Work - Expedient human activity aimed at creating material and spiritual values ​​necessary for life; all mental and physical costs committed by people in the process of production of material and spiritual values; result of activity, work, product.

Labor is an activity aimed at creating a socially useful product that satisfies the material or spiritual needs of people. In labor activity, according to Marx, “human essential forces” are revealed. By participating in the creation of labor products, a person enters the existing system of production relations, he forms an attitude towards labor activity, labor motives.

Full disclosure of the abilities and qualities of the individual in labor is possible only in a society free from exploitation. Forced labor (physical, legal, economic), characteristic of the slave, feudal and capitalist modes of production, suppressed the natural human need to work. The freedom of labor from exploitation, the mechanization of labor-intensive processes, and the blurring of the line between mental and physical labor create the most favorable conditions in Soviet society for the full manifestation of man's need for creative labor.

In direct dependence on the existing production relations are the motives that encourage a person to achieve high performance in labor activity. In a society based on the exploitation of workers, these motives are associated primarily with the desire for personal well-being. Labor motives Soviet people include not only personal interest, but also public incentives. Labor for the good of the Motherland, the realization that in our society the well-being of the worker himself depends on the growth of social wealth increase the importance of the role of social motives in activity.

In labor, the abilities of a person, his character, personality as a whole are revealed and formed. Production confronts the worker with a huge number of problematic situations, tasks that can be solved only with a creative approach to business. Thus, production stimulates the cognitive activity of the individual, forces the worker to improve knowledge, skills and abilities. Solving problems that arise in modern industrial and agricultural production often requires extensive general technical training.

The study of the conditions affecting labor productivity showed that in the production process for a person there are no indifferent factors. The coloring of the premises, the organization of the workplace, the mode of tension and pauses in work, relationships with workmates - all this is directly related to labor productivity, creates a general mood for work and facilitates or hinders the manifestation of labor efforts.

The activity of the teacher (in terms of object, goals and means) is different from other types of labor. The subject-object relationship common to labor activity acts as a subject-subject relationship in teaching. In pedagogical work, two types of activities collide: training - the activity of the teacher in organizing the process of transferring knowledge and monitoring their assimilation, and teaching - the activity of the student associated with the active perception of knowledge, their processing and assimilation.

In the context of the technological progress achieved by our country, the characteristics of the teacher's work and the requirements for his knowledge, skills and abilities have changed significantly. Widespread use of mass media printed word, radio, cinema, television) has led to the fact that schoolchildren receive a large amount of information in all branches of knowledge outside of school. The teacher is no longer the sole source of information that he was until recently. There were higher requirements for his work. Its tasks increasingly include psychological and pedagogical goals: the formation of the personality and cognitive activity of schoolchildren. The rapid replenishment of factual material in all areas of science forces the teacher to engage in self-education all the time. A creative approach to educational and educational activities has become necessary condition successful education of the next generation.

Suspension of labor activity for a long period not dependent on the will of the employee due to the impossibility of employment arising as a result of the termination of the agreement between the employee and the employer; unemployment is temporary (a consequence of insufficient mobility or qualifications of the labor force); structural, technological (the result of changes in the structure of the economy); cyclical (a consequence of serious economic crises); voluntary; incomplete (abbreviated work time and salary) seasonal, etc. Unemployment is a socio-economic phenomenon when part of the economically active population does not find a job and becomes a "surplus" population. Differentiation and coexistence in society as a whole of various social functions, activities performed by certain groups of people and the allocation in connection with this various areas(industry, Agriculture, science, education, army, etc.). The amount of labor that workers are willing to provide to an employer in a given period of time for a given wage rate. This is a system of related signs, properties of things, processes, phenomena, functions of both material and non-material order. In order to realize his own professional activity, a specialist must change, transform the subject of labor, or create something new that was previously absent or does not take place in reality. The ratio of output to labor costs. One of the key concepts of political economy is the instruments of production and the people who set these instruments in motion and carry out the production of material goods. One of the important concepts of political economy, certain connections and relationships of people in the process of production of material goods. The type of labor activity of a person who owns certain general and special theoretical knowledge and practical skills acquired as a result of special training, work experience. The types and names of professions are determined by the nature and content of labor, as well as the specifics and conditions of various fields of activity. A special kind of product, a product in the labor market; economic category expressing the ability to work; a set of physical and intellectual abilities, knowledge, skills and abilities that a person has and which are used by him to produce life's goods; the number of people offering their labor in the labor market. Means of human influence on the objects of labor in order to produce material goods: machinery, equipment, industrial buildings and structures. Part of the country's population with physical development, mental abilities and knowledge necessary for work in the national economy. Characteristics of the labor process, reflecting the load on the musculoskeletal system and functional systems (cardiovascular, respiratory, etc.) Emotional and evaluative attitude of the individual or group to the work performed and the conditions for its course.

The government intends to allocate more than 5.5 trillion rubles for the implementation of national projects in 2019-2021, Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev announced. Most of the funds will be directed to the social sphere and improving the quality of life

Dmitry Medvedev (Photo: Ekaterina Shtukina / TASS)

The government plans to allocate more than 5.5 trillion rubles to finance national projects and infrastructure development over the next three years, Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev said during a government meeting that considered the draft Guidelines for Government Activities (ONDP) until 2024.

“It is planned to allocate more than 5.5 trillion rubles for national projects and infrastructure development over the next three years,” Medvedev said, noting that these funds are already provided for in the draft federal budget for 2019-2021.

The government intends to allocate about 415 billion rubles for the development of the digital economy, about 21 billion rubles for achieving the goals of increasing labor productivity, 271.5 billion rubles for supporting non-primary exports, and 136 billion rubles for helping small and medium-sized businesses. In total, about 845 billion rubles are provided for the economic areas of national projects.

“Another almost 1.5 trillion rubles. we will use it to create modern infrastructure, including the construction and repair of roads,” Medvedev added.

Financing of the national project in education will amount to about 350 billion rubles, in housing construction - about 320 billion rubles. “In total, more than 400 billion rubles. we allocate for national projects in the field of science, ecology and culture,” the prime minister added.

Medvedev stressed that the largest item of expenditure under the national projects will be the social sphere and improving the quality of life. More than 2.2 trillion rubles will be allocated for projects in demography and healthcare over the next three years, Medvedev added. “Thus, the social block is one of the most voluminous and important blocks within the main areas of government activity,” the head of government said.

“In order to more tightly link national projects and other areas of activity with development goals, models for their implementation will be formed with indicators, reports on the achievement of which I will consider at least twice a year,” the prime minister said. The prime minister plans to consider the first report on the results of the government's work in 2018 in early March 2019.

The final version of the main directions of the government's activities until 2024 should be prepared before October 1. “Until October 1, in accordance with the May decree of the president, this document must be submitted to me for approval,” the prime minister said.

Like RBC, ONDP includes 15 directions. They contain targets for 15 areas. Some of them coincide with the national projects (for example, "Demography", "Science", "Small and Medium Enterprises", "Labor Productivity"), and some are more in-depth (in particular, " Comprehensive school”, “Housing policy and housing market”, “Far East”).

Plan: 1. General concept about activities. External and internal activities and their relationship. 2. The structure of human activity. Actions and
movement.
3. Conscious and automated components
activities. Skills, skills, habits and their
peculiarities. Skills, their structure and
patterns of production.
4. Types of human activity. concept
leading activity.

1. The domestic psychological school is based on the theory of activity. The creators and successors of this theory are

A.N. Leontiev, L.S. Vygotsky, S.L. Rubinstein, B.G.
Ananiev, K.A. Abulkhanova-Slavskaya, E.A. Klimov and others.
IN general view activity means
activity of a living organism to
satisfaction of needs and adjustable
conscious purpose.

The conscious activity of a person is fundamentally different from the behavior of animals: - not necessarily related to biological

motives
- not determined only visually
impressions
- is formed by assimilation
social experience.

2. The structure of human activity. Action is a process aimed at achieving a goal. They are characterized by

features:
1) actions as a necessary component
include an act of consciousness in the form of setting and holding
goals;
2) it is at the same time an act of behavior, and external
actions are inextricably linked with consciousness;
3) through the concept of "action" the principle is affirmed
activity;
4) actions can be external, involved and
internal mental.
Objective actions are actions aimed at
to change the state or properties of objects
outside world. They are made up of certain
movements.

Any activity includes both internal and external components. Initially, objective actions are performed (external

component) and only then,
as you gain experience, people
acquires the ability to do the same
actions in the mind (inner component)
(interiorization). Aimed at the end
account outside, on the transformation of the subject
reality, they are
reverse transformation
(exteriorization).

Internal
activity
External
activity
need
activity
motive
action
target
operation
task
movement
result
psychophysiological
functions

3. Conscious and automated components of activity. Skills, skills, habits and their features. planning mechanism,

control and regulation
actions were studied by domestic and foreign
physiologists and psychologists - P.K. Anokhin, P.A. Bernstein,
E.A. Afatyan, W. Ashby et al. In their research
it is shown that the goal of any action is represented in
consciousness in the form psychological image -
a kind of neuropsychological model.
The mechanism for correcting actions through correlation with
way of the expected result, as P.K.
Anokhin, is called an action acceptor.

P.A. Bernstein proposed a completely new
the principle of motion control; he called it principle
sensory correction, referring to the corrections made to
impulses based on sensory information about the course of movement.
In this connection, various structural elements are distinguished
activities - skills, habits, habits.
Skills are ways to successfully perform an action,
corresponding to the goals and conditions of activity. Skills
always based on knowledge.
Skill is a fully automated component
actions formed in the course of exercises.

10. Ways of execution, control and regulation of actions that a person uses in the process of activity are called techniques.

this
activities
Skills and abilities, as methods of action, always
included in specific activities.
For example:
- motor skills develop in the process
physical labor, sports, educational
process;
- mental skills are added in the process
observation, planning, production of oral and
written calculations, work with a book, etc.

11. Skill building

Skills are formed as a result of exercises, i.e.
purposeful and systematic repetitions
actions. As the exercise changes as
quantitative and qualitative indicators
work.
In the formation of a skill, there are three main
stages: analytical, synthetic and stage
automation.

12. Stages of skill formation

Analytical
1
2
3
isolation and mastery of individual
action elements
Synthetic
combining elements into a coherent action
Automation
action exercise
smoothness, desired speed, stress relief

13. Habits are a component of action based on need and repetition. They can to a certain extent

consciously controlled, but not always
are reasonable and useful (bad habits).
Ways to form habits:
- imitation;
- as a result of repeated repetition of the action;
- conscious purposeful efforts, for example
through positive reinforcement of the desired
behavior through a material object, verbal
appraisal or emotional image.

14. 4. Types of activities. The concept of leading activity. There are three types of activities: play, learning, work. They differ in

outcomes, organization and
features of motivation.
All the diversity of human
activity can be reduced to
three main types: work, teaching,
a game.

15.

The main types of human activity and their background

16. Game is a form of activity in conditional situations aimed at recreating and assimilation of social experience fixed in

socially fixed
ways to implement subject
actions, in the subjects of science and culture.

17. Teaching It follows the game and precedes labor, approaching labor according to the general principle: in teaching, as in labor, one must perform

assignments, discipline,
academic work is built on responsibilities.
The main goal of the study is to prepare for the future
self-employment, and the main
means - mastering the generalized results of
what was created by the previous work of man.
With animals, learning is impossible. Man has it
possible only at the stage of conscious regulation
his behavior, i.e. by 6-7 years old.

18. Labor This is historically the first type of human activity. K. Marx: labor is a conscious purposeful activity that

is directed to the implementation
result and is regulated by the will in accordance with its
conscious purpose.
Labor is also the main way of personality formation. IN
labor develops human abilities,
his character is formed.
The goal of activity lies not in itself, but in its
product. Labor is an activity directed
to create a socially useful product.

19. Each type of activity is the most typical for certain age stages of a child's development. current view

activities, as it were
preparing the next one.
In this regard, in psychology there is a concept
leading activity.
The leader is the type of activity
who at this age
causes major changes in
the child's psyche, mental processes And
mental properties of the personality, and not the one that
the child is more involved.

20.

For a preschooler, VVDe is a game,
although they are available
are engaged in both educational and labor
activity;
for schoolchildren VVDe - teaching;
in adolescents - intimate-personal
communication;
in youth and adulthood - work.

expedient human activity aimed at creating material and spiritual values

Alternative descriptions

Great cure for all diseases and sorrows of mankind

The newspaper that awarded Blokhin for performance

Key to all keyholes

He and patience will grind everything

Apostate of tempestuous pleasures, Onegin locked himself at home, Yawning, took up his pen, Wanted to write - but ... stubborn He was sick. (A. Pushkin, "Eugene Onegin")

work, work, business

Work, activity related to the creation of something

Roman E. Zola

With patience - all will grind

Synonym for work

The word to which the same degree the epithets “vain” and “martyshkin” are suitable

Pushkin's verse

Expedient human activity aimed at creating material, artistic and spiritual values ​​and an important moral and ethical category in the people's worldview

Central newspaper

Human activity disliked by a fish in a pond (folklore)

Pushkin's poem

. "respect... cleaners!"

Reynolds Price's novel "Love and..."

This word in Old Russian meant sadness, suffering

Mental or overbearing

The best cure for laziness

Monkey's aimlessness

The creator of man from the point of view of an atheist

Monkey Transformer

He made a man out of a monkey, and a horse out of a man

And Sisyphus, and martyshkin

Companion of Patience for Grinding

work, occupation

The result of activity, work

Together with patience, he will grind everything

He made a man out of a monkey

Can't fish without it

Goes before May, but after the world

Novel by the French writer E. Zola

Engine of evolution

An ally of patience in grinding everything

Sisyphus or martyshkin

Useful business

Activity

craft lesson

Needlework lesson at school

Useful activity

. "peace, ..., May!"

Partner of Patience

Patience and ... they will grind everything

Patience and ... they will grind everything

Proverb grinder

That which ennobles a man

Patience

Ally of Patience

Martyshkin...

. “patience and ... they will grind everything” (proverb.)

Sisyphus and martyshkin

Soviet newspaper

Goes after the world

. "t" in GTO

A lesson in which a stool is made

At what lesson do they give a stool?

popular newspaper

Brother of Patience for Grinding

Russian newspaper

Monastic obedience

The work that created man from apes

Newspaper of the proletariat

Workers' newspaper

The meaning of the second letter in the TRP

. "... relieves anxiety much better than alcohol"

Sports Society

Human production activity

Work in progress on something

Work, activity related to the creation of something

work, business, occupation, human activity