The true reason for the deportation of the Crimean Tatars. How and why the deportation of the Crimean Tatars was carried out. Geography of kyryml settlement

The forced eviction of the Crimean Tatar population took place on May 18, 1944. It was on this day that employees of the punitive body of the NKVD came to the Crimean Tatar houses and announced to the owners that they would be evicted from Crimea because of treason. By order of Stalin, hundreds of thousands of families were sent by train to Central Asia. During the period of forced deportation, about half of the migrants died, a third of them were children under 14 years old.

Therefore, Ukrinform infographic dedicated to the Day of Remembrance of the victims of the genocide-deportation of the Crimean Tatar people from Crimea.

Spring 1944: timeline of events

April 8-13 - the operation of the Soviet troops to expel the Nazi invaders from the territory of the Crimean peninsula;

April 22 - in a memorandum addressed to Lavrenty Beria, the Crimean Tatars were accused of mass desertion from the ranks of the Red Army;

May 10 - Beria, in a letter to Stalin, proposed to deport the Crimean Tatar population to Uzbekistan, citing the accusation of "treacherous actions Crimean Tatars against the Soviet people" and "the undesirability of the further residence of the Crimean Tatars on the border outskirts Soviet Union»;

May 11 - A secret resolution of the State Defense Committee No. 5859ss "On the Crimean Tatars" was adopted. It induced unfounded claims against the Crimean Tatar population - such as mass betrayal and mass collaborationism - which became the rationale for the deportation. In fact, there is no evidence of "mass desertion" of the Crimean Tatars.

“Detatarization” of Crimea by punitive bodies of the NKVD:

32 thousand employees of the NKVD were involved in the operation;

the deportees were given from a few minutes to half an hour to collect;

it was allowed to take personal belongings, dishes, household equipment and provisions up to 500 kg per family (actually 20-30 kg of things and products);

the Crimean Tatar population was sent by echelons under escort to places of exile;

the property left behind was confiscated by the state.

Number of Crimean Tatar population deported from Crimea:

183 thousand people in a general special settlement;

6,000 to reserve management camps;

6 thousand in the Gulag;

5,000 special contingents for the Moscow Coal Trust;

only 200 thousand people.

Also among the adult special settlers were 2882 Russians, Ukrainians, Gypsies, Karaites and representatives of other nationalities.

Geography of settlement of Kyryml:

More than 2/3 of the deported Crimean Tatars were sent to the Uzbek SSR. The first 7 echelons with deportees arrived in Uzbekistan on June 1, 1944, the next day - 24; June 5 - 44; June 7 - 54 echelons. All of them were sent to Tashkent - 56 thousand 641, Samarkand - 31 thousand 604, Andijan - 19 thousand 773, Fergana - 16 thousand, Namangan - 13 thousand 431, Kashkadarya - 10 thousand, Bukhara region - 4 thousand. Human.

In total, 35,275 families of Crimean Tatars were deported to the Uzbek SSR.

Crimean Tatars also arrived in the Kazakh SSR - 2 thousand 426 people, the Bashkir ASSR - 284, the Yakut ASSR - 93 people, in the Gorky region of Russia - 2 thousand 376 people, as well as Molotov - 10 thousand, Sverdlovsk - 3 thousand 591 people, Ivankovskaya - 548, Kostroma region - 6 thousand 338 people.

According to researchers, human losses during the transportation of the Crimean Tatars by echelons to the east amounted to 7,889 people. In the certificate on the movement of special settlers in Crimea in 1944-1946, it was noted that in the first period 44,887 people died among them, that is, 19.6%.

Consequences of deportation

The deportation led to catastrophic consequences for the Crimean Tatars in places of exile. A significant number of deportees (according to estimates - from 15 to 46%) died of starvation and disease in the very first winter of 1944-45.

As a result of the deportation, more than 80,000 houses, more than 34,000 homesteads, about 500,000 heads of livestock, all stocks of food, seeds, seedlings, pet food, building materials, tens of thousands of tons of agricultural products. 112 personal libraries, 646 libraries in elementary and 221 in secondary schools have been liquidated. In the villages, 360 reading huts ceased to operate, in cities and regional centers - more than 9 thousand schools and 263 clubs. Mosques were closed in Evpatoria, Bakhchisarai, Sevastopol, Feodosia, Chernomorskoe and in many villages.

On May 18, 1944, the deportation of the Crimean Tatar people began.
The deportation operation began in the early hours of 18 May 1944 and ended at 4:00 pm on 20 May. It took the punitive authorities only 60 hours and over 70 echelons, each of which had 50 wagons, to carry it out. For its implementation, the NKVD troops were involved in the amount of more than 32 thousand people.

The deportees were given from several minutes to half an hour to collect, after which they were transported by trucks to the railway stations. From there, the trains with the escorted went to the places of exile. According to eyewitnesses, those who resisted or could not walk were often shot on the spot. On the road, the exiles were fed rarely and often with salty food, after which they were thirsty. In some trains, the exiles received food for the first and last time in the second week of their journey. The dead were hastily buried next to the railroad tracks or not buried at all.

The official reason for the expulsion was the mass desertion of the Crimean Tatars from the Red Army in 1941 (the number was called about 20 thousand people), the good reception of the German troops and the active participation of the Crimean Tatars in the formations of the German army, SD, police, gendarmerie, apparatus prisons and camps. At the same time, deportation did not touch most of the Crimean Tatar collaborators, since the bulk of them were evacuated by the Germans to Germany. Those who remained in the Crimea were identified by the NKVD during the “cleansing operations” in April-May 1944 and condemned as traitors to the motherland. For those who say that all Crimean Tatars were traitors and accomplices of the Nazis, I will give a few figures.
Crimean Tatars who fought in the Red Army were also deported after demobilization. In total, in 1945-1946, 8995 Crimean Tatar veterans of the war were sent to the places of deportation, including 524 officers and 1392 sergeants. In 1952 (after the famine of 1945, which claimed many lives), only in Uzbekistan, according to the NKVD, there were 6,057 participants in the war, many of whom had high government awards.

From the memories of deportation survivors:

“In the morning, instead of a greeting, a choice mat and a question: are there any corpses? People cling to the dead, cry, do not give back. Soldiers throw the bodies of adults out the door, children out the window ... "

“There was no medical care. The dead were taken out of the car and left at the station, without being allowed to bury.

“There was no question of medical care. People drank water from reservoirs and stocked up from there for future use. There was no way to boil water. People began to get sick with dysentery, typhoid fever, malaria, scabies, lice overcame everyone. It was hot and constantly thirsty. The dead were left at the junctions, no one buried them.”

“After a few days of travel, the dead were carried out of our car: an old woman and a little boy. The train stopped at small stations to leave the dead. ... They didn’t let them bury.”

“My grandmother, brothers and sisters died in the first months of deportation before the end of 1944. Mom lay unconscious in such heat with her dead brother for three days. Until adults see her.

A significant number of settlers, exhausted after three years of living in the German-occupied Crimea, died in places of deportation from starvation and disease in 1944-45 due to lack of normal conditions residence (in the early years, people lived in barracks and dugouts, did not have sufficient food and access to medical care). Estimates of the number of deaths during this period vary widely: from 15-25% according to various Soviet official bodies to 46% according to estimates by activists of the Crimean Tatar movement who collected information about the dead in the 1960s. So, according to the OSP of the UzSSR, only “for 6 months of 1944, that is, from the moment of arrival in the UzSSR and until the end of the year, 16,052 people died. (10.6%)".

For 12 years until 1956, the Crimean Tatars had the status of special settlers, which implied various restrictions on their rights, in particular, a ban on unauthorized (without written permission from the special commandant's office) crossing the border of a special settlement and criminal punishment for its violation. Numerous cases are known when people were sentenced to many years (up to 25 years) in camps for visiting relatives in neighboring villages, the territory of which belonged to another special settlement.

The Crimean Tatars were not just evicted. They were subjected to the deliberate creation of such living conditions for them, which were calculated for the complete or partial physical and moral destruction of the people so that the world would forget about them, and they themselves would forget to which clan-tribe they belonged and in no case thought about returning to native lands.

The total deportation of the Crimean Tatars was the greatest betrayal on the part of the Soviet authorities, since the main part of the male population of the Crimean Tatars, drafted into the army, continued at that time to fight on the fronts for the same Soviet power. About 60 thousand Crimean Tatars were called to the front in 1941, 36 thousand died defending the USSR. In addition, 17 thousand Crimean Tatar boys and girls became activists in Crimea partisan movement, 7 thousand - participated in underground work.

The Nazis burned 127 Crimean Tatar villages because their inhabitants helped the partisans, 12,000 Crimean Tatars were killed for resisting the occupation regime, and more than 20,000 were forcibly driven to Germany.
Crimean Tatars who fought in the Red Army were also deported after being demobilized and returning home from the front to Crimea. Crimean Tatars were also deported, who did not live in Crimea during the occupation and managed to return to Crimea by May 18, 1944. In 1949, in the places of deportation, there were 8995 Crimean Tatars - participants in the war, including 524 officers and 1392 sergeants.

According to the final data, 193,865 Crimean Tatars (over 47,000 families) were deported from Crimea.
After the deportations in Crimea, two decrees from 1945 and 1948 renamed settlements whose names were of Crimean Tatar, German, Greek, Armenian origin (more than 90% settlements peninsulas). The Crimean ASSR was transformed into the Crimean Oblast. The autonomous status of Crimea was restored only in 1991.

Unlike many other deported peoples who returned to their homeland in the late 1950s, the Crimean Tatars were formally deprived of this right until 1974, but in fact until 1989. The mass return of the people to Crimea began only at the end of Perestroika.

GENERAL RESULTS OF THE DEPORTATION:
The Crimean Tatar people lost:
- the native land, in which the ancestors, mastering the land, from the XIII century formed as a nationality, naming their land on mother tongue Crimea, and themselves as Crimean Tatars;
- monuments material culture, created by the hands of talented representatives of the people for many centuries.
The Crimean Tatar people were liquidated:
- primary and secondary schools teaching in the native language;
- higher and middle educational establishments, special and vocational, technical schools with teaching in the native language;
- national ensembles, theaters and studios;
- newspapers, publishing houses, radio broadcasting and other national bodies and institutions (Unions of writers, journalists, artists);
- research institutes and institutions for the study of the Crimean Tatar language, literature, art and folk art.

The Crimean Tatar people have destroyed:
- cemeteries and graves of ancestors with tombstones and inscriptions;
- monuments and mausoleums historical figures people.
From the Crimean Tatar people were taken away:
- national museums and libraries with tens of thousands of volumes in their native language;
- clubs, reading rooms, prayer houses - mosques and madrasahs.

The history of the formation of the Crimean Tatar people as a nationality was falsified and the original toponymy was destroyed:
- names of cities and villages, streets and quarters, geographical names of localities, etc. have been renamed;
- folk legends and other types of folk art, created over the centuries by the ancestors of the Crimean Tatars, have been altered and appropriated.

Deportation of Crimean Tatars to Last year Great Patriotic War It was a mass eviction of local residents of Crimea to a number of regions of the Uzbek SSR, the Kazakh SSR, the Mari Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic and other republics of the Soviet Union. This happened immediately after the liberation of the peninsula from the Nazi invaders. The official reason for the action was the criminal assistance of many thousands of Tatars to the occupiers.

Crimean collaborators

The eviction was carried out under the control of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs in May 1944. The order to deport the Tatars, allegedly members of the collaborationist groups during the occupation of the Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, was signed by Stalin shortly before that, on May 11th. Beria substantiated the reasons:

Desertion of 20 thousand Tatars from the army during the period 1941-1944; - the unreliability of the Crimean population, especially pronounced in the border areas; - a threat to the security of the Soviet Union due to collaborationist actions and anti-Soviet sentiments of the Crimean Tatars; - the deportation of 50 thousand civilians to Germany with the assistance of the Crimean Tatar committees.

In May 1944, the government of the Soviet Union did not yet have all the figures regarding the real situation in the Crimea. After the defeat of Hitler and the calculation of losses, it became known that 85.5 thousand newly minted "slaves" of the Third Reich were actually stolen to Germany only from among the civilian population of Crimea.

Almost 72 thousand were executed with the direct participation of the so-called "Noise". Schuma - auxiliary police, but in fact - punitive Crimean Tatar battalions, subordinate to the Nazis. Of these 72,000, 15,000 communists were brutally tortured in the largest concentration camp in Crimea, the former Krasnoy collective farm.

Main allegations

After the retreat, the Nazis took part of the collaborators with them to Germany. Subsequently, a special SS regiment was formed from among them. The other part (5,381 people) were arrested by the security officers after the liberation of the peninsula. Many weapons were seized during the arrests. The government was afraid of an armed rebellion of the Tatars because of their proximity to Turkey (the latter Hitler hoped to draw into the war with the communists).

According to the research of the Russian scientist, professor of history Oleg Romanko, during the war years, 35,000 Crimean Tatars helped the Nazis in one way or another: they served in the German police, participated in executions, handed over communists, etc. For this, even distant relatives of traitors were supposed to be exiled and confiscate property.

The main argument in favor of the rehabilitation of the Crimean Tatar population and its return to historical homeland became that the deportation was actually carried out not on the basis of the real deeds of specific people, but on a national basis.

Even those who did not contribute to the Nazis were sent into exile. At the same time, 15% of Tatar men fought alongside other Soviet citizens in the Red Army. IN partisan detachments 16% were Tatars. Their families were also deported. Stalin's fears that the Crimean Tatars might succumb to pro-Turkish sentiments, revolt and end up on the side of the enemy were reflected in this mass character.

The government wanted to eliminate the threat from the south as quickly as possible. The eviction was carried out urgently, in freight cars. On the way, many died due to crowding, lack of food and drinking water. In total, about 190 thousand Tatars were deported from Crimea during the war. 191 Tatars died during transportation. Another 16 thousand died in new places of residence from mass starvation in 1946-1947.

On the eve of the war, Crimean Tatars made up less than one-fifth of the peninsula's population. Here are the 1939 census data1:

Nevertheless, the Tatar minority was in no way infringed on their rights in relation to the "Russian-speaking" population. Rather the opposite. State languages The Crimean ASSR was Russian and Tatar. The administrative division of the autonomous republic was based on the national principle: in 1930, national village councils were created: 207 Russian, 144 Tatar, 37 German, 14 Jewish, 9 Bulgarian, 8 Greek, 3 Ukrainian, 2 Armenian and Estonian. , national districts were organized. In 1930 there were 7 such districts: 5 Tatar (Sudak, Alushta, Bakhchisaray, Yalta and Balaklava), 1 German (Biyuk-Onlar, later Telman) and 1 Jewish (Freydorf) 2 In all schools, children of national minorities studied in their native language . After the start of the Great Patriotic War, many Crimean Tatars were drafted into the Red Army. However, their service was short-lived. We quote the memorandum of the deputy. People's Commissar of State Security of the USSR B.Z. Kobulov and Deputy. People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the USSR I.A. Serov addressed to L.P. Beria, dated April 22, 1944:

"... All those drafted into the Red Army amounted to 90 thousand people, including 20 thousand Crimean Tatars ... 20 thousand Crimean Tatars deserted in 1941 from the 51st Army during its retreat from the Crimea ..." 3

Thus, the desertion of the Crimean Tatars from the Red Army was almost universal. This is confirmed by the data for individual settlements. Thus, in the village of Koush, out of 132 drafted into the Red Army in 1941, 120 deserted.

Then the servitude to the German occupiers began.

"From the very first days of their arrival, the Germans, relying on the nationalist Tatars, without openly plundering their property, as they did with the Russian population, tried to ensure a good attitude of the local population" 5 , - wrote the head of the 5th partisan district Krasnikov .

Already in December 1941, the German command began organizing the so-called "Muslim committees". Under the leadership of the Germans, armed detachments of "self-defense" began to form. Many Tatars were used as guides for punitive detachments against partisans. Separate detachments were sent to the Kerch Front and partly to the Sevastopol sector of the front, where they took part in the battles against the Red Army. But most of all they became famous for the massacres of civilians. Here it is appropriate to recall one of the main arguments of the defenders " repressed peoples":

"The accusation of betrayal, actually committed by certain groups of Crimean Tatars, was unreasonably extended to the entire Crimean Tatar people" 6 .

Say, not all Tatars served the Germans, but only "separate groups", while others were partisans at that time. However, an anti-Hitler underground also existed in Germany, so now the Germans should be recorded as our allies in the 2nd World War? Let's look at specific numbers. Let us turn to the data of N.F. Bugay himself:

"In the units of the German army stationed in the Crimea, there were, according to approximate data, more than 20 thousand Crimean Tatars" 7

.
That is, taking into account the information given in the above-cited note by Kobulov and Serov, practically the entire Crimean Tatar population of military age. It is significant that this unseemly circumstance is actually recognized in a very characteristic publication ("The book forms the documentary historical basis of the ongoing Russian Federation measures for the rehabilitation of desecrated and punished peoples" 8).

And how many Crimean Tatars were among the partisans? As of June 1, 1943, there were 262 people in the Crimean partisan detachments, of which 145 were Russians, 67 Ukrainians and... 6 Tatars 9 . As of January 15, 1944, according to the party archive of the Crimean Regional Committee of the Communist Party of Ukraine, there were 3,733 partisans in Crimea, of which 1,944 were Russians, 348 Ukrainians, and 598 Tatars. Finally, according to a certificate on the party, national and age composition of the Crimean partisans for April 1944, among the partisans were: Russians - 2075, Tatars - 391, Ukrainians - 356, Belarusians - 71, others - 754 11 .

So, even if we take the maximum of the given figures - 598, then the ratio of Tatars in the German army and in the partisans will be more than 30 to 1. It is also very interesting to read the newspaper "Azat Krym" ("Liberated Crimea"), published in the occupied Crimea since 1942 to 1944. Here are some characteristic excerpts 12:

03/03/1942

After our German brothers crossed the historical ditch at the gates of Perekop, the great sun of freedom and happiness rose for the peoples of Crimea.

03/10/1942

Alushta. At a meeting arranged by the Muslim Committee, Muslims expressed their gratitude to the Great Fuhrer Adolf Hitler-effendi for the free life he gave to the Muslim people. Then they arranged a service for the preservation of life and health for many years to Adolf Hitler-effendi.

In the same issue:

Great Hitler - the liberator of all peoples and religions! 2 thousand Tatars Kokkozy (now the village of Sokolinoe, Bakhchisaray district) and its environs gathered for a prayer service... in honor of the German soldiers. We created a prayer for the German martyrs of the war... The entire Tatar people pray every minute and ask Allah to grant the Germans victory over the whole world. Oh, great leader, we tell you with all our hearts, with all our being, believe us! We, the Tatars, give our word to fight the herd of Jews and Bolsheviks together with the German soldiers in the same ranks!.. God bless you, our great Mr. Hitler!

03/20/1942

Together with the glorious German brothers, who arrived in time to liberate the world of the East, we, the Crimean Tatars, declare to the whole world that we have not forgotten Churchill's solemn promises in Washington, his desire to revive the Jewish power in Palestine, his desire to destroy Turkey, capture Istanbul and the Dardanelles , raise an uprising in Turkey and Afghanistan, etc. and so on. The East is waiting for its liberator not from lying democrats and swindlers, but from the National Socialist Party and from the liberator Adolf Hitler. We swore an oath to make sacrifices for such a sacred and brilliant task.

04/10/1942

From a message to A. Hitler, received at a prayer service by more than 500 Muslims in the city of Karasubazar.

Our liberator! It is only thanks to you, your help and thanks to the courage and dedication of your troops that we managed to open our prayer houses and perform prayers in them. Now there is not and cannot be such a force that would separate us from the German people and from you. The Tatar people swore and gave their word, signing up as volunteers in the ranks of the German troops, hand in hand with your troops to fight against the enemy to the last drop of blood. Your victory is the victory of the entire Muslim world. We pray to God for the health of your troops and ask God to give you, the great liberator of the peoples, long life. You now have the liberator, the leader of the Muslim world - the gases Adolf Hitler.

In the same issue:

To the liberator of the oppressed peoples, the son of the German people, Adolf Hitler.

With the arrival of the valiant sons of Great Germany in the Crimea, with your blessing and in memory of long-term friendship, we, Muslims, stood shoulder to shoulder with the German people, took up arms and began to fight to the last drop of blood for the great universal ideas put forward by you - the destruction of the red Jewish Bolshevik plague to the end and without a trace.
Our ancestors came from the East, and we were waiting for liberation from there, but today we are witnessing that liberation comes to us from the west. Perhaps for the first and only time in history it happened that the sun of freedom rose from the west. This sun is you, our great friend and leader, with your mighty German people.
Presidium of the Muslim Committee.

As we can see, Gorbachev with his notorious "universal values" had a worthy predecessor.

After the liberation of Crimea Soviet troops the hour of reckoning has come.

The NKVD and NKGB bodies are carrying out work in Crimea to identify and seize enemy agents, traitors to the Motherland, accomplices of the Nazi invaders and other anti-Soviet elements.
As of May 7 this year. 5381 such persons were arrested.
5995 rifles, 337 machine guns, 250 machine guns, 31 mortars and a large number of grenades and rifle cartridges were confiscated illegally stored by the population...
By 1944, more than 20,000 Tatars had deserted from the units of the Red Army;
Taking into account the treacherous actions of the Crimean Tatars against the Soviet people and proceeding from the undesirability of the further residence of the Crimean Tatars on the border outskirts of the Soviet Union, the NKVD of the USSR submits for your consideration a draft decision of the State Defense Committee on the eviction of all Tatars from the territory of Crimea.
We consider it expedient to resettle the Crimean Tatars as special settlers in the regions of the Uzbek SSR for use in work as in agriculture- collective farms, state farms, and in industry and construction.
The question of the resettlement of the Tatars in the Uzbek SSR was agreed with the Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Uzbekistan Comrade Yusupov.
According to preliminary data, there are currently 140-160 thousand Tatars in Crimea. The eviction operation will start on May 20-21 and end on June 1st. At the same time, I am presenting a draft resolution of the State Defense Committee, asking for your decision.
People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the USSR
L. Beria

Project

Decree
State Defense Committee 14

May 1944

GKO decides:

1. All Tatars must be evicted from the territory of Crimea and settled permanently as special settlers in the regions of the Uzbek SSR. The eviction is to be assigned to the NKVD of the USSR. To oblige the NKVD of the USSR (comrade Beria) to complete the eviction of the Crimean Tatars before June 1, 1944.

2. Establish the following procedure and conditions for eviction:
a) Allow special settlers to take with them personal belongings, clothing, household equipment, dishes and food in the amount of up to 500 kg per family.
Remaining property, buildings, outbuildings, furniture and household land are taken over by local authorities; all productive and dairy cattle, as well as poultry, are accepted by the People's Commissariat for Meat and Dairy Industry; all agricultural products - the People's Commissariat of the USSR; horses and other draft animals - by the People's Commissariat for Meat of the USSR; pedigree cattle - People's Commissariat of State Farm of the USSR.
Acceptance of livestock, grain, vegetables and other types of agricultural products is carried out with the issuance of exchange receipts for each settlement and each farm.
To entrust the NKVD of the USSR, the People's Commissariat of Agriculture, the People's Commissariat for Meat and Milk Industry, the People's Commissariat of State Farms and the People's Commissariat of Education of the USSR from July 1 of this year. submit proposals to the Council of People's Commissars on the procedure for the return of livestock, poultry, and agricultural products received from them by exchange receipts to special settlers.

b) To organize the reception from the special settlers of property, livestock, grain and agricultural products left by them in the places of eviction, send to the place a commission of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR consisting of: chairman of the commission comrade. Gritsenko (deputy chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR) and members of the commission - comrade. Krestyaninov (member of the board of the People's Commissariat of Agriculture of the USSR), comrade. Nadyarnykh (a member of the board of the People's Commissariat for Foreign Affairs and the MP), comrade. Pustovalov (member of the collegium of the People's Commissariat of Education of the USSR), comrade. Kabanova (Deputy People's Commissar of State Farms of the USSR), comrade. Gusev (member of the board of the People's Commissariat of Finance of the USSR).
Oblige the People's Commissariat of Agriculture of the USSR (comrade Benediktova), the People's Commissariat of the USSR (comrade Subbotina), the People's Commissariat and the MP (comrade Smirnova), the People's Commissariat for State Farming of the USSR (comrade Lobanova) to send livestock, grain and agricultural products from special settlers (in agreement with Comrade Gritsenko) to the Crimea the required number of workers.

c) To oblige the NKPS (comrade Kaganovich) to organize the transportation of special settlers from the Crimea to the Uzbek SSR in specially formed echelons according to a schedule drawn up jointly with the NKVD of the USSR. The number of trains, loading stations and destination stations at the request of the NKVD of the USSR. Payments for transportation shall be made according to the tariff for the transportation of prisoners.

d) The People's Commissariat for Health of the USSR (comrade Miterev) to allocate for each echelon with special settlers, within the time limits agreed with the NKVD of the USSR, one doctor and two nurses with an appropriate supply of medicines and provide medical and sanitary care for special settlers on the way.

e) The People's Commissariat of the USSR (Comrade Lyubimov) to provide all echelons with special settlers daily with hot meals and boiling water. Allocate foodstuffs to the People's Commissariat for catering for special settlers on the way...

3. Oblige the secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party (b) of Uzbekistan comrade. Yusupov, chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the Uzbek SSR comrade. Abdurakhmanov and People's Commissar of Internal Affairs Uzbek USSR comrade Kobulov until July 1 of this year. carry out the following measures for the reception and resettlement of special settlers:
a) Accept and resettle within the Uzbek SSR 140-160 thousand people of special settlers of Tatars sent by the NKVD of the USSR from the Crimean ASSR.
The resettlement of special settlers shall be carried out in state farm settlements, existing collective farms, subsidiary farms of enterprises and factory settlements for use in agriculture and industry.

b) In the areas of resettlement of special settlers, create commissions consisting of the chairman of the regional executive committee, the secretary of the regional committee and the head of the UNKVD, entrusting these commissions with carrying out all activities related to the direct accommodation of arriving special settlers.

c) Prepare horse-drawn vehicles for the transportation of special settlers, mobilizing the transport of any enterprises and institutions for this.

d) Ensure that the arriving special settlers are provided with household plots and assist in the construction of houses with local building materials.

e) Organize special commandant's offices of the NKVD in the areas of resettlement of special settlers, attributing their maintenance to the expense of the estimate of the NKVD of the USSR.

f) Central Committee and Council of People's Commissars of the Uzbek SSR by May 20 of this year. submit to the NKVD of the USSR comrade. Beria, a project for the resettlement of special settlers in regions and districts, indicating stations for unloading echelons.

4. To oblige the Agricultural Bank (comrade Kravtsov) to issue loans to special settlers sent to the Uzbek SSR in the places of their settlement for the construction of houses and for household equipment up to 5,000 rubles per family with an installment plan of up to 7 years.

5. Oblige the People's Commissariat of the USSR (comrade Subbotina) to allocate flour, cereals and vegetables to the SNK of the Uzbek SSR for distribution to special settlers during June-August of this year. monthly in equal amounts... Issuance of flour, cereals and vegetables to special settlers during June-August of this year. to produce free of charge, in payment for the agricultural products and livestock accepted from them in the places of eviction.

6. To oblige the NPO (comrade Khruleva) to transfer during May-July this year. to reinforce the vehicles of the NKVD troops stationed by garrisons in the areas of resettlement of special settlers in the Uzbek SSR, the Kazakh SSR and the Kirghiz SSR, 100 vehicles "jeeps" and 250 trucks that were out of repair.

7. To oblige Glavneftesnab (comrade Shirokov) to allocate and ship until May 20, 1944, 400 tons of gasoline to the points at the direction of the NKVD of the USSR and 200 tons to the SNK of the Uzbek SSR. Deliveries of gasoline to be made at the expense of a uniform reduction in supplies to all other consumers.

8. To oblige the Glavsnabless of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR (comrade Lopukhov) to supply the NKPS with 75,000 wagon boards of 2.75 m each at the expense of the sale of resources, with their delivery before May 15 of this year; transportation of NKPS boards to be carried out by one's own means.

9. Narkomfin of the USSR (comrade Zverev) to release the NKVD of the USSR in May of this year. 30 million rubles from the reserve fund of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR for special events.

Chairman of the State Defense Committee
I.Stalin

On April 2 and May 11, 1944, the State Defense Committee adopted resolutions No. 5943ss and No. 5859ss on the deportation of Crimean Tatars from the Crimean ASSR to the Uzbek SSR 15 .

The operation was carried out quickly and decisively. The eviction began on May 18, and already on May 20, Serov and Kobulov reported:

Telegram addressed to the People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the USSR L.P. Beria 16

We hereby inform you that, on May 18, 2019, in accordance with your instructions, The operation to evict the Crimean Tatars was completed today, May 20, at 16:00. A total of 180,014 people were evicted, loaded into 67 echelons, of which 63 echelons numbering 173,287 people. sent to their destinations, the remaining 4 trains will also be sent today.
In addition, the district military commissars of the Crimea mobilized 6,000 Tatars of military age, who, according to the orders of the Main Department of the Red Army, were sent to the cities of Guryev, Rybinsk and Kuibyshev.
Of the 8,000 people of the special contingent sent on your instructions to the Moskovugol trust, 5,000 people. are also made up of Tatars.
Thus, 191,044 persons of Tatar nationality were deported from the Crimean ASSR.
During the eviction of the Tatars, 1137 anti-Soviet elements were arrested, and in total during the operation - 5989 people.
Weapons seized during the eviction: mortars - 10, machine guns - 173, machine guns - 192, rifles - 2650, ammunition - 46.603 pieces.
In total, during the operation, the following were seized: mortars - 49, machine guns - 622, machine guns - 724, rifles - 9888 and ammunition - 326.887 pieces.
There were no incidents during the operation.
Serov
Kobulov

In addition to the Tatars, Bulgarians, Greeks, Armenians and persons of foreign citizenship were evicted from the Crimea. The need for this step was justified by the following document:

I.V. Stalin 17

After the eviction of the Crimean Tatars in the Crimea, work continues to identify and seize the anti-Soviet element, combing, etc., by the NKVD of the USSR. Bulgarians - 12075, Greeks - 14300, Armenians - 9919 people are currently living in Crimea.
The Bulgarian population lives mostly in the settlements between Simferopol and Feodosia, as well as in the Dzhankoy region. There are up to 10 village councils with a population of 80 to 100 Bulgarian residents in each.
During German occupation a significant part of the Bulgarian population actively participated in the activities carried out by the Germans to procure bread and food for the German army, assisted the German military authorities in identifying and detaining the Red Army and Soviet partisans, and received "security certificates" from the German command.
The Germans organized police detachments from the Bulgarians, and also recruited among the Bulgarian population to be sent to work in Germany.
The Greek population lives in most regions of Crimea. A significant part of the Greeks, especially in coastal cities, with the advent of the invaders, took up trade and small-scale industry. The German authorities assisted the Greeks in trade, transportation of goods, etc.
The Armenian population lives in most regions of Crimea. There are no large settlements with Armenian population. The Armenian Committee organized by the Germans actively cooperated with the Germans and carried out a great deal of anti-Soviet work.
In the mountains In Simferopol, there was a German intelligence organization "Dromedar", headed by the former Dashnak general Dro, who led intelligence work against the Red Army and for this purpose created several Armenian committees for espionage and subversive work in the rear of the Red Army and to facilitate the organization of volunteer Armenian legions.
The Armenian national committees, with the active participation of emigrants who arrived from Berlin and Istanbul, carried out work to promote "independent Armenia".
There were so-called "Armenian religious communities", which, in addition to religious and political issues, were engaged in the organization of trade and small industry among the Armenians. These organizations provided assistance to the Germans, especially "through the collection of funds" for the military needs of Germany.
The Armenian organizations formed the so-called "Armenian Legion", which was maintained at the expense of the Armenian communities.
The NKVD considers it expedient to carry out the eviction from the territory of Crimea of all Bulgarians, Greeks, Armenians.
L. Beria

Summing up the results of the eviction operations from the Crimea, Beria reported to Stalin:

State Defense Committee
Comrade Stalin I.V. 18
July 5, 1944

In pursuance of your instructions from the NKVD-NKGB of the USSR, in the period from April to July 1944, the territory of Crimea was cleared of the anti-Soviet spy element, and also evicted to eastern regions Soviet Union Crimean Tatars, Bulgarians, Greeks, Armenians and persons of foreign citizenship. As a result of the measures, 7,883 anti-Soviet elements were confiscated, 998 were spies, 225,009 people were evicted from the special contingent, 15,990 weapons were seized illegally from the population, including 716 machine guns, and 5 million ammunition.
23,000 fighters and officers of the NKVD troops and up to 9,000 people of the operational staff of the NKVD-NKGB bodies participated in operations in the Crimea.

L. Beria

According to the generally accepted opinion, all Crimean Tatars, without exception, were evicted, including those who honestly fought in the Red Army or in partisan detachments. In fact, this is not true:

"The members of the Crimean underground who operated behind enemy lines, as well as members of their families, were also exempted from the status of" special settler ". Thus, the family of S.S. Useinov, who was in Simferopol during the occupation of Crimea, was released from December 1942 to March 1943 was a member of an underground patriotic group, then was arrested by the Nazis and shot. Family members were allowed to live in Simferopol" 19 .

"... Crimean Tatars-front-line soldiers immediately applied with a request to release their relatives from special settlements. Such appeals were sent by the deputy commander of the 2nd Aviation Squadron of the 1st Fighter Aviation Regiment of the Higher Officer School of Air Combat, Captain E.U. Chalbash, Major of Armored troops of H. Chalbash and many others... Often, requests of this nature were granted, in particular, the family of E. Chalbash was allowed to live in the Kherson region" 20 .

Women who married Russians were also exempted from eviction:

Report addressed to the People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the USSR L.P. Beria 21

During the resettlement from the Crimea, there were cases of eviction of women by nationality of Tatars, Armenians, Greeks and Bulgarians, whose husbands are Russians by nationality and left to live in Crimea or are in the Red Army.
We consider it expedient to release such women from the special settlement in the absence of compromising data on them.
We ask for your instructions.

V. Chernyshov
M.M. Kuznetsov

Let's end with one more quote:

"The Black Sea Greeks were evicted, and the Azov ones were left. The Armenians were deported from the Crimea, but the Republic of Armenia was not liquidated. There was no actual anti-Tatar, anti-Armenian, anti-Greek propaganda, as the Nazis did with their racial theory and their ethnocratic accomplices. The Stalinist regime proceeded from own ideas about national security and geostrategic interests of the country" 22 .

We add that based on these ideas, the "Stalinist regime" managed to win the war against the strongest enemy, to defend the independence and territorial integrity of our country.
__________
Notes
1. Crimea is multinational. Questions and answers. Issue. 1. / Comp. N.G. Stepanova. Simferopol: Tavria, 1988. P.72.
2. Ibid. P.66.
3. Joseph Stalin - Lavrenty Beria: "They must be deported ...": Documents, facts, comments / Comp. N.F. Bugay. M .: Friendship of peoples, 1992. P. 131.
4. Archive of the Institute Russian history RAS (IRIRAN). F.2. Section VI. Op.13. D.26. L.5. Cit. Quoted from: Bugay N.F. L. Beria - to I. Stalin: According to your instructions ... M .: "AIRO-XX", 1995. P. 148.
5. IRIRAN archive. F.2. Section VI. Op.13. D.31. L.6. Cit. Quoted from: Bugay N.F. L. Beria - to I. Stalin: According to your instructions... P.145.
6. "Were loaded into trains and sent to the places of settlements ...". L. Beria - I. Stalin. Compiled by Bugay N.F. // History of the USSR. 1991, No. 1. P.160.
7. Bugay N.F. L. Beria - to I. Stalin: According to your instructions ... P.146.
8. Ibid. C.2.
9. Crimea is multinational. Questions and answers. Issue. 1. P.80.
10. Ibid.
11. IRIRAN archive. F.2. Section 2. Op.10. D.51b. L.3, 13. Cit. Quoted from: Bugay N.F. L. Beria - to I. Stalin: According to your instructions ... P.146.
12. National policy of Russia: history and modernity. Moscow: Russian world. 1997. S.318-320.
13. Deportation. Beria reports to Stalin... // Kommunist. 1991, No. 3. P.107.
14. Joseph Stalin - Lavrenty Beria: "They must be deported ...": Documents, facts, comments. pp.134-137.
15. Bugai N.F. L. Beria - to I. Stalin: According to your instructions ... P. 150-151.
16. Joseph Stalin - Lavrenty Beria: "They must be deported ...": Documents, facts, comments. pp.138-139.
17. GARF. F.R-9401. Op.2. D.65. L.162-163. Cit. by: Joseph Stalin - Lavrenty Beria: "They must be deported ...": Documents, facts, comments. pp.140-142.
18. GARF. F.R.-9401. Op.2. D.65. L.271-272. Cit. by: Joseph Stalin - Lavrenty Beria: "They must be deported ...": Documents, facts, comments. P.144.
19. Bugay N.F. L. Beria - to I. Stalin: According to your instructions ... P.156.
20. Ibid. pp.156-157.
21. Joseph Stalin - Lavrenty Beria: "They must be deported ...": Documents, facts, comments. P.145.
22. National policy of Russia: history and modernity. P.320.

The deportation of the Crimean Tatars in the last year of the Great Patriotic War was a mass eviction of local residents of Crimea to a number of regions of the Uzbek SSR, the Kazakh SSR, the Mari ASSR and other republics of the Soviet Union. This happened immediately after the liberation of the peninsula from the Nazi invaders. The official reason for the action was the criminal assistance of many thousands of Tatars to the occupiers.

Crimean collaborators

Desertion of 20 thousand Tatars from the army during the period 1941-1944;
- the unreliability of the Crimean population, especially pronounced in the border areas;
- a threat to the security of the Soviet Union due to collaborationist actions and anti-Soviet sentiments of the Crimean Tatars;
- the deportation of 50 thousand civilians to Germany with the assistance of the Crimean Tatar committees.

Almost 72 thousand were executed with the direct participation of the so-called "Noise". Schuma is an auxiliary police, but in fact - punitive Crimean Tatar battalions subordinate to the Nazis. Of these 72,000, 15,000 communists were brutally tortured in the largest concentration camp in Crimea, the former Krasnoy collective farm.

Main allegations

The main argument in favor of the rehabilitation of the Crimean Tatar population and its return to their historical homeland was that the deportation was actually carried out not on the basis of the real deeds of specific people, but on a national basis.

Even those who did not contribute to the Nazis were sent into exile. At the same time, 15% of Tatar men fought alongside other Soviet citizens in the Red Army. In the partisan detachments, 16% were Tatars. Their families were also deported. Stalin's fears that the Crimean Tatars might succumb to pro-Turkish sentiments, revolt and end up on the side of the enemy were reflected in this mass character.

Crimean collaborators

Main allegations

You may be interested