This approach to family psychological therapy and counseling is associated with the ideas of classical psychoanalysis (3. Freud) and neopsychoanalysis (K. G. Jung, A. Adler and others).

The main emphasis in the psychoanalytic direction is on the ability to recognize and clarify the unconscious impulses of a person, to recognize ways to protect against them. Despite the fact that the psychoanalytic tradition in psychotherapy and counseling was originally designed for an in-depth study of the individual, this theory was also widely used in work with the family (X. Sterlin, R. Skinner, M. Nichols, N. Epstein, G. Grünbaum, U Meisner and others).

The theoretical principles that make up psychoanalytic family therapy and family counseling are based on the concepts of the psychology of drives 3. Freud, ego psychology (E. Erickson, G. Sullivan) and the theory of object relations (M. Klein, R. Spitz, D. Bowlby) .

Psychoanalytic theory 3. Freud. The main point of 3. Freud's theory is the concept unconscious. The concept of the unconscious allows us to describe the complexity and ambiguity of human life.

aim psychoanalytic family psychotherapy and psychological counseling is the liberation of family members from unconscious restrictions. As a result of its successful completion, family members should learn to communicate with each other as whole, healthy individuals.

Main tasks psychoanalysis are the identification and study of the subconscious realm that governs man. The psychologist, working with the client from the position of psychoanalytic theory, seeks to ensure that the client is aware of his subconscious processes and learns to influence them. Mental processes occurring at the unconscious level should be revealed as deeply as possible and presented to consciousness for integration into an existential organization. In this case, it is considered that the goal of interaction between the psychologist and the client has been achieved.

In the process of psychoanalytic therapy with the family, changes in the object relations of the family are very important. These changes as a result of psychotherapeutic work should change in the direction of individualization and differentiation of family members from each other.

The two main mechanisms that contribute to family behavior change are ipsite(insight, sudden insight) and expression of unconscious pent-up impulses. Psychoanalytically oriented family therapists and family counselors encourage their clients to ipsight and try to uncover material that is not conscious or is in the past.

Among basic techniques, which are used by psychoanalytic family therapists and consultants, we can distinguish:

• - analytical neutral listening;
• - interpretation of the client's inner experiences;
• - the history of these experiences, the features of their challenge.

At the final stages of psychotherapeutic and counseling work, you can use the technique emotional relearning, which allows you to encourage the family and its individual members to use new intellectual insights for them in everyday life.

The most important thing here is that, according to psychoanalytic theory, certain neurotic personality traits can be formed as a manifestation of various psychological defenses, the identification of which helps the psychologist to understand the nature of non-adaptive styles of behavior, which will contribute to the effectiveness of psychological assistance. The presence of psychological protection in an adult leads to difficulties in interaction in the family and adaptation at work, in children - to new school conditions, in the family as a whole - to problems with other people and the desire to isolate and close family boundaries. A psychologist who practices not only in the traditions of psychoanalysis must necessarily know and understand psychological defenses and be able to identify them in a client.

We list the main protective mechanisms.

Denial - information that worries the client, can lead to an internal conflict, is denied, not perceived.

Crowding out - true, but unaccepted motives are forced out, rejected in order to be replaced by others acceptable from the point of view of society. The repressed motive creates emotional tension, which is subjectively perceived as a state of indefinite anxiety and fear.

Projection- unconscious attribution to another person of his own feelings, desires, inclinations, in which a person does not want to admit to himself, realizing their social unacceptability.

Rationalization - a pseudo-reasonable explanation by a person of his desires, actions, actually caused by reasons, the recognition of which would threaten the loss of self-respect. In particular, rationalization is associated with an attempt to reduce the value of what has not been achieved or to exaggerate the value of what is available.

Identification - unconscious transfer to oneself of feelings and qualities inherent in another person, but desirable for oneself. Through identification, the symbolic possession of a desired but unattainable object is also achieved. Identification in the extended sense of the word is an unconscious adherence to patterns, ideals, which allows you to overcome your own weakness, a sense of inferiority.

Inclusion - the significance of the traumatic factor is reduced due to the fact that the old system of values ​​is placed as part of a new, more global system. The relative importance of the traumatic factor decreases against the background of other, more powerful ones.

Isolation - isolation within the consciousness of traumatic human factors. Access to consciousness is blocked for unpleasant emotions, so that the connection between any event and its emotional coloring is not reflected in consciousness.

Regression - a form of psychological defense, which consists in returning to early types of behavior associated with childhood, the transition to previous levels of mental development. Successful responses in the past are updated.

substitution- shifting an action directed at an inaccessible object to an action with an accessible, safer object.

Jet formation - a person defends himself from forbidden impulses by expressing opposite impulses in behavior and thoughts. Socially approved behavior is seen as exaggerated and inflexible.

Sublimation- translation of the energy of instincts into a socially acceptable channel.

It is possible to use psychoanalytic theory in understanding conflicts between husband and wife, the determinants of which are not satisfaction with communication with each other, but a binge relationship with one's own father or mother.

Individual psychology A. Adler. The main components of A. Adler's concept, embodied in consultative practice, are the principle of integrity, the unity of an individual life style, social interest and the orientation of behavior towards achieving a goal. A. Adler argued that goals and expectations influence behavior more than past experience.

In consulting practice, it is very important to understand the client's social interest and his desire for excellence. A. Adler noted that a child in a family often experiences a feeling of inferiority, in an attempt to overcome which and assert himself, his goals are formed (to become strong, inaccessible, etc.). It is important that the striving for superiority, arising from the feeling of inferiority, is combined with social interest, i.e. striving for superiority should be socially positive, including striving for the well-being of other people.

Goals of the client(family or individual) in psychological counseling according to Adler:

• reduced feelings of inferiority;
• development of social interest;
• correction of life goals and motives;
• correction of negative feelings;
• change or (most often) the introduction of constructive elements into a person's lifestyle.

A. Adler believed that the concept of "life style" is very important in consulting practice. It is he who influences the success and failure of a person's functioning in various spheres of life, including in the family. Lifestyle, noted A. Adler, is the meaning that a person attaches to the world and himself, his goals, the direction of his aspirations and the approaches that he uses in solving life problems.

Lifestyle is based on the so-called private logic (in some sources - personal logic). Private logic- these are the attitudes, the worldview of the individual, assimilated in the parental family. Examples of private logic: “I must always be in opposition”, “I must always get what I want”, “I am an innocent victim”, etc. Adler emphasized the creative, active nature of the individual in shaping his own life, as well as the social nature of human behavior. Correction of the life style of family members will largely contribute to the constructiveness of emotions and behavior in life.

Stages of work with family and individual client. Adler noted that when working with a client, it is important to understand the style of his life; help him understand himself and his feelings, emotions, plans and goals in life. This work is carried out in stages.

• 1. Grade. Establishing trusting relationships - respectfulness, faith in the capabilities and abilities of a person, active listening, showing sincere interest, support, etc. Further - the collection of information, its analysis and the hypotheses about the possible private logic and the style of life based on it. As a result - the development of a plan of work with the client.
• 2. insight. The main goal is to help the client become aware of his private logic and the lifestyle based on it.
• 3. Reorientation. At this stage, the client is helped to formulate a new private logic (which is sometimes extremely difficult to do) or the constructive elements of the old private logic, to show the unattractiveness and destructiveness of the latter, and, consequently, the lifestyle.
• 4. Retraining. At this stage, with the help of various techniques, the client is taught to set new constructive goals, new constructive behavior.

Among the techniques most commonly used in Adler counseling are:

• 1) technique "early memory:”, which allows you to “go out” to the private logic and lifestyle of the client;
• 2) "family history”, which also makes it possible to understand the private logic of the client, which he learned in his family;
• 3)"positive tracking» - working with this technique helps the client to identify the positive aspects of his life in order to strengthen them, to realize his own resources and reorient himself to positive experiences;
• 4) "metaphors" these are images, pictures that offer an alternative view of the problem presented;
• 5) "restoration of positive rituals" - allows you to restore the lost patterns of positive interaction in the family;
• 6) "rituals of unification" the client, together with the psychologist, determines rituals that will help unite the family around some kind of joint business;
• 7) "transition to a new life" - emphasizes the transition from one period of life to another, allows you to form new expectations, rules, norms, roles, goals, etc.

• Skinner R., CleeseJ. Family and how to survive in it. M.: Klass, 2004.

Olga Alexandrovna Karabanova. Psychology of FAMILY RELATIONS AND BASIS OF FAMILY COUNSELING

Series PSYCHOLOGIA UNIVERSALIS

Founded by the Gardariki publishing house in 2000

MOSCOW, GARDARIKI 2005

Recommended by the Council for Psychology of the UMO on classical university education as a teaching aid for students of higher educational institutions studying in the direction and specialties of psychology.

The textbook deals with the problems of the genesis, development and functioning of the family as an integral system in the unity of its structural and functional components. The main characteristics of marital relations (emotional ties, role structure of the family, features of communication, cohesion), harmonious and disharmonious families are given. Particular attention is paid to parent-child relationships and the problems of raising children in the family, emotional relations between parents and children, including the specifics of maternal and paternal love, the child's attachment, and the parameters of family education.

Addressed to students of psychological and pedagogical universities, professionals working with families, practical psychologists, teachers, social workers, as well as parents.

INTRODUCTION

The subject and tasks of family psychology

Family psychology is a relatively young branch of psychological knowledge, which is in its infancy. It is based on the richest practice of family psychotherapy, the experience of psychological assistance to the family and family counseling, the practice of psychological counseling of parents on the upbringing and development of children and adolescents. A distinctive feature of family psychology as a scientific discipline has become its inseparable connection with psychological practice. It was the social demand for optimizing the life of the family, increasing the efficiency of marriage and parent-child relationships, and solving the problems of raising children in the family that accelerated the development and institutionalization of this scientific discipline.

Over the past decade, a number of disturbing trends have emerged that testify to crisis phenomena in the life of the family, affecting both marital and parent-child relationships. The relevance of the development of a new scientific discipline - family psychology - is associated with a general deterioration in the psychological atmosphere and an increase in dysfunction and conflict in a significant part of Russian families. These unfavorable trends are explained by socio-economic conditions: the instability of the social system, the low material standard of living, the problems of professional employment in most regions of Russia, the transformation of the traditionally established role structure of the family and the distribution of role functions between spouses. The number of dysfunctional families is increasing, in which the deviant behavior of spouses - alcoholism, aggression, - communication disorders, unmet needs of partners for respect, love and recognition cause an increase in emotional and personality disorders, tension, loss of a sense of love and security, violations of personal growth and identity formation .

A change in the demographic situation - a drop in the birth rate and, as a result, an increase in the proportion of one-child families - leads to difficulties in personal development and insufficient communicative competence of children brought up in such families. It should be noted the unsatisfactory level of implementation by the father of the educational function in a significant number of Russian families. Along with the favorable trend of active inclusion of the father in the process of upbringing even at the stage of early childhood of the child, the tendency of the father to distance himself from the problems of upbringing, his low emotional involvement and orientation towards parenthood, which is a significant factor in achieving personal identity and psychological maturity, is equally pronounced. Migration of the population associated with employment and the peculiarities of professional activity has led to an increase in the number of functionally single-parent families in which one of the spouses cannot constantly fulfill their roles.

The disharmony of the system of family education is a fairly common symptom of the dysfunction of the modern Russian family, where the actual indicators of the disharmony of the family style of education should be considered the increase in cases of child abuse, hypoprotection and contradictory education.

The increase in the number of divorces - at least 1/3 of families that are married, breaks up - has become one of the most acute social problems. The cost of divorce is extremely high. In terms of stress, divorce occupies one of the first places among difficult life events. The result of divorce and family breakdown is the formation of an incomplete family, mainly of the maternal type. In a significant number of cases in such a family, there is a role overload of the mother and, as a result, a decrease in the effectiveness of education. The psychological consequences of divorce and the upbringing of children in an incomplete family are violations of the development of the self-concept, violations of the formation of gender-role identity, affective disorders, and violations of communication with peers and in the family.

Another social problem is the growing number of informal (civil) marriages. Between 1980 and 2000, the number of common-law marriages increased sixfold; 30% of men aged 18 to 30 live in a civil marriage, 85% get married in the future, and only 40% of marriages remain. The main reason for preferring civil marriages is the unwillingness of spouses to take full responsibility for the family, partner and children. Because of this, a family living in a civil marriage is quite often characterized by destructiveness, conflict, and a low level of security.

Another social problem is associated with an increase in the number of children left without parental care, in particular, a sharp increase in social orphanhood (with living parents). Today, there are more than 500,000 such orphans. The reasons for social orphanhood are an increase in cases of deprivation of parental rights (about 25%), parents abandoning a child and transferring parental rights to the state (60%), temporary placement of children by parents in orphanages and children's homes due to difficult material and economic situation of the family (15%). In the case of deprivation of parental rights in the vast majority of families (more than 90%), the father and mother suffer from alcoholism. Voluntary abandonment of parenthood is most often due to the illness of the child, difficult material and living conditions, usually in an incomplete family. The number of homeless children is increasing. Thus, an insufficiently thought-out system of housing privatization has led to a sharp increase in homeless children. The expansion of the network of social rehabilitation centers and social shelters makes it possible, to a certain extent, to provide the necessary level of protection and social adaptation of such children, however, neither the number of such institutions nor the level of psychological assistance provided to pupils in these centers can be considered sufficient and satisfactory to ensure the conditions for their full-fledged mental development.

Reduction and impoverishment of communication in the family, lack of emotional warmth, acceptance, low awareness of parents about the real needs, interests and problems of the child, lack of cooperation and cooperation in the family lead to difficulties in the development of children. At the same time, we can state a trend of shifting parental functions to children's educational institutions (kindergartens, schools), as well as to specially invited staff (nannies, governesses) and, thereby, self-exclusion of parents from the process of raising a child.

The theoretical basis of family psychology was research in social psychology, personality psychology, developmental psychology, educational psychology, and clinical psychology. Social psychology, based on the idea of ​​a family as a small group, studies the issues of the role structure of the family and leadership in the family, the stages of development of the family as a group, the problems of choosing a marriage partner, problems of family cohesion, conflicts in the family and ways to resolve them. Developmental psychology and developmental psychology have made the patterns of personality development in the family at different age stages, the content, conditions and factors of socialization, the problems of raising a child in the family, and the psychological characteristics of parent-child relationships the focus of their research. Age-related psychological counseling, aimed at monitoring the course of the child's mental development, preventing and correcting negative developmental trends, considers the family and family education as the most important component of the social situation of the child's development. Family education and pedagogy have always been the most important branch of pedagogical science. Personality psychology considers communication and interpersonal relationships in the family as the basis for personal growth and self-realization, develops forms and methods for optimizing a person's personal development, taking into account family resources. Within the framework of clinical psychology, intrafamily relations are considered as an important factor in the context of the problems of etiology, therapy and rehabilitation after overcoming mental disorders and deviations. So, the system of scientific knowledge obtained in various areas of psychological research, the experience of the practice of providing psychological assistance to the family and family counseling have created theoretical basis of modern family psychology, whose actual task is to integrate knowledge about the family and practical experience of working with the family into a holistic psychological discipline - family psychology.

The subject of family psychology are the functional structure of the family, the main patterns and dynamics of its development; personal development in the family.

Tasks of family psychology include:

• study of the patterns of formation and development of the functional-role structure of the family at various stages of its life cycle;
• study of the premarital period, features of the search and choice of a marriage partner;
• the study of the psychological characteristics of marital relations;
• study of the psychological characteristics of child-parent relationships;
• study of the role of family education in the development of a child at various age stages;
• study of non-normative family crises and development of strategies to overcome them.

Practical application of knowledge in the field of family psychology involves the following activities of a family psychologist and family consultant:

• psychological counseling on marriage issues, including the choice of a marriage partner and marriage;
• counseling on marital relations (diagnostics, correction, prevention);
• psychological assistance to the family in crisis situations and divorces;
• counseling, diagnosis, prevention and correction of child-parent relationships;
• psychological counseling on the upbringing and development of children and adolescents (diagnostics, prevention, correction of violations and deviations in development);
• psychological counseling on the problems of raising children at risk and gifted children;
• psychological assistance in matters of adoption and upbringing of adopted children;
• psychological prevention of deviations and developmental disorders in children and adolescents brought up “without a family” (in conditions of deprivation of communication with a close adult);
• psychological counseling and support of pregnancy and childbirth;
• psychological support of the formation of parenthood.

Questions and tasks

3.1. THEORETICAL PROVISIONS OF SOCIAL AND CLINICAL psychology FAMILIES NECESSARY FOR A SPECIALIST TO WORK WITH THE PROJECTIVE METHOD "FAMILY SOCIOGRAM"

Family definition.

Areas of her psychological study

Family- this is a cell of society (small social group) and the most important form of organizing personal life. It is based on the marital union and family ties - the relationship between husband and wife, parents and children, brothers and sisters and other relatives living together and leading a joint household [Soloviev N. Ya., 1977].

In psychological science, the family is studied primarily within the framework of social and clinical (medical) psychology.

The subject of social psychology of the family- these are psychological patterns, features of behavior, interaction and communication of people, due to their inclusion in the family as a social group, as well as the characteristics of the family as a small group.

The subject of clinical psychology of the family are the features of family functioning in their significance for the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of diseases, as well as the preservation and promotion of the health of family members [Nikolskaya I. M., / 1m) \ 2009].

The most important characteristics of a family are considered to be its functions, structure and dynamics [Eidemiller E. G., Yustitskis V., Eidemiller E. G. et al., 2003]. The functions show what the family "does" on a daily basis, the structure - how the family works, the dynamics - how it changes in the process of its development.

In addition to these characteristics, in this section we will also consider the ionic indicators of the family as a system: the structure of family (shley, external and internal boundaries, family subsystems, etc.)

family functions.

Concepts of normally functioning

And a dysfunctional family

Function- This is the life of the family, associated with the satisfaction of certain needs of its members. The fulfillment by the family of its functions is important not only for family members, but also for society as a whole.

Household function involves the satisfaction of the material needs of family members (in food, shelter, etc.). This contributes to the preservation of their physical health, the restoration of the physical forces expended in various activities.

Sexual-erotic function family is to satisfy sexual and erotic needs. Taking into account social norms and requirements, it is important that the family at the same time regulates sexual and erotic behavior and ensures the biological reproduction of members of society.

educational function family concerns the individual needs of a man and a woman in fatherhood and motherhood, in contact with children and in their upbringing, as well as in the fact that parents can realize themselves in children. For society, this function ensures the socialization of children and the preparation of new members of society.

emotional function family involves meeting the needs of family members for sympathy, respect, recognition, emotional support, psychological security. This preserves mental health, promotes emotional and personal stabilization.

The function of spiritual (cultural) communication associated with the need for joint leisure activities, mutual spiritual enrichment and contributes to the spiritual development of family members.

Function of primary social control ensures that family members comply with social norms. This is especially true for those who, due to age or clinical characteristics, are not able to build their own behavior in accordance with the norms of society.

The failure of the family to fulfill its basic functions leads to violations of the physical and mental health of family members, adaptation disorders, and family breakdown. For example, a violation of the sexual-erotic function not only leads to marital conflicts and divorces, but also provokes the occurrence of severe neuropsychiatric disorders in family members. Failure of parents to fulfill the function of primary social control in relation to their children can be the cause of deviant and delinquent behavior.

With this in mind, based on the concept of family functions, two main types of families are distinguished: normally functioning and dysfunctional [Eidemiller E. G., Dobryakov I. V., Nikolskaya I. M. 2003].

Normally functioning family- this is a family that responsibly and differentiatesly performs all its functions, as a result of which the need for growth and change is satisfied both for the family as a whole and for each of its members.

dysfunctional family- this is a family in which the performance of one or more functions is impaired. As a result, the needs of family members and the family as a whole are not met. This hinders the personal growth of family members, blocks the need for self-actualization, leads to the appearance of symptoms of neuropsychiatric disorders in them, and the family can lead to disintegration.

Severe family dysfunction contributes to the formation family role "symptom carrier", which is assumed by the member of the family who has the lowest social status in it due to various physical or psychological reasons. In the role of a “symptom carrier”, this family member acts as an important link in the complex mechanism of pathological adaptation of both an individual with neuropsychiatric disorders and a dysfunctional family as a whole.

dysfunctional family It's a rigid family system. Regardless of changes in external and internal conditions, it stubbornly tries to maintain the usual standards of interaction between elements of its subsystems and other systems. The "carrier of the symptom" allows the family to maintain the old established relationships between its members. His symptomatic behavior is involuntary, unconscious and beyond the control of the patient. It has a relatively strong influence on other people and can be conditionally beneficial not only to the patient, but also to family members. The carrier of the symptom acts as "identified patient"- a family member whose clinical, psychological and behavioral problems force the family to unite and seek psychological help. However, if the family is viewed as a self-regulating system, and the asymptomatic is regarded as a mechanism of regulation, then if the symptom is eliminated, the entire system will be temporarily unregulated and will be forced to move to another level of functioning. A specific feature of a dysfunctional family is its rigidity, the desire to maintain the status quo, so often it will unconsciously resist change and try to keep the symptom, despite its appeal to a specialist for help.

Family structure

Structure- this is the composition of family members, as well as the totality of their relationships. In our country, the most common structure is in which a family consists of adults (husband, wife, and in some cases grandparents) and children (usually there are one or two children in a Russian family).

The structure of the family is based on two types of relationships:

domination - subordination (hierarchy, or distribution of v power);

closeness - remoteness (connection, or emotional distance between family members).

Hierarchy, or the distribution of power, shows who in the family is in charge, who is the executor, how rights and duties are distributed among family members. From the point of view of structure, families can be distinguished where leadership is concentrated in the hands of one family member, and families where equal participation of several family members in management is expressed.

According to V. N. Druzhinin, the dominant family member provides security, is responsible for maintaining normal relations between family members, determines the prospects for life and instills faith in the future. The dominance of one of the spouses is a necessary condition for the stability of the family.

In a patriarchal family, the father dominates, while in a matriarchal family, the mother dominates. In a child-centered family, the child is psychologically dominated by his needs or whims.

When determining dominance, it is important not only who dominates, but also the hierarchy of power-subordination itself (in order of dominance), for example, Father - mother - child; Father - child - mother; Mother - father - child; Mother - child - father; Child - father - mother; Child - mother - father.

Every married couple faces the problem of separation of power and the creation of a hierarchy in the family. The concept of power is associated not only with dominance, but also with caring for other family members, the responsibility for their change. Spouses share power among themselves in different ways. For example, if in a family decisions related to home and upbringing are taken by one of the spouses, then decisions related to money and relationships with friends are in the sphere of power of the other.

When living in the family of the parents of the husband or wife, dominance becomes more difficult. More often, the maternal grandmother or paternal grandfather takes power in the family. The grandmother replaces the functions of the mother in the family, which begins to perform some of the functions of the father. The father, in turn, comes into conflict with the mother and grandmother for the right to actively participate in family life.

In cases of difficulties in the relationship between parents, a son or daughter often becomes a resource in the struggle for power between spouses, who equalize parents and occupy the highest step in the family hierarchy. In the face of children's troubles, marital problems are at least temporarily removed, it becomes possible to look at themselves as the parents that their child needs. It turns into a source of special care on the part of parents, who direct all their efforts to change behavior for the better. Violations in the behavior of children can thus be seen as protective, helping to save the family from impending disaster. In other words, the child (identified patient) "as if" comes to the rescue of both parents at the same time, unaware of his significant role.

The family, devoid of the duality of the hierarchical organization, when the position of the highest level in relation to the children is returned to the parents, becomes harmonious if the mother and father work together to change the children's behavior. In a family organization, parents need to occupy a higher position in the hierarchy than children, since they are in a position of seniority and unconditional responsibility for the child.

It is assumed that in a stable family, the same subject has power and responsibility, and family members are psychologically closer to him than to each other.

It happens when one of the spouses arrogates to himself the right to single-handedly decide the main issues on which the life of the family depends, while the other becomes powerless and enters into a coalition with the child, which undermines the power of the head of the family.

Sometimes the source of power is the illness of one of the family members (depression, alcoholism, fears, psychosomatic disorders). It acts as a means to help achieve a relative balance in the possession of power.

The family will exist harmoniously in those cases when the distribution of power established in it does not interfere with the performance of its main functions aimed at meeting the needs of family members.

Connection(cohesion) is the psychological distance between family members. At different stages of the family life cycle, it is different, reflecting the changing needs of its members. The general rule is that if the psychological distance is very close (symbiosis) or, on the contrary, very far (separation), this can lead to family dysfunction. Symbiotic relationships prevent the formation of self-images of family members and block the need V growth and change. Disunity as an autonomous existence does not allow the family to perform its main functions: emotional, spiritual (cultural) communication, primary social control, etc.

Family structure disorders make it difficult for the family to fulfill its functions or interfere with it, which also leads to the appearance of family dysfunction. For example, when the usual family composition changes (the death of a mother, the absence of a father, childlessness), the family is immediately placed in the “risk” group, since the performance of educational and other functions suffers. No less problems can be associated with disruption of relationships. So, too much distance between parents and children leads them to a lonely autonomous existence, gives rise to a feeling of low value and insecurity. Another example is the struggle for power between spouses, which is the first impetus for quarrels in two out of three divorced couples. Another example is the unequal distribution of domestic duties among family members, which leads to an overload of women, their unbearable psychological stress.

It should be remembered that with the development of the family, its functions naturally change: some are lost, others appear in accordance with new social conditions. As a result, the structure of the family also changes. According to sociologists, at present in our country there are simultaneously functioning trimodel family, differing in their structure: patriarchal, child-centric and matrimonial [Golod S. I., 1998]. In reality, they are mutually intertwined, however, in the practice of family counseling and psychotherapy, one can often meet with extreme variants of such families that have both sanogenic and pathogenic effects on their members.

patriarchal family the most archaic. It is characterized by relations of domination-submission: the dependence of the wife on the husband, the children on the parents, the youngest child on the eldest. And this connection is a rigid consolidation of family roles.

Marriage is outwardly stable, the family consists of several generations: grandparents, parents and children. Large families are welcome, since the household function is one of the most important for this family.

The husband is considered the main one in the family: all the economic resources of the family are concentrated in his hands, he makes all the main decisions. The wife takes the surname of her husband, obeys him and treats him with respect. Its main functions are to give birth and raise children, to run a household. The family is distinguished by parental authority and an authoritarian system of education.

The rigid hierarchical structure of the patriarchal family can lead to the fact that subordinate family members, especially the wife and children, will be dissatisfied with the distribution of power that prevents the satisfaction of their needs. As a result, this family can become dysfunctional, with all the ensuing consequences. For example, the problem of domestic violence, which is relevant for many regions of our country, is directly related to living in a family with this structure.

Child-centric family elevates the role of privacy, intimacy and values ​​of children. Relations between husband and wife are more or less equal, sexuality practiced in marriage is not limited to procreation. The husband and wife regulate the timing and frequency of conception and jointly decide on the number of children. Socialization takes on a different meaning, since there can be only one child in a family, who often spends most of his time with his parents, and not with his children.

He turns into an object of special parental care and enduring affection, they try to give him the best possible education. The main function of the family is educational. Parenting styles are diverse: from authoritarian to pampered. In general, children enjoy a greater number of material and spiritual benefits than their parents, and can act as the main meaning of the family. When children grow up, they can separate from their parents, however, having separated, they do not lose contact with the parental family. Parents provide material and moral support to their children, hoping that if necessary, they will act towards them properly.

The central position of a child in a child-centric family can in some cases lead to the fact that he receives more power than his parents, and begins to manage them at his own discretion, dictating his will. Another problem with this family model is that too close a distance, often a symbiotic relationship between parent(s) and child can lead to their mutual emotional dependence. As a result, an egocentric adult child from such a family is often unable to live without the support of his parents, and parents, in turn, may prevent his separation, fearing to lose the main meaning of his existence and experiencing anxiety to remain alone, relinquishing parental obligations.

changed in the 20th century. the social status of women, her struggle for equal rights with men led to the emergence marital family model. matrimony- this is a personal interaction of a husband and wife, regulated by moral principles and their intrinsic values. Such interaction is characterized by the symmetry of rights and at the same time the asymmetry of the roles of husband and wife,

The husband's conscious encouragement of his wife's individuality is associated with an increase in the significance of her personal characteristics for him. Of particular importance for the husband was the sexual expressiveness of the wife, and not only her economic and practical qualities and health, which in the past were of decisive importance when choosing a spouse.

Husband and wife ceased to unconditionally subordinate their own interests to the interests of children, sexuality ceased to be reduced to childbearing, eroticism became characteristic of all marital relations in Poland. The marital model of the family has opened up wide opportunities for autonomy and self-realization of each family member: the interests of the husband and wife have become more diverse than family ones, and their needs and social circle go beyond marriage.

The frequency of regular communication of spouses with their parents, grandparents, brothers, sisters and other relatives in this family is low.

In some cases, spouses may deliberately refuse to have children, believing that the appearance of a child can interfere with their close relationships, successful professional careers, personal and spiritual growth.

A decrease in the sexual attractiveness of a partner and a loss of interest in him often become a factor leading to the disintegration of a married family. If a child grows up in it, then quite often close relationships between spouses and their priority lead to his autonomy and personal instability.

The relevance of the development of a new scientific discipline - family psychology - is associated with a general deterioration in the psychological atmosphere and an increase in dysfunction and conflict in a significant part of Russian families.

The subject and tasks of family psychology

C/r describe your family according to the criteria specified in the family typology.

Lecture 1. Psychology of family relations

1. The subject and tasks of family psychology.
2. Theoretical foundations of family counseling

• Family Approaches
• Basic principles of family counseling
• The main stages of psychological counseling of the family

Marriage and family

Development of marriage and family relations in the history of society

Three historical family types

The family as an integral system

・Family functions

Family typology

The Yugoslav writer B. Nusic gives the opinions of representatives of various professions about marriage:

Historian: "Marriage is one of the very rare historical phenomena when the winner submits to the subordinate."

Writer: "Marriage is an interesting story, and sometimes a romance with a very beautiful beginning, but often with poor content and most often with an unexpected end."

Physicist: "Marriage is such a phenomenon when two bodies, in order to acquire greater stability, have a common but imaginary point of support and therefore lose their balance very easily."

Chemist: “Marriage is a combination of two elements, each of which still retains its own characteristics. A drop of foreign acid that has entered this compound causes a reaction in it and decomposes it into its component parts.

Doctor: “Marriage is a poison that contains an antidote in itself. Patients feel best at a high temperature and very badly at normal. The diet in this case does not help, as it only worsens the patient's condition.

Prosecutor: "Marriage is a temporary reconciliation of two warring parties."

Family psychology- a relatively young branch of psychological knowledge, which is in its infancy. It is based on the richest practice of family psychotherapy, the experience of psychological assistance to the family and family counseling, the practice of psychological counseling of parents on the upbringing and development of children and adolescents. A distinctive feature of family psychology as a scientific discipline has become its inseparable connection with psychological practice.

Unfavorable trends:

1. socio-economic conditions: instability of the social system, low material standard of living, problems of professional employment in most regions of Russia, transformation of the traditionally established role structure of the family and the distribution of role functions between spouses.

2. the number of dysfunctional families is increasing, in which deviant behavior of spouses - alcoholism, aggression, - communication disorders, unmet needs of partners for respect, love and recognition cause an increase in emotional and personality disorders, tension, loss of a sense of love and security, violations of personal growth and identity formation.

3. Changes in the demographic situation - a drop in the birth rate and, as a result, an increase in the proportion of one-child families - leads to difficulties in personal development and insufficient communicative competence of children brought up in such families. It should be noted the unsatisfactory level of implementation by the father of the educational function in a significant number of Russian families.

4. reduction and impoverishment of communication in the family, lack of emotional warmth, acceptance, low awareness of parents about the real needs, interests and problems of the child, lack of cooperation and cooperation in the family lead to difficulties in the development of children.

5. At the same time, we can state a trend of shifting parental functions to children's educational institutions (kindergartens, schools), as well as to specially invited staff (nannies, governesses) and, thereby, self-exclusion of parents from the process of raising a child.

The theoretical basis of family psychology was research:

1. Social psychology, based on the idea of ​​a family as a small group, studies the issues of the role structure of the family and leadership in the family, the stages of development of the family as a group, the problems of choosing a marriage partner, problems of family cohesion, conflicts in the family and ways to resolve them.
2. Developmental psychology and developmental psychology have made the patterns of personality development in the family at different age stages, the content, conditions and factors of socialization, the problems of raising a child in the family, and the psychological characteristics of parent-child relationships the focus of their research.
3. Age-related psychological counseling, aimed at monitoring the course of the child's mental development, preventing and correcting negative developmental trends, considers the family and family education as the most important component of the social situation of the child's development.
4. Family education and pedagogy have always been the most important branch of pedagogical science.
5. Personality psychology considers communication and interpersonal relationships in the family as the basis for personal growth and self-realization, develops forms and methods for optimizing a person's personal development, taking into account family resources.
6. Within the framework of clinical psychology, intrafamily relations are considered as an important factor in the context of the problems of etiology, therapy and rehabilitation after overcoming mental disorders and deviations.

So, the system of scientific knowledge obtained in various areas of psychological research, the experience of the practice of providing psychological assistance to the family and family counseling have created the theoretical basis of modern family psychology, the actual task of which is to integrate knowledge about the family and practical experience of working with the family into a holistic psychological discipline - family psychology. .

The subject of family psychology are the functional structure of the family, the main patterns and dynamics of its development; personal development in the family.

The tasks of family psychology include:

• study of the patterns of formation and development of the functional-role structure of the family at various stages of its life cycle;
• study of the premarital period, features of the search and choice of marriage
  partner
• the study of the psychological characteristics of marital relations;
• study of the psychological characteristics of child-parent relationships;
  study of the role of family education in the development of the child in various
• age stages;
• study of non-normative family crises and development of strategies to overcome them.

Family approaches:

Psychoanalytic approach. The focus is on child-parent relationships, which determine the development of the individual and the success of her family life in the future. The unit of analysis is a personality in its relationship with a partner, the main patterns of these relationships are the Oedipus complex and the Electra complex. It is assumed that in marital relations, patients unconsciously tend to repeat the basic patterns of relationships with their own parents. Psychological work is focused on the reconstruction and recreation of the past, awareness of the repressed and repressed.

Behavioral Approach. The focus here is not on deep causes, but on the erroneous behavior and actions of family members, which act as an obstacle and an obstacle to solving problem situations. Within the framework of the behavioral approach, various forms of training work with parents have become widespread. Work with spouses is built within the framework of the theory of social exchange, according to which each individual seeks to obtain the maximum reward at the lowest cost. A feature of behavioral work with the family is the preference for dyadic interaction as a unit of psychological analysis and influence. The choice of a dyad (for comparison, in systemic family psychotherapy, work is carried out with a triad that includes spouses-parents and a child) is justified by the supremacy of the principle of social exchange in the analysis of the patterns of family functioning.

Systems approach. The family acts as a system striving for the preservation (the law of homeostasis) and the development of relationships. In its history, the family consistently and naturally goes through a series of crises (marriage, the birth of a child, the child entering school, graduation from school and self-determination, separation from parents and leaving, etc.). Each of the crises requires the reorganization and restructuring of the family system. Family dysfunction is defined as the inability of a family to meet the needs of all its members, which is reflected in the symptomatic behavior of any of them. Behavioral disorders and emotional and personal disorders of one of the family members, according to structural family psychotherapy, are an indicator of family dysfunction as a single holistic organism. The therapist's attention is focused on the processes taking place in the family at the present time, without distant excursions into the past. The way to overcome the problems of the family is to change inadequate patterns of transactions, loosen the old family system and establish new boundaries that ensure its balanced functioning.

Despite the significant differences between the above approaches in terms of views on the causes and ways to overcome problems, in theoretical explanatory models, one can single out the general goals of family psychotherapy:

Increasing the plasticity of the role structure of the family - the flexibility of the distribution of roles, interchangeability; establishing a reasonable balance in resolving issues of power and dominance;

Establishing open and clear communication;

Solving family problems and reducing the severity of negative symptoms;

Creation of conditions for the development of self-concept and personal growth of all family members without exception.

Basic principles of family counseling:

The principle of voluntariness of the client's request is the most important ethical principle of family counseling. The exceptions are situations when psychological examination and influence are carried out according to a court order. During the initial appointment, it is important for the consultant to establish who initiated the consultation, how other family members reacted to this, and what is the degree of their readiness to join the common work.

Principle of confidentiality guarantees the personal and social security of contacting the client's consultation and the preservation of secrets and information obtained during the consultation. The principle of confidentiality is ensured by special procedures for storing the information received, the anonymity of the client's appeal, the professional code of ethics and can be violated only in cases where there is a threat to the life and safety of the client or third parties.

The principle of personal responsibility of the client means the recognition of the right of the client's personal choice of one or another solution to the problem and, at the same time, responsibility for the implementation of the decision, its consequences and risks. The reverse side of the medal of this principle is the client's readiness for self-development, reflection of their family relationships, actions and their causes, "strong" and "weak" sides of their personality.

The principle of professional competence and responsibility of the consultant. Family counseling is an extremely responsible type of practical activity of a psychologist. Accordingly, the requirements for the professional training and qualifications of the consultant should provide the necessary level of competence in solving the problems of the development and functioning of the family.

The principle of stereoscopic diagnosis defines the requirement to study the psychological characteristics of the family from the standpoint of all its members, "through the eyes" of all participants in the family process. The image of family relations and family interaction for both spouses, parents and children performs an orienting function, determines the direction and content of the activity of each of the participants in such interaction. The stereoscopic nature of the diagnosis means the construction of a three-dimensional picture of the family, in which the images of the family of each of its members are correlated and the objective situation of family interaction.

The principle of family history reconstruction requires the reconstruction of the genesis of the family and the development of the history of family relations. As a rule, the reconstruction of family history is combined in family counseling with a focus on establishing causal relationships. A methodological technique that allows you to recreate the history of a family is to build a “line of its life” - all the most significant events in their chronological connection and continuity, starting with the acquaintance of future partners. It is important to identify not only the events themselves, but also the peculiarities of their perception and experience by each of the family members. The implementation of this principle stimulates the development of reflexivity of partners, opens up opportunities for joint analysis of the problem situation, its interpretation and decision-making.

The principle of collaborative decision making is a logical continuation of the principles of personal responsibility of the client and the professional competence and responsibility of the consultant. Decisions and recommendations cannot be given to the client in finished form - this is the main postulate of psychological counseling. Here are the reasons for the need to reject ready-made recommendations:

The development of recommendations and decision-making should be carried out in joint activities, where the function of the consultant is to organize the orientation of the client in a problem situation; the allocation of essential conditions for its resolution; identifying their meaning and personal meaning; choosing a solution from a range of jointly built options for possible actions and their consequences; finally, in the development of a plan for the implementation of the decision.

The principle of involving a wide social environment involves reliance on social, interpersonal and intra-family resources to help the family in solving emerging problems.

The principle of complexity in working with the family. It is obvious that family problems do not always close in the circle of the psychological problems of the family context. Because of this, specialists in family psychology and family counseling, as a rule, work in close contact with developmental and child psychologists, social workers, teachers and educators, doctors, family therapists, lawyers, and sexologists.

The principle of unity of diagnostics and correction means that any diagnostic procedure has an undoubted corrective value, is a type of psychological impact that has a certain effect on the individual and family. The performance of any of the proposed tasks, whether it is a projective task, filling out questionnaires or a diagnostic interview, leads to an increase in the client's level of awareness of family problems, the conditions that give rise to them, and their consequences for family functioning. The corrective influence and its effect, in turn, provides important diagnostic information for testing hypotheses about the causes of difficulties in family life.

The principle of structuring positions in the consulting process. The following options for the ratio of positions can be distinguished: “on an equal footing”, “consultant from above”, and “client from above”. The option “on an equal footing” implies equal cooperation between the consultant and the client, in which the consultant has the necessary competence and provides the necessary and sufficient information to the client to organize the process of making an informed decision, and the client is the bearer of a problem that reflects family dysfunction. The “consultant from above” option assumes an unequal directive-dependency relationship, when the consultant is directive, is the bearer of unique knowledge, assumes full decision-making and responsibility, and the client is dependent and implements a subordination attitude and delegates the right to make a decision to the consultant. The “client from above” option expresses the pragmatic orientation of the client, who assumes that paying for the services of a consultant opens up the possibility for him to dictate his requirements and wishes regarding the impact and influence on third parties. Here the client already comes with a ready-made solution to the problem, and the consultant is delegated the responsibility to justify this solution and provide the conditions for its implementation.

The principle of identifying the subtext of the client's appeal. When determining the subtext of the complaint, attention should be paid to the nature of the client's motivational orientation and his relationship with the consultant. There are three options for client orientation: business (adequate or inadequate - with an exaggeration of the strength and capabilities of the consultant), rental (aimed at obtaining benefits and profits from consulting), gaming (aimed at testing the consultant and checking his competence.

Family systems psychotherapy Theoretical provisions

Proponents of an expanded understanding of the content of family psychotherapy believe that any individual psychotherapeutic impact on family members, pursuing the goal of a positive impact on the family as a whole, should be considered as one of the options for family psychotherapy (Bach O., Scholz M., 1980; Kratochvil S., 1985 , 1991). This assumption turns out to be true if the psychotherapist, listening to the patient and putting forward a hypothesis about a family diagnosis, thinks in terms of an integral family structure and, therefore, preliminarily assesses how this or that effect will affect family relationships as a whole" (Stolin V.V., 1981).

In addition, the meaning of the principle of consistency is clarified in the light of the idea of ​​"circular causality" (i.e., mutual determinism of personality and interpersonal relationships) in the family, according to which the style of communication, the nature of interaction, the type of upbringing, on the one hand, and the personal characteristics of family members - on the other hand, they form a closed, constantly reproducing homeostatic cycle (Andolfi M., 1980). Family therapy is an attempt to break this cycle and create constructive options for family functioning.

Currently, the system direction is considered to be one of the most widely represented, promising, cost-effective and therapeutically effective areas of family psychotherapy.

The largest representatives of family systemic psychotherapy are Mara Selvini-Palazzoli, Luigi Boscolo, Gian-Franco Chekkin, Jay Haley, Clu Madanes, Salvador Minukhin, Hana Weiner, Allan Kuklin, Gil-Gorel Varne and others.

A significant influence on the development of this area of ​​family psychotherapy was exerted by the provisions of the general theory of systems (Prigozhiy I., 1991) (see Chapter 2, section "Violation of the mechanisms of family integration"),

in psychotherapy in the first half of the 20th century. mechanistic reductionist theories of the “stimulus-response” type, as well as psychoanalytic theories about a person as a “lone hero” dominated: mental pathology was considered as a consequence of unresolved intrapsychic problems, individual behavior as a reaction to internal and external circumstances, a family with a violation as collection of individuals with disabilities.

Many family therapists have felt the limitations of this approach. One of the first to show interest in systems theory was Murray Bowen (1966). Somewhat later, Salvador Minukhin proposed the paradigm "a person in circumstances", meaning by this not the impact of a person on circumstances, but the impact of circumstances on a person.

In the USSR, much earlier than these scientists, V. N. Myasishchev wrote about this (Myasishchev V. N., 1935), who, in our opinion, is a major figure who predetermined the development of "pathogenetic psychotherapy" (personally-oriented psychotherapy by B. D. Karvasarsky , G. L. Isurina and V. A. Tashlykov) and family psychotherapy (including systemic - in the USSR and Russia).

In modern psychoneurology, a prominent place has been occupied by the theory of multifactorial etiology of neurotic and somatoform disorders (ICD-10), in which the psychological factor plays a leading role.

To the greatest extent, the content of the psychological factor is revealed in the pathogenetic concept of neuroses and the "psychology of relations" developed by V. N. Myasishchev (1960), according to which the psychological core of the personality is an individually holistic and organized system of subjectively evaluative, active, conscious, selective relations with the environment. environment.

V. N. Myasishchev saw in neurosis a deep personality disorder due to violations of the system of personality relations. At the same time, "attitude" was considered by him as a central system-forming factor among many mental properties. “The source of neurosis both physiologically and psychologically,” he believed, “are difficulties or disturbances in the relationship of a person with other people, with social reality and with the tasks that this reality sets before him” (V. N. Myasishchev, 1960).

What is the place in history of the concept of “relationship psychology”? This concept developed in a totalitarian society. While the leaders and ideologists of the USSR, relying on the provisions of the teachings of K. Marx, consciously or unconsciously created the conditions and justification for the enslavement of the citizens of their country, V. N. Myasishchev, having inherited the scientific methodological potential of his teachers - V. M. Bekhterev, A F. Lazursky and his colleague M. Ya. Basov, turned to the living thing that was in the philosophy of K. Marx - to the thesis of K. Marx that "the essence of man is the totality of social relations." According to L. M. Wasserman and V. A. Zhuravl (1994), this circumstance helped V. N. Myasishchev to return to scientific use the theoretical constructions of A. F. Lazursky and the famous Russian philosopher S. L. Frank about the relationship of the individual to himself and to the environment.

If the concept of "relationship" for I.F. Garbart, G. Gefting and W. Wundt meant "connection", the dependence between parts within the whole - "psyche", then for V. M. Bekhterev the concept of "relationship" ("correlation") meant not so much integrity as activity, that is, the ability of the psyche not only to reflect the environment, but also to transform it.

For A.F. Lazursky, the concept of “relationship” had three meanings:

1) at the level of endopsychics - the mutual connection of the essential units of the psyche;

2) at the level of exopsychics - phenomena that appear as a result of the interaction of the psyche and the environment;

3) interaction of endo- and exopsychics.

M. Ya. Basov, until recently a student of V. M. Bekhterev and a colleague of V. N. Myasishchev, almost unknown to a wide circle of the psychiatric community, sought to create a “new psychology” based on the approach that later became known as the system approach. He considered "the division of a single real process of life into two incompatible halves - physical and mental - one of the most amazing and fatal illusions of mankind." The relations of the organism/personality and the environment are mutual, and the environment is an objective reality in its relation to the organism/personality.

Schematically, it may look like this (Fig. 31).

Rice. 31. Interaction of subject and object.

In his teaching, V. N. Myasishchev not only integrated the ideas of V. M. Bekhterev,

A. F. Lazursky and M. Ya. Basov, but also put forward his own. He singled out the levels (sides) of relations that are formed in ontogeny:

1) to other persons in the direction from the formation of relations to the neighbor (mother, father) to the formation of relations to the distant;

2) to the world of objects and phenomena;

The attitude of a person to himself, according to B. G. Ananiev (1968, 1980), is the latest formation, but it is this that ensures the integrity of the system of personality relations. Relationships of the individual, united among themselves through the attitude towards oneself, form a hierarchical system that plays a guiding role, determining the social functioning of a person.

There are three components in the structure of relations (Karvasarsky B.D., 1980): cognitive, emotional and behavioral. Normally, a person at the cognitive level knows something about the object, at the emotional level he experiences an emotion corresponding to knowledge, at the behavioral level he builds a behavior/reaction corresponding to knowledge and emotions. In pathology, the components of relationships are usually not coordinated. Hence the neurotic disorder (in the understanding of the school

V. N. Myasishcheva) is a psychogenic disease in which a certain constellation of symptoms (syndrome, or form) is caused by certain types of psychological conflict, disturbances in the system of personality relations and inconsistency of the components of these relations. The disorder of the system of relations, leading to neurosis, is a violation of the integrity of the system of relations (their hierarchical structure); the presence of conflicting relationships that are equally significant for the individual; violation of communication between blocks of relations; and a qualitative or quantitative change in such characteristics of individual relations as activity, selectivity, consciousness (which leads to inadequacy of relations to the object). All this is a source of neurotic conflicts and neuropsychic tension, which is controlled to a certain extent with the help of psychological defense mechanisms and channeled through the formation of symptoms. The main importance in neurotic decompensation is acquired by a violation of self-attitude, manifested in a reduced and contradictory self-esteem at all stages of personality ontogenesis (Isurina G. L., 1984; Eidemiller E. G., 1994).

In the pathogenetic concept of neurosis, a typology of neurotic conflicts is proposed, taking into account the personal mechanisms of their development - the concept of personality profiles in the form of personality radicals in children and personality accentuations in adolescents and adults (Leongard K., 1981; Garbuzov B. I., 1977; Eidemiller E. G. ., 1994). We consider the concept and typology of personality accentuations as internal conditions for the formation of neurotic disorders in Chapter 2 of this book.

V. N. Myasishchev proposed to divide neurotic conflicts into three types: hysterical, neurasthenic and obsessive-psychasthenic. A hysterical conflict is an unconscious insoluble contradiction between “I want” (an overestimated level of claims) and “I can” (underestimation of one’s capabilities and the real situation). The neurasthenic conflict is characterized, on the contrary, by increased demands on oneself that exceed the real possibilities of the individual (the conflict between “should” and “can”). Obsessive-psychasthenic - associated with the inability to make a choice between actualizing drives and normative attitudes (the conflict between "should" and "want"),

Currently, with the noted clinical pathomorphosis of neuroses (Ababkov V.A., 1994), neurotic conflicts in their pure form do not occur, and researchers talk about a multidimensional neurotic conflict (Karvasarsky B.D., 1990).

Based on the above provisions, an indispensable condition for the restoration of broken relationships during the conduct of "pathogenetic" or personality-oriented (reconstructive) psychotherapy is the awareness of internal contradictions and the verbalization of the emotional component of the relationship, teaching the client to test reality, including impulses and sensations in his own body, understanding the surrounding reality and own goals.

Summing up what has been said, we can state the interconnection and mutual conditioning of the external and internal (in relation to the personality) systems of relations, thanks to which the impulses, content and forms of development of the personality/organism are created.

Following V. M. Bekhterev, V. I. Myasishchev paid great attention to the study of childhood, the formation of the psyche at different stages of ontogenesis, the influence and interaction of society and microsocium in the formation of a system of personality relations in normal and pathological conditions. V. N. Myasishchev was the first in the USSR and Russia to discover that marital and family conflicts played a leading role in the origin of neurosis (in 80% of the examined patients with neuroses).

In the late 60s - early 70s. 20th century the most favorable conditions were created for the development of family psychotherapy in the USSR and Russia - both at the theoretical and methodological, and at the organizational and practical levels (Myager V.K., Zakharov A.I., Mishina T.M., Spivakovskaya A.S., Eidemiller E. G.). The development and evolution of family psychotherapy in Russia, its paradigms and methods are similar to the development of the family approach in the USA, Great Britain, Germany and other countries. At first, these were psychoanalytic, psychodynamically oriented models of family psychotherapy, directive counseling methods, then they were replaced by systemic and eclectic models.

At present, the "psychology of relations" continues to develop in Russia and contributes to the development of the concept of personality-oriented (reconstructive) psychotherapy (Karvasarsky B. D., 1985), family psychotherapy, activity psychology (Leontiev A. N., 1977; Leontiev D. A ., 1994), psychology of communication (Bodalev A. A., 1983). "Psychology of relations" was the starting point of psychotherapeutic research of personality in Poland (Leder S, 1990), Germany (Lauterbach W., 1995) and other countries.

Modern psychoanalysts note a significant similarity of the concept of V. N. Myasishchev with the concepts of 3. Freud, A. Freud, 3. Fawkes. But the strongest side of the teachings of V. N. Myasishchev is the understanding of the personality as an integral biopsychosocial structure, where the social, psychological and biological components are closely interconnected, which necessitates the impact on all three components.

In family systemic psychotherapy, the family is viewed as an integral system, which, like all living systems, strives both to preserve the established relationships between elements and to evolve them. Paraphrasing the provisions of classical thermodynamics and the systemic approach, it can be argued that the family, as a living system, exchanges information and energy with the external environment (Prigozhiy I., 1991; Minuchin S., 1974; Minuchin S., Fishman H. C., 1981). In such a system, fluctuations (both internal and external) help to acquire a new level of complexity and differentiation, usually accompanied by a reaction that returns the system to its steady state. When fluctuations intensify, a crisis state may occur, the transformation of which will bring the system to a new level of functioning. As a result, the psychotherapist is faced with the task of joining the family, capturing its vibrations, then, together with the family, amplifying them in order to give impetus to change and cause frustration for the therapeutic purpose.

Throughout its existence, the family goes through natural “development crises” (Caplan G., 1964, cited by: Semichev S. B., 1972): marriage, separation from parental families, wife’s pregnancy, childbirth, child’s arrival in preschool and school institutions, adolescence in a child’s life, his graduation from school and choosing “his own path”, the separation of the child from his parents, their retirement, etc. It is during these segments of their existence that families are unable to solve new problems in the same ways and therefore face the need to complicate their adaptive reactions.

Families perform their functions with the help of certain mechanisms: the structure of family roles, family subsystems and the boundaries between them. The structure of family roles prescribes to family members what, how, when and in what sequence they should do, entering into relationships with each other. Repetitive interactions set certain standards (“interaction standards” according to Minukhin S, 1974), and the standards, in turn, determine with whom and how to interact. In normal families, the structure of family roles is integral, dynamic, and has an alternative character. If the needs of family members within the framework of the existing structure cannot be satisfied, then efforts are made to find alternative options for fulfilling family roles. According to our data, in 66% of families of adolescents with borderline neuropsychiatric disorders, either the structure of rigidly fixed pathological family roles was noted, or the initial absence of structure as such. By pathological family roles, we mean those that, due to their structure and content, have a traumatic effect on family members (Eidemiller E. G., Yustitsky V. V., 1990).

Family subsystems (“holons”) (Minuchin S., Fishman C, 1981) is a more differentiated set of family roles that allows you to selectively perform certain family functions and ensure the life of the family. One of the family members can be a member of several subsystems - parental, marital, child, male, female, etc. Simultaneous functioning in several subsystems is usually ineffective. When a mother scolds her son for a bad grade he got at school, and at the same time remarks: “It’s because your father is a dead man, he doesn’t want to show what a real man is,” she unconsciously begins to function in two subsystems at once - parental and marital . This behavior leads to the fact that neither the son nor the husband does not perceive criticism in their address, but take measures, sometimes together, to defend themselves from it.

The boundaries between subsystems are the rules that determine who and how performs family functions. In normal families they are clearly defined and permeable. In the families we examined, either rigid or blurred boundaries between subsystems were observed. In cases of rigid boundaries, communication between subsystems is sharply limited, there is no exchange of information. With blurred boundaries, stresses experienced in some subsystems easily spread to others.

The main principles of the Milan Institute for Family Studies, founded in 1967 by Mara Selvini-Palazzoli, are:

1) advancement of therapeutic hypotheses;

2) the principle of circularity;

3) neutrality;

4) positive interpretation of symptoms or problems of the client and his family (Selvini-Palazzoli M. et al., 1978).

Before the first family session, psychotherapists who are part of the therapeutic team, after listening to family members, put forward a number of hypotheses about the paradoxical relationship in the family, leading to the formation of symptoms of the disease in one of its members (in our understanding, this is “family dysfunctionality”) (Eidemiller E. G ., Yustitsky V.V., 1990).

Circularity is understood both in an etiopathogenetic sense (see "principles of circular causality" by Mario Andolfi, 1980) and in a practical sense, when participants in psychotherapy are questioned in a circle. If a participant says, for example, “When my mother frowns, I feel bad,” the therapist asks other family members, “What do you feel when your mother frowns? And you yourself, mother?

The therapist maintains an accepting, neutral stance towards all family members.

Finally, the patient's symptomatology is seen as a way of adaptation, so the task of psychotherapy becomes the search for other ways of adaptation for the patient.

Based on these principles, it is possible to formulate the main steps of family systemic psychotherapy (Eidemiller E. G., 1994):

I. Uniting the psychotherapist with the family, joining him to the structure of roles presented by the family.

1. Establishing a constructive distance - the free location of family members.

2. Connecting through breath synchronization to the family member who claims problems.

3. Techniques of "mimesis" (Minuchin S., 1974) - direct and indirect reflection of postures, facial expressions and gestures of psychotherapy participants.

4. Attachment, according to the prosodic characteristics of speech, to the applicant of the problem, the identified patient (speed, loudness, intonation of speech).

5. The use by the psychotherapist in his speech of predicates that reflect the dominant representational system of the applicant of the problem and other family members. This text is an introductory piece.

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3.6 FAMILY PSYCHOTHERAPY

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Family psychotherapy constructs

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From the book Game and Reality author Winnicott Donald Woods

From the book Ontopsychology: Practice and Metaphysics of Psychotherapy author Meneghetti Antonio

9.1. Theoretical provisions For group psychotherapy - its duration is approximately one and a half hours - the participants are located in a semicircle, in the center of which is the figure of the leader. The psychotherapist is a leader chosen and accepted

From the book Integrative Psychotherapy author Alexandrov Artur Alexandrovich

Basic theoretical provisions 1. Each organism strives to achieve a state of full functioning, which means the addition (or completion) of the internal organization. Gestalt psychologists have shown that a person in the process of perceiving the external world does not

author Team of authors

Chapter 20 20th century Its pioneers were not satisfied with the classical (psychoanalytic, behavioral) approaches to helping a person who finds himself in

From the book Psychotherapy. Tutorial author Team of authors

Family Psychotherapy The significant prevalence of marital conflicts, divorces, alcohol abuse, drug addiction, etc. in the families of people with combat and non-combat PTSD, determines the importance of conducting family psychotherapy (FP) as a modification of relationships in

From the book The Human Project author Meneghetti Antonio

From the book Systemic Psychotherapy of Married Couples author Team of authors

Family therapy with spouses Family therapy with spouses is the main configuration of family therapy. In his article Merging and Differentiating in Marriage, Phil Klever (Klever, 1998) proposes the following work strategy based on Family Systems Theory

From the book The Theory of Family Systems by Murray Bowen. Basic concepts, methods and clinical practice author Team of authors

Systemic family therapy when symptoms are present in one family member The method of systemic family therapy began to develop primarily due to the growing interest of specialists in the study of schizophrenia and the desire to include this disease in a wider

From the book Sex in the family and at work author Litvak Mikhail Efimovich