When pronouncing voiced consonant air flow creates vibrations of the vocal cords. If the vocal cords are not involved, then the sound is considered deaf.
But in Russian, a voiced letter does not always mean a voiced sound (and vice versa: a voiceless consonant does not always mean a voiceless sound). It depends on the position of the letter in the word.
Voiced consonant often stunned at the end of a word. For example, in the word "colander" we read "k" at the end, because the sound is in a weak position. Can also be stunned before a voiceless consonant. For example, we pronounce the word "gait" as "plowing".
To determine which letter will be written correctly, the letter must be placed in a single-root word in a strong position (that is, before a vowel or consonants M, L, N, R).
For example: “boat” - “boat”, “mushroom” - “mushroom”.
Table
|
Paired |
voiced |
Deaf |
| B | ||
| F | ||
| G | ||
| T | ||
| AND | ||
| WITH | ||
|
Unpaired |
L, M, N, R, Y (sonor) |
Also paired in deafness / voicedness are pairs of soft consonants, from those indicated in the table. For example: "b' - p'", "v' - f'".
Hard and soft
In words, the same letter can denote both hard and soft sounds. This is due to the influence of subsequent consonants on softness/hardness. Before A, O, U, S, E sound hard consonants, before I, E, E, Yu, I - soft.
Table
|
Paired Before A, O, U, S, E - solid. Before I, E, Yo, Yu, I are soft. |
Solid | Soft | ||
| b | b‘ | white | ||
| vase | V | V‘ | ||
|
G‘ |
||||
| d | d‘ | uncle | ||
| ash | h | h‘ | ||
| To | To‘ | brick | ||
| varnish | l | l‘ | ||
| m | m‘ | world | ||
| our | n | n‘ | ||
| P | P‘ | song | ||
| rose | R | R‘ |
thread | |
Consonant It is formed during the passage of exhaled air from the oral cavity with overcoming obstacles created by the tongue, lips, teeth, and palate. All consonants are made up of the noise that is created when this happens. In some consonant sounds, in addition to noise, a voice is involved, which is created by the vibration of the vocal cords.
Comparison with vowels. Vowel sounds consist only of a voice (tone), while consonants may contain a voice, but they necessarily contain noise in their composition. When vowels are formed, the exhaled air freely passes through the oral cavity, and when consonants are formed, the air overcomes the obstacles created by the organs of speech.
Classification of consonants.
Each consonant has features that distinguish it from other consonants. Consonants are different
- according to the degree of participation of voice and noise: sonorants (voice prevails in education with a small amount of noise), noisy voiced (consist of noise and voice) and noisy deaf (consist only of noise);
- at the place of noise formation, depending on where and by what organs of speech an obstacle is formed that the flow of exhaled air overcomes (labial, lingual, etc.).
Consonant sounds differ in a number of ways, but they are most clearly opposed to each other in terms of voicedness / deafness and hardness / softness, which is important when distinguishing words by ear: pond - rod; chalk - chalk.
To designate consonant sounds in writing - 21 consonants: b, c, d, e, f, h, d, k, l, m, n, p, r, s, t, f, x, c, h, w, w.
But, there are much more consonant sounds - 36: [b], [b '], [c], [c '], [g], [g '], [d], [d '], [g], [ h], [h'], [th'], [k], [k'], [l], [l'], [m], [m'], [n], [n'], [ n], [n'], [p], [p'], [s], [s'], [t], [t'], [f], [f'], [x], [x '], [c], [h'], [w], [u'] .
The reason for this discrepancy is that the softness of paired consonants is indicated not by a consonant letter, but by a vowel (E, E, Yu, I, I) or b.
Voiced and voiceless consonants.
- voiced
- formed by voice and noise.
- letters L, M, N, R, Y denote the most voiced consonant (sonor) sounds that are formed in with a predominance of voice and slight noise: [m], [n], [l], [p], [m '], [n '], [l '], [p'], [d']. They do not form pairs in sonority / deafness - always sonorous.
- B, C, D, E, G, H — noisy voiced [b], [c], [g], [d], [g], [h], [b '], [c '], [g '], [e '], [g '] , [з'], consist of noise and voice, have paired sounds in sonority / deafness.
- Deaf
(noisy deaf)
- pronounced only from noise (without voice):
- P, F, K, T, W, S - [p], [p '], [f], [f '], [k], [k '], [t], [t '], [w], [s], [s '] - deaf, have paired voiced;
- X, C, H, W - [x], [x '], [c], [h '], [u '] - always deaf, do not have paired voiced / deafness.
In speech, sounds can be replaced under the influence of neighboring sounds in the word. It is important to know the strong and weak positions of consonants in a word for their correct spelling.
In weak positions, which depends on the position of the sound in the word, consonant sounds can change according to voicing / deafness: voiced paired consonants change to the corresponding paired deaf (stunned), and deaf paired ones change to the corresponding paired voiced consonants (voiced). These changes in sounds are usually not reflected in writing. Weak position is a sign of spelling.
Strong positions in voiced/deafness
(as we hear, so we write):
- before vowels: owl [owl], forests [l'esa];
- before sonorants [l], [l '], [m], [m '], [n], [n '], [p], [p '], [th ']: light [sv'et] - ringing [ringing], change [sm'ena] - treason [izm'ena], break off [atlamat '] - bummer [bummer], take away [atn'at '] -tray [padnos], means [remedies] - zrazy [zrazy] etc.;
- before [in], [in ']: your [your] - two [two], your [your '] - ringing [ringing];
- for paired voiced consonants, a strong position is before voiced consonants: building [buildings'e];
- for paired deaf people - before deaf consonants: bowl [bowl].
Weak position in terms of voicedness / deafness:
- at the end of a word: mushroom [flu] - flu [flu], fruit [raft] - raft [raft], code [cat] - cat [cat], genus [mouth] - mouth [mouth];
- voiced paired consonants are stunned before voiceless consonants: low [niska], booth [butka];
- deaf paired consonants are voiced before paired voiced consonants (except [in], [in ']): passed [built], threshing [malad'ba], light [light];
Hard and soft consonants.
Soft sounds differ from hard ones in that when they are pronounced, the tongue performs an additional action: its middle part rises to the hard palate.
Strong positions in hardness/softness:
- before vowels: nose - carried, they say [they say] - mel [m'el];
- at the end of a word: chalk [m'el] - chalk [m'el '], blow - hit, corner - coal;
- for sounds [l], [l ’], regardless of position: shelf [shelf] - polka [shelf];
- for sounds [s], [s '], [s], [s '], [t], [t '], [d], [d '], [n], [n '], [p] , [p '] before [k], [k '], [g], [g '], [x], [x '], [b], [b '], [n], [n '] , [mm'] : jar [bank] - bathhouse [bank'ka], snowstorm [blizzard] - earring [ser'ga], hut - carving.
Weak position in hardness/softness:
- Changes in consonant sounds in hardness / softness can be caused by the influence of sounds on each other.
- a hard sound changes to a paired soft one before soft consonants (more often s, s, n, p before any soft consonant):
- n -\u003e n ', p -\u003e p 'before h ', w ': drummer [drum'sh'ik], lamplighter [fanar'sh'ik];
- s –> s’ before n’, t’: song [p'es'n'a], bone [kos't'];
- s –> s’ before n’, d’: life [zhiz'n '], nails [nails'd'i];
- in some other combinations: door [d'v'er'], ate [s'y'el];
- a soft consonant becomes hard before a hard one: horse - horse
If deaf and voiced sounds are indicated by letters, then hard and soft sounds are indicated by other means.
Designation of softness of paired consonants:
- letters I, E, Yo, Yu : sluggish - cf. shaft, ser - sir, carried - cart, hatch-bow;
- before a letter AND consonants are always soft (except W, W, C): feast, peace, sieve;
after Zh, Sh, Ts (they are always hard) it is pronounced [s], not [and]: fat [fat], zhito [zhyta], bump [bump]. - soft sign b:
- at the end of a word: stump, stand - cf. camp, steel - became, fry - heat, reality - was, all - weight, stranded - chalk;
- softness of the consonant [l ’] before any other consonant: herring, July, polka;
- softness of a consonant before a hard consonant: earlier, only (cf. sense), bitterly (cf. hill), bathhouse (cf. bank), radish - rarely, dawn - vigilantly, pebbles - jackdaws, coals - corners, hemp - foams;
- The softness of a consonant that comes before other soft ones ([g '], [k '], [b '], [m ']) is indicated by the soft sign b only if, when the word changes, the second consonant becomes hard, and the first remains soft: earrings (soft [p '] before soft [g ']) - earring (soft [p '] before hard [g]), eight - eighth, lights - lights. But, bridge [mos't'ik] - without b, because bridge [bridge] - [c] solid before solid [t], tail - tail, rostik - growth.
- Softness of consonants H, W before other consonants is not indicated, because. H, W are always soft: stove-maker, kidney, power, assistant.
Hardness is indicated
- absence soft sign in strong positions
- writing after a consonant vowel letters A, O, U, S, E
- in some borrowed words, a hard consonant before E: [FanEt'ika].
Other consonant changes
- Simplifying a 3-4 letter consonant group (unpronounceable consonant): co lnts e [co nc uh], tro stn ik [tra s'n‘ik], se RDC e [s'e rc uh, hello vstv wow [healthy stv uy’], le stn itza [l'e s'n' itza] and etc.
- Assimilation (assimilation) of consonants at the place of formation: mid astier [ sch‘ast’y’e], gr zch ik [gr sch' ik], ssh it [ sh yt’], szh at [ and at’], get rid of [and and: yt’] and etc.
- Change —tsya, -tsya in verbs starting with [ ca]:We to be[We ca], my tsya[my'e ca] and etc.
- Change Thu - [pcs] / [h't]: thu o [what], thu oby[shtoby], not thu o [not h't A] and etc.
- Double consonants: wa nn a [wa n: a], tra ss a [tra With: a], mi ll ion [m'i l'and he] and etc.
Sounds can change in several ways at once: counting [patch'sch'ot] - sch-> [u'], d + [u']-> [h'u'].
Spelling consonants.
- At the root of the word:
- verifiable
- unpronounceable
- unverifiable
- Consonants at the end of prefixes:
- to z (s);
- to other consonants
- Consonants (except n) in suffixes of nouns and adjectives
- -schik (-chik);
- -sk- and -to-;
- Letters -n- and -nn- in suffixes.
References:
- Babaitseva V.V. Russian language. Theory. 5 - 9 grade: textbook for in-depth. study Russian language. / V.V. Babaitsev. - 6th ed., revised. - M. Bustard, 2008
- Kazbek-Kazieva M.M. Preparation for Olympiads in the Russian language. 5-11 grades / M.M. Kazbek-Kazieva. - 4th ed. – M.J. Iris-press, 2010
- Litnevskaya E.I. Russian language. A short theoretical course for schoolchildren. - Moscow State University, Moscow, 2000, ISBN 5-211-05119-x
- Svetlysheva V.N. Handbook for high school students and university applicants / V.N. Svetlysheva. — M.: AST-PRESS SCHOOL, 2011
In this article, we will talk about consonant sounds, their number, types (soft, hard, deaf and voiced) and other features and interesting facts.
There are 33 letters in Russian, of which 21 are consonants:
b - [b], c - [c], d - [g], d - [d], f - [g], d - [d], h - [h],
k - [k], l - [l], m - [m], n - [n], p - [p], p - [r], s - [s],
t - [t], f - [f], x - [x], c - [c], h - [h], w - [w], u - [u].
All named consonants represent 36 consonant sounds.
Russian also has 10 vowels and only 6 vowels.
A total of 33 letters (10 vowels + 21 consonants + "b" and "b"), denoting 42 sounds (6 vowels and 36 consonants), far from all speech sounds, but only the main ones.
The difference between the number of letters and sounds is due to the peculiarities of Russian writing, because, for example, hard and soft consonants are indicated by one letter.
The consonants are divided into:
- voiced and deaf
- hard and soft
- paired and unpaired.
There are 36 different combinations of consonants in terms of pairing-unpairing of hard and soft, deaf and voiced: deaf - 16 (8 soft and 8 hard), voiced - 20 (10 soft and 10 hard).
Hard and soft consonants
Consonants are divided into hard and soft, such a division is due to the difference in the position of the tongue during their pronunciation. When we pronounce soft consonants, then the middle back of the tongue is raised to the hard palate. We also note that in addition to the fact that consonants are divided into hard and soft, they can be paired and unpaired.
For example, the letter "k" can mean both a solid sound [k], for example, in the word cat, and soft sound[k`], for example, in the word - glasses. We get that sounds [k] and [k '] form a pair of hardness-softness. For consonants that have a pair of hardness and softness, the following rule is true:
- a consonant sound is solid if it is followed by vowels: a, o, y, s, e;
- and is soft if it is followed by vowels: e, e, i, u, i.
In Russian, there are letters in which the sound that they designate can only be hard ([w], [g], [c]), or only soft ([y], [h`], [w`]). Such sounds do not belong to paired sounds, but are unpaired.
Voiceless and voiced consonants
Consonants are divided into voiced and deaf sounds. At the same time, deaf consonants are pronounced practically with a covered mouth and the vocal cords do not work when they are pronounced. Voiced consonants require more air, and when they are pronounced, the vocal cords work. That is, voiced consonants consist of noise and voice, and deaf consonants consist only of noise.
Life hack for determining the deafness or sonority of consonants for schoolchildren
To determine whether the sound encountered is deaf or sonorous, and children often have difficulty with this, one should plug their ears with their hands and pronounce the sound. When pronouncing deaf sounds somewhere in the distance, they will be heard, and when pronouncing voiced sounds in the ears, they will ring straight! So you can determine what sound met. Especially during phonetic parsing of words.
Some consonants are similar both in their sound and also in the way they are pronounced. However, such sounds are pronounced with different tonality, that is, either deafly or sonorously. Such sounds are combined in pairs and form a group of paired consonants. There are 6 such pairs in total, each of them has a voiceless and voiced consonant sound. The rest of the consonants are unpaired.
- paired consonants: b-p, v-f, g-k, d-t, s-s, f-sh.
- unpaired consonants: l, m, n, p, d, c, x, h, u.
Sonorous, noisy, hissing and whistling consonants
In Russian, sonorous, noisy, as well as hissing and whistling consonants are also distinguished. We give a definition of each of the named types of consonants, and also list which consonants belong to one or another type.
Sonorant consonants
Sonorant consonants are voiced unpaired consonants.
In total there are 9 sonorous sounds: [th '], [l], [l '], [m], [m '], [n], [n '], [p], [p '].
noisy consonant sounds
Noisy consonants are divided into voiced and voiceless. 16 sounds belong to deaf noisy consonants: [k], [k '], [p], [n '], [s], [s '], [t], [t '], [f], [f '], [x], [x '], [c], [h '], [w], [u '], and noisy voiced consonants include 11 sounds: [b], [b '], [ c], [c'], [g], [g'], [e], [e'], [g], [h], [h'].
Hissing consonant sounds
In total, there are 4 hissing consonants in Russian: [g], [h '], [w], [sh']. All of them sound like hissing, which is why they are called hissing consonants.
whistling consonant sounds
Whistling consonants [s] [s ’] [s] [s ’] [ts] are in their pronunciation anterior lingual, fricative. When articulating hard sounds[h], [c] and [c] teeth are exposed, the tip of the tongue leans against the lower teeth, and the back of the tongue slightly arches, the lateral edges of the tongue are pressed against the upper molars. Air passes through, creating friction noise.
When articulating soft sounds [s ’] and [з `], the same happens, however, the back of the tongue rises to the hard palate.
When pronouncing ringing sounds[h] and [h`] the vocal cords are closed and vibrate, but the palatine curtain is raised.
- A a a
- B b ba
- in in ve
- G G G G
- D d de
- E e e
- Yo yo yo
- Well
- Z z ze
- And and and
- th and short
- K to ka
- L l el
- M m um
- N n en
- Ooo
- P p p p
- R r er
- S s es
- T t te
- u u u
- f f ef
- x x ha
- C c c tse
- h h th
- Sh sh sha
- shh shcha
- ъ solid sign
- s s s
- b soft sign
- uh uh
- yu yu yu
- I am I
| 42 sounds | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 6 vowels | 36 consonants | ||||
| [a] [and] [o] [y] [s] [e] | Paired | Unpaired | |||
| Drums | Unstressed | voiced | Deaf | voiced | Deaf |
| [b] [b "] [in] [in"] [g] [g"] [d] [d "] [and] [h] [h "] | [n] [n"] [f] [f"] [to] [to "] [t] [t"] [w] [s] [s"] | [th"] [l] [l"] [mm"] [n] [n"] [r] [r "] | [x] [x"] [c] [h"] [sch"] |
||
| Paired | Unpaired | ||||
| Solid | Soft | Solid | Soft | ||
| [b] [V] [G] [e] [h] [To] [l] [m] [n] [P] [R] [With] [T] [f] [X] | [b"] [V"] [G"] [d"] [h "] [To"] [l"] [m"] [n"] [P"] [R"] [With"] [T"] [f"] [X"] | [and] [c] [w] | [th"] [h"] [sch"] |
||
How are letters different from sounds?
Sound is elastic vibrations in a medium. We hear sounds and can create them, among other things, with the help of the speech apparatus (lips, tongue, etc.).
A letter is a symbol of the alphabet. It has an uppercase (excl., ь and ъ) and a lowercase version. Often a letter is a graphic representation of the corresponding speech sound. We see and write letters. So that the pronunciation features do not affect the letter, spelling rules have been developed that determine which letters should be used in the word in question. The exact pronunciation of a word can be found in the phonetic transcription of the word, which is shown in square brackets in dictionaries.
Vowels and sounds
Vowel sounds (“voice” is the Old Slavonic “voice”) are the sounds [a], [i], [o], [u], [s], [e], in the creation of which the vocal cords are involved, and on the way exhaled air is not blocked. These sounds are sung: [aaaaaaa], [iiiiii] ...
Vowels are denoted by the letters a, e, e, and, o, u, s, e, u, i. The letters e, e, u, i are called iotized. They denote two sounds, the first of which is [th "], when
- are first in phonetic word e le [y "e ́ l" e] (3 letters, 4 sounds) e sche [y" and sch "oʹ] (3 letters, 4 sounds) ezh [y" o sh] (2 letters, 3 sounds) Yu la [y" y l "a] (3 letters, 4 sounds) i block [y" a blaka] (6 letters, 7 sounds) i testicle [y" and ich "ka] (5 letters, 6 sounds)
- follow after the vowels bird d [pt "itsy" e ́ t] (7 letters, 8 sounds) her [yy" o ́] (2 letters, 4 sounds) kayu ta [kai" u ta] (5 letters, 6 sounds) blue [with "in" y "a] (5 letters, 6 sounds)
- follow after b and ъ entry zd [vy "e st] (5 letters, 5 sounds) rise m [fall" o m] (6 letters, 6 sounds) lew [l" y ́] (3 letters, 3 sounds ) wings [wing "th" a] (6 letters, 6 sounds)
The letter and also denotes two sounds, the first of which is [th "], when
- follows after nightingales [salav "th" and ́] (7 letters, 7 sounds)
In a word, vowels highlighted during pronunciation are called stressed, and not highlighted are unstressed. Stressed sounds are most often both heard and written. To check what kind of letter you need to put in a word, you should choose a single-root word in which the desired unstressed sound will be stressed.
Running [b "igush" y"] - running g [b" e k] mountain ra [gara] - mountains [mountains]
Two words united by a single stress make one phonetic word.
To the garden [fsat]
There are as many syllables in a word as there are vowels. The division of a word into syllables may not correspond to the division during transfer.
e -e (2 syllables) then -chka (2 syllables) o -de -va -tsya (4 syllables)Consonants and sounds
Consonant sounds are sounds, during the creation of which a barrier is erected in the way of the exhaled air.
Voiced consonants are pronounced with the participation of the voice, and deaf consonants without it. The difference is easy to hear in paired consonants, for example, [n] - [b], when pronouncing which the lips and tongue are in the same position.
Soft consonants are pronounced with the participation of the middle part of the tongue and are indicated in transcription by an apostrophe " what happens when consonants
- are always soft [th "] , [h"] , [u"] ah [ah"] (2 letters, 2 sounds) beam [beam"] (3 letters, 3 sounds) bream [l" esch "] (3 letters, 3 sounds)
- follow before the letters e, e, and, u, i, b (excl., always solid [g], [c], [w] and in borrowed words) stranded [m "el"] (4 letters, 3 sounds) aunt [t "ot" a] (4 letters, 4 sounds) people [l "oud" and] (4 letters, 4 sounds) life [zh yz "n"] (5 letters, 4 sounds) circus [ts yrk] (4 letters, 4 sounds) neck [sh eya] (3 letters, 4 sounds) tempo [t emp] (4 letters, 4 sounds)
- followed by soft consonants (some cases) pancake [bl "in" h "ik]
The rest of the consonants will mostly be solid.
Hissing consonants include sounds [g], [w], [h "], [u"]. Speech therapists rule their pronunciation penultimately: the tongue must be strong and flexible in order to resist exhaled air and be held against the palate in the shape of a cup. Vibrating [p] and [p"] are always the last in line.
Do students need phonetics?
Without division into vowels, consonants, stressed, unstressed, of course, it is impossible. But transcription is a clear overkill.
Speech therapists are required to know the phonetic parsing of words, and probably it can be useful to foreigners.
Pupils (from grade 1!), who have not yet mastered the rules of spelling, are quite in-depth study phonetics only hinders, confuses and promotes wrong memorization writing words. It is “back” that the child will associate with the pronounced “run”.
There are 21 consonants and 37 consonants in Russian:
| Letter | Sounds | Letter | Sounds | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| B | [b], [b"] | P | [P], [P"] | |
| IN | [V], [V"] | R | [R], [R"] | |
| G | [G], [G"] | WITH | [With], [With"] | |
| D | [d], [d"] | T | [T], [T"] | |
| AND | [and], [and"] | F | [f], [f"] | |
| Z | [h], [h"] | X | [X], [X"] | |
| Y | [th"] | C | [c] | |
| TO | [To], [To"] | H | [h"] | |
| L | [l], [l"] | W | [sh] | |
| M | [m], [m"] | SCH | [sch"] | |
| H | [n], [n"] |
Consonants are hard and soft, voiced and deaf. The softness of sound in transcription is indicated by [ " ].
Hard and soft consonants
A solid consonant is produced when the consonant is followed by a vowel. A, O, U, S or E:
lo ku we fe
A soft consonant is produced when the consonant is followed by a vowel. E, Yo, I, Yu or I:
be le ki nu la
The softness of consonants is also indicated with a soft sign - b. The soft sign itself does not denote sound. It is written after a consonant letter and together with it denotes one soft consonant sound:
lynx [lynx"], fire [fire"], snowstorm [in the "th" ug].
Most consonants correspond to two sounds: hard and soft, such consonants are called paired.
Paired consonants for hardness - softness:
But there are consonants that correspond to only one of the sounds: hard or soft. Such consonants are called unpaired.
Unpaired hard consonants(always solid):
AND [and], W [sh], C [c].
Unpaired soft consonants(always soft):
H [h"], SCH[sch"], Y [th"].
In Russian there is a long voiced soft sound [ and"]. It is found in a small number of words and is obtained only when pronouncing letter combinations. zhzh, zhzh, zhd:
reins, rattle, rain.
Voiced and voiceless consonants
Consonants can be divided into voiceless and voiced.
Deaf consonants are called such sounds, the pronunciation of which does not use the voice. They consist only of noise. For example: sounds [ With], [sh], [h"].
Voiced consonants are called such sounds, the pronunciation of which uses the voice, that is, they consist of voice and noise. For example: sounds [ R], [and], [d].
Some sounds make up a pair: voiced - deaf, such sounds are called paired.
Paired consonants for deafness - voicedness:
Unpaired voiced consonants: Y, L, M, N, R.
Unpaired voiceless consonants: X, C, H, W.
Hissing and whistling consonants
Sounds [ and], [sh], [h"], [sch"] are called hissing consonants. Sounds [ and] And [ sh] are unpaired hard hissing consonants:
bug [bug], jester [jester]
Sounds [ h"] And [ sch"] are unpaired soft hissing consonants:
siskin [h "izh], shield [shield]
Sounds [ h], [h"], [With], [With"], [c] are called whistling consonants.
Letter and sound Y
Letter Y(and short) denotes the sound [ th"]: paradise [paradise"].
Letter Y it is written:
- At the beginning of words:
iodine, yogurt.
- In the middle of words, before consonants:
husky, t-shirt, coffee pot.
- At the end of words:
paradise, may, yours.
Sound [ th"] is more common than letters Y, since it appears in words where there is no letter Y, but there are vowels I, E, Yu And Yo. Consider in what cases the sound [ th"] occurs in words that do not contain a letter Y:
- vowels I, E, Yu And Yo are at the beginning of a word:
pit [th "ama],
- vowels I, E, Yu And Yo come after vowels:
blowing [blow it],
- vowels I, E, Yu And Yo stand after the separator solid mark (Kommersant):
entry [vy "ezd],
- vowels I, E, Yu And Yo stand after the separating soft sign ( b):
pouring [l "th" from],
- vowel AND stands after the separator soft sign ( b):
hives [st "th" and].
