5th grade

"Spelling Prefixes"

"Haunting" morpheme

You, of course, guessed that we are talking about prefixes. These magical morphemes don't just "stick" to words—they give words surprisingly different meanings. For example: to weave, to weave, to weave... Continue this series as far as you can.

Or: understand, take away... And continue this series as far as you can.

How many prefixes are in Russian?

Remember (write down) as many prefixes as you can (in fact, you know them all, it's just a matter of being able to remember).

How much did you get? If you managed to remember 30–40, it means that your memory is not at all bad. If less, put the work aside for a while, and then return to it again and try to add to your list.

In fact, there are more than 50 active prefixes in the Russian language.

Answer: without-, without-; in-, in-; vz-, vzo-; out-; inside-; sun-; You-; before-; hedgehog; behind-; from-, iso-; is-; between-, inter-; on the-; over-, must-; nai-; Not-; none-; bottom-, bottom-; o-, ob-, obo-; near-; from-, from-; pa-; re-; By-; under-, under-; after-; great-; pre-; pre-, pre-; at-; pro-; counter-; once-; razo-; races; roses-; grew-; s-, co-; above-; su-; y-; through-, through-, through-.

With those prefixes that you yourself did not remember, write as many words as possible, and then come up with some funny sentences or a little amusing story with these words.

Exercise 1. In each four words, one without a prefix. Discover it.

1. Painted, loose, luxurious, spaced. 2. Adaptable, principled, inviting, coercive. 3. Impartial, adventurous, pre-conscript, privatization.

Take a look at these words. Choose the ones that seem difficult to you and do your best to remember them.

Task 2. From these words, first write out the words without a prefix, then with one prefix, then with two or three.

Charming, destitute, decontaminated, monkey, depersonalized, promulgate, obelisk, provide, weaken, ennobled, regional, lean on, burnt, hostel, necklace, circled, explanation, relief, simultaneous, favor, animation, revitalization, exasperation, main.

Answers: 1) monkey, obelisk, regional, dormitory, necklace, simultaneous, main; 2) charming, promulgate, ennobled, lean on, burned, circled, explanation, relief, favor, animation, revival, exasperation; 3) disadvantaged, decontaminated, depersonalized, weaken, provide.

Review these words carefully. If any of them seem difficult to you, do your best to memorize them.

Task 3. From the given words, write down those inside which the prefixes are hidden.

Earthquake; lightning rod, hospitality, madness, hoarding, eyewash, benevolence, blessing, acquired, jewel, plumber, stunning, railway, prudent, traveling, woodworking, noble, viviparous.

Answer: lightning rod, hospitality, madness, eyewash, acquired, plumber, stunning, prudent, woodworker.

THREE GROUPS OF CONFIGURATIONS

Depending on what problems arise when writing prefixes, all prefixes can be divided into the following groups.

First group- the most hassle-free. These are prefixes that are always written the same way: V-; in-; vzo-; You-; before-; behind-; iso-; on the-; under-; O-; about-; from-; pa- (only under stress - flood, stepchild); re-; By-; under-; under-; great-; pre-; pre-; times-; With-; co-; su-; y- and others.

Second group- these are prefixes that are written, "adjusting" to the letters following them. This without- - without-; vz- - sun-; voz- – voc-; from- - -is-; bottom - bottom; times- - races-; roses- - grew-; through- –through-.

Of course, you remember how they change when writing. Formulate this rule yourself.

Third group- prefixes, the spelling of which depends on the meaning. This at- And pre-.

So, three groups of prefixes. Make a table with them, and if you like to draw, depict them in some more interesting way.

SPELLING OF PREFACES

The first group of consoles

Prefixes: over-, on-, from, before-, in-, s-, o-, about-, back-, y-, re-, over-, under-, pro- (except: great-grandmother, great-grandfather...).

1.Unchangeable

2. Vowel spelling (s, and) after prefixes ending in a consonant.

Remember:

after immutable prefixes (above-, inter-, counter-, super-) root starts at -And, and after other prefixes - on -s.

Remember:charge pronounced and spelled with And.

The second group of attachments

3. Spelling h, s at the end of prefixes depends on the next sound of the root.

Remember:

a) prefix With- It is always spelled the same, regardless of pronunciation.

b) In words: here, building, health h included in the root.

c) As part of complex words, write h: nearby, nearby.

4. Spelling prefixes roses-(ros-) And times- (ras-) determined by emphasis.

The third group of prefixes

5. Spelling prefixespre-, at-.

PRACTICAL WORK

Spelling of the first group of prefixes

Exercise 1. Fill in the missing spellings and explain the spelling.

Explore, previous, without_action, from_scan, pre-Julian, without_gloomy, from_again, take, without_inventory, sum up, raffle, well-known, improvise, without_skull, sub-integral? number, beat, from_mother.

Inter-institutional, super-industrial, super-interesting, inter-regional period, inter-institutional, super-impulsive.

Sub_inspector, counter_grass, trans_ordanian, disinfection, super_interesting, post_impressionism, pan_slamism.

Sports equipment, medical institute, financial inspector.

Pre_story, inter_international, without_initiative, sports_gra, ob_skat, super_inventive, nameless, counter_sk, s_zmala, super_sophisticated, not without_interesting, pre_infarction, post_infarction, charge, inter_groovy, dis_information, super_industrial, pedagogical_institute, without_similar, Head_zdat, super_gra , sub_mother, s_grat, super_skunky, trans_indian, pulseless.

Spelling of the second group of prefixes

Exercise 1. Insert spelling and explain (graphically) the spelling.

Without_valuable, without_human, without_form, without_end, without_bone, without_number, without_ceremonial, without_tasting, without_intelligent, without_literacy, without_integral, without_darn, without_calm, without_noise, without_meaning, without_pain.

To_to fly, to_mad, to doze off, to_alarmed.

In_birth, in_action, in_walking, in_calling, worldview, in_love, in_click, in_soar, in_obstruct.

Exile, and_fulfillment, and_run, and_frightened, and_spend, and_scoop, and_fry, and_scratch, and_holds, and_for a long time, and_under the forehead.

Neither_fall, nor_refuting, nor_deny, nor_rush, nor_send, neither, nor_shiy.

Ra_sale, ra_doubling, ra_to scratch, ra_to be generous, ra_to beat, ra_crack, ra_spread, ra_crush, ra_chetly, ra_twist, ra_draw, ra_twist.

Chere_chur, over_dimensional.

Dacha, _giving, _dealing, _here, _run, _give, _boron, _quit, _health, _hold on, _move, _hot, _dravnitsa, _beat, _gone, not visible _gi, _pull, _burn.

Task 2. Remember the spelling of the following words. Make sentences with these words.

In Russian, there are several pairs of words that are conveniently combined into a table. This comparison helps to remember the rule.

No accent - A, under stress - O.

Scatter - placers;

dissolve - dissolution;

schedule - painting;

story - stories;

fall apart - sledge;

play - draw;

distribute - distributed;

search - search.

Task 3. Sort the words by composition.

Spend, surreptitiously, surreptitiously, immeasurable, without a break, recklessness, retake, reprint, predawn, tell, unsurpassed, assumption, prejudice, disturb, redistribute, push, propagate, spread, location, inexhaustible, inherited, disproportionate.

Exercise 4. Replace these words with synonyms with prefixes on h, s.

Infinitely (infinitely, limitlessly), calm (serene), climb (climb), exclamation (exclamation), excitement (anxiety), cruel (ruthless, heartless), in vain (useless), unknown (unknown), boundless (limitless), order (order), simple (simply), try (test), contradict (object), constantly (continuously, continuously), reasonably (reasonably), indifferent (passionless, insensible), weak (helpless, powerless), save (save), too (too much, excessively), calm (serene), fair (impartial), quiet (silent, silent), fury (frenzy).

Exercise 5. Find antonyms for these words.

Collect (scatter), save (spend), cowardly (fearless, fearless), kind (heartless, ruthless), humane (inhuman), close (open wide), go out (ignite).

Exercise 6. Pick up root antonyms by replacing prefixes.

Leave (arrive), wrap (unwrap), untie (tie, tie), approach (depart), fly in (fly away), bring (carry), wind (unwind), crawl (crawl), close (open), bring in (take out ), sail away (swim up).

Spelling of the third group of prefixes

Exercise 1. Remember the exception words (dictionary words) in which there are prefixes pre-, at-.

pre-	at-
overcome rebuke, unquestioning neglect crawl let notorious advantage claim presidium the president premiere a drug (punctuation marks prelude	claim, claim to swear, to swear, to swear reconcile, irreconcilable time capricious a priority privilege, privileged primitive, primitive embellish deplorable hairstyle decent bizarre

Task 2. In Russian, there are several pairs of words that are conveniently combined into a table. Writing prefixes pre-, at- in these words is connected with the difference in their meaning. Make sentences with these words.

at-	pre-
Arrive("come, come"). The train is arriving. Arrival. Train arrival timetable	stay(“to be somewhere or in some state”). Stay in the capital. Stay in despair
give(“strengthen, add something, give additionally”). Give courage. Dowry. Give the desired shape	betray(“change, betray, forget”). Betray a friend. Give it to the fire. Submit to oblivion. Tradition. folk tradition
Proceed("begin"). Get to work. Get started	transgress(law). Criminal, crime, crime, criminal
bow down(head) (only in the meaning of "to find or not to find shelter"). Somewhere to lay your head. There will be somewhere to lay your head	bow down(head, banners, knees) (“bow down, lower down, expressing deep respect, admiration”). Worship
pretend("loosely close"). close the door	Pretend("to come true, to materialize"). The idea came true
pretend(“with the intent to mislead”). Pretend to be asleep. Pretender, pretender, pretender	despise("neglect something"). Ignore the danger. contempt, despicable, scornful, despise
look down("give shelter") - obsolete	Limit("border, line"). Speed ​​limit, wish limit, out of country
aisle("extension")	Ultimate, boundless
Receiver("what is meant to be received"). Radio receiver, baby receiver	Successor("successor of deeds, traditions"). Succession, Succession
downplay("reduce a little")	downplay(significantly reduce)

Remember: exaggerate written only with a prefix pre-.

Task 3. Remember spelling words with prefixes pre- And at- in phrases. Make up sentences with these phrases.

declining(approaching old age) age, impregnable(from attack) fortress, stumbling block(hindrance, difficulty) immutable law(immutable, indestructible) enduring significance(timeless, durable) vicissitudes of fate(adventure, change, turn in events).

Task 4. Highlight the prefixes in the words, explain the spelling.

Start studies, transgress the law, stop conversations, transcend, nail, muffle, station, exceed the speed, bright image, appendage, near the Oka, unpleasant, interrupted, attached, irreconcilable, give shape, coastal, (train) arrives, be discouraged, no place to lay your head, kneel (as a sign of respect), suburban, stick, crouch, barrier, limit of desires, temple chapel, poet's successor, radio receiver, legends of antiquity, unbending will, slightly downplay, get used to, give expression to the face, transform, nail, bewitch, the stay of the delegation abroad.

SUMMING UP

We have passed through the thickets of Russian consoles. What do you remember? Test yourself.

Write down as many prefixes as you can remember. Remember what groups they can be divided into and what difficulties each group is fraught with.

Exercise 1. Dictation with preliminary preparation.

First, write out from the text all the words with prefixes of the first and second groups, then the rest of the words that are difficult for you and do everything to remember them. Then write down the text under dictation.

ABOUT LEONID Utesov
(From the memoirs of B. Efimov)

Each meeting with this person was pleasant and joyful, amazing and memorable. And not only when he went on stage, enthusiastically welcomed by the audience, but also outside the stage. A unique singer, a talented and inexhaustibly inventive leader of the jazz ensemble he created, its irreplaceable conductor and director, organizer and inspirer. Is it just jazz? Utyosov amazed with the versatility and unpredictability of his talent. I had a chance to see him both as a violin soloist and as a great reader of Zoshchenko's stories from the stage. He was an excellent orator, wrote excellent poetry, intelligent and sincere.

Such was Utyosov - always sociable, sociable, cheerful and open. He generously shared his sense of humor and joy of being with those around him. He liked to have listeners around him, he liked to address the audience anywhere and everywhere.

Utyosov's songs helped not only to live, but also to fight. They helped to resist the fascist invasion and defeat the enemy, and then restore the country destroyed by the war. This is well remembered by the older generation. But the extraordinary voice of Utesov, preserved by the miracle of sound recording, penetrating the soul, pleases us even today, in the hard times we are going through. It cheers up, inspires hope that we will endure, survive.

Task 2. Instead of a phrase, write down one word synonymous with it, using prefixes without-/without-, pre-/at-, on-, about-, without-.

Sample: meaningless - nonsensical.

Never dying, outside the school building, close to the shore, giving a new name, giving hope, depriving one of his weapons, thinking for a while, depriving him of the ability to harm, calling a horse with bait, a very old person.

Task 3. Test your memory: write down as many words with prefixes in two columns at- And pre- as long as you can remember. Then be sure to check yourself in the dictionary.

Task 4. Try to compose your story using words with prefixes from all three groups.

N.N. TYULENEV,
Tomsk

E.A. Makovey, teacher of the Russian language, secondary school No. 1 in Adygeysk,
A.I. Arkhipova, Professor of the Kuban State University

§ 2. Spelling prefixes

Console, prefix (from lat. praefixus"attached in front") - part of the word before the root. In Russian words, there can be from 1 to 3 prefixes before the root: tremble, join, open-open. Most Russian prefixes coincide in form and partly in meaning with prepositions (roadless - without a road, verbal - from the verb, from below, from under the brows - from under the forehead), particles (not appearing - not to appear). Among the prefixes of the Russian language there are a number of borrowed ones: A in the meaning of "not", anti - "against", archi - "very", counter - "against", pan - "all", sub - "under", trans - "through" and etc.

2.1. Spelling of invariable prefixes
Most of the prefixes in Russian are invariable, i.e. regardless of the sound in one position or another, they are written in the same way. The spelling of such prefixes should be memorized. See the list of invariable prefixes in the table:

	called out, stop, sediment, go numb
	reach, reach, guess
	belief, courtyard, cut, rely
	boil, gap, trick, grow
	In a special sense: (meaning of kinship) great-grandmother, proto-language
	attack, cover, overtake
	ask, prisoner, pick up, score
OVER- (OVER-)	bite, crack, inscribe, tear
POD- (POD-)	melt, undermine, suggest, wait
OT- (OTO-)	give away, rest, push back, open
OB-(OBO-)	cut off, grind off, wipe off, bypass
B- (VO-)	relish, sew, cling to, involve
PREV-	chairman, predecessor, predetermine
RE-	humus, overflow, skew
C- (CO-)	move go astray save surrender make friends do bend over	No prefix in words: Here, local, building, health, never mind and single roots.

2.2. Spelling of prefixes on ... s - ... s
In Russian, there are prefixes in which letters alternate Z And WITH :
WITHOUT- / WITHOUT-, TIME- / RAS-, WHO- / VOS- (VZ- / VS-), FROM- / IS-, BOTTOM- / NIS-, THROUGH- / THROUGH- (THROUGH- / CHES-)

In .. click; along .. walking; ..do; ra.. burn.

The choice of consonant is carried out according to the following rule:

2.3. Spelling prefixes PRE- and PRI-

Words starting with pre- And at-, have different origins in Russian.
Some came from Latin. In these words, the Latin prefix prae- became part of the Russian root (president, presidium, presumption, predicate, reward, claim, applicant, prefect, precedent, preparation, presentation). The Russian language also borrowed Latin words with a root starting with at (priority, privilege, private).
Others are of Old Slavonic origin. They are characterized by the Slavic prefix pre-, which is often included in the modern root (obstacle, repose, advantage, beautiful). In the language, these words retain their book character.
Finally, many words pre- And at- are of Russian origin.

It is clear that it is impossible to draw up a clear rule for all cases. Therefore, the spelling rule proposed below is suitable mainly for words in which the meaning of the prefix is ​​​​clearly guessed.

Let's remember some cases:

shape, shine disregard bride's dowry aisle of the temple radio susceptible gatekeeper pretend window arrive at the train arrival stick on the door lay your head on your shoulder bow at the door look after an orphan get down to business impregnable bastion visiting doctor make an effort downsize (slightly downsize) put a chair stumble inapplicable technique endure hardships come up with questions to be present at the meeting

betray a friend, dreams bury ancient legend limit of patience head successor the continuity of generations misrepresentation, vicissitudes of fate turn ideas into reality stay on vacation residence squabble over trifles bow your head in respect inflexible man, advanced age, bow down to talent despise cowards break the law criminal is of lasting importance immutable law downplay (significantly reduce) to die (to die) stumbling block indispensable condition endure hardship, change incessant, incessant

2.4. Spelling of vowels in prefixes NE- and NI- in
indefinite and negative pronouns,
pronominal negative adverbs.

Note.The rule applies to words of other parts of speech if they are formed from negative pronouns and adverbs: doing nothing, worthless, worthless, worthless, in a draw.

2.5. Spelling of consonants at the junction of the prefix and the root.

Retelling + tale = retelling (-s-)
race + skaz = story (-ss-)
race + quarrel = quarrel (-ss-)

Remember:calculation (race + even), but: calculate (race + count);
countless (dev + s + even).

In words tear apart, tear apart, ruin write one 3.

PRI- means:	PRE means:
1. Accession, approximation, addition when flying add when twist 2. Incomplete action at multiply when decorate when touch 3. Location close to something by the sea at the road at the manor	1. Meaning "very" beautiful pre great pre enlarge very unpleasant 2. The value of "re" - overcome block break endure

Do not confuse the meaning of words: (e-and depends on the meaning of the word)

at to visit (something) in the city pre to be (to be somewhere) in the city

to create (door) pre make (a dream) come true

at bow to the ground (branch) i.e. slightly kneel (in front of someone)

at give (add) view betray a friend

receiver (technical) pre heir (successor) of the president

at to mature (shelter) an orphan pre to see (someone) an enemy

get down to (deeds) step (break) the law

3. REMEMBER (unclear meaning of the prefix; as part of the root):

cook adapt Buy come in handy Order Adventure Invite be present To try on a dress) Reconcile (friends) Fad Unapproachable Diligent A priority Privilege

stop Transform turn overcome Criminal Chase lore Obstacles Advantage Neglect The president Presidium

2. The suffix of the noun -CHIK- (-SHIK-) in the meaning of the profession:

Basis on dt, ss, f ------ -CHIK- (cutter, passer)

Foundation for all others---- SHIK- (mason, grinders, )

3. Noun suffixes -IK-, -EK-.

The suffix -ek- has a fluent vowel, so we check it like this:

Knife - (no) knife and nut - (no) nut

Hedgehog ik - (no) hedgehog a pebble ek - (no) pebble to a

Pencil ik - (no) pencil ik a handkerchief - (no) handkerchief

4. Suffixes of adjectives -K- and -SK-:

	SC-
The adjective has a short form (quality): slippery K y - slippery lay down K y - easy The stem of a relative adjective ends in k-c-h: kaza ts Kiy - kaza k (c / c) tour c Kiy - tour to german cue - german c weave c cue - weave h (h / c)	In all other cases: sailor - sailor french - french kyrgyz - kyrgyz

5. Noun suffixes –IC-, -EC-

6. Noun suffixes:

Masculine and feminine Neuter gender

Grandfather GRANDMA FEATHER

Uncle VolYUSHKA GorYUShko (after soft consonants in all genders)

Male r.

Sparrow

spools

Wedge

7. One and two –n- in adjective suffixes -ENN-(-ONN-), -IN-(-YN-), -YAN- (-AN-)

HH-
Joint of morphemes (with the suffix –n-) machine - machine old-fashioned - old-fashioned epic - epic depth - deep stone - stone 2. In the suffix -onn-, -enn- excursion - excursion straw a - straw	In the suffix -in- (refers to any animal) swan - swan beast - beast other 2. In the suffix -an-, -yan- (what it is made of, what it is made for) oily - oily (paints) silver - silver dress e - dress yan oh firewood a - firewood yan oh In adjectives without a suffix young blue pig green lamb

REMEMBER:

Exceptions: tree yann th

glass

Tin yanne)

no windy windy(day), windy(engine

Verbal adjectives:

To oil - to oil th oil - oil second

1. Verb suffixes –ova-(-eva-), -yva-(-iva-):

Don't forget: suffix–va- is always stressed:

Overcome (inconsistent) - overcome (sov.v.)

Zab and va t (non-sov.v.) - forget and t (sov.v.)

REMEMBER: eclipse (sov.v.) - eclipse (non-sov.v.), eclipse

Extend (sov.v.) - prolong (non-sov.v.), I renew

Get stuck (sov.v.) - get stuck (non-sov.v.), get stuck

1. O-E-Yo after hissing and C:

Root (can be checked by stress	Suffix and ending nouns and adjectives (accented O)		Ending verb	Suffix Communions	Suffix adverbs (stressed O)
	Oh Oh

Tasks for these spellings are present in the exam.

Invariable prefixes

Always spelled the same.
They need to know "by sight":

in-, in-, vzo-, you-, before-, for-, iso-, on-, over-, it is necessary-, not-, under-, o-, about-, both-, re-, over- , under-, under-, pr-, pre-, pro-, dis-, s-, co-

in / climbed, in / walked, ascended / walked, you / climbed, before / drove, for / neigh, from / tear, to / to / to the left, over / to build, it is necessary / to tear, not / true, under / write, o / task, about / rub, about / anger, from / cut, from / tear, over / jump, on / jump, under / field, under / call, great / grandson, pre / elective, about / read, raze / anger, with / do, with / call.

(N10) Vowels and consonants in prefixes (except prefixes on z(s))

• Unstressed vowel in prefixes (except for pre- / pre-) in an unstressed position, such a vowel is written that is heard in the same prefix under stress. To check, you need to choose another word with this prefix, where it is under stress:

  from/grow — From/shine, on/tear - on/away

• In consoles roses-/rose- — times-/races - written under stress O, but without the accent A:

  R A list - p ABOUT write off,
  R A call - r ABOUT bells,
  R A piss - p ABOUT rash.
  But, search (from search).

• Consonant in prefixes , except for prefixes ending in s- / s-, one is written that is heard in the same prefix before a vowel or before c, r, l, m, n .
  To check, you need to choose another word with this prefix, where comes before a vowel or c, r, l, m, n (in this position, the doubtful consonant is heard clearly):

  about/rub - about/grow, about/search; under/drag - under/chapter, under/search.

Prefixes on З-/С-

without-/bes-, air-/re-(sun-/sun-), from - / is -, bottom - / nis -, times - / races, roses - / grew -, through / through (through / through).

• Spelling roots with I - Y after prefixes

  • If the prefix ends in a consonant, then AND root changes to S :

    And gra- roses s gerry, And famous - without s famous, And history - before s history.

  • But, after prefixes inter-, over- and foreign prefixes dez-, counter-, post-, sub-, super-, trans-, pan — AND does not change:

    above And refined, between And nstitutsky, des And infection, con And gra, post And impressionism, trance And Indian, pan And slamism.

    excl.: charge.

  Double consonants at the junction of the root with prefixes

  • at the junction of the prefix and the root of the word, double consonants are formed if the prefix ends with a consonant, and the root begins with the same letter:

    be s/s abotny, without / starry, demon / mortal, be s/s lava, woz / call, rise / become, ra s/s vet, by d/d hold, in pre d/d faith, be s/s worker, be s/s viscous, once / call, dis / angry.

    • Calculate, prudent, calculate - console race- added to root -even (deduction, odd, subtract), except countless ;
    • Calculate, calculated - console race- added to base - counts, which already has a prefix With- (ob / s / cheat / a (th), count, count).
    • Quarrel - two letters with, not three (dis-quarrel), because in Russian, three identical consonants are not written in a row.
    • In words tear apart, tear apart, ruin and there are no prefixes in their derivatives - one letter h.
  • (No. 6) Separating b is written only after prefixes on a consonant before the letters e, e, u, i, denoting two sounds (the sound [y ’] appears):

    entrance, congress, announcement; withdraw, flaw, embrace, immense, embrace (historically, the root -ya-).

  Prefixes PRE-/PRI-

  • The prefixes PRE- and PRI- in the unstressed position are pronounced the same, but differ in meaning and spelling.

    (No. 29) If the prefix denotes attachment, approach, proximity, or incomplete action, then the letter i- (prefix at-) is written in it. And if the prefix is ​​close in meaning to the word very or to the prefix re-, then the letter e (prefix pre-) is written in it.

    Console	The value that determines the choice of prefix	Examples
    AT-	approximation	at / go, at / liv, at / swim
    	accession	with / sculpt, with / sew, with / glue
    	addition	at / build, at / draw
    	being near (near something)	at / road, at / city, at / school
    	incomplete action	when / sit down, when / open, when / brake, when / decorate
    	bringing an action to its logical conclusion	with / speaking, with / cook, with / think, with / beat
    	doing something for someone's benefit	at / hide, at / own, at / save
    PRE-	meaning close to the meaning of the words very, extremely	pre/unpleasant, pre/pretty, pre/kind
    	close to the value of the prefix PER-	pre / break (interrupt), block / block (block)

  • Remember !
    Words with prefixes PRE- / PRI-, which are pronounced the same, but have a different lexical meaning that determines the choice of prefix:

    At-	Pre-
    To look down (pity someone) to look after (give shelter, upbringing)	despise (disrespect) despise contemptuous, contemptuously
    Gatekeeper (watchman)	perverse (false, distorted), misunderstood, vicissitudes of fate
    get started (get started, get started) impregnable (cannot be approached)	Break (break the law, cross the line) crime, criminal, criminal
    Multiply (slightly)	multiply (multiply, greatly multiply, exaggerate)
    Reduce (slightly, slightly)	Downplay (significantly, very, many times)
    bow (head, bow down, bow down) bow (to the ground - lean)	bow down (kneel; bow before a feat) bow down
    Lock (door) to push against the wall (to expose)	bicker (quarrel) altercation
    Pretend (in order to mislead, e.g. sleeping), pretend (incomplete action: door - slightly close, cover), feigned (not real)	Transform (The dream came true, that is, come true.), translate transform
    Attach (something to something)	Resign (die)
    Coming (chef - appearing someday, who comes) incidental circumstances (unexpected, suddenly appeared)	Transient (changeable, temporary; enduring values, i.e. eternal): passing moment, transitory phenomenon
    To give (to add, for example, seriousness), give, giving (hue, color, meaning), dowry (of the bride)	betray (fail someone) betray, indulge in (joy, sadness) tradition (legend)
    Arrive (at the station, where?), arrival	To stay (where?, in what state?, in ignorance, in a good mood), residence
    Receiver (receiving device)	successor (successor) continuity
    Aisle (extension)	Limit (border)

  • Remember ! Always spelled exaggerate .
  • Some words have forms with two prefixes:

    pre multiply - at multiply, pre decrease - at decrease.

  • Console PERI- written in words of foreign origin with the meaning "around", "around":

    perigee, periscope, peripetia, periphrasis, periphery.

  • You should remember the spelling of foreign words and words in which the meaning of prefixes is not clearly defined. Check in a dictionary.
    

    At-	Pre-
    In borrowed words, pre-/pri- do not stand out
    private privilege diva primacy primitive fundamental a priority	preamble prevail the president presidium premiere a drug precedent
    Pre-/pri- do not stand out, tk. prefixes have grown together with the root. They must be memorized, checked in a dictionary
    appliance, Hello, fastidious, invitation, comely, adventure, diligent, decent, example, belong, assign, claim, cause, shelter, affection, buddy, nice, fad, whim, adventure	limit, item, contemptuous, advantage, rebuke, seduce fail, chase, neglect, (punctuation marks, obstacle, let, squabble notorious, reptile, criminal, get fed up (stone) stumbling block, vicissitude

  In spring (adv.) it warms.
  In the spring (adjective) sky.
  In- second s(adv.).
  In the second (number order) classes.

Prefixes (particles-prefixes) Not-,Ni-

In the spelling of prefix particles Not-,Ni-: not or neither, together or separately.
Continuous and separate spelling is considered in the descriptions of the corresponding parts of speech.

• (#46) Distinguishing non-, ni- prefixes in negative pronouns
  • Negative pronouns are formed from interrogative (relative) pronouns using the unstressed prefix ni- and the stressed prefix non-:

    no one, nothing, none, nothing; nobody, nothing.

  • In negative pronouns, it is written under stress Not— , without stress - neither- :

    Not who to ask - neither who not to ask Not what to be surprised neither which was not surprising.

  • In negative pronouns Not And neither turn into prefixes and are written together if there is no preposition. Pronouns no one, nothing, none, no one, no one, nothing can be used with a preposition that comes after the prefix. If there is a preposition, negative pronouns are written separately. The preposition is placed between the particle and the pronoun, forming a combination of three separate words:

    no one - no one, nothing - nothing, no one - no one; on nothing, for nothing, for no one, from no one.

• (№59) Letters e and i in prefixes not-/neither - negative adverbs
  • In negative adverbs, it is written under stress Not— , without stress - neither- :

    Always Not When; neither when don't think; Not where to go out, neither where you will not go; Not why come neither how not to catch up Not where to send neither from where there is no data.

    When using an adverb with a prefix neither- There is always a second negation in a sentence:

    neither When Not will pass neither How Not hear, neither When No time.

The spelling of prefixes seems easy at first. It is enough to learn the main groups. Then you just need to apply knowledge. 100 percent literacy requires deep immersion in the topic. Words with prefixes make the language fuller, richer. Only constant practice, a thoughtful attitude will achieve excellent results.

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Morpheme classification

After the definition, you should find out: what are the prefixes? More than 50 know the Russian language. They are divided into:

• native (in-, on-, pro-, res-);
• foreign language (archi-, sub-, counter-, ex-).

The spelling of the former obeys the rules, the latter are unchangeable and require memorization.

It is important to distinguish between prefixes and prepositions

Most Russian prefixes formed from suggestions. Independent words joined the stem. First you need to learn how to distinguish them. A prefix is ​​a morpheme before the root. It should be found. Then think about good writing.

Attention! Example. Given to consider. Related words: looking, inspection, discretion. Root -look-, prefix race-. The verb is written with two "s".

Pivot table of invariable parts of a word

The variety of prefixed morphemes is reflected in the table.

Aboriginal (native)	Borrowed (foreign)
under-, over-, re-, y-, s-, inter-	in-, dez-, counter-, de-, anti-
in-, in-, on-, about-, from-, on-, for-, to-	ex-, re-, sub-, dis-, archi-

These morphemes are always written the same way.

Spelling morphemes

A wise person knows: there is no single spelling spelling of prefixed morphemes.

It is important to distinguish words

The specific case is defined:

• stress (river spill, soda water spill);
• the meaning of the word (successor - heir, receiver - device);
• the first letter of the root after the morpheme (dissolve, allow).

Important! Some spellings in Russian cannot be verified. They are rooted in. The value is hidden. You should control yourself according to the dictionary. Example: diligence, quirk, stalker.

The most difficult spelling about prefixes

The use of spelling for prefixes and prefixes requires certain skills. You have to be thoughtful when it comes to writing.

Pre-written:

1. If the morpheme formed a word with a superlative value. To this part of speech, you can put "very", "too", "extremely". Example: Obnoxious = very obnoxious, very small = too small, oversized = extremely large.
2. Without loss of meaning, the re- is replaced. Example: Interruption = interruption.

Spelling closely related to the meaning of the word. Often it is determined from the text. Example: A fast train arrived (was = entered) at the station. Ivan Ivanovich at that time was (was = was, pre- = re-) in the capital.

prefixes pre- and pre-

The second part of the spelling for the prefixes pre- and pre-. It is written:

• if an incomplete action is performed;
• the new word has the meaning of proximity, approach;
• got the word = joining.

Example: Get used to (attachment to the verb "learn"), arrive (approach), hold on (keep a little).

Spelling of prefixes pre- in some cases it is recommended to memorize. These are the words: turn, block, overcome, perverse, present, rebuke.

When solving test tasks for pre- and pre- prefixes, you should not rush. The key to success is understanding the meaning of the word.

Spelling prefixes on a consonant before a consonant

A prefix is ​​a non-permanent morpheme. Its spelling depends on the first letter of the root. These are consonant prefixes:

• voz-, vos;
• from-, is-;
• times-, races-;
• rose-, rose-;
• through-, through.

If the root begins with a voiced consonant, it is written s-, for a deaf one - s-.

How to write prefixes in an adverb

Example: Age is rebellion; product - outcome; conversation - upset; bottling - painting, emergency - striped.

The letters c, h, u are only deaf: It is appropriate to check spelling by pronunciation. This is the second most difficult spelling.

Consonant prefixes before vowels

This is sometimes a morpheme that changes the spelling of the root. Before the letters i, u, e, e, a solid sign is placed. Clarification, removable, but save.

After the prefixes, the consonant is followed by the letter "and". A new spelling is starting to work. "And" is replaced by "s" always, except:

• prefixes inter-, super-;
• foreign consoles;
• the word charge (and its derivatives).

Example: Artless (skillful), super interesting (interesting, exception after super-), misinformation (information, foreign prefix).

Alternating vowels a, o in morphemes

What are the prefix morphemes with alternating vowels a, o? Spelling depends on the meaning attached to the morpheme. Summary table of differences:

Doubled morphemes

The Russian language to enhance the meaning suggests the presence of two prefixes. What are the prefixes in this case? They are formed from words with an existing morpheme by adding another one.

Words with two prefixes:

• interesting -> uninteresting -> not without interest (double negative = interesting);
• prepare -> prepare -> re-prepare (repeat a previously completed action);
• size -> proportionate -> disproportionate (negation of a comparative sign);
• know -> know -> identify (make an image).

Attention! There are words with three prefixes: rethinking (re-, o-, s-), unattached (non-, at-, co-).

Words with two prefixes are useful to analyze. Isolation of morphemes expands horizons, improves literacy.

Meanings of some prefixes

The prefix morpheme is used to form parts of speech: adjectives, adverbs, nouns, verbs.

Morphemes over-, under-

A word with over- is a verb or its form, a noun, an adjective. The prefix gives meaning:

• actions, location from above (should, inscribe, superciliary, elevated);
• committing an incomplete action (build up),
• additions of the perfect state (add).

Verbs with the prefix over- indicate direction of action above this level.

They have controlled nouns in the accusative case (tear (what?) an envelope, build (what?) a floor).

Words with a prefix under- are opposite in meaning to words with a prefix over-. The morpheme speaks of the direction of the action downward, lowering the position of the object.

Example: Write -> inscribe (above the given one), sign (below the existing one); earthly -> aboveground, underground.

Words with the prefix sub- have the meaning:

• approach (approach);
• movement from the bottom up (throw);
• secret action (peek);
• addition (sprinkle);
• incomplete action (wet);
• final commit (fry).

Examining Prefix Meanings avoid lexical errors.

prefix by-

Forms verbs, nouns. Gives meaning:

• beginning, end of some action (fly, drink);
• length (woodland);
• accomplishments (built);
• proximity (Volga region);
• additional accent (lower);
• time, place (daily (work), everywhere).

Words with a prefix are formed in prefix or prefix-suffix ways (twirl -> twirl, morning -> in the morning).

The prefix is ​​a meaningful morpheme. Forms words with additional meaning. Used to create verbs, adverbs, adjectives, nouns.

This part of the word obeys the laws of spelling. Literacy depends on ability to put them into practice.

Video: Rules for writing prefixes

How to write prefixes in Russian

Conclusion

Learning the meaning of prefixed morphemes enriches vocabulary.