There are three groups of prefixes in Russian.
1. Prefixes that never change in writing.
behind move, behind pour |
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above writing, above cut |
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By move, By eat |
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under move, under write |
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about move, about drive |
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before move, before write |
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O grip, O round |
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about move, about understand |
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from move, from return |
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With move, With jump |
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V move, V run away |
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in time, in go |
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before location, before accept |
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pen move, pen jump |
REMEMBER!
2. Prefixes times-/ras-, roses-/ros-, without-/without-, from-/is-.
They change in writing depending on the root or stress.
-З- or -С- in prefixes times- / races, without- / demon, from- / is-:
-O- or -A- in prefixes times- / races, roses / grew up:
-С- or -SS- in words:
If the prefix ends in -C- and the root begins with -C-, then the word is written with two Cs:
calculate+count = count
devil + conscience \u003d shameless
In words calculation, prudent one letter is written -s-. The prefix ras- is added to the root -even-:
race + even = calculation
3. Prefixes pre-, at-.
Their spelling depends on the meaning they attach to the word.
Console pre- it is written: 1. if used in the meaning of "very, very" 2. if it can be replaced with a prefix re- | pre red is very pretty pre big - very big |
pre tear - pen tear, pre break - pen ache |
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Console at- used in the meaning: 1. approximation 2. connections 3. proximity to something 4. incomplete action | at approach, at being, at driving |
at glued, at crush, at compound |
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at school, at sea, at careless |
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at sit down at climb |
In some words with prefixes pre-, at- meaning of prefixes is darkened ( Freaky, Haunt) or the prefix has grown together with the root ( obstacle, diligent, advantage).
And there are words that need to be distinguished by meaning:
Arrive (go) by train to the capital, but STAY (stay) in the mountains.
Such exception words with prefixes need to remember.
DIFFERENTIATE MEANING |
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convert overcome let chase block turn prevail rebuke prerogative president, presidential challenger claim preamble (introduction) prevailing neglect precedent, unprecedented presidium present seduce obstacle (obstruction) excess anticipate prefecture preventive measure block presentation old age, advanced age prerogative did not fail altercation stop bicker | nice habit look after get ready invite come up with order adventures diligent accommodate to attend bizarre priorities primitive privileged presence impartially embellish unassuming claim time capricious decent fastidious regret participle impregnable rock implacable enemy |
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The prefix PRE- can express:
Auxiliary tables on the topic: "Prefixes PRE- and PRI-".
1. Meaning of prefixes pre- And at-. 2. Paronymous pairs of words with pre- And at-(Where pre- And at- can be a prefix that matters; a prefix that does not matter; part of the root).3. Dictionary words in which pre- And at- are included in the root.
3.
At: reason, example, hello, device, diligent (careful, diligent),adventure,nature,privilege (exclusive right),claim(asserting one's rights to smth.; striving for recognition),cause,a priority (championship),primitive (simplest, uncomplicated in execution, device),private (private, informal),diva(leading actress),fastidious (a person too picky, with whims and whims),compulsion,principle (belief, view),belong,close (focused, tense)).
stay (in the house)- be.
betray (friend)- commit treason, extradite. Despise (enemy)- to treat with emphasized indifference, not to respect. transform (dreams to life)- to realize, to carry out.
bow down (head)- with great respect, admiration. transgress (dash)- arbitrarily violate. Repent - die.
endure
(privations)- take out, move.
stumbling block
- hindrance.
Perverse
- false, wrong (misunderstood).vicissitudes of fate
- a sharp change, a turn in events. Transient
(moment)- temporary.
Immutable
(fact)- undeniable.
Indispensable - obligatory (sine qua non). Limit (patience)- frontier, frontier Successor (poet)- follower. unceasing (call)- frequently repeated, continuous.
downplay
multiply
several times
Arrive (to the station)- to come. give (surface gloss)- change appearance. look down (orphan) - to provide shelter and food.
pretend (door)- Close tightly. pretend (asleep)- take a look. bow down (head)- Tilt slightly. Proceed (to the point)- begin.
Attach (guard, ladder)- appoint for supervision, put close. get used to (to pain)- get used to.
stumble (in the corner)- fit without special amenities. Gatekeeper - watchman.
Coming (guest)- the one that comes. Unattached (to the letter document)- the one that was not put with the letter was not submitted along with the letter. Inapplicable (way)- unfeasible. aisle (in the temple)- part of the temple, extension. Receiver (loud)- apparatus. Shelter - Shelter, shelter.
downplay multiply several times
The spelling of prefixes seems easy at first. It is enough to learn the main groups. Then you just need to apply knowledge. 100 percent literacy requires deep immersion in the topic. Words with prefixes make the language fuller, richer. Only constant practice, a thoughtful attitude will achieve excellent results.
In contact with
Morpheme classification
After the definition, you should find out: what are the prefixes? More than 50 know the Russian language. They are divided into:
- native (in-, on-, pro-, res-);
- foreign language (archi-, sub-, counter-, ex-).
The spelling of the former obeys the rules, the latter are unchangeable and require memorization.
It is important to distinguish between prefixes and prepositions
Most Russian prefixes formed from suggestions. Independent words joined the stem. First you need to learn how to distinguish them. A prefix is a morpheme before the root. It should be found. Then think about good writing.
Attention! Example. Given to consider. Related words: looking, inspection, discretion. Root -look-, prefix race-. The verb is written with two "s".
Pivot table of invariable parts of a word
The variety of prefixed morphemes is reflected in the table.
| Aboriginal (native) | Borrowed (foreign) |
| under-, over-, re-, y-, s-, inter- | in-, dez-, counter-, de-, anti- |
| in-, in-, on-, about-, from-, on-, for-, to- | ex-, re-, sub-, dis-, archi- |
These morphemes are always written the same way.
Spelling morphemes
A wise person knows: there is no single spelling spelling of prefixed morphemes.
It is important to distinguish words
The specific case is defined:
- stress (river spill, soda water spill);
- the meaning of the word (successor - heir, receiver - device);
- the first letter of the root after the morpheme (dissolve, allow).
Important! Some spellings in Russian cannot be verified. They are rooted in. The value is hidden. You should control yourself according to the dictionary. Example: diligence, quirk, stalker.
The most difficult spelling about prefixes
The use of spelling for prefixes and prefixes requires certain skills. You have to be thoughtful when it comes to writing.
Pre-written:
- If the morpheme formed a word with a superlative value. To this part of speech, you can put "very", "too", "extremely". Example: Obnoxious = very obnoxious, very small = too small, oversized = extremely large.
- Without loss of meaning, the re- is replaced. Example: Interruption = interruption.
Spelling closely related to the meaning of the word. Often it is determined from the text. Example: A fast train arrived (was = entered) at the station. Ivan Ivanovich at that time was (was = was, pre- = re-) in the capital.
prefixes pre- and pre-
The second part of the spelling for the prefixes pre- and pre-. It is written:
- if an incomplete action is performed;
- the new word has the meaning of proximity, approach;
- got the word = joining.
Example: Get used to (attachment to the verb "learn"), arrive (approach), hold on (keep a little).
Spelling of prefixes pre- in some cases it is recommended to memorize. These are the words: turn, block, overcome, perverse, present, rebuke.
When solving test tasks for pre- and pre- prefixes, you should not rush. The key to success is understanding the meaning of the word.
Spelling prefixes on a consonant before a consonant
A prefix is a non-permanent morpheme. Its spelling depends on the first letter of the root. These are consonant prefixes:
- voz-, vos;
- from-, is-;
- times-, races-;
- rose-, rose-;
- through-, through.
If the root begins with a voiced consonant, it is written s-, for a deaf one - s-.
How to write prefixes in an adverb
Example: Age is rebellion; product - outcome; conversation - upset; bottling - painting, emergency - striped.
The letters c, h, u are only deaf: It is appropriate to check spelling by pronunciation. This is the second most difficult spelling.
Consonant prefixes before vowels
This is sometimes a morpheme that changes the spelling of the root. Before the letters i, u, e, e, a solid sign is placed. Clarification, removable, but save.
After the prefixes, the consonant is followed by the letter "and". A new spelling is starting to work. "And" is replaced by "s" always, except:
- prefixes inter-, super-;
- foreign consoles;
- the word charge (and its derivatives).
Example: Artless (skillful), super interesting (interesting, exception after super-), disinformation (information, foreign prefix).
Alternating vowels a, o in morphemes
What are the prefix morphemes with alternating vowels a, o? Spelling depends on the meaning attached to the morpheme. Summary table of differences:
Doubled morphemes
The Russian language to enhance the meaning suggests the presence of two prefixes. What are the prefixes in this case? They are formed from words with an existing morpheme by adding another one.
Words with two prefixes:
- interesting -> uninteresting -> not without interest (double negative = interesting);
- prepare -> prepare -> re-prepare (repeat a previously completed action);
- size -> proportionate -> disproportionate (negation of a comparative sign);
- know -> know -> identify (make an image).
Attention! There are words with three prefixes: rethinking (re-, o-, s-), unattached (non-, at-, co-).
Words with two prefixes are useful to analyze. Isolation of morphemes expands horizons, improves literacy.
Meanings of some prefixes
The prefix morpheme is used to form parts of speech: adjectives, adverbs, nouns, verbs.
Morphemes over-, under-
A word with over- is a verb or its form, a noun, an adjective. The prefix gives meaning:
- actions, location from above (should, inscribe, superciliary, elevated);
- committing an incomplete action (build up),
- additions of the perfect state (add).
Verbs with the prefix over- indicate direction of action above this level.
They have controlled nouns in the accusative case (tear (what?) an envelope, build (what?) a floor).
Words with a prefix under- are opposite in meaning to words with a prefix over-. The morpheme speaks of the direction of the action downward, lowering the position of the object.
Example: Write -> inscribe (above the given one), sign (below the existing one); earthly -> aboveground, underground.
Words with the prefix sub- have the meaning:
- approach (approach);
- movement from the bottom up (throw);
- secret action (peek);
- addition (sprinkle);
- incomplete action (wet);
- final commit (fry).
Examining Prefix Meanings avoid lexical errors.
prefix by-
Forms verbs, nouns. Gives meaning:
- beginning, end of some action (fly, drink);
- length (woodland);
- accomplishments (built);
- proximity (Volga region);
- additional accent (lower);
- time, place (daily (work), everywhere).
Words with a prefix are formed in prefix or prefix-suffix ways (twirl -> twirl, morning -> in the morning).
The prefix is a meaningful morpheme. Forms words with additional meaning. Used to create verbs, adverbs, adjectives, nouns.
This part of the word obeys the laws of spelling. Literacy depends on ability to put them into practice.
Video: Rules for writing prefixes
How to write prefixes in Russian
Conclusion
Learning the meaning of prefixed morphemes enriches vocabulary.
5th grade
"Spelling Prefixes"
"Haunting" morpheme
You, of course, guessed that we are talking about prefixes. These magical morphemes don't just "stick" to words—they give words surprisingly different meanings. For example: to weave, to weave, to weave... Continue this series as far as you can.
Or: understand, take away... And continue this series as far as you can.
How many prefixes are in Russian?
Remember (write down) as many prefixes as you can (in fact, you know them all, it's just a matter of being able to remember).
How much did you get? If you managed to remember 30–40, it means that your memory is not at all bad. If less, put the work aside for a while, and then return to it again and try to add to your list.
In fact, there are more than 50 active prefixes in the Russian language.
Answer: without-, without-; in-, in-; vz-, vzo-; out-; inside-; sun-; You-; before-; hedgehog; behind-; from-, iso-; is-; between-, inter-; on the-; over-, must-; nai-; Not-; none-; bottom-, bottom-; o-, ob-, obo-; near-; from-, from-; pa-; re-; By-; under-, under-; after-; great-; pre-; pre-, pre-; at-; pro-; counter-; once-; razo-; races; roses-; grew-; s-, co-; above-; su-; y-; through-, through-, through-.
With those prefixes that you yourself did not remember, write as many words as possible, and then come up with some funny sentences or a little amusing story with these words.
Exercise 1. In each four words, one without a prefix. Discover it.
1. Painted, loose, luxurious, spaced. 2. Adaptable, principled, inviting, coercive. 3. Impartial, adventurous, pre-conscript, privatization.
Take a look at these words. Choose the ones that seem difficult to you and do your best to remember them.
Task 2. From these words, first write out the words without a prefix, then with one prefix, then with two or three.
Charming, destitute, decontaminated, monkey, depersonalized, promulgate, obelisk, provide, weaken, ennobled, regional, lean on, burnt, hostel, necklace, circled, explanation, relief, simultaneous, favor, animation, revitalization, exasperation, main.
Answers: 1) monkey, obelisk, regional, dormitory, necklace, simultaneous, main; 2) charming, promulgate, ennobled, lean on, burned, circled, explanation, relief, favor, animation, revival, exasperation; 3) disadvantaged, decontaminated, depersonalized, weaken, provide.
Review these words carefully. If any of them seem difficult to you, do your best to memorize them.
Task 3. From the given words, write down those inside which the prefixes are hidden.
Earthquake; lightning rod, hospitality, madness, hoarding, eyewash, benevolence, blessing, acquired, jewel, plumber, stunning, railway, prudent, traveling, woodworking, noble, viviparous.
Answer: lightning rod, hospitality, madness, eyewash, acquired, plumber, stunning, prudent, woodworker.
THREE GROUPS OF CONFIGURATIONS
Depending on what problems arise when writing prefixes, all prefixes can be divided into the following groups.
First group- the most hassle-free. These are prefixes that are always written the same way: V-; in-; vzo-; You-; before-; behind-; iso-; on the-; under-; O-; about-; from-; pa- (only under stress - flood, stepchild); re-; By-; under-; under-; great-; pre-; pre-; times-; With-; co-; su-; y- and others.
Second group- these are prefixes that are written, "adjusting" to the letters following them. This without- - without-; vz- - sun-; voz- – voc-; from- - -is-; bottom - bottom; times- - races-; roses- - grew-; through- –through-.
Of course, you remember how they change when writing. Formulate this rule yourself.
Third group- prefixes, the spelling of which depends on the meaning. This at- And pre-.
So, three groups of prefixes. Make a table with them, and if you like to draw, depict them in some more interesting way.
SPELLING OF PREFACES
The first group of consoles
Prefixes: over-, on-, from, before-, in-, s-, o-, about-, back-, y-, re-, over-, under-, pro- (except: great-grandmother, great-grandfather...).
1.Unchangeable
2. Vowel spelling (s, and) after prefixes ending in a consonant.
Remember:
after immutable prefixes (above-, inter-, counter-, super-) root starts at -And, and after other prefixes - on -s.
Remember:charge pronounced and spelled with And.
The second group of attachments
3. Spelling h, s at the end of prefixes depends on the next sound of the root.
Remember:
a) prefix With- It is always spelled the same, regardless of pronunciation.
b) In words: here, building, health h included in the root.
c) As part of complex words, write w: nearby, nearby.
4. Spelling prefixes roses-(ros-) And times- (ras-) determined by emphasis.
The third group of prefixes
5. Spelling prefixespre-, at-.
PRACTICAL WORK
Spelling of the first group of prefixes
Exercise 1. Fill in the missing spellings and explain the spelling.
Explore, previous, without_action, from_scan, pre-Julian, without_gloomy, from_again, take, without_inventory, sum up, raffle, well-known, improvise, without_skull, sub-integral? number, beat, from_mother.
Inter-institutional, super-industrial, super-interesting, inter-regional period, inter-institutional, super-impulsive.
Sub_inspector, counter_grass, trans_ordanian, disinfection, super_interesting, post_impressionism, pan_slamism.
Sports equipment, medical institute, financial inspector.
Pre-history, inter-international, non-initiative, sports_gra, ob_ska, super_inventive, nameless, counter_sk, s_zmala, super_sophisticated, not without_interesting, pre_infarction, post_infarction, charge, inter_groovy, dis_information, super_industrial, pedagogical_institution, without_similar, Head_zdat, super_grass_child, under_mother, pulseless.
Spelling of the second group of prefixes
Exercise 1. Insert spelling and explain (graphically) the spelling.
Without_valuable, without_human, without_form, without_end, without_bone, without_number, without_ceremonial, without_tasting, without_intelligent, without_literacy, without_integral, without_darn, without_calm, without_noise, without_meaning, without_pain.
To_to fly, to_mad, to doze off, to_alarmed.
In_birth, in_action, in_walking, in_calling, worldview, in_love, in_click, in_soar, in_obstruct.
Exile, and_fulfillment, and_run, and_frightened, and_spend, and_scoop, and_fry, and_scratch, and_holds, and_for a long time, and_under the forehead.
Neither_fall, nor_refuting, nor_deny, nor_rush, nor_send, neither, nor_shiy.
Ra_sale, ra_doubling, ra_to scratch, ra_to be generous, ra_to beat, ra_crack, ra_spread, ra_crush, ra_chetly, ra_twist, ra_draw, ra_twist.
Chere_chur, over_dimensional.
Dacha, _giving, _dealing, _here, _run, _give, _boron, _quit, _health, _hold on, _move, _hot, _dravnitsa, _beat, _gone, not visible _gi, _pull, _burn.
Task 2. Remember the spelling of the following words. Make sentences with these words.
In Russian, there are several pairs of words that are conveniently combined into a table. This comparison helps to remember the rule.
No accent - A, under stress - O.
Scatter - placers;
dissolve - dissolution;
schedule - painting;
story - stories;
fall apart - sledge;
play - draw;
distribute - distributed;
search - search.
Task 3. Sort the words by composition.
Spend, surreptitiously, surreptitiously, immeasurable, without a break, recklessness, retake, reprint, predawn, tell, unsurpassed, assumption, prejudice, disturb, redistribute, push, propagate, spread, location, inexhaustible, inherited, disproportionate.
Exercise 4. Replace these words with synonyms with prefixes on h, s.
Infinitely (infinitely, limitlessly), calm (serene), climb (climb), exclamation (exclamation), excitement (anxiety), cruel (ruthless, heartless), in vain (useless), unknown (unknown), boundless (limitless), order (order), simple (simply), try (test), contradict (object), constantly (continuously, continuously), reasonably (reasonably), indifferent (passionless, insensible), weak (helpless, powerless), save (save), too (too much, excessively), calm (serene), fair (impartial), quiet (silent, silent), fury (frenzy).
Exercise 5. Find antonyms for these words.
Collect (scatter), save (spend), cowardly (fearless, fearless), kind (heartless, ruthless), humane (inhuman), close (open wide), go out (ignite).
Exercise 6. Pick up root antonyms by replacing prefixes.
Leave (arrive), wrap (unwrap), untie (tie, tie), approach (depart), fly in (fly away), bring (carry), wind (unwind), crawl (crawl), close (open), bring in (take out ), sail away (swim up).
Spelling of the third group of prefixes
Exercise 1. Remember the exception words (dictionary words) in which there are prefixes pre-, at-.
| pre- | at- |
| overcome rebuke, unquestioning neglect crawl let notorious advantage claim presidium the president premiere a drug (punctuation marks prelude |
claim, claim to swear, to swear, to swear reconcile, irreconcilable time capricious a priority privilege, privileged primitive, primitive embellish deplorable hairstyle decent bizarre |
Task 2. In Russian, there are several pairs of words that are conveniently combined into a table. Writing prefixes pre-, at- in these words is connected with the difference in their meaning. Make sentences with these words.
| at- | pre- |
| Arrive("come, come"). The train is arriving. Arrival. Train arrival timetable | stay(“to be somewhere or in some state”). Stay in the capital. Stay in despair |
| give(“strengthen, add something, give additionally”). Give courage. Dowry. Give the desired shape | betray(“change, betray, forget”). Betray a friend. Give it to the fire. Submit to oblivion. Tradition. folk tradition |
| Proceed("begin"). Get to work. Get started | transgress(law). Criminal, crime, crime, criminal |
| bow down(head) (only in the meaning of "to find or not to find shelter"). Somewhere to lay your head. There will be somewhere to lay your head | bow down(head, banners, knees) (“bow down, lower down, expressing deep respect, admiration”). Worship |
| pretend("loosely close"). close the door | Pretend("to come true, to materialize"). The idea came true |
| pretend(“with the intent to mislead”). Pretend to be asleep. Pretender, pretender, pretender | despise("neglect something"). Ignore the danger. contempt, despicable, scornful, despise |
| look down("give shelter") - obsolete | Limit("border, line"). Speed limit, wish limit, out of country |
| aisle("extension") | Ultimate, boundless |
| Receiver("what is meant to be received"). Radio receiver, baby receiver | Successor("successor of deeds, traditions"). Succession, Succession |
| downplay("reduce a little") | downplay(significantly reduce) |
Remember: exaggerate written only with a prefix pre-.
Task 3. Remember spelling words with prefixes pre- And at- in phrases. Make up sentences with these phrases.
declining(approaching old age) age, impregnable(from attack) fortress, stumbling block(hindrance, difficulty) immutable law(immutable, indestructible) enduring significance(timeless, durable) vicissitudes of fate(adventure, change, turn in events).
Task 4. Highlight the prefixes in the words, explain the spelling.
Start studies, transgress the law, stop conversations, transcend, nail, muffle, station, exceed the speed, bright image, appendage, near the Oka, unpleasant, interrupted, attached, irreconcilable, give shape, coastal, (train) arrives, be discouraged, no place to lay your head, kneel (as a sign of respect), suburban, stick, crouch, barrier, limit of desires, temple chapel, poet's successor, radio receiver, legends of antiquity, unbending will, slightly downplay, get used to, give expression to the face, transform, nail, bewitch, the stay of the delegation abroad.
SUMMING UP
We have passed through the thickets of Russian consoles. What do you remember? Test yourself.
Write down as many prefixes as you can remember. Remember what groups they can be divided into and what difficulties each group is fraught with.
Exercise 1. Dictation with preliminary preparation.
First, write out from the text all the words with prefixes of the first and second groups, then the rest of the words that are difficult for you and do everything to remember them. Then write down the text under dictation.
ABOUT LEONID Utesov
(From the memoirs of B. Efimov)
Each meeting with this person was pleasant and joyful, amazing and memorable. And not only when he went on stage, enthusiastically welcomed by the audience, but also outside the stage. A unique singer, a talented and inexhaustibly inventive leader of the jazz ensemble he created, its irreplaceable conductor and director, organizer and inspirer. Is it just jazz? Utyosov amazed with the versatility and unpredictability of his talent. I had a chance to see him both as a violin soloist and as a great reader of Zoshchenko's stories from the stage. He was an excellent orator, wrote excellent poetry, intelligent and sincere.
Such was Utyosov - always sociable, sociable, cheerful and open. He generously shared his sense of humor and joy of being with those around him. He liked to have listeners around him, he liked to address the audience anywhere and everywhere.
Utyosov's songs helped not only to live, but also to fight. They helped to resist the fascist invasion and defeat the enemy, and then restore the country destroyed by the war. This is well remembered by the older generation. But the extraordinary voice of Utesov, preserved by the miracle of sound recording, penetrating the soul, pleases us even today, in the hard times we are going through. It cheers up, inspires hope that we will endure, survive.
Task 2. Instead of a phrase, write down one word synonymous with it, using prefixes without-/without-, pre-/at-, on-, about-, without-.
Sample: meaningless - nonsensical.
Never dying, outside the school building, close to the shore, giving a new name, giving hope, depriving one of his weapons, thinking for a while, depriving him of the ability to harm, calling a horse with bait, a very old person.
Task 3. Test your memory: write down as many words with prefixes in two columns at- And pre- as long as you can remember. Then be sure to check yourself in the dictionary.
Task 4. Try to compose your story using words with prefixes from all three groups.
N.N. TYULENEV,
Tomsk
E.A. Makovey, teacher of the Russian language, secondary school No. 1 in Adygeysk,
A.I. Arkhipova, Professor of the Kuban State University
§ 2. Spelling prefixes
Console, prefix (from lat. praefixus"attached in front") - part of the word before the root. In Russian words, there can be from 1 to 3 prefixes before the root: tremble, join, open-open. Most Russian prefixes coincide in form and partly in meaning with prepositions (roadless - without a road, verbal - from the verb, from below, from under the brows - from under the forehead), particles (not appearing - not to appear). Among the prefixes of the Russian language there are a number of borrowed ones: A in the meaning of "not", anti - "against", archi - "very", counter - "against", pan - "all", sub - "under", trans - "through" and etc.
2.1. Spelling of invariable prefixes
Most of the prefixes in Russian are invariable, i.e. regardless of the sound in one position or another, they are written in the same way. The spelling of such prefixes should be memorized. See the list of invariable prefixes in the table:
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called out, stop, sediment, go numb |
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reach, reach, guess |
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belief, courtyard, cut, rely |
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boil, gap, trick, grow |
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In a special sense: (meaning of kinship) great-grandmother, proto-language |
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attack, cover, overtake |
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ask, prisoner, pick up, score |
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OVER- (OVER-) |
bite, crack, inscribe, tear |
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POD- (POD-) |
melt, undermine, suggest, wait |
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OT- (OTO-) |
give away, rest, push back, open |
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OB-(OBO-) |
cut off, grind off, wipe off, bypass |
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B- (VO-) |
relish, sew, cling to, involve |
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PREV- |
chairman, predecessor, predetermine |
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RE- |
humus, overflow, skew |
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C- (CO-) |
move
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No prefix in words: |
2.2. Spelling of prefixes on ... s - ... s
In Russian, there are prefixes in which letters alternate Z
And WITH
:
WITHOUT- / WITHOUT-, TIME- / RAS-, WHO- / VOS- (VZ- / VS-), FROM- / IS-, BOTTOM- / NIS-, THROUGH- / THROUGH- (THROUGH- / CHES-)
In .. click; along .. walking; ..do; ra.. burn.
The choice of consonant is carried out according to the following rule:
2.3. Spelling prefixes PRE- and PRI-
Words starting with pre- And at-, have different origins in Russian.
Some came from Latin. In these words, the Latin prefix prae- became part of the Russian root (president, presidium, presumption, predicate, reward, claim, applicant, prefect, precedent, preparation, presentation). The Russian language also borrowed Latin words with a root starting with at (priority, privilege, private).
Others are of Old Slavonic origin. They are characterized by the Slavic prefix pre-, which is often included in the modern root (obstacle, repose, advantage, beautiful). In the language, these words retain their book character.
Finally, many words pre- And at- are of Russian origin.
It is clear that it is impossible to draw up a clear rule for all cases. Therefore, the spelling rule proposed below is suitable mainly for words in which the meaning of the prefix is clearly guessed.
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Let's remember some cases: |
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shape, shine
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betray a friend, dreams
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2.4. Spelling of vowels in prefixes NE- and NI- in
indefinite and negative pronouns,
pronominal negative adverbs.
Note.The rule applies to words of other parts of speech if they are formed from negative pronouns and adverbs: doing nothing, worthless, worthless, worthless, in a draw.
2.5. Spelling of consonants at the junction of the prefix and the root.
Retelling + tale = retelling (-s-)
race + skaz = story (-ss-)
race + quarrel = quarrel (-ss-)
Remember:calculation (race + even), but: calculate (race + count);
countless (dev + s + even).
In words tear apart, tear apart, ruin write one 3.
