COSSACK CHRONICLES
Numerous investigations are devoted to the history of the Zaporizhzhya Sich - from purely popularizing to capital works. Different researchers cover this phenomenon in different ways: and how holistic process, and as its separate components or personalities. During the last century, the fundamental works of D. Yavornitsky, M. Andrusyak, V. Golobutsky, M. Grushevsky, I. Kripyakevich, O. Ogloblin, N. Polonskaya-Vasilenko, V. Antonovich and many others have seen the light. Now interest in the Cossack era has increased significantly.
The primary sources of the history of the emergence, formation and development of Zaporozhye were unknown to researchers for a long time. In the course of working with periodicals of the last century, the impression was that the authors reproduced not real, but empirical history. And only in 1841-1845. A. Skalkovsky, who found and made public the archive of the Zaporizhian Sich, introduced the original documents into circulation, partially processing them, laying the foundations of a scientific approach to the problem. True, he himself could not fully comprehend the significance of these materials.
With the active participation of A. Bodyansky, the scientific secretary of the “Society of Russian History and Antiquities”, in 1846 he saw the world “Chronicle of the Semanteller about the wars of Bohdan Khmelnitsky and about the international relations that were in Little Russia, and about his death.” Author of the chronicle was modest man, what was in the traditions of the chroniclers, so his name is unknown. He, as the text testifies, was a direct participant in the war of B. Khmelnitsky and, probably, lived until the end of the 17th century. Immediately after the publication of the work, a discussion broke out about the identity of the Witness - who is he, a Cossack or a person sacred dignity. We are more inclined to the version that it was a Cossack. After all, the Cossacks were educated people. Lexical analysis also provides a basis for such an assertion.
The eyewitness talks about the events that took place in Ukraine and connects them with the processes in neighboring states - Russia, Poland, Moldova. The activity of the associates of By is highlighted. Khmelnytsky, the historical figures of the neighbors - the Russian Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, Stepan Razin, etc. are not ignored. He probably used the archive of Kosh Zaporizhzhya, since the annals contain a number of documents on the diplomatic mission of the Cossacks, the exact numbers of the registered Cossacks, etc.
There is a version that Roman Rakushka-Romanovsky, a public figure from the time of the Ruin, could be an eyewitness.
The "Chronicle of the Seer" is of extraordinary value to scientists. It makes it possible to more thoroughly study the day of the Cossacks and the personalities who created.
The first Cossack chronicle is anonymous, and the following are copyrighted. Grigory Grabyanka and Samoilo Velichko concluded vaults, where they talked about the Cossacks with the full coverage of the material that was available to them. Undoubtedly, both authors knew the Chronicle of the Seer, but each interpreted the events in his own way.
Despite the fact that the main theme of the work of G. Grabianka is the events of the liberation war of 1648-1654, he gives a prominent place to the issue of the origin of the Cossacks, argues with the Polish writers Kochovsky, Strikovsky and Gvagnin, objecting to them that the word"Cossack" comes from the word "goat", and makes an attempt to deduce the origin of the Sich from the Scythians. The argument is rather naive, but deserves attention.
He vividly describes the life and life of the Cossacks, their moral principles, argues that for lies, fornication and wine shame could be punished by death.
G. Hrabianka is sincerely rooting for the fate of Ukraine, especially after the Union of Lublin in 1569. He is indignant at the oppression of the Cossacks and people who have become almost powerless and at the mercy of landowners and tenants, the people were doomed to extinction.
The image of B. Khmelnitsky is covered quite objectively and, based on the context, with great respect.
The chronicle of G. Grabyanka is still a valuable primary source. Attached to it are two registers of the Zaporizhian Army - to B. Khmelnitsky and after his death. G. Grabyanka introduces a dictionary of incomprehensible words into the annals, which facilitates the perception of the work. For the first time the text of the chronicle was published in 1793 in the journal F. Tumansky"Russian shop".
The most fundamental work is the four-volume Chronicle by S. Velichka. Despite the gaps regarding 1649-1652, author conveys to the reader many sources. The chronicle uses quotations and references to foreign authors, and presents a large amount of information.
The author of the "Chronicle" does not separate Ukraine 1648-1654. from historical development countries with which she brought fate, cites many quotations from historical works of foreign authors, often in the original language. In particular, he quotes the German historianPuffendorf, who talks about Would. Khmelnitsky and his entourage.
“Chronicle” by S. Velichko, according to genre features, belongs to artistic and literary research. This genre allows the possibility of presenting a certain hypothesis, a vision of the problem. The author argues that the Ukrainian people will survive, despite all the attempts of their neighbors to bring them out of the historical arena. He backs up his arguments with words. Stephen Bathory: "... the kingwanted to exterminate cossacks, but not managed, and said shortly before his death: “Once upon a time, an independent state will be formed from these Lothrik-Cossacks.”
"Chronicle" S. Velichko was first published in Kyiv 1858 "Temporary commission for the analysis of ancient acts."
IN all Cossack annals have one feature: their authors reproduced the reality not such as she was, and such, what it should have been according to their ideas. I aptly said this. Franco: Actually, in the Cossack annals of Samovidets, Grabyanka, Velichka and their successors and compilers such as Bobolinsky, Lukomsky, Rigelman, etc. P., it would be interesting to trace the growth of this legend about the Khmelnitsky region, which largely obscured the truthful reality before them. From a literary point of view, this phenomenon is very valuable, capable of awakening ardor in the masses people: already in the 19th century, we saw its significance for the national revival and the formation of our political ideals ... Hence the grandiose construction of the Khmelnitsky region, a construction more literary than historical, was ... the main merit of the Cossack annals.
A bright and unique page of Ukrainian chronicle writing is the Cossack annals of the 17th-18th centuries. Their appearance was associated with the growth of the national self-consciousness of the Ukrainian people and the deployment of their liberation struggle against the Polish oppression in the Ukrainian lands. The authors of the chronicles were the most educated representatives of the Cossack elders, and the names of some of them have not yet been definitely established.
In form and content, the Cossack chronicles are close to historical works, since the authors, in addition to their own observations, used old chronicles, chronicles, diaries, historical works contemporaries, accessible official documents, some of which have not survived to our time. This determined the special value of the Cossack chronicles as historical sources.
The Cossack chronicles were brought to life by the events of the liberation war led by Bogdan Khmelnytsky and the further struggle for the liberation of the Ukrainian people. Particularly well-known are Hryhoriy Hrabyanka's "Chronicle of a Self-Witner", "Actions of Bogdan Khmelnytsky's Presel and Unprecedented War from the Beginning of the Poles". The purpose of these chronicles is to glorify the heroic past of Ukraine.
On the basis of the "Cossack Chronicles" new historical reviews were created, the most interesting being "A Brief Description of Little Russia" (1734). "Cossack Chronicles" can rightfully be considered political and journalistic treatises.
The chronicles of Samuel Velichka, Grigory Grabyanka, an unknown author, called "Self-Evident" (eyewitness) and "Chronicler" of the Dvoretsky family were written at the end of the XVII - early XVIII V. In 30-50 years. 18th century was drawn up" Short story Little Russia”, “Inventory about Malaya Russia” by Pokas, the chronicle of the general convoy Lizogub and the Chernigov Chronicle. In the 60-80s. Simonovsky's "Brief Description of the Cossack Little Russian People" and Kvitko's "Brief Historical Description" appeared. A little later, Ruban’s chronicle, Lukomsky’s “Historical Collection” and the anonymous chronicle “A short description of well-known and memory worthy actions and cases description ...” were compiled. This series ends with the "History of the Rus or Little Russia", attributed to Archbishop Georgy Konissky. Most of the listed works were very popular and were distributed in numerous handwritten lists. "Cossack Chronicles" is a favorite plot of Ukrainian researchers who see in them the origins of the formation of a modern national idea.
Cossack chronicle of the 18th century. can be divided into two stages. To the first include the chronicles of Grabyanka, Velichka and Samovydets, which occupy a special place in Ukrainian historical literature. These chronicles continue the historical and literary traditions of the second half of the 17th century. in new historical conditions. These works by genre should be classified as historical works, their authors took up literary activity after their resignation from military service, and only the presentation of events over the years corresponds to the style of chronicles. In the second third of the XVIII century. new trends emerge. In addition to compiling other literary works, the authors often introduce act material, attempts are made to critically comprehend the text. Description becomes common appearance documents used, their storage locations, dates are suggested, earlier mistakes are corrected, and the reliability of the information is examined by comparing various texts and their criticism (foreign sources). In addition, the share of the author's own text, including comments, generalizations and conclusions, is increasing.
Secondly, the composition of the authors becomes socially homogeneous (Cossack foremen). Accordingly, the conclusions to which the analysis of the annals of the 18th century can lead relate to the views of this particular social stratum. Most of the events described by the chroniclers relate to the history of foremen and hetmans, while ordinary Cossacks are assigned the role of extras. The social differentiation of the Cossacks was accompanied by the convergence of the interests of the Cossack elders and the Russian nobility, and, to some extent, a decrease in the level of their ethnic identity.
Analysis of the Cossack annals of the middle of the XVIII century. allows you to get important information about the processes that took place in the elite of Ukrainian society at that time. The sources provide an opportunity to assess the level of opposition of the authors to the policy of the Russian government and the existence of their own concept of development of their people.
The subject of the description are the same events, and depending on the position of the author, both the selection of specific facts and their assessment changed. Of fundamental importance for the topic under consideration are plots related to ideas about the early period in the history of the Ukrainian Cossack people, the Catholic and Uniate churches, the uprising of B. Khmelnytsky, the Gadyach agreements, Mazepa's transition to the side of Charles XII; assessment of attempts to restore the system of self-government at the beginning - mid-eighteenth V.
Cossack chronicles of the 18th century
At the beginning of the 18th century, with the imposition of the annalistic tradition, intellectual authors from among the Cossack elders created a number of Historical works, in the thematic direction (covering mainly the History of the Cossack state), as well as substantiating the autonomy of the Ideas were phenomena of the same order. THESE works are usually called the Cossack Chronicles. of this genre was the "Chronicle of the Self-Seeing" Not a single Historian who studied the History of Ukraine in 1648-1734 did not pass this source. Grushevsky They were interested in and highly appreciated by T. Shevchenko, M. Kostomarov, and. Franko, D. Yavornitsky, M. Wozniak and others.
In 1846, the "Chronicle of the Self-Seeing" was kept in handwritten copies. In that year, one version of the story was published by Bodyansky in the Moscow "Readings" In preparing the publication, Bodyansky used four handwritten copies of P. Kulish, brought to 1668, M. Kostomarov, received from the Kharkov teacher Tretyakov , brought to 1690, a list in Russian translation that was stored in the library of the Moscow "Society of Russian History and Antiquities", a list of the Kiev official Yuzefovich In this edition, the chronicle ended with a description of the events of 1734r
In 1878, Orest Levitsky published new edition chronicles, for the preparation of which I used two more newly discovered lists Iskritskaya and Kozelsky. The first belonged to the bunchuk comrade Peter Iskritsky, the second was in the list of the regimental captain Yakov Kozelsky, and then - in the family of the philosopher Yakov Kozelsky
Ya.Dzira believes that Iskritskaya's list is closest to the original. The original list (author's) has not been preserved
A. Levitsky believed that the real text of the "Chronicle of the Seer" describes the events from 1648 to 1702. The events of 1703-1734 were added by a later scribe 3 as if all researchers agree with this idea
N Petrovsky, G Grushevsky and Other researchers believed that the author of the chronicle was the Cossack foreman Roman Rakushka-Romanovsky This conclusion is drawn primarily From the text itself An eyewitness saw the "Konotop miracle" of 1652, was present at the siege of Smolensk in 1654, took part in the campaign of troops Yuri Khmelnitsky 1662, in the Black Rada in 1663, watched the battle of the troops of Bryukhovskiy with the army of S Yablonovsky near the White Church 1665, 1669 was in Novgorod-Seversky, when D. Mnogohrishny was elected hetman, etc. As is known from other sources, the foreman who witnessed the events mentioned is, first of all, Roman Rakushka-Romanovsky However, this is not direct evidence
The “Chronicle of the Self-Evident” is valuable because the descriptions of many events in it are made very realistic The author tries to tell only the truth And is very careful about various rumors IV, the course of the Battle of Korsun is convincingly described, it is said in detail about the embassy of Adam Kisel on Christmas Day 1649, when the ambassadors gave Khmelnitsky "privileges for liberties, and a mace and a bunchuk, banners, tambourines, signs of the army, here the king wishing to put that war to rest", when the hetman had ambassadors from the king of Hungary, the king of Moscow, the owner of the Greek, Multyansky, and sh
The very negative attitude of the Witness to the alliance of B. Khmelnitsky with the Tatars He commented on this alliance "Already inconsistent affection for a vovka with a ram, so for a Christian with a Busurman" that the Cossacks forgot about caution, readiness, and "safer more drunkenness"
The decision of the Pereyaslav Rada, when the Cossacks "were allowed to stand under the sovereign hand of His Tsarist Majesty," was made because they no longer wanted "in any way to be subject to the Polish king and long-time master, nor also the primates of the Tatars.
The campaigns of B Khmelnytsky and the election of Yuriy Khmelnytsky as hetman are figuratively presented, the claims of Vygovsky permission for the period of military campaigns to take for themselves "from the hands and court" Yu Khmelnytsky a mace and bunchuk, that is, symbols of power
The reprisals of the gentry over the population, including the Jewish ones, are realistically described in the annals "And at that time, many of the Jews, fearing death, accepted the Christian faith, but it is impossible again, having seen the time, having drowned to Poland, they stood as Jews, even rarely holding on to the Christian faith ".
To the number dire consequences war belongs And the description of the so-called Konotop miracle, where in 1652 the headman of Sosnovsky with his wife and children was killed, "four are special, And there in that Konotop castle" they put everyone in a well. This was done on the Trinity, and on the Exaltation of the Holy Cross in the well, where it was 10 sazhens, the water rose and carried up all the bodies
It is described how the foreman "wisted the mob" for attacking merchant carts with vodka.
The "Chronicle" supplements information about the social strata and strata of the society of that time. It includes such categories as starostov, burmistrov and rai, shiyakhta, castle siugs, kikes and city governments, scumbags, zhoishri, "chosen from their subjects", common people, swindle , priests, as well as brewers, vinniki, monasteries, weekday workers, laborers, shepherds
Of course, the most convincing are the scenes described by the Eyewitness as an eyewitness, for example, a fire in the church of St. Nicholas in Nizhyn, where a service was performed over the body of Ivan Zolotarenko. the city stank of that scorched troupe" And he added "because he himself was there and gained considerable fear"
An obvious sign of the “Chronicle of the Seer” is that we have before us a completely secular work.
The Chronicle of Grigory Grabyanka, a Cossack foreman, who in 1730 became a Gadyat colonel, is considered the second in time of writing. The chronicle was written in Church Slavonic, completed in 1710. Ukrainian autonomy Ideas within the Russian state
The content of the chronicle conveys its widespread heading "Events praying, through the fault of the Poles, the bloody and unprecedented battle of Bogdan Khmelnitsky, the hetman of Zaporozhye with the Poles, for the sovereign of the Polish kings Vladislav, then And Casimir, who in 1648 began to improve ten years after the death of Khmelnitsky unfinished. From various chroniclers from diariush in that war written off in the city of Gadyach, by the work of Grigory Grabyanka, collected and confirmed by the original testimonies of the old-timers of 1710.
In general, the chronicle embraces the time from antiquity to 1709, the fall of And Mazepa And the choice of Hetmanship And Skoropadsky But the main And largest part of the work is devoted to the war led by B Khmelnitsky, the text about this war occupies 123 pages (out of 157) in the End only the register is submitted events without details. At the beginning there is an explanation that the Cossack people come from the Scythians-Khazars. Further, the History of Russia is briefly conveyed, and the conquest by the Poles, the transformation from a kingdom to a principality, and the latter into a voivodship. It is told about Peter Konashevich-Sagaydachny, and from the period after B. - about Ivan Bryukhovetsky, and Samoylovich Hetman Bogdan Khmelnitsky is depicted as a national hero
The attitude of the author to I. Vyhovsky is impartial, this is how it is And to Zolotarenko, Bryukhovetsky, Pushkar, Somka, Samoilovich, Paliya - the positive Gadyach agreement is condemned There is a hostile posture of the author to the Turks And the Tatars He approves the orientation towards an alliance with Russia, but not without reservations In one place the Moscow regime, through the mouth of B. Khmelnytsky, is called the "Yoke of the Moscow autocracy." The general political direction of the work is the protection of the autonomy of Ukraine, a balanced justification and specific features, rights, traditions and interests
"Chronicle" Grabyanka in matters of ideological and political was a kind of opposite of "Synopsis" and Gisel.
The title formulates the purpose and main content of the "Chronicle of Samuil Velichko", written in 1720, and first published in 4 volumes in the 40-60s of the XIX century. (The 4th volume was published in 1864) Its full title is "The Tale of the Cossack War with the Poles through Zinovy Bohdan Khmelnitsky, the hetman of the Zaporizhzhya troops, went on for eight years, and for about twenty years it dragged on with other states from the Poles, to which he, Khmelnitsky, under God's all-powerful help with the Cossacks And the Tatars Russian monarch Alexei Mikhailovich voluntarily underwent
The first volume embraces the events of 1648-1659, the second - 1660-1687 pp., the third - 1687-1700 pp., the fourth volume is not completed. In terms of objectivity and display detail historical events the third volume is the most valuable. The author knew these events as the clerk of the general clerk V Kochubey and an employee of the General Chancellery. In general, the chronicle of S. Velichka as a historical work is considered weaker against the background of other Cossack chronicles. The author has collected a lot interesting facts And materials, but failed to give them a proper scientific interpretation, described the events somewhat confusingly, did not see the logic of development historical process. However, the author has his own ideological concept, through which the social position of the author clearly shows through; he clearly sees the task of his work in protecting the autonomy of Ukraine as part of the Muscovite state
When describing the national liberation war, S. Velichko at first seemed to echo (given his own interpretation) according to the poem of the Polish poet S. Twardowski "War House". But later the chronicle acquired an independent meaning. S. Velichko glorifies B. Khmelnitsky, condemns Vyhovsky, submits Yu. Khmelnitsky's points, not knowing that they have already been falsified by the tsarist government of Ivan Sirko apologia, Ivan Mazepa calls Machiavelli, a fox, a womanizer, although his actions are interpreted objectively buildings, distillers, deinekіv the attitude of the author is impartial, as to those who wanted to "adhere to the Cossacks". To the monarchs, the attitude is polite.
Despite the relatively low scientific level of the annals of S. Velichka than the annals of Samovidet I. Grabyanka, he was destined for a very readable work. It has been established, for example, that Taras Shevchenko perfectly knew this source and generously used it when writing his poems and poems in Historical themes. The well-known literary critic Yaroslav Dzira argued that such works by T. Shevchenko as "Chigirine, Chigirine", "The Big Cellar", "Both the dead and the living, And my unborn fellow countrymen ..." and Others have a historical factual basis in the chronicle of S. Vslichka . Taras Shevchenko drew from the annals not only an idea of the past of Ukraine, but also took from it the coverage of the figures of individual hetmans, and much more, down to individual images, comparisons, metaphors.
Cossack annals seem to complete the annalistic stage of Ukrainian historiography. Historical works of the subsequent time, for example, "History of the Rus", with genre features, opened a new stage in the development of Ukrainian historical thought, in particular, a new method of transferring historical knowledge: not through a statement of events and its interpretation, but through analysis and generalization of the entire amount of historical knowledge, available to the researcher.
About the literary and artistic works of the era
The previous lecture dealt with Ukrainian literature by the 16th century. and about the polemical literature of the late 16th-early 17th centuries. The genres and themes of literature of the 17th-18th centuries were interesting. Separately, poetry about the national liberation war of the middle of the 17th century is singled out. Poems and poems are often anonymous. Among them, there are especially many laudatory verses in honor of b. Khmelnytsky, reflected the people's perception of the national Idea, the idea of freedom. In the second half of the 17th century, the motives of the Ruin, the untalented fate of Ukraine ("Ah, Ukrainian, the poor year is now yours") were widespread.
Among the writers of the XVII century. there are many whose legacy very convincingly reflects public opinion about important political events of the era, as well as about social problems. Among such authors are Lazar Baranovich, Ivan Velichkovsky, Petr Popovich-Guchensky, Daniil Gratkovsky, Klimenty Zinoviev. There was a development of dramaturgy (Yakub Gavatovich). Anonymous stories based on wandering stories were popular.
Fiction The 17th, like the 18th centuries, is a historical source, first of all, for the study of the spiritual sphere of the life of the people, their views on political leaders, on their position and destiny. It reflects the attitude of the Ukrainian people to the Polish domination in the Right-Bank Ukraine, Tatar Horde attacks and Tatar captivity, Russian power-hungry actions in Ukraine. Fiction is a source of knowledge of the ethnocultural features of Ukrainians in the 17th-18th centuries. And from these positions, the researcher, using the historical genres of literature of the 15th-17th centuries, in particular the later Ukrainian chronicles, cannot neglect fiction when studying this period.
Used sources and labor
1. Volyn during the liberation war of the Ukrainian people of the XVII century Documents and materials. Compiled by Mitsik Yu A., Tsybulsky V.G. Rivne, 1999.
2. Golden Word Selection from Historical sources. Arranged by D Kardash. Prague, 1941. S. 8
3. Kiev Chronicle of the first quarter of the XVII century. //Ukr East Journal. 1988. No. 2. P. 107-120; 1989, No. 5. From 103-114.
4. Chronicle of the Seer /Edition prepared by I I Dzira K, 1971
5. Lviv chronicle // Galicia-Volyn chronicle Lviv, 1994. P. 169-200.
6. Ostroh Chronicler // Galicia-Volyn Chronicle Lvov, 1994 S. 201-2IS
7. Ukrainian literature of the XIV-XVI centuries. K, 1988. S.76-87
8. Ukrainian literature XVIII in K., 1983 C 446-527
9. Collection of annals relating to the history of Southern and Western Rus', published by a commission for the analysis of ancient acts K, 1 888.
10. Safonovich Feodosia! Chronicle from the annals of ancient K., 1992.
11. Antonovich V B Course of lectures on source studies 1880 -1881 // History of Ukraine in university lectures 1995 Issue 1.
12. Bevzo A. Lviv chronicle and Ostroh chronicler. K, 1970.
13. Dzira Ya1. Ukrainian chronicles of the XV1-XVII1 centuries in the Soviet Historiographers //Historical sources and their use. 1968. Issue. 3. S. 177-189
14. Krip "Yakevich IP Chronicles of the XVI-XVIII centuries in Galicia // Historical sources and their use 1964 Issue 1. P 63-80.
15. Marchenko Ml Ukrainian historiography (from ancient times to the middle of the 19th century) K., 1959.
16. Marchenko M I. History of Ukrainian culture. K., 1961. S.232-245.
17. Mytsyk Yu A "Kroinika" Theodosius Safonovich as a historical source and a monument of Ukrainian historiography of the XVTI in Abstract of the thesis. ... cand. ist sciences. Dnepropetrovsk, 1975.
18. Tikhomirov MN. Source study of the history of the USSR. M., 1962. Issue. I. C.353-373
19. Smolin V.A., Stepankov B.C. Ukrainian national revolution 1648-1676 through the prism of centuries //Rus. East magazine 1998. No. 2. P 3-4.
Cossack chronicles of the 18th century.
A bright and unique page of Ukrainian chronicle writing is the Cossack annals of the 17th-18th centuries. Their appearance was associated with the growth of the national self-consciousness of the Ukrainian people and the deployment of their liberation struggle against the Polish oppression in the Ukrainian lands. The authors of the chronicles were the most educated representatives of the Cossack elders, and the names of some of them have not yet been definitely established.
In form and content, the Cossack chronicles are close to historical works, since the authors, in addition to their own observations, used old chronicles, chronicles, diaries, historical works of contemporaries, accessible official documents, some of which have not survived to our time. This determined the special value of the Cossack chronicles as historical sources.
The Cossack chronicles were brought to life by the events of the liberation war led by Bogdan Khmelnytsky and the further struggle for the liberation of the Ukrainian people. Particularly well-known are the "Chronicle of the Self-Seeing", "Actions of the prezel and from the beginning of the Poles' unprecedented battle of Bogdan Khmelnitsky" by Grigory Grabyanka and others.
Hosted on ref.rf
The purpose of these chronicles is to glorify the heroic past of Ukraine.
On the basis of the "Cossack Chronicles" new historical reviews were created, the most interesting being "A Brief Description of Little Russia" (1734). ʼʼCossack chroniclesʼʼ can rightfully be considered political and journalistic treatises.
The chronicles of Samuil Velichka, Grigory Grabyanka, an unknown author, called ʼʼSelf-Vividʼʼ (eyewitness) and ʼʼChroniclerʼʼ of the Dvoretsky family were written at the end of the 17th - beginning of the 18th centuries. At 30-50 gᴦ. 18th century was compiled ʼʼA Brief History of Little Russiaʼʼ, ʼʼOpis about Mala Russiaʼʼ Pokas, the chronicle of the general convoy Lizogub and the Chernigov Chronicle. At 60-80 gᴦ. appeared ʼʼA brief description of the Cossack Little Russian peopleʼʼ Simonovsky, ʼʼA Brief Historical Descriptionʼʼ Kvitko. A little later, Ruban's chronicle was compiled, Lukomsky's ʼʼHistorical Collectionʼʼ and the anonymous chronicle ʼʼA brief chronicle of famous and memory worthy actions and cases description ...ʼʼ. This series ends with the ʼʼHistory of the Rus or Little Russiaʼʼ, attributed to Archbishop Georgy Konissky. Most of the listed works were very popular and were distributed in numerous handwritten lists. ʼʼCossack chroniclesʼʼ are a favorite plot of Ukrainian researchers, who see in them the origins of the formation of a modern national idea.
Cossack chronicle of the 18th century. can be divided into two stages. To the first include the chronicles of Grabyanka, Velichka and Samovydets, which occupy a special place in Ukrainian historical literature. These chronicles continue the historical and literary traditions of the second half of the 17th century. in new historical conditions. These works by genre should be classified as historical works, their authors took up literary activity after their resignation from military service, and only the presentation of events over the years corresponds to the style of chronicles. In the second third of the XVIII century. new trends emerge. In addition to compiling other literary works, the authors often introduce act material, attempts are made to critically comprehend the text. The description of the appearance of the documents used, the place of their storage becomes common, dating is proposed, the mistakes made earlier are corrected, and the reliability of the information is examined by comparing various texts and their criticism (foreign sources). At the same time, the share of the author's own text is increasing, including comments, generalizations and conclusions.
Secondly, the composition of the authors becomes socially homogeneous (Cossack foremen). Accordingly, the conclusions to which the analysis of the annals of the 18th century can lead relate to the views of this particular social stratum. Most of the events described by the chroniclers relate to the history of foremen and hetmans, while ordinary Cossacks are assigned the role of extras. The social differentiation of the Cossacks was accompanied by the convergence of the interests of the Cossack elders and the Russian nobility, and, to some extent, a decrease in the level of their ethnic identity.
Analysis of the Cossack annals of the middle of the XVIII century. allows you to get important information about the processes that took place in the elite of Ukrainian society at that time. The sources provide an opportunity to assess the level of opposition of the authors to the policy of the Russian government and the existence of their own concept of development of their people.
The subject of the description is the same events, and based on the position of the author, both the selection of specific facts and their assessment changed. Of fundamental importance for the topic under consideration are plots related to ideas about the early period in the history of the Ukrainian Cossack people, the Catholic and Uniate churches, the uprising of B. Khmelnytsky, the Gadyach agreements, Mazepa's transition to the side of Charles XII; assessment of attempts to restore the system of self-government in the early - mid 18th century.
Cossack chronicles of the 18th century. - concept and types. Classification and features of the category "Cossack chronicles of the XVIII century." 2017, 2018.
1. Orazio Vecchi. Madrigal comedy "Amphiparnassus". Scene of Pantaloon, Pedroline and Hortensia 2. Orazio Vecchi. Madrigal comedy "Amphiparnassus". Scene of Isabella and Lucio 3. Emilio Cavalieri. "The Idea of Soul and Body". Prologue. Choir "Oh Signor" 4. Emilio Cavalieri.... .
In 1248, when the Archbishop of Cologne Konrad von Hochstaden laid the foundation stone for the Cologne Cathedral, one of the longest chapters in the history of European building began. Cologne, one of the richest and most politically powerful cities of the then German ... .
Etienne Maurice Falcone (1716-1791) in France and Russia (from 1766-1778). The Threatening Cupid (1757, Louvre, State Hermitage) and its replicas in Russia. Monument to Peter I (1765-1782). The idea and character of the monument, its significance in the urban ensemble. The role of Falcone's assistant - Marie-Anne Collot (1748-1821) in the creation ... .
Newspapers were less popular in Russia than magazines. Censorship had a serious impact on the "face" of the press. It was possible to write about the past, but not about the present, especially about revolutionary events. Because of this, literary works of art in Russia ... .
