presence of a particle);

5) if the predicate is preceded by a secondary member of the sentence related to it: Stepan is our neighbor (Sh.); Kolya is my friend;

6) if the predicate precedes the subject: Ivan Ivanovich is a wonderful person! (G.); What a glorious place this valley is! (L.); The picturesque people of the Indians (Gonch.); This boy is a good student.

The setting of the dash in this case emphasizes the intonational division of the sentence into two compositions: Nice people are my neighbors! (P.); The amazing thing is sleep (T.); Psychological curiosity - my mother (Ch.); A clever little thing is a human mind (M. G.); Coffin - road (TV.);

7) if the subject in combination with the predicate forms an indecomposable combination -— phraseological turnover : Gross price theory that captures some patterns(Goal.); Two pair of boots (Pogov.).

2. A dash is placed between the subject and the predicate if both of them are expressed in an indefinite form verb (infinitive) or if one of the main members is expressed in the nominative form of the noun, and the other in the indefinite form of the verb: To talk about what has been decided is only to confuse (M. G.); Our duty is to protect a fortress until our last breath(P.); Of course it's big art - to wait (Sob.); Drinking tea is not chopping wood (Last); force turn me off the right path- pipes!; Write mediocre things— it doesn't take any talent- the infinitive in the function of the nominative topic, the predicate is expressed in a whole sentence; It would seem that what is easier is to write a response letter (cf .: Writing a letter is easy).

But (with inversion and no pause): What a joy to hug your son! (dolm.)

3. A dash is placed before words it, it is, it means, it means, here, attaching the predicate to the subject: Catching a ruff or perch is such bliss! (Ch.); Late autumn is when the rowan shrivels from frost and becomes,as they say "sweet"(Prishv.) - the whole sentence acts as a predicate; To understand is to forgive; Sports and culture- here are two keys to joy, beauty(Gas.).

4. A dash is placed if both main members of the sentence are expressed in quantitative numbers or if one of them is expressed in the form of the nominative case of a noun, and the other in a numeral or turnover with a numeral: Twenty years - good thing (Sim.); Partings and meetings- two main parts from which someday there will be happiness(Dolm.); Three times five is fifteen; The speed is sixty kilometers per hour.

Note. In the specialized literature, when characterizing an object, a dash is often not put in this case: The lifting capacity of the crane is 2.5 tons, the outreach is 5 meters; Melting point of gold 1063 about S.

5. If there is a pause between the main members of the sentence, a dash is placed between the subject, expressed indefinite form verb, and a predicate expressed by a predicative adverb in -o (a category of state): Giving up is shameful(Tendr.); It is very unbearable to move (Gonch.); It's terrible - to be afraid at the last moment; It's fucking fun - boating [cf. no pause: Boating is fun; Judge a man in disfavor easy (L.T.)].

6. A dash is placed before the predicate, expressed phraseological turnover: Both woman and man- nickel pair (Ch.); And the porch God bless another prince(A. T.); Now he's earning- Be healthy; Seryozha - seventh water on jelly both you and me.

7. With the subject expressed by the word this, between the main members of the sentence, a dash is placed depending on the logical selection of the subject and the presence of a pause after it; cf.: This is the beginning of all beginnings. — This is a good start; This is loneliness (Ch.). - This is the house of Zverkov (G.).

8. If the subject is expressed by a personal pronoun, and the predicate is expressed by the form of the nominative case of a noun, a dash is usually not put between them: He is a corruption, he is a plague, he is an ulcer local places (Kr.); I am an honest person and never compliment(Ch.).

However, the dash in this case is put:

1) with logical underscore: I am a page to your pen. I will accept everything. I am white page. I am the keeper of your good ... (Tsv.);

2) when opposition:I am a manufacturer, you are a ship owner(M. G.); She is a solid ball of nerves, and he is the embodiment Olympic tranquility;

3) with parallelism of structures (sentences or parts of a sentence): Without you, I am a star without light. Without you I am a creator without a world (Br.); We are people restless because we are the answer for the planet Two people, he and she, walked side by side: he is a young man in a dark suit she - young, very pretty young woman in a flowery dress;

4) with the inversion of the main members of the sentence: Hero this show - I; An example of this is him.

9. A dash is not put between the main members of the sentence if one of them is expressed by an interrogative pronoun, and the other by a noun in the form of a nominative case or a personal pronoun: Tell me who your friend is, and I will tell you who you are; Whose book is this? Who are you?

10. If the predicate is expressed by an adjective (including a pronominal) or a prepositional-nominal combination, a dash is usually not put before the predicate: The weather is unbearable, the road is bad, the coachman is stubborn ... (P.); The earth is great and beautiful (Ch.); My cherry orchard! (Ch.); Sky without a single cloud; people here extraordinary kindness.

A dash before the predicate-adjective is placed:

1) with logical or intonational division of a sentence: Pupils - feline, long(Sh.); Height near the scattered houses of the farm - command (Kaz.);

2) in the presence of homogeneous predicates: Rhythm Suvorov School -clear, fast, military(Gas.); He has changed a lot:gait, movements, features faces, even glances softer, calmer, simpler;

3) with parallelism of constructions (parts of a sentence): The night is warm, the sky is blue, the moon is silvery, the stars are brilliant.

11. In footnotes (notes, explanations), a dash separates the explained word from the explanation (regardless of the form of expression of the predicate): Poseidon - in ancient Greek mythology, the god of the seas; Pegasus - considered a symbol of poetic inspiration.