The living unit of coherent speech is the sentence. It is in it that the main function of language is manifested, one of the main means of communication between people, helping them to exchange thoughts. Each sentence contains a statement about an object or phenomenon. In all these syntactic constructions, a grammatical basis is distinguished, that is, a predicative center. It includes the main members of the sentence, namely the subject and the predicate. For example: Yasha is completely bored(Yu. Kazakov). The grammatical basis of the sentence - Yashka got bored(subject + predicate). Or: Fog creeps over the river. Here the grammatical basis consists of a predicate spreads and subject fog. And now it's time to figure out how to determine the words that make up the predicative core.

Grammatical basis - subject and predicate

In order to be able to correctly determine the center of a sentence, it is necessary to find out, in fact, what is the subject and what is the predicate. So, both of them are the main members of the sentence. The subject names the subject of speech. It usually answers the questions: “who?” or "what?". The predicate names what happens in the sentence with the subject (that is, what action the subject of speech performs). The subject in most cases is represented by a noun or pronoun, and the predicate is represented by a verb. For example: The students are back(noun + verb). Or: They are back(pronoun + verb). But other parts of speech can also act as a grammatical basis. For example: The world is beautiful(noun + short adjective). Boletus is a mushroom(noun + noun).

One-part and two-part sentences

Not all of these syntactic constructions can distinguish both main terms. It happens that the grammatical basis of a sentence consists only of the subject or, conversely, includes only the predicate. For example, as in the following cases: We had lunch. It began to get dark(I.A. Bunin). In both cases, grammatical centers are represented only by predicates. And here is another example: Silence all around(A.P. Chekhov). Here, on the contrary, of the main members of the sentence, only the subject. Sentences with a subject and a predicate are called two-part sentences. And those in which only one main member is represented are single-membered.

Sentences with one or more grammatical stems

Depending on the number of predicative centers, the following types of sentences can be distinguished: simple and complex. In complex structures there are several such centers (two or more). In simple ones, one grammatical basis stands out. Examples of simple sentences: Lightning flashed. Thunder rumbled. We are going to the cinema. And here are complex sentences with several predicative centers: Lightning flashed and it began to rain. We go to the cinema, and the kids are taken to the circus. As you can see, a complex sentence consists of several simple ones, which can be connected by intonation, conjunctions, and in writing are usually separated from each other using punctuation marks (most often commas). It is necessary to be able to distinguish the grammatical basis in a sentence in order to correctly determine its type, place punctuation marks and determine the topic of the statement.

concept "grammatical basis" is inextricably linked with the sentence - one of the main syntactic units of the Russian language. Let's find out what is the core of the proposal.

Each proposal has its own core, around which the rest of its members are grouped. This grammatical core consists of the main members - the subject and the predicate in a two-part sentence, or only the subject or the predicate in a one-part sentence, for example:

Twilight. Evening early. We sailed rather slowly (I.S. Turgenev).

What is the grammatical basis of a sentence

The sky was fading- the grammatical basis of a simple sentence.

Who? we are the subject expressed by the personal pronoun in the form of the nominative plural.

What did we do? swam - predicate.

Examples of expressing the subject in different parts of speech

Three (numerals) slipped unnoticed into the yard.

Finally, the long-awaited day after tomorrow has come (adverb).

To protect (infinitive) nature means to protect the Motherland.

Several children (numeral + noun) surrounded her with delighted expressions on their faces.

The girl is singing. The girl sang. The girl will sing.

Will you live in this house?

We won't talk about the past.

Let the children of the whole Earth rejoice!

Let her go into the garden.

glad, ready, must, obligated, compelled, intends.

The lecturer continued to give interesting facts about the life of insects.

You must tell me about this case.

Father and mother decided to go to the village the next day.

The forester could not refuse the guests and led them to the lake where the swans lived.

The girl had the intention to come closer and examine this exotic flower more carefully.

Compound nominal predicate consists of a linking verb expressing the grammatical meaning of the predicate, and a nominal part (noun, adjective, pronoun, numeral, etc.) expressing the lexical meaning.

The word can act as a linking verb "be" in any form (I will, will be, will be, was, would be, are). The link may be missing. In this case, one speaks of a zero bond.

The juniper alley will be like a path in the forest.

Video lesson “The grammatical basis of the sentence. The main members of the proposal "

Offer is the smallest unit of communication. With the help of sentences, we express our thoughts and feelings, turn to each other with questions, advice, requests, wishes and orders.

The waters flowed quietly.

What? - sky. This is the subject, which, as a rule, is expressed by a noun (pronoun) in the form of a nominative case or by any part of speech in the meaning of a noun.

The blizzard (noun) approached immediately (N. Ostrovsky).

I (pronoun) rode in the evening alone on a cross-country droshky (I.S. Turgenev)

Smart (adjective) speaks for itself with its deeds.

The arrivals (communion) were noisily seated at the tables.

The bonds of friendship (phrase) connected them from childhood.

Let's discuss our plans.

Examples of compound verb predicate

You are just getting started!

The rain stopped drizzling and the bright sun came out.

Who told you to pick flowers in my garden?

The audience wanted to hear an old song.

Everyone is happy to help you.

The Greeks believed that the world is harmony and rhythm.

Mercury is also a metal.

russkiiyazyk.ru

The round dances were already dispersing; across the river, smoking, a fishing fire was burning (A.S. Pushkin).

To highlight the grammatical basis of the sentence, let's find out who or what the statement is about. To do this, we ask questions: Who? or What?

What is said about the sky? What did the sky do? faded- is a predicate.

We sailed- grammatical basis.

Who (pronoun) does not work, does not eat.

Nine (numeral) is divisible by three.

A loud cheer (interjection) swept across the square.

The second main component of the grammatical basis is the predicate, which could be expressed by all conjugated forms of the verb. Such a predicate is called a simple verb - PGS.

The difficulty of isolating such a predicate lies in the fact that it can be expressed in two words that make up the complex forms of the future tense verb of the indicative mood or the imperative mood, for example:

When will you have breakfast?

My friend won't talk about it.

Compound verb predicate(CHS) consists of an auxiliary linking verb and an infinitive.

The auxiliary verb does not have an independent lexical meaning, but expresses the beginning, continuation or end of the action (phasic verb) or denotes the possibility, desire, will, obligation, evaluation, etc. (modal verb).

Short adjectives can also act as a link:

Of particular difficulty are the SGS, which include stable phrases with a modal meaning:

We are ready to leave immediately.

I had no right to take risks and therefore walked carefully through the swamp.

The water near the shores of the lake was crystal clear.

The order of highlighting grammatical foundations

The diagram below will help you learn how to correctly identify the grammatical foundations of a sentence.

How to determine the grammatical basis? Explanation of sentence parsing, complex cases

The grammatical basis of a sentence (subject and predicate) is its semantic and syntactic center. With the definition of the grammatical basis, the chain of parsing begins. The ability to correctly determine the grammatical basis in a sentence gives a direction for establishing logical relationships between words in a sentence, helps to solve punctuation problems (including when learning a foreign language). If the grammatical basis was determined incorrectly, then all further analysis will go down the wrong path.

As part of the grammatical basis, there are subject and predicate. If the sentence consists of one main member, then it is only a subject or a predicate. There are no proposals without a basis (with the exception of incomplete ones)!

Stage number 1. We find the subject. WHO questions? or WHAT?

The subject is the main member of the sentence, grammatically independent.

In a typical sentence, this is the subject (in the broad sense) that the sentence is talking about. This word is in the nominative case. Most often, this is a noun or pronoun that answers the questions: Who? or What?

Wolf came out of the forest (What or what is the sentence talking about? About the wolf, that is, we raise the question: Who? Wolf. Noun).
shaggy black dog suddenly jumped out from somewhere in the thicket of sedge (Who? Dog. Noun).
I smiled and walked forward. (Who? I. Pronoun).

There are some cases when the subject is expressed in other ways (not a noun and not a pronoun):

Other ways of expressing the subject

Examples

Numeral noun (quantitative and collective) as a noun

Three came out of the forest.

adjective as a noun

well-fed not a friend to the hungry.

Participle as a noun

Vacationers having fun.

Will master the road going.

Tomorrow will surely come.

far away hooray.

We are with friends left earlier.

A lot of schoolchildren participated in the competition.

Infinitive

compose- my passion.

Stage number 2. We find the predicate. Questions: WHAT IS IT DOING? (and etc.)

What are the predicates?

The predicate is connected with the subject and answers the question that is asked to it from the subject: What does the subject do?

But with the appropriate expression of the subject (see the table above), these can be other questions: What is the subject?, What is the subject), etc.

Examples:

Wolf left the forest (We ask a question from the protagonist, from the subject: what did the wolf do? Came out - this is a predicate expressed by a verb).
shaggy black dog suddenly jumped out from somewhere in the thickets of sedge (What did the dog do? Jumped out).
I smiled and walked forward. (What I did - smiled and went).

There are three types of predicates in Russian:

Simple verb (one verb). Example: The wolf is out.
Compound verb (auxiliary verb + infinitive). Example: I am hungry. I have to go to Suzdal (essentially two verbs in the predicate).
Compound nominal (verb-link + nominal part). Example: I will be a teacher (essentially a verb and another part of speech in the predicate).

see also:

Difficult cases in determining predicates

Situation 1. Often problems with the definition of the predicate arise in a situation where a simple verbal predicate is expressed in more than one word. Example: Today you will not have lunch alone (= you will have lunch).

In this sentence, the predicate you will have lunch is a simple verb, it is expressed in two words for the reason that it is a compound form of the future tense.

Situation 2. I got into difficulty doing this work (= found it difficult). The predicate is expressed by a phraseological unit.

Situation 3. Another difficult case is sentences in which the compound predicate is represented by the form of a short participle. Example: Doors are always open.

An error in determining the type of predicate may be due to an incorrect definition of the part of speech (should be distinguished from the verb short participle). In fact, in this sentence, the predicate is a compound nominal, and not a simple verb, as it might seem.

Why compound, if expressed in one word? Because in the present tense, the verb has a zero link. If you put the predicate in the form of the past or future tense, then it will appear. Compare. doors always will open. doors always were open.

Situation 4. A similar error can also occur in the case of expressing the nominal part of a compound nominal predicate with a noun or adverb.

Example. Our hut is the second from the edge. (Compare: Our hut was the second from the edge).

Dasha is married to Sasha (Compare: Dasha was married to Sasha).

Remember that words are part of the compound predicate can, must, can't.

Determining the stem in one-part sentences

In denominative sentences, the stem will be presented by the subject.

Example: Winter morning.

In indefinite personal sentences there is only a predicate. The subject is not expressed, but it is clear.

Example: I love the storm in early May.

The most difficult case of expressing the stem in impersonal sentences. Most often, these are just different types of compound nominal predicates.

Examples A: I need to act. The house is warm. I'm upset. There is no comfort, no peace.

If you do not form the skill of determining the basis of a sentence in the lower grades, then this will lead to difficulties in the analysis of one-part and complex sentences in grades 8-9. If you gradually develop this skill by the method of complication, then all problems will be resolved.

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Grammatical basis of a sentence with examples

grammatical basis sentences form the main members of the sentence ( subject and predicate). That is, the grammatical basis of the sentence (predicative basis, core) is the main part of the sentence, which consists of its main members: the subject and the predicate. See also introductory words. After reading this article 5-ege.ru, you can easily find it in any sentence.

Subject.

Subject can be expressed not only by a noun or pronoun in nominative case, but also:

Seven (num.) one is not expected. All Past (adj. as noun) I only dreamed.

- numeral / several, many, part, majority, minority + noun in R.P.;

A multitude of people gathered in the prince's shrine. Several ladies were walking quickly up and down the square.

- someone, everyone, a lot / adjective + from + noun in R.P.;

The best student solved this problem quickly.

- someone, something + adjective, participle as a noun;

Something so insignificant tied in a scarf.

- noun / pronoun + c + noun / pronoun in Tv.P. ( but only if the predicate is expressed by the verb in the plural!).

Vanya and I went along the forest road predicate in plural.).

Anna with her daughter in her arms entered the room (predicate in singular).

live in a lordly way - this is a noble affair

Predicate.

There are three types of predicates in Russian. The following algorithm of actions will help you determine which type is represented in your proposal.

Distinguish!

If there are homogeneous predicates in the sentence, then each of them should be considered separately.

Also watch the video presentation.

Clue.

1) Most often, doubts are caused by the definition of a simple verbal predicate, expressed in more than one word:

I will take part in the exhibition.

In this example I will take part- a complex form of the future tense, which is defined in syntax as a simple predicate. And the combination participate is a phraseological unit that can be replaced by the word I participate. Therefore, we have a simple verbal predicate.

Trap!

Often they make a mistake, calling the following construction simple verbal predicates:

Everything in Moscow is saturated with verses, pierced with rhymes.

This error is due to two factors.

First, a short passive participle should be distinguished from the past tense form of the verb.

The short participle has suffixes -T-, -N-, and the verb -L-. Means, impregnated, pierced are short passive participles.

Secondly, we have a predicate that is expressed in just one word, but what is it - simple or compound (see Morphological analysis of a word with examples)? Try adding some adverbial tense to the sentence, for example, at the beginning of the twentieth century, and see how these forms behave.

At the beginning of the 20th century, everything in Moscow was saturated with poetry, rhymes were punctured.

A bunch appears was and the predicate already clearly becomes compound. The Russian language is not characterized by constructions in the present tense with a bunch be. Agree, it sounds clearly foreign if we say: All in Moscow There is impregnated with verses, rhymes There is pierced.

Thus, if in a sentence you encounter predicates expressed by short passive participles, then you are dealing with compound nominal predicate.

Words can't, can, must, must included in composite predicates.

I need to get off at this stop.

Be careful with words to be, to appear, to be, because by highlighting only them, you can skip one more component of the predicate.

She seemed funny to me. Wrong!

If you highlight only the words seemed, then the meaning of the sentence is completely changed ( seemed = dreamed, dreamed, imagined).

Right: She seemed funny to me

Wrong: The teacher was strict (was = existed, lived).

Right: The teacher was strict.

In this task, quite complex sentences are offered for analysis and the answer options are very often similar to each other. What "traps" can you expect here?

1) Offers can be made according to different models:

subject + predicate;

only predicate or subject (single-member sentences);

subject + homogeneous predicates;

homogeneous subjects + predicate.

In the answer option, the subject, predicate, or one of the homogeneous subjects or predicates may be omitted.

Remember!

The grammatical basis includes ALL the main members of the sentence, the omission of one of them is a clear mistake.

2) In the answer option, the subject and predicate of different grammatical bases can be combined.

3) The subject can only be in I.P.! Answer options with nouns, pronouns not in I.P. deliberately incorrect (except when they are part of the predicate and without them the whole meaning of the sentence changes).

4) The answer option may contain participial or participle turnover, which are never included in the grammatical basis.

Structures should be distinguished verb + noun in V.P. And noun + passive participle.

The coordinates were calculated. ? Coordinates calculated.

IN first case coordinates is a noun in the accusative case that depends on the verb (i.e. addition), and in second is a nominative form that agrees with the past participle (i.e. subject). If you change each of the designs, the differences will be visible. Let's put the predicates in each of the sentences in the singular form:

Calculate coordinates. coordinate calculated.

The subject and predicate always agree with each other, and the object will remain unchanged.

5) Sometimes words which, which in complex sentences are subjects.

[And shiny droplets crawled down his cheeks] , (which are on the windows during the rain). (which = droplets).

Parsing the task.

1. Which of the combinations of words is the grammatical basis in one of the sentences or in one of the parts of a complex sentence?

(1) So what is the difference between human and animal perception? (2) For an animal, only concrete things exist; its perception is inseparable from the real environment in which it lives and acts. (3) So, for example, the "television version" of a dog means nothing to a cat. (4) Man, in the process of evolution, has acquired a unique ability to create ideal images of reality in his imagination, but they no longer seem to be a direct cast from a specific thing. (5) Thanks to the development of cognitive activity, in particular, the processes of abstraction and generalization, a person can isolate any individual features of the object being studied, being distracted from all other, insignificant details. (6) Thus, a person has the ability to form a generalized image of a real thing, which allows you to see and recognize common features and qualities of various phenomena of reality.

1) perception is (sentence 2)

2) acquired the ability (sentence 4)

3) they are not represented as a cast (sentence 4)

4) which allows you to see (sentence 6)

Option number 1 is not a grammatical basis, since here the predicate is not fully represented, which distorts the meaning of the whole sentence (perception is = in the meaning of “comes, arrives somewhere for some reason”). See point 3 in the Predicate section.

Option number 2 is also incorrect, since it lacks a subject. Who acquired the ability? In sentence 4, the subject is the word Human.

Option number 3 true, although at first glance it seems wrong. The authors of the task are deliberately trying to confuse us. Although the word cast does not stand in the form of I.P., but it is part of the predicate, since without it the logic of the narrative is lost. They do not introduce themselves = Images do not call their names?!

Option number 4 incorrect . The subject is highlighted correctly. Word which, as we have said, may be subject. In the subordinate part, it is replaced by the word image and performs the same functions, that is, it is the subject. But the predicate is not fully represented. In the offer it is allows you to see and recognize.

Thus, the student who chooses option 3 will be right.

2. What words are the grammatical basis in the sixth (6) sentence of the text?

(1)… (2) They are united by one desire - to know. (3) And their age is different, and the professions are very different, and the level of knowledge is completely different, but everyone strove to know more than they already know. (4) This expressed the need of millions and millions of people, eagerly absorbing all the secrets of the world, all the knowledge and skills accumulated by mankind. (5) Library visitors either studied somewhere or dreamed of studying. (6) They all needed books, but when they came to the library, they got lost in the ocean of books. (7) ... (According to K. Chukovsky).

1) books were needed, they were lost

2) they needed, they were lost

3) books were needed, coming here, they were lost

4) books were needed, they were lost in the ocean

The right one is Option 1, since in the remaining options, the second included secondary members of the sentence in the basis: in the second, the word is superfluous them (addition, stands in D.P.), in the third there is a participial turnover that is not included in the basis of the sentence, and in the fourth there is a circumstance in the ocean.

3. What combination of words is the grammatical basis in one of the sentences (or part of it)?

(1) ... (2) She will die of hunger if the gate is strong and no one opens it, but does not think to move away from the gate and pull it towards her. (3) Only a person understands that one must endure, work hard and do not what one wants, in order to get what one wants. (4) A person can restrain himself, not eat, not drink, not sleep, only because he knows what is good and should be done and what is bad and should not be done, but his ability to think teaches him this. (5) Some people increase it in themselves, others do not. (6)…

1) she will die (sentence 2)

2) what you want (sentence 3)

3) what is good and should do (sentence 4)

4) teaches ability (sentence 4)

This is an advanced task.

Option number 1 incorrect, since not all predicates are indicated by the authors. The proposal has a rather difficult structure for analysis. It is complex with a subordinate clause that is wedged between two homogeneous predicates. Therefore, you may not notice that the basis she will die must also include the predicate won't think of stepping back and pulling.

Option number 2 is also excluded. Verb I want to is impersonal and cannot have a subject.

Option number 3 similar to the previous one. This offer is also impersonal. Word must in dictionaries it is defined as a category of state, which is used in sentences without a subject.

True is Option 4.

Home » Preparation for the Unified State Examination in the Russian language » Grammatical basis of a sentence with examples

Below we publish (abbreviated) an article by O.M. Chupasheva, outlining the main provisions of her speech at the Marathon-2005.
Our readers can get acquainted with two other publications of speeches at the Marathon in No. 12/2005 (B.Yu. Norman "Language norms: the choice of a variant of a language unit") and in No. 15/2005 (I.A. Gromov "Types of tasks in the Russian language "")

O.M. CHUPASHEV,
Murmansk

The grammatical basis of the sentence: problems and solutions

The grammatical basis (in other words, the predicative basis) is a combination formed by the main members, or the only main member of the sentence. The grammatical basis is an important grammatical phenomenon: without it, the sentence does not exist. That is why any syntactic work with a sentence begins with finding its grammatical basis. When determining the grammatical basis, distinguishing between the subject and the predicate, a number of problems arise. Let's name some of them.

I. The distinction between constructions with and without a grammatical basis, that is, sentences and non-sentences.

II. Definition of some varieties of non-morphologized subjects.

III. The nature of a simple verbal compound predicate.

IV. Secrets of the infinitive and auxiliary verb in a compound verbal predicate.

V. Secrets of the linking verb of the compound nominal predicate.

VI. A question about a compound predicate.

VII. Qualification of predicates expressed by stable combinations.

VIII. The distinction between subject and predicate in the grammatical basis noun + noun.

IX. Distinguishing one-part and two-part incomplete sentences with an unsubstituted position of one of the main members.<...>

I.

And here is the first problem - the distinction between sentences and constructions that are not sentences. Let's analyze the examples. Question Petya will come for the holidays? you can get different answers: a) Peter is coming for the holidays; b) will arrive; V) On vacation? G) Yes or Still would! Answer (a) has a grammatical basis Petya will arrive is an offer. Answer (b) is also a sentence: its grammatical basis is a predicate will arrive, and there is an unsubstituted position of the subject, it is indicated by the form of the verb-predicate (see below for more on this). It is more difficult to find a grammatical basis in the answer (c): it is not expressed verbally, but it is. On vacation represents a circumstance, and the circumstance, as you know, is part of the predicate. Therefore, this is a hint that there is a syntactic position of the predicate in the sentence, only it is not replaced by the word form. We can already talk about the presence of a grammatical basis; On vacation? is also a suggestion. Unlike the analyzed examples, the answers (d) do not have a grammatical basis (the main terms are not presented verbally, there are no syntactic positions either) - these are not sentences. Such constructions in science are called propositions. In school textbooks, some types of statements are considered, they are called word-sentences, interjectional sentences. There is another term for such units - indivisible sentences, which emphasizes that they do not contain sentence members at all.

Note that a statement is any reporting unit, which means that answers (a) - (c) are statements and at the same time grammatical sentences, but answers (d) are only statements, these are kind of substitutes for grammatical sentences. And further. The main members are not always expressed verbally, that is, their unsubstituted positions may be in the sentence. Unsubstituted positions are indicated by signals, or "hints", as, say, in example (c).

Interestingly, under specific syntactic conditions, the words that form the statement are able to occupy syntactic positions, that is, perform the function of members of the sentence, including the main ones. Wed suggestions: 1) Your letter has been received. Thank you . and 2) Please don't bow as well Thank you back does not bend.(Seq.) In example (1) Thank you- only a statement, or a word-sentence: it has no grammatical basis. In example (2) Thank you, as well as Please, takes the position of the subject, but at the same time it is substantiated, that is, it acquires some features of a noun. More examples: 3) No, I don't love you so passionately...(M. Lermontov) and 4) There is neither music nor singing in their houses!(B. Okudzhava) In the example (3) No means only negation, has no grammatical basis - this is not a sentence. In offer (4) No denotes the absence of something (here - music, singing), is in the position of a predicate and forms a one-part impersonal sentence.

Let's continue the analysis of grammatical sentences: they have a grammatical basis. By the nature of the grammatical basis, that is, by the number of main members, their syntactic positions, sentences are divided into two-part and one-part sentences. The analysis of the foundations of each type has its own difficulties.

II.

Consider the problems associated with the study of the grammatical basis of two-part sentences. The grammatical basis of a two-part sentence is formed by the subject and the predicate, their syntactic positions. Each main member has its secrets. First of all, we recall that the members of a sentence are expressed in different ways: by the parts of speech intended for them (these are the so-called morphologized members of the sentence) and by the parts of speech not intended for them (non-morphologized members of the sentence).

The morphologized subject is expressed by a noun or a noun pronoun ( me, you who etc.) in the nominative case, they are not difficult to detect. The problems are related to non-morphologized subjects. Let's name some of these subjects. These are, first of all, subjects, expressed by syntactically indecomposable phrases. The most frequent subjects with the value of quantity - definite, indefinite or approximate. They consist of combinations of a numeral or a word of another part of speech with a quantitative meaning and a noun in the genitive case. Here are examples. 5) Four girlfriends ate cheesecakes; 6) There were four(subject to four girlfriends, four of them represent a certain amount). 7) There were a lot of young people in our city; 8) I have had little time to sleep(many young people, little time- subjects with an indefinite quantitative value); 9) About four and a half thousand of them have come down to us.[Chekhov] letters to relatives, friends and acquaintances.(K. Chukovsky) ( about four and a half thousand letters - subject with the value of the approximate amount).

The subject can be expressed by a syntactically indecomposable phrase with the meaning of selectivity, as most of us in sentence 10) Most of us love to read. These are the subjects expressed by combinations of indefinite or attributive pronouns with nouns, substantiated words or other pronouns, cf.: 11) Someone unknown called you during the day; 12) I opened the case. It contained something wrapped in something snow-white and the lightest.(D.Granin); 13) All this pleased me; 14) They all made me happy(subject to someone unfamiliar, something wrapped up, all this, all of them).

Let's pay attention to the subjects, expressed by phraseological units, which appeared, as Acad. V.V. Vinogradov, as a result of “fusion and merging of parts of a complex sentence” (Grammar of the Russian language: In 2 vols. M .: Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1954. T. II. Part 1. P. 21). These are the subjects what to eat, where to go in sentences 15) There was always something to eat. (I. Goff); 16) There was somewhere to go. We note in passing that such phraseological units are not distinguished by commas.

In the position of the subject there can be direct speech: 17) “ Come, help, without you it’s like without hands, ”the letter said.(Yu. Nagibin) (was written Who? What? " Come help"). In the position of the subject, inclusions are possible. Inclusions - words, phrases that reflect the features of the word usage of characters that are not directly related to the situation of speech. Inclusions are usually separated by quotation marks. In sentence 18) Your "with thoughts of the future" consoled me subject - interspersed with thoughts about the future.

Peculiar subject in sentence 19) Masha composed the poem herself. The point is that the pronoun herself simultaneously associated with two members of the sentence: with the subject Masha and predicate composed(Such members of a sentence are said to have bidirectional syntactic links). Being associated with the subject, the pronoun occupies the same syntactic position with it: Masha herself - subject. And connected with the verb-predicate, it at the same time acts as a circumstance of the mode of action: composed how? herself. Members of a sentence with bidirectional links, having different meanings at the same time and performing functions as a result - also at the same time! - various members of the proposal are called syncretic (syncretism from the Greek synkretismos - cooperation, commonwealth). Hence, herself- the subject and the circumstance of the manner of action at the same time.

III.

What problems arise in the analysis of the predicate? First, let's remember the types of predicates. In structure, predicates are distinguished simple, compound and complex (or complicated, complicated), and in morphological expression - verbal and nominal. Hence the terms for predicates - simple verbs, compound verbs, compound nominals. There is a special discussion about complex predicates.

Let's focus on simple verbal predicates. This is a morphologized predicate, it is expressed by conjugated verb forms, for example, I love in sentence 20) I love April sunrises. (A. Dementiev). But there are problems here too. Let us pay attention to the fact that simple verbal predicates, but complicated ones, also include predicates represented by the repetition of the same verb or single-root verbs, for example, fly, fly in sentence 21) Fly, doves, fly. (From a song) or poured-spilled in sentence 22) Trifling rains poured, poured, As if to meet the rumor.(V. Dudarev) The predicate formed by the forms of the imperative mood is also called a simple complicated verb, for example, let's tell in sentence 23) Let's talk about yourself! This includes predicates formed by combining conjugated verbs with particles: 24) He took and told(predicate took and told).

IV.

The following problems are related to compound verb predicates. Compound verbal predicates are built according to the formula: auxiliary verb + infinitive. Each of these parts has its own "secrets". Let's look at the infinitive first. It is necessary to distinguish between two varieties of the infinitive - subjective and objective: not each of them forms a compound verbal predicate. Wed suggestions: 25) I can draw and 26) I advise you to draw. In sentence (25) the infinitive paint and conjugated verb Can denote the action of the same person or subject (here - I), - such an infinitive is called subjective. It can be part of the predicate. In sentence (26) the infinitive paint denotes the action of one person (here - you), and the conjugated verb advise- the action of another person (here - I), that is, the infinitive and the conjugated verb denote the actions of different persons, such an infinitive is called an objective infinitive. Let us pay attention to the fact that persons are not always indicated in a sentence, but the infinitive retains its nature, cf. subject infinitive in sentence 27) I can draw and object in sentence 28) I advise you to draw.

The other part of the compound verb predicate is the auxiliary verb. Auxiliary verbs are recognized as three types: 1) phase, 2) modal, 3) emotional. Phasic verbs indicate the beginning, duration or completion of an action ( begin, begin, continue, complete, stop and under.). Modal verbs are verbs that express the speaker's attitude to the statement, its reliability ( be able, be able, want, desire and under.). Emotional verbs denote various feelings, emotions ( love, be afraid, fear, fear and under.).

So, the compound verbal predicate meets two requirements: 1) the infinitive in its composition must be subjective, 2) the conjugated verb must be auxiliary. Therefore, in sentences (25), (27) the predicate is a compound verb. Other examples (predicates highlighted): 29) Neighbour began to dig beds; 30)I Want again experience myself.(E. Bogat); 31) I I will become test own forces[do not mix with a simple verbal predicate expressed in a complex future tense of the verb, as in sentence 32) I I will test own strengths.(E. Bogat)]; 33) None of us in life dare to pounce to the mills.(Yu.Kim) If at least one of the above conditions is not observed, the combination of verbs does not form a compound verbal predicate. Wed sentences (26), (28), where the infinitives are objective, and therefore are not included in the grammatical basis. They perform the complement function advise What? paint), and the predicate - advise. In sentence 34) Skaters are preparing to participate in the draw of the regional championship infinitive subjective but conjugated verb getting ready not auxiliary, therefore, predicate getting ready, A participate- addition ( getting ready - for what? - participate). In sentences 35) Small children! For nothing in the world Do not go to Africa, Walk to Africa!(K. Chukovsky) and 36) We'll forget to walk around Africa forever!- infinitive walk subjective but conjugated verbs don't go, forget are not included in the category of auxiliary, they are simple verbal predicates. As for the infinitives, one of them performs the function of the circumstance of the goal ( do not go for what purpose? walk), and the other is the complement function ( let's forget about what? walk).

Compound nominal predicates are built as follows: linking verb + nominal part. The nominal part is expressed by various names, as well as adverbs, words of the category of state. Linking verbs are represented by three varieties: abstract, semi-abstract (or semi-significant) and significant. These varieties are established depending on the degree of loss of lexical meaning by the verb. abstract link be has completely lost its lexical meaning, it only connects the nominal part of the predicate with the subject, for example: 37) Brother was a student(do not mix with a full verb be, retaining its lexical meaning "to be" and acting as a simple verbal predicate, as in the sentence 38) Brother was at school). Since the abstract verbal connective has lost its lexical meaning, it can be not only verbally expressed, but also zero: 39) A person is good from birth.(E. Bogat) It manifests itself against the background of verbally expressed connectives, that is, in a system of sentences, cf .: Man from birth was good, Man from birth will be kind, Man from birth would be kind, etc. The zero link must be distinguished from the missing link, the reference point is their grammatical meaning. The zero link, unlike the missing one, has the meaning of the present time. Wed sentence (39) with the meaning of the present tense and the highlighted part of the sentence 40) They became familiar[ships. - O.Ch.] treacherous currents, familiar - a faithful shining night ... (V.Nabokov), which has the value of the past tense, set according to the context (became familiar).

Semi-significant linking verbs partially lose their lexical meaning. These include such as to become, to become, to become, to appear, to appear. Again, we distinguish them from full-valued verbs in the function of a simple verbal predicate, cf.: 41) Ivanov is an ordinary and 42) Private Ivanov appeared in part. Predicates are singled out - a compound nominal in a sentence (41) and a simple verb in a sentence (42). The last predicate - appeared- retained the lexical meaning "came".

Significant connectives have fully retained their lexical meaning. This includes verbs with the meaning of movement, state, activity: come, return, sit, lie down, serve, work. Example: 43) But Blok's chair - on the edge, at the very window stood Now empty. (E. Zamyatin) These verbs can also act as simple verb predicates, denoting specific actions-states: 44) Chair stood near the window.

VI.

Complex, or complicated, complicated, predicates have a diverse structure. We confine ourselves to some examples (predicates are highlighted in them). 45) In the evening it could be leisurely wander By Moscow- the predicate consists of a word of the state category, a verb copula and an infinitive; 46) Lessons in understanding art should be lessons understanding of the era(E. Bogat) - the predicate is formed by a short adjective, zero connective, infinitive and noun. Some of these predicates are considered at school, but in the category of compound verbs. These are predicates expressed by a short adjective glad or must, zero connective and infinitive: 47) I glad to meet you with you; 48) I must meet with you.

VII.

A logical question arises: what type do the predicates expressed by stable combinations, such as, say, come to the rescue, play a role and under.? To solve this issue, it is necessary to choose a synonym for such a predicate and establish its type. The analyzed predicate also belongs to the same type. Let's show this with examples. 49) This is where the saving word “eureka!” will come to the rescue!(From the newspaper) Basis - word will help. Choosing a synonym: will help - it's a simple verb predicate. Hence, and come to the rescue - simple verbal predicate. 50) But in the elimination of the "frightening" the main role begins to play the personality of the teacher.(From the newspaper) We argue similarly: Starts to play a part has a synonym starts to mean, which refers to the compound verb predicate. Hence, starts to play a role- also a compound verb predicate.

VIII.

It is difficult to analyze the grammatical basis in sentences where both main members are expressed by nouns in the nominative case. Classic example - 51) Moscow is capital of Russia. The grammatical basis here is - Moscow is the capital(it is defined correctly), but where is the subject and where is the predicate? We emphasize right away that it is impossible to focus on the order of words in a sentence, since it delimits the units of another aspect of the sentence - communicative, or otherwise - relevant. With actual division, the word order delimits other phenomena - the known and the new (or the given and the new, the theme and the rheme). At the beginning of a sentence, in the first place, with direct word order, there is a well-known, the topic of the statement, and in the second place - a new one, the rheme of the statement (see, for example: Kovtunova I.I. Modern Russian language. Word order and actual division of the sentence. M .: Education, 1976. S. 9 et seq.).

It is impossible to distinguish between the main members in such sentences and by substituting questions. We use other methods. Here they are.

1) It is known that the predicate is consistent with the subject, this is noted in many school textbooks. Now we are considering a predicate with a noun in the nominative case, that is, a compound nominal. The noun in its grammatical properties is not an agreed word, which means that the agreement of the predicate with the subject is carried out through a linking verb (there is no predicate without a verb!). The form of a non-null linking verb is determined by the subject. Let's analyze sentence 52) Rapture was my present state. Grammar basis - rapture was a state. Bundle was in masculine, of two stem nouns, the copula agrees with the masculine noun delight, which means that this is the subject, and the predicate - was state.

With a zero connection, we argue differently.

2) We use the transformation method. Remember that the position of the subject can be occupied by a noun only in the nominative case, and the position of the predicate - both in the nominative and instrumental (the so-called instrumental predicative). Therefore, in order to recognize the main members, the sentence should be transformed so that one of the nominative cases of nouns is replaced by the instrumental: this noun will be the predicate. Adding a link to a sentence be(only her!): 53) Dead space in a poem is a white spot in the poet's soul.(V. Fedorov) - Dead space in a poem is a white spot in the poet's soul. wrong: White spot is dead space. Hence, space- subject, White spot- predicate (here it is expressed by a stable phrase with a core word - a noun). Similar: 54) What is our Earth?(D.Granin) - What is our Earth like? Earth- subject, what's happened - predicate. 55) Who are you? – Who are you? You- subject, who it - predicate. Take note: stable combinations what is who is always take the position of the predicate. And here is a sentence where the predicate precedes the subject: 56) Their[postgraduate students. - O.Ch.]specialty - Russian literature.(A.Efros) - Russian literature is their specialty(wrong: Specialty is Russian literature). Means, literature - subject, and speciality - predicate.

However, there are proposals that allow double transformations. Consider example 57) My brother is a biologist. – My brother is a biologist And The biologist is my brother. In such cases, both nouns qualify both as subjects and as predicates at the same time - again syncretism!

3) The main members are distinguished on the basis of semantic connection. It lies in the fact that the subject, being determined by the word, is characterized, determined by the predicate. With this in mind, we distinguish between the subject and the predicate of a number of grammatical foundations. Here they are.

Proper noun + common noun. Proper nouns in their lexical and grammatical properties can only be defined, and therefore, occupy only the position of the subject. The position of the predicate "remains" for the common noun. Here the word order does not matter. Wed suggestions: 58) Ophelia is the daughter of a courtier.(A. Efros); 59) Best Performer - Fedor Chaliapin(subject to Ophelia, Fedor Chaliapin, predicates daughter, performer). A proper noun, subject, can be any name, for example, the title of a play: 60) Yes, “A Month in the Country” is not an easy play.(A. Efros)

A noun with a more specific meaning + a noun with a more abstract meaning. The subject as defined has a more specific meaning, and the predicate, which determines, has a more general, abstract meaning. Therefore, in sentence 61) Ash is an incredibly durable tree.(From the newspaper) ash is subject, and tree- predicate. Curious sentence 62) After all, not every poet is a poet. (A. Efros), where the grammatical basis is a poet is a poet. Since the first noun has a “concretizer” - a pronoun every, then its meaning is narrower; the second noun, without the "specifier", has a more general meaning. Conclusion: the first of the nouns is the subject, the second is the predicate.

Noun without evaluation + noun evaluative. Since the predicate always characterizes the subject, in this combination the first noun performs the function of the subject, and the evaluative noun performs the function of the predicate. In sentence 63) Without science, man is a beast.(A.Losev) grammatical basis man is a beast. Noun beast used in a figurative sense with a bright negative color, it is the predicate, and the subject is a non-judgmental noun Human. The evaluation of a noun can be created and emphasized by definitions dependent on it. Wed: 64) Science is a great achievement.(A.Losev) Definition great, meaning "outstanding", qualitatively characterizes the noun achievement, which takes the position of the predicate; noun the science- subject.

4) Distinguish between subject and predicate in a grammatical basis noun in them. n. + noun in them. P. helps word This, if it is in the offer - pay attention! - present. This always attached to the predicate, which means it serves as its indicator. Noun without a word This always functions as a subject. In sentence 65) The culture of mankind is the active memory of mankind, actively introduced into modernity.(D. Likhachev) This with a noun memory allows us to consider it a predicate, which means that culture - subject. Another example: 66) This is a simple but great thing - the ability to focus on work.(A.Efros) Word This at the first noun of the grammatical stem, thing, requires to regard it as a predicate, and the second noun, skill - as subject. Word This - a strong indicator of the predicate: it is able to "cancel" other delimiting features of the main members. Let's analyze sentence 67) True happiness is primarily the lot of those who know, the lot of writers and dreamers.(K. Paustovsky) Based on happiness is destiny noun happiness refers to evaluative, evaluativeness is supported by the definition true, however, it is not a predicate. The predicate is nonjudgmental noun destiny: it contains the word This.

IX.

The next problem is related to the distinction between two-part incomplete and one-part sentences. Recall that one-part sentences have one-part stems that are formed by one main member. One-part stems have sentences: definite and indefinitely personal (in science sometimes generalized personal sentences are distinguished as a special type, in school they are considered a variety of definite and indefinitely personal sentences), impersonal (sometimes in science they distinguish infinitive sentences, in school it is impersonal sentences) and nouns. Please note that this structurally- semantic types of sentences, which means that they should be determined primarily by structural features, that is, by the way the main member is expressed, then their meaning, or semantics, should be established. We will not list the structure and semantics of each type of one-component sentences here - they are named in school textbooks, let's move on to the analysis of difficult cases.

Compare the highlighted sentences: 68) Today it's hot. Bakes mercilessly . and 69) The sun is already at its zenith. Bakes mercilessly. Outwardly, they are similar, but are they the same type? Sentence predicate (68) bakes expressed by a personal verb in impersonal usage. Its grammatical meaning - an action without a doer - is the meaning of an impersonal sentence. Therefore, sentence (68) is impersonal. Predicate of the sentence (69) - verb bakes in the third person singular present tense and in the indicative mood. Grammatical meaning - relation to a specific person (Sun), it is not characteristic of one-part sentences. Proposition (69) has two parts. But it is incomplete. Incompleteness is indicated not only by the grammatical meaning, but also by the form of the verb-predicate: the form of the third person the only numbers cannot be the main member of a one-part sentence. A similar example of a two-part incomplete sentence: 70) And rarely steps, but firmly steps.(Last.) (In brackets, we note that not every proverb, having a generalized meaning, is a generalized personal sentence.) The same reasons for recognizing incomplete sentences will arrive And On vacation? analyzed at the beginning of the article.

Another example:

71) Who is speaking?
- Elephant.
- Where?
- From a camel.(K. Chukovsky)

Elephant- the main member of the sentence, expressed by a noun in the nominative case. This form can be the main member of a one-part denominative (or nominative) sentence. However, the grammatical meaning of denominative sentences is the statement of being, the existence of an object, phenomenon, and here elephant is the answer to the question Who speaks , in which, by the way, he would take the position of the subject Who. We conclude: this sentence is two-part incomplete. Interesting grammatical basis in the sentence Where? The verbal grammatical basis is not presented, but the circumstance, being part of the predicate, “suggests” that the predicate has a position, which means that the sentence is incomplete. To determine its type by grammatical composition, we will establish what word form can replace the position of the predicate (only here we turn to the previous context!) - this speaks, a verb in the third person singular present tense indicative, and, as has just been shown, this form cannot be the main member of a one-part sentence. This means that the analyzed sentence belongs to two-part incomplete. Similar proposal basis From a camel.

Another suggestion: 72) In the air - the rumble of pigeon flocks.(M. Tsvetaeva) The subject here is verbally expressed, but the predicate is not, however, there are signals of its position - a circumstance in the air. We conclude: the sentence is two-part incomplete. Please note: punctuation marks do not determine the nature of the stem.

The grammatical basis of the highlighted sentence in fragment 73 is interesting) What do people value in people? Reliability. (From the newspaper) Reliability- a form of the accusative case, homonymous with the form of the nominative case, and if so, then it takes the position of an addition - the sentence is not one-part. Complement - an indicator of the unreplaced position of the predicate. What is the basis of the proposal - one-part or two-part? Let's continue the analysis. The position of the predicate can be replaced (now we turn to the context) with the word form appreciate. This form can be the main member of a one-part indefinitely personal sentence. However, indefinitely personal sentences have the meaning "relation to an indefinite person", here the person is specific - surrounding. The grammatical meaning of "suggests": Reliability - two-part incomplete sentence.

It is difficult to determine the nature of the grammatical foundations of the main part of sentences of type 74) I like that I'm not sick of you.(M. Tsvetaeva) In such cases, it is necessary to establish the position of which member of the sentence is occupied by the subordinate clause. To do this, we substitute two double questions from the predicate to the subordinate clause Who? What? And whom? What?(cannot be limited to one question What?, because it does not allow to distinguish between the positions of the subject and object). In the above offer: like Who? What? what am I - the subordinate clause occupies the position of the subject, therefore, the main sentence is two-part, since it has the positions of two main members, but incomplete, since the position of the subject is replaced not by a word form, but by a predicative unit (sentence). The consequence is also important: like - personal verb in the form of the third person.

Another example: 75) It's sad that we didn't meet sooner. We analyze the grammatical basis of the main part. The predicate is there - sad. We determine the position of the subordinate clause by substituting two double questions: Sad - who? What? or whom? What? Here - Who? What?, that is, the subordinate clause occupies the position of the subject, therefore, the main part is two-part incomplete (which means sad - short adjective). At the same time, another question can be substituted for the subordinate clause: sad why?, therefore, it also occupies the position of a circumstance. The position of the subject in this case is absent, and the main part is regarded as a one-part impersonal (and therefore, sad - state category word). An important conclusion: the main part is syncretic, it is both two-part and one-part, syncretic and the morphological nature of the predicate ( sad- both a short adjective and a word of the category of state).

And how to find it in a sentence? What questions does the predicate and the subject answer? It is these topics that children gradually learn over the long school years of study. And this is not at all surprising, because the topic is deep and has many pitfalls.

Grammatical basis

So how do you recognize the basis of a sentence? First you need to understand the definition. In fact, this is the main part of any sentence that defines the subject, its action and what it is. Namely, this is the subject and the predicate. At school, it is permissible to consider them as a phrase, but if you dig deeper, then not quite so. The questions sound like this:

The subject is "who" or "what". It can be any object, person, animal, living and inanimate being and a pronoun that is used in the nominative case in the sentence.
The second part of the grammatical basis is the predicate. Answers the questions "what is he" or "who is he", "what does he do", "what is the object", "what happens to him".

Examples of the main part of the sentence

For example, we can take several

"The boy (who?) is going (what is he doing? - here the predicate is a verb) home."
"He's sad (what's going on with the item?)." In this example, the predicate is expressed by an adverb, namely the state of the main character.
"He is small (what is the subject?)". The predicate here is a short adjective.
"Oleg is a student (who is he?)." In this example, the predicate is expressed by an animate noun.
Baikal is a big lake. Here an inanimate noun is used, and the predicate answers the questions "what is" or "what is it."

Compound verb predicate

A simple predicate, or as it is also called a verb, can be expressed in any mood. It is always a verb, which is clear from its name. Such a predicate answers questions posed at any time. Not always a simple predicate is expressed in one word, for example:

"I will sing". "I will sing" is a simple predicate expressed by a verb in the form of a complex future tense.
As if, as if, exactly, as if, as if, used with the predicate - model particles that are not separated by commas, as is the case with comparative conjunctions.
She was about to go to the door when she suddenly stopped. Here “was” is a model part, denoting an action that began, but did not happen. Such parts are not separated by commas, in contrast to such parts as used to And It happens that have the value of regular repetition of actions.
In the case of a phraseological unit as a predicate, in order to distinguish it from a compound type, one should remember the following: the first one is easy to replace with one word, but you cannot put "to be" (in any of its forms) instead of it.

Compound nominal predicate

This type of predicate, in turn, is divided into subtypes: it can be verbal, nominal or tripartite. These parts of the sentence may consist of two or more words, which determine the type.

The main and auxiliary parts, which are expressed by words denoting action, form a compound verbal predicate. One of them is always used in an indefinite form, and the second is expressed by verbs denoting the beginning, continuation and end of the action. In this capacity, words are used must, glad, can, ready and others that are short adjectives. Also, this part is expressed by words denoting states that have the meaning of possibility, desirability and necessity, as well as giving an emotional assessment of the action.

The nominal predicate answers questions about the actions of the subject and in its composition can have a noun and an adjective in the nominative and instrumental cases, as well as a participle, numeral, adverb and pronoun, which are used together with auxiliary verbs.

A compound predicate is a combination of verbal and nominal predicates.

Subject.

Remember!

Subject can be expressed not only by a noun or pronoun in nominative case, but also:

1) numeral, adjective and participle in I.P. as a noun;

Seven (num.)one is not expected. All Past (adj. as noun)I only dreamed.

2) designs:

Numeral / several, many, part, majority, minority + noun in R.P.;

The prince gathered in the sakla multitude of people. Several ladies were walking quickly up and down the square.

Someone, everyone, many / adjective + of + noun in R.P.;

The best student solved this problem quickly.

Someone, something + adjective, participle as a noun;

Something so insignificant tied in a scarf.

Noun / pronoun + c + noun / pronoun in Tv.P. ( but only if the predicate is expressed by the verb in the plural!).

Vanya and Iwent along the forest road predicate in plural.).

Annawith her daughter in her arms entered the room (predicate in singular).

3) an infinitive that names an action that does not occur in time.

livein a lordly way - this is a noble affair

Predicate.

There are three types of predicates in Russian. The following algorithm of actions will help you determine which type is represented in your proposal.

Distinguish!

If there are homogeneous predicates in the sentence, then each of them should be considered separately.

Also watch the video presentation.

Clue.

1) Most often, doubts are caused by the definition of a simple verbal predicate, expressed in more than one word:

I I will take part in the exhibition.

Trap!

Often they make a mistake, calling the following construction simple verbal predicates:

Everything in Moscow is saturated with poetry, pierced with rhymes.

This error is due to two factors.

First, a short passive participle should be distinguished from the past tense form of the verb.

Remember!

The short participle has suffixes -T-, -N-, and the verb -L-. Means, impregnated, pierced are short passive participles.

At the beginning of the 20th century, everything in Moscow was saturated with poetry, rhymes were pierced.

Thus, if in a sentence you encounter predicates expressed by short passive participles, then you are dealing with compound nominal predicate.

Remember!

Words can't, can, must, must included in composite predicates.

To me need to get off at this stop.

Trap!

Be careful with words to be, to appear, to be, because by highlighting only them, you can skip one more component of the predicate.

She seemed funny to me.Wrong!

If you highlight only the words seemed, then the meaning of the sentence is completely changed ( seemed = dreamed, dreamed, imagined).

Right: She seemed funny to me

Wrong: The teacher was strict (was = existed, lived).

Right: The teacher was strict.

Trap!

In this task, quite complex sentences are offered for analysis and the answer options are very often similar to each other. What "traps" can you expect here?

1) Offers can be made according to different models:

subject + predicate;
only predicate or subject (single-member sentences);
subject + homogeneous predicates;
homogeneous subjects + predicate.

In the answer option, the subject, predicate, or one of the homogeneous subjects or predicates may be omitted.

Remember!

The grammatical basis includes ALL the main members of the sentence, the omission of one of them is a clear mistake.

2) In the answer option, the subject and predicate of different grammatical bases can be combined.

4) The answer option may contain participial or participle turnover, which are never included in the grammatical basis.

Distinguish!

Structures should be distinguished verb + noun in V.P. And noun + passive participle.

The coordinates were calculated. ? Coordinates calculated.

Calculate coordinates. coordinate calculated.

The subject and predicate always agree with each other, and the object will remain unchanged.

5) Sometimes words which, which in complex sentences are subjects.

[And shiny droplets crawled down his cheeks] , (which are on the windows during the rain). (which = droplets).

Parsing the task.

1. Which of the combinations of words is the grammatical basis in one of the sentences or in one of the parts of a complex sentence?

1) perception is (sentence 2)

2) acquired the ability (sentence 4)

3) they are not represented as a cast (sentence 4)

4) which allows you to see (sentence 6)

Option number 2 is also incorrect, since it lacks a subject. Who acquired the ability? In sentence 4, the subject is the word Human.

So way, the student who chooses option 3 will be right.

2. What words are the grammatical basis in the sixth (6) sentence of the text?

1) books were needed, they were lost

2) they needed, they were lost

3) books were needed, coming here, they were lost

4) books were needed, they were lost in the ocean

3. What combination of words is the grammatical basis in one of the sentences (or part of it)?

1) she will die (sentence 2)

2) what you want (sentence 3)

3) what is good and should do (sentence 4)

4) teaches ability (sentence 4)

This is an advanced task.

Option number 2 is also excluded. Verb I want to is impersonal and cannot have a subject.

Option number 3 similar to the previous one. This offer is also impersonal. Word must in dictionaries it is defined as a category of state, which is used in sentences without a subject.

True is Option 4.

What is the grammatical basis of a sentence

Examples of expressing the subject in different parts of speech

Video lesson “The grammatical basis of the sentence. The main members of the proposal "

Examples of compound verb predicate

The order of highlighting grammatical foundations

How to determine the grammatical basis? Explanation of sentence parsing, complex cases

Stage number 1. We find the subject. WHO questions? or WHAT?

Stage number 2. We find the predicate. Questions: WHAT IS IT DOING? (and etc.)

Difficult cases in determining predicates

Determining the stem in one-part sentences

Grammatical basis of a sentence with examples

O.M. CHUPASHEV, Murmansk

The grammatical basis of the sentence: problems and solutions

I.

II.

III.

IV.

Grammatical basis

Examples of the main part of the sentence

Compound verb predicate

Compound nominal predicate

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O.M. CHUPASHEV,
Murmansk