Causes: the complete enslavement of the peasants in Rus' by the Council Code of 1649 and therefore the mass escapes of the peasants to the Don, where the fugitive was no longer considered a serf slave of the master, but a free Cossack. Also a strong increase in taxes in the country, famine and an anthrax epidemic.

Members: Don Cossacks, runaway serfs, small peoples of Russia - Kumyks, Circassians, Nogais, Chuvashs, Mordvins, Tatars

Requirements and goals: the overthrow of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich Romanov, the expansion of the freedoms of the freemen of the Cossacks, the abolition of serfdom and the privileges of the nobles.

Stages of the uprising and its course: uprising on the Don (1667-1670), the peasant war in the Volga region (1670), the final stage and the defeat of the uprising (lasted until the autumn of 1671)

Results: the uprising failed and did not achieve its goals. Its participants were executed en masse by the tsarist authorities (tens of thousands)

Reasons for defeat: spontaneity and disorganization, lack of a clear program, lack of support from the top of the Don Cossacks, lack of understanding by the peasants for what exactly they are fighting, selfishness of the rebels (often they robbed the population or deserted from the army, came and left as they wanted, thereby letting down commanders)

Chronological table according to Razin

1667- Cossack Stepan Razin becomes the leader of the Cossacks on the Don.

May 1667- the beginning of the "campaign for zipuns" under the leadership of Razin. This is the blocking of the Volga and the capture of merchant ships - both Russian and Persian. Razin gathers the poor into his army. They took the Yaitsky fortified town, the royal archers were expelled from there.

Summer 1669- announced a campaign against the tsar in Moscow. Razin's army became large.

Spring 1670- The beginning of the Peasant War in Rus'. Razin's siege of Tsaritsyn (now Volgograd). A riot in the city helped Razin take the city.

Spring 1670- battle with the royal detachment of Ivan Lopatin. Razin's victory.

Spring 1670- the capture of Kamyshin by Razin. The city was sacked and burned.

Summer 1670- Astrakhan archers went over to the side of Razin and surrendered the city to him without a fight.

Summer 1670 Razin took Samara and Saratov. A detachment under the command of Razin's associate, nun Alena, took Arzamas.

September 1670- the beginning of the siege by the Razints of Simbirsk (Ulyanovsk)

October 1670- the battle near Simbirsk with the royal troops of Prince Dolgoruky. Razin's defeat and severe wound. The siege of Simbirsk has been lifted.

December 1670- the rebels, already without their leader, entered into battle with the troops of Dolgoruky in Mordovia, and were defeated. Dolgoruky burned at the stake, like a witch, Alena of Arzamas. The main forces of Razin were defeated, but many detachments still continue the war.

April 1671- part of the Don Cossacks betrays Razin and betrays him to the royal archers. The captive Razin is transported to Moscow.

November 1671- Astrakhan, the last stronghold of the Razintsy detachments, fell during the assault on the tsar's troops. The uprising was finally crushed.

In the history of Russia, there are not many uprisings that continued long time. But the uprising of Stepan Razin is an exception to this list.

It was one of the most powerful and destructive.

This article provides short story about this event, the reasons, prerequisites and results are indicated. This topic is studied at school, in grades 6-7, questions are included in exam tests.

Peasant war led by Stepan Razin

Stepan Razin became a Cossack leader in 1667. He was able to gather several thousand Cossacks under his command.

In the 60s, separate detachments of runaway peasants and townspeople repeatedly committed robberies in different places. There were many reports of such units.

But the gangs of thieves needed a smart and energetic leader, with whom small detachments could gather and form a single force that demolishes everything in its path. Stepan Razin became such a leader.

Who is Stepan Razin

The leader and leader of the uprising, Stepan Razin, was a Don Cossack. Almost nothing is known about his childhood and youth. There is also no exact information about the place and date of birth of the Cossack. There are several different versions, but they are all unconfirmed.

History begins to clear up only by the 50s. By that time, Stepan and his brother Ivan had already become commanders of large Cossack detachments. There is no information about how this happened, but it is known that the detachments were large, and the brothers had great respect among the Cossacks.

In 1661 they make a campaign against Crimean Tatars. The government didn't like it. The Cossacks were sent a report with a reminder that they were obliged to serve on the Don River.

Discontent and disobedience to power in the Cossack detachments began to grow. As a result, Stepan's brother Ivan was executed. This was precisely the reason that prompted Razin to revolt.

Causes of the uprising

The main reason for the events of 1667 - 1671. in Rus' was that the population gathered on the Don, dissatisfied with the government. These were peasants and serfs who had fled from feudal oppression and the strengthening of serfdom.

Too many dissatisfied gathered in one place. In addition, Cossacks lived on the same territory, whose goal was to gain independence.

The participants were united by one thing - hatred of order and power. Therefore, their alliance under the leadership of Razin was not surprising.

The driving forces of the uprising of Stepan Razin

Various groups of the population took part in the uprising.

List of participants:

• peasants;
• Cossacks;
• archers;
• townspeople;
• serfs;
• peoples of the Volga region (mostly non-Russians).

Razin wrote letters in which he called on the disaffected to make campaigns against the nobles, boyars and merchants.

The territory covered by the Cossack-peasant uprising

In the first months, the rebels captured the Lower Volga region. Then in their hands was a large part of the state. The uprising map covers vast areas.

The cities that the rebels captured include:

• Astrakhan;
• Tsaritsyn;
• Saratov;
• Samara;
• Penza.

It is worth noting: most of the cities surrendered and went over to the side of Razin voluntarily. This was facilitated by the fact that the leader declared free all people who passed to him.

The demands of the rebels

The rebels made several demands to the Zemsky Sobor:

1. Cancel serfdom and completely free the peasants.
2. To form an army of Cossacks, which would be part of the tsarist army.
3. Decentralize power.
4. Reduce peasant taxes and duties.

The authorities, naturally, could not agree to such demands.

Main events and stages of the uprising

The peasant war lasted 4 years. The performances of the rebels were very active. The entire course of the war can be divided into 3 periods.

The first campaign 1667 - 1669.

In 1667, the Cossacks captured the Yaitsky town and stayed there for the winter. This was the beginning of their activities. After that, the rebel troops decided to go "for zipuns", that is, prey.

In the spring of 1668 they were already in the Caspian Sea. Having devastated the coast, the Cossacks went home through Astrakhan.

There is a version that when returning home, the chief governor of Astrakhan agreed to let the rebels through the city on the condition that they give him part of the booty. The Cossacks agreed, but after that they did not keep their word and evaded fulfilling their promises.

Revolt of Stepan Razin 1670-1671

In the early 70s, the Cossacks, led by Razin, undertook a new campaign, which had the character of an open uprising. The rebels moved along the Volga, capturing and ruining cities and settlements on their way.

Suppression of the rebellion and execution

Stepan Razin's uprising dragged on too long. Finally, the authorities decided to take more decisive action. At a time when the Razintsy were besieging Simbirsk, Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich sent a punitive expedition to them in the form of an army of 60,000 to suppress the uprising.

Razin's troops numbered 20 thousand. The siege of the city was lifted and the rebels defeated. The comrades carried the wounded leader of the uprising from the battlefield.

They caught Stepan Razin only six months later. As a result, he was taken to Moscow and executed on Red Square by quartering.

Reasons for the defeat of Stepan Razin

The uprising of Stepan Razin is one of the most powerful in history. So why did the Razintsy fail?

The main reason is the lack of organization. The uprising itself had a spontaneous character of struggle. Basically it consisted of robbery attacks.

There was no administrative structure inside the army, and fragmentation was present in the actions of the peasants.

The results of the uprising

However, it cannot be said that the actions of the rebels were absolutely useless for the discontented sections of the population.

• the introduction of benefits for the peasant population;
• free Cossacks;
• tax cuts on priority goods.

Another consequence was that the beginning of the emancipation of the peasants was laid.

The culmination of social actions in the 17th century was the uprising of the Cossacks and peasants led by S.T. Razin. This movement originated in the villages of the Don Cossacks. The Don freemen have always attracted fugitives from the southern and central regions. Russian state. Here they were protected by the unwritten law “no extradition from the Don”. The government, needing the services of the Cossacks for the defense of the southern borders, paid them a salary and put up with the self-government that existed there.

Stepan Timofeevich Razin, a native of the village of Zimoveyskaya, belonged to the homely Cossacks - he enjoyed great authority. In 1667 he led a detachment of a thousand people who went on a campaign “for zipuns” (to the Volga, and then to the Yaik River, where the Yaitsky town was occupied with a fight).

In the summer of 1668 already almost 20,000 Razin's army successfully operated in the possessions of Persia (Iran) on the Caspian coast. The captured valuables were exchanged by the Razintsy for Russian prisoners who replenished their ranks. The following summer, 1669, the Cossacks defeated the fleet near Pig Island (south of Baku), equipped against them by the Persian Shah. This greatly complicated Russian-Iranian relations and aggravated the government's position towards the Cossacks.

In October 1669 Razin returned to the Don through Astrakhan, where he was greeted with triumph. Inspired by good luck, he set about preparing a new campaign, this time “for the good tsar” against the “traitors of the boyars”. The next campaign of the Cossacks along the Volga to the north turned into a peasant turmoil. The Cossacks remained the military core, and with the influx into the detachment of a huge number of fugitive peasants, the peoples of the Volga region - Mordovians, Tatars, Chuvashs - the social orientation of the movement changed dramatically.

In May 1670, the 7,000th detachment of S.T. Razin captured the city of Tsaritsyn, at the same time, detachments of archers sent from Moscow and Astrakhan were defeated. Having approved the Cossack administration in Astrakhan, Razin moved north - Saratov and Samara voluntarily went over to his side. S. Razin addressed the population of the Volga region with “charming” (from the word: seduce, call) letters in which he urged them to join the uprising and harass traitors, that is, boyars, nobles, governors, clerks. The uprising covered a vast territory, on which numerous detachments were operating, led by atamans M. Osipov, M. Kharitonov, V. Fedorov, nun Alena and others.

In September, Razin's army approached Simbirsk, and stubbornly besieged it for a month. The frightened government announced mobilization - in August 1679, a 60,000-strong army headed for the Middle Volga region. In early October, a government detachment led by Y. Baryatinsky defeated the main forces of Razin and joined the Simbirsk garrison under the command of governor I. Miloslavsky. Razin with a small detachment went to the Don, where he hoped to recruit a new army, but was betrayed by the top of the Cossacks and handed over to the government. June 4, 1671 he was taken to Moscow and executed on Red Square two days later. In November 1671 fell Astrakhan - the last stronghold of the rebels. The participants in the uprising were severely repressed.

Peasant uprising by Stepan Razin (briefly)

Stepan Razin's uprising (briefly)

To date, the reliable date of Razin's birth is not known to historians. Most likely, this event took place around 1630. Stepan was born into the family of a wealthy Cossack Timofey, and the first mention of him appears in 1661. Due to the fact that Razin knew the Kalmyk and Tatar languages, he negotiated on behalf of the Donskoy with the Kalmyks. In 1662-1663, he was already mentioned as one of the Cossack commanders who made campaigns against the Crimean Khanate and the Ottoman Empire.

For a failed attempt to escape with a detachment of Cossacks from the battlefield in 1665, governor Yuri Alekseevich Dolgorukov executed his older brother Ivan Razin. This event became fateful, influencing all subsequent actions of Stepan Razin.

After the events described, Stepan decides not only to take revenge on Dolgoruky for the death of his brother, but also to punish the tsarist administration. According to his plan, he also sought to organize a carefree life for the people around him after that. In 1667, he and his detachment robbed a trading caravan on the Volga. At the same time, he kills all the archery chiefs, blocks the way to the Volga and releases all the exiles. This hike is called the "zipun hike". The detachment manages to successfully avoid meeting with the soldiers who were sent from the capital to punish the Razints. This day is the beginning of the uprising of Stepan Razin.

Another rather important episode was the Persian campaign, when Razin's detachment managed to take a lot of booty. At the same time, such a successful military chieftain was able to enlist considerable support and gain authority on the Don. It should be noted that despite the fact that Kornila Yakovlev, who was the godfather of Stepan Razin, retained his seniority, Stepan was the most influential in the Don army.

Many peasants regularly joined Razin's army, and a new campaign began already in 1670. Very soon, the rebels managed to capture Tsaritsyn, Samara, Saratov and Astrakhan. Thus, the entire Lower Volga region turned out to be in their hands. This uprising instantly grew into a peasant uprising, covering almost the entire territory of Russia.

However, Stepan failed to capture Simbirsk and his biography again took a sharp turn. He was brought to the Kagalnitsky town after being wounded in battle. Starting in 1671, Razin's authority began to decrease, and within his army there were more contradictions than coherence. It was his soldiers who burned the town of Kagalnitsky, capturing Stepan, whose death took place on June 16, 1671.

The uprising of S. Razin 1667-1671

Members: Chuvashs, Mordovians, Tatars, homeless, fugitive peasants, serfs, Cossacks, urban lower classes, barge haulers, workers, archers, soldiers, peasants, lower clergy.

Territory: Volga region, Caspian territories, Don, Tsaritsyn, Astrakhan, Samara, Saratov

Causes: a) the accumulation on the Don of runaway peasants, serfs, townspeople, dissatisfied with the strengthening of serfdom; b) the activity of the Cossacks, dissatisfaction with the policy of the government

Results: the uprising was brutally suppressed, Razin was executed, the established order was preserved.

Salt riot of 1648

Territory: Moscow, Kursk, Voronezh, South-West and North-West of Russia.

Causes: increase in taxes, introduction of duties on salt, dissatisfaction with local authorities

Members: petty nobles, townspeople, runaway peasants, serfs, poor people

Results: objectionable boyars were executed, the government made concessions in taxation.

Copper Riot 1662

Territory: Moscow, Kolomenskoye

Members: townspeople, archers, soldiers, reiters of the Moscow garrison

Causes: increase in taxes, famine, depreciation of copper money, violence and bribery of the boyars

Results: The uprising is suppressed, the minting of copper money is stopped.

Reforms of PeterI:

Prerequisites r-m: 1. The development of productive forces (the emergence of manufactories under A.M.) 2. The growth of absolutism, the decrease in the importance of the boyar duma 3. The abolition of parochialism 4. The creation of regiments of the new order in the 30s of the 17th century 5. The need for access to the seas for the development of trade

R-we state. exercises: 1. The Boyar Duma was replaced by the near office (1699) 2. The Senate appears later (1711) 3. The appearance of the post of fiscal 4. 1720-general regulations of the collegiums (orders turn into 11 collegiums => management has been simplified) 5. 1721-Synod - central governing body of church affairs, headed by the chief prosecutor. 6. Chief magistrate 7. Division of the country into provinces, provinces, districts. 8. 1720 - the title of emperor.

Collegia (foreign affairs; military; admiralty; chamber board (taxes); state board (expenses); revision board; manufactory board; commerce board; berg board (metallurgy); justice board; patrimonial board; chief magistrate)

Conclusion: the complete centralization of power in the state. institutions contributed to the final victory of absolutism

Military reforms:

Stage 1: 1. The beginning of the creation of a regular army in 1699 (27 regular soldier regiments, voluntarily) 2. The liquidation of the noble cavalry - 10 dragoon regiments 3. The creation navy 2nd stage: The introduction of conscription and the creation of a regular army on this basis 3. Stage: the final formation of the army in 1716-1720 with the adoption of military regulations.

The era of palace coups:

1. Catherine I 1725-1727 (A. Menshikov)

2. Peter II. 1727-1730 Boyars influenced him => Menshikov was exiled.

3. Anna Ioannovna 1730-1740 (dies, heir Ivan = son of Anna Leopoldovna)

4. Ivan 1740-1741 He is being deposed.

5. Elizaveta Petrovna (1741-1761) continues Peter's policy.