Academic degree

Reduction

without a degree

(nothing written)

doctor of architectural sciences

Dr. of Architecture

Doctor of Biological Sciences

Dr. Biol. Sciences

doctor of veterinary sciences

dr veterinarian. Sciences

doctor of military sciences

dr. Sciences

doctor of geographical sciences

Dr. Geogr. Sciences

doctor of geological and mineralogical sciences

Dr. geol.-mineral. Sciences

doctor of art history

Doctor of Arts

Doctor of Historical Sciences

doctor of history Sciences

Doctor of Cultural Studies

Doctor of Cultural Studies

Doctor of Medical Sciences

dr med. Sciences

doctor of pedagogical sciences

dr. ped. Sciences

Doctor of Political Science

dr. polit. Sciences

Doctor of Psychology

Dr. Psychol. Sciences

doctor of agricultural sciences

Dr. S.-H. Sciences

doctor of sociological sciences

Dr. Sociology Sciences

Doctor of Technical Sciences

Dr. tech. Sciences

Doctor of Pharmacy

dr. pharmacist. Sciences

Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences

Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences

Doctor of Philology

dr. philol. Sciences

doctor philosophical sciences

Dr. Philosophy Sciences

Doctor of Chemical Sciences

dr. chem. Sciences

Doctor of Economic Sciences

Doctor of Economics Sciences

Doctor of Law

Dr. jurid. Sciences

PhD in Architecture

cand. architecture

candidate of biological sciences

cand. biol. Sciences

candidate of veterinary sciences

cand. vet. Sciences

candidate of military sciences

cand. military Sciences

candidate of geographical sciences

cand. geogr. Sciences

candidate of geological and mineralogical sciences

cand. geol.-mineral. Sciences

Ph.D. in History of Arts

cand. art history

Candidate of Historical Sciences

cand. history Sciences

PhD in Cultural Studies

cand. cultural studies

Candidate of Medical Sciences

cand. honey. Sciences

candidate of pedagogical sciences

cand. ped. Sciences

candidate of political sciences

cand. polit. Sciences

candidate of psychological sciences

cand. psychol. Sciences

Candidate of Agricultural Sciences

cand. s.-x. Sciences

candidate of sociological sciences

cand. sociological Sciences

candidate of technical sciences

cand. tech. Sciences

candidate of pharmaceutical sciences

cand. pharmacist. Sciences

Candidate of Physical and Mathematical Sciences

cand. Phys.-Math. Sciences

Candidate of Philology

cand. philol. Sciences

PhD in Philosophy

cand. philosophy Sciences

PhD in Chemistry

cand. chem. Sciences

PhD in Economics

cand. economy Sciences

PhD in Law

cand. legal Sciences

Academic title

Reduction

without a degree

(nothing written)

Professor

corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences

corresponding member RAS

corresponding member of RAMS

corresponding member RAMS

corresponding member of the RAAS

corresponding member RAAS

corresponding member of RAO

corresponding member RAO

academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences

acad. RAS

academician of RAMS

acad. RAMS

Academician of the Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences

acad. RAAS

Academician of the Russian Academy of Education

In Russia, the degree of Doctor of Science is awarded by the Presidium of the Higher Attestation Commission (HAC) of the Ministry of Education and Science based on the results of a public defense of a doctoral dissertation. The applicant must have a PhD degree. According to the Regulations on the procedure for awarding academic degrees, “a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Science should be a scientific qualification work in which, on the basis of the research performed by the author, theoretical provisions have been developed, the totality of which can be qualified as a new major scientific achievement, or a major scientific problem of great socio-cultural or economic importance has been solved or science-based technical, economic or technological solutions are presented, the implementation of which makes a significant contribution to the development of the country's economy and increase its defense capability.

The dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Science is presented in one of three types:

• a specially prepared manuscript (this is the most common case);
• scientific report (with the permission of the Higher Attestation Commission at the request of the dissertation council; prepared by the applicant on the basis of a set of previously published scientific and experimental design works in the relevant field of knowledge, which have great importance for science and practice, is a brief summary of the results of his research and development, known to a wide range of specialists.);
• a published monograph (a scientific book publication containing a complete and comprehensive study of the topic, which has passed scientific review and satisfies the criteria established by the "Regulations on the procedure for awarding academic degrees").

The main scientific results of a doctoral dissertation must be published in leading peer-reviewed scientific journals and publications, the list of which is determined by the HAC. Patents for inventions, etc., are also equated to published results. The applicant writes an abstract of up to 2 (in humanities- up to 2.5) printed sheets, which set out the main ideas and conclusions of the dissertation, show the author's contribution to the study, the degree of novelty and practical significance of the research results. A month before the defense, the abstract is sent to the members of the dissertation council, as well as to organizations according to the list determined by the Higher Attestation Commission, and according to the additional list determined by the dissertation council.

The dissertation is defended at an open meeting of the dissertation council, which consists of doctors of sciences and has received from the Higher Attestation Commission the right to consider dissertations in a certain range of specialties. Dissertation councils are created at the relevant research organizations (institutes, scientific centers etc.) and universities (and other universities). Three official opponents participate in the defense of the dissertation - doctors of science, appointed in advance by the dissertation council, who must give a written review of the dissertation. In the discussion of the dissertation, in addition to members of the council and opponents, other scientists and specialists have the right to participate. After the discussion of the work, a secret vote of the members of the dissertation council takes place. The decision of the dissertation council on the issue of awarding the degree of Doctor of Science is considered positive if at least two-thirds of the members of the council who participated in the meeting voted for it. Based on the results of the defense, the dissertation council submits (or does not submit) to the Higher Attestation Commission a petition for awarding the degree of Doctor of Science to the applicant. This application and the dissertation are considered by the expert council of the HAC in the relevant specialty, after which the conclusion of the expert council on the possibility of awarding a degree is sent to the presidium of the HAC, which makes the final decision.

Scientific branches

Depending on the specialty in which the doctoral dissertation is defended, the applicant is awarded one of the following academic degrees:

Previously, there was also a Doctor of Naval Science degree. For some time (around the 1940s), the degree of Doctor of Arts was called Doctor of Arts.

Many specialties allow applicants to be awarded a degree in several branches of science, depending on the predominant subject area of ​​a particular dissertation. For example, in the specialty 02.00.04 (physical chemistry), doctoral degrees in physical and mathematical or technical or chemical sciences can be awarded. At the same time, however, the principle "one dissertation - one branch of science" is observed, regardless of the number of specialties of the dissertation and branches of science of the specialty. Also, a particular dissertation council may be limited in the range of degrees awarded, depending on the industry.

Analogues in other countries

The question of analogues of the Russian doctoral degree abroad is not unambiguous in view of the wide variety of requirements and characteristics of a doctoral degree in other countries (up to different regions of one country), as well as from the field of knowledge.

So, since in some Western countries single-stage system adopted postgraduate education(as, for example, it is becoming more common in the UK), at the end of which graduates, in case of successful defense of their dissertation, are awarded a Ph.D. Russian Federation this degree is often equated to a PhD degree. Thus, in this case, the Russian PhD degree is rated as higher than this variant of the PhD degree.

At the same time, in a number of Western countries, postgraduate education, to the same extent as in the Russian Federation, is characterized by two stages, each requiring the defense of a separate dissertation. For example, in France, Brazil, Canada and the Netherlands, the first postgraduate level is the title master (master) of science(Master of Science, M.Sc.), while the second degree is the title PhD(Ph.D.). In this case, the doctoral degree that is obtained with the status PhD, is similar to the degree of Doctor of Science in the Russian Federation, since it is to the same extent the second degree of postgraduate education.

In some Western countries, there is a title awarded to someone who already holds a doctoral degree, and which can also sometimes be equated with the title of Doctor of Science in the Russian Federation. So, in the Anglo-Saxon academic system (Great Britain, the USA and other English-speaking countries), the next degree after the Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) natural sciences ah it's called Ph.D(Doctor of Science, D.Sc.); for researchers specializing in philology - doctor of literature(Doctor of Letters, D. Litt.); in the field of law - doctor of law(Doctor of Laws, LLD). However, the difference lies in the fact that this degree is usually awarded not on the basis of the results of defending a dissertation, but on the basis of the amount of published works and on the overall contribution to science, or even on social or journalistic activities. For this reason, the title PhD, doctorate in literature or doctor of law is primarily an honorary degree awarded after many years of merit, and not the result of directed work towards obtaining a degree.

In the European continental academic system (in countries such as Germany, France, Austria), many of whose features were borrowed from Russian and Soviet system postgraduate education, there is a procedure "habilitation" (or "habilitation", habitation, from lat. habilis- capable, suitable), which follows to the same extent after the award of a doctoral degree. In a certain sense, this degree is similar in a number of parameters to the defense of a doctoral dissertation in Russia, since after passing the "habilitation" the applicant is awarded the title of "habilitated doctor" (doctor habilitatus, Dr. habil.), which gives the right to occupy a professorial position at the university. However, it is worth noting that the title of "habilitation" is not a separate academic degree, but a qualification, additional to the doctoral degree, which allows one to hold the post of university professor.

Notes

Sources

• Regulatory documents on the website of the Higher Attestation Commission of the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia

Wikimedia Foundation. 2010 .

See what "Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences" is in other dictionaries:

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Academic degrees and titles should be reduced in accordance with the recommendations of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation.

Word " chair", often used in Russian translations to mean "department", has no such meaning, but means a managerial ("head") or professorial position at the university.

Here is the Macmillan dictionary definition: "CHAIR - the position or job of being a professor in a university - He held the Chair of Botany at Cambridge for 30 years" - Which can be translated: "He was the chief botanist at Cambridge for 30 years ").

Another example where it says that "chair" is a title ("title"): "University Research Chairs: The University of Waterloo owes much of its reputation and stature to the quality of its professors and their scholarly accomplishments. University of Waterloo recognizes exceptional achievement and pre-eminence in a particular field of knowledge through the designation "University Research Chair" - a title which may be held for up to seven years, with the possibility of a re-nomination. title will receive either a teaching reduction of one course per year or an annual stipend of $10,000, which will be allocated to the Department/School if teaching reduction is chosen. other major research chair is awarded."

The following example shows that the position of "Department Chair" roughly corresponds to the position of the head of the department: "What a Department Chair Can-and Can" t-Do: The responsibilities and limits of power for heads of college departments vary greatly. Every department at a college has one: a chair who, typically, is a faculty member in that department, assigned by the dean to manage the department."

The duties of the "Department Chair" (head of department) are described on the website of the University of Wisconsin: "Department Chair Role and Responsibilities: The chair is responsible for facilitating the operation of a department, the fundamental academic unit within the university. Description of the chair" s roles and responsibilities must be understood in the overall context of responsibility and accountability. ... The chair facilitates the management of the department. To carry out this responsibility, the chair oversees, directly or indirectly, the daily progress towards achieving teaching, research, and service goals as set out in the department's plan. With the Chair's leadership and facilitation, faculty members provide students the educational opportunity necessary to be prepared for meaningful personal and professional lives. To this end, the chair plays an important role in providing the dean/provost, through the budget and planning process, with class schedules, program plans and estimates of resources needed to carry out department functions."

Thus, all the examples given prove that "chair" in the context higher education refers to the position or title of a person and cannot be translated into Russian as "department".

As well as the assignment of the eponymous academic title.

Degree award procedure

The main scientific results of a doctoral dissertation must be published in leading peer-reviewed scientific journals and publications, the list of which is determined by the HAC. Patents for inventions and the like are also equated to published results. For the dissertation, the applicant writes an abstract of up to two (in the humanities - up to 2.5) printed sheets, which sets out the main ideas and conclusions of the dissertation, shows the author's contribution to the study, the degree of novelty and practical significance of the research results. Three months before the defense, the abstract is sent to the members of the dissertation council, as well as to organizations according to the list determined by the Higher Attestation Commission, and according to the additional list determined by the dissertation council. When defending a dissertation in the form of a scientific report, the text of the report is sent as an abstract.

The dissertation defense takes place at an open meeting of the dissertation council, which consists of doctors of sciences and has received from the Higher Attestation Commission the right to consider dissertations in a certain range of specialties. Dissertation councils are created at the relevant research organizations (, research centers, and so on) and universities (and other universities). Three official opponents participate in the defense of the dissertation - doctors of science, appointed in advance by the dissertation council, who must give a written review of the dissertation. In the discussion of the dissertation, in addition to members of the council and opponents, other scientists and specialists have the right to participate. After the discussion of the work, a secret vote of the members of the dissertation council takes place. The decision of the dissertation council on the issue of awarding the degree of Doctor of Science is considered positive if at least two-thirds of the members of the council who participated in the meeting voted for it. Based on the results of the defense, the dissertation council submits (or does not submit) to the Higher Attestation Commission a petition for awarding the degree of Doctor of Science to the applicant. This application and the dissertation are considered by the expert council of the HAC in the relevant specialty, after which the conclusion of the expert council on the possibility of awarding a degree is sent to the presidium of the HAC, which makes the final decision. Persons who have been awarded academic degrees in violation of the established procedure may be deprived of these degrees by the Higher Attestation Commission, as a rule, on the basis of petitions from the dissertation councils at the meeting of which the dissertation defense took place.

Scientific branches

Depending on the specialty in which the doctoral dissertation is defended, in Russia the applicant is awarded one of the following academic degrees:

In the pedagogical sciences until 1950, a description of a narrow specialization was necessarily added to the name of a scientific degree (“... according to the methodology of history”, “... according to physical culture" and so on.). Sporadically, they were present in the name of a scientific specialty until the end of the 1960s.

The degree in psychological sciences has been awarded since 1968 . Prior to that (since 1953), the academic degree "candidate of pedagogical sciences (in psychology)" was awarded.

Previously, there was also a Doctor of Naval Science degree. For some time (around the 1940s), the degree of Doctor of Arts was called Doctor of Arts. In the mid-1930s, the Doctor of State and Social Sciences degree existed for a short time. Until the 1930s there was a degree of doctor of astronomy and geodesy. The degree of doctor of political science existed around the 1940s, then was abolished, in the 1990s. reintroduced.

population

History of the degree in Russia

Badge of the Doctor of the Imperial University (1885)

In the 19th century, the procedure for conferring a doctoral degree was determined by the Regulations on Academic Degrees and, in part, by university statutes. According to the Charter of 1804 and the regulation of 1819, there was a complex system production to the doctor, which involved a preliminary test, public verbal tests of four questions (two - by choice, two - by appointment), dissertation defense. In the second half of the 19th century, the system was simplified. Obtaining a doctorate was reduced to defending a dissertation, which was submitted for examination to the Faculty Council and discussed at a public debate with the participation of official and unofficial opponents.

In the European continental academic system (in countries such as Germany, Austria), many of whose features were borrowed by the Russian and Soviet system of postgraduate education, there is a procedure "habilitation" or "habilitation" (English habilitation from Latin habilis "capable, fit" ), which follows the award of a doctoral degree. In a certain sense, this procedure is similar in a number of parameters to the defense of a doctoral dissertation in Russia, since after passing the "habilitation" the scientist is awarded the title of "habilitated doctor" (Eng. doctor habilitatus, Dr. habil.), giving the right to hold a professorship at the university. However, strictly speaking, the title of "habilitation" is not a separate academic degree, but plays the role of a qualification that is additional to the doctoral degree and allows you to apply for the specified position.

According to the guide on the recognition of Russian qualifications in other European countries, posted on the Russian Education for Foreign Citizens website (customer - the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia), “in countries with a two-stage system of academic degrees, the degree of Doctor of Science should be considered for the purposes of official recognition as the second stage in the system academic degrees. In countries with a single-stage system of academic degrees, it should be evaluated as official recognition of this degree.

item 262 of the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) 2011 (document No. 36 C/19), see item 29 of the Report of the Executive Board of UNESCO dated 12.02.2012, found that “... different countries programs at ISCED level 8 are referred to by various names, e.g. PhD, Doctor of Science/Philosophy (DPhil), Doctor of Literature, (D.Lit), Doctor of Science (D.Sc), Doctor law (LL.D), doctoral degree or similar terms. However, it is important to note that programs with titles similar to doctor should only be included in ISCED level 8 if they meet the criteria described in paragraph 263. For international comparability purposes, the term doctoral studies is used to refer to ISCED level 8. or its equivalent."

France

In 2003, the governments of Russia and France signed an agreement on the mutual recognition of documents on academic degrees, in which holders of the Russian degree "PhD" and the French degree "Doctor" (fr. Doctorate) are mutually correlated. However, there are no treaties regulating the recognition of a French habilitated doctor (Fr. Habilitation a diriger des recherches, HDR) and a Russian doctor of sciences.

Germany

In the Russian Federation, the German academic qualification "Habilitation" is recognized at the level of the Russian academic degree "Doctor of Science", and the German academic degree "Doktor" is recognized at the level of the Russian degree "PhD". The corresponding decision was made by those who worked in 2004-2018. (now reorganized) Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation. In the Federal Republic of Germany, recognition falls within the competence of the ministries of the states when it comes to issuing permission for the use of academic degrees in society, and within the competence of the higher educational institutions when it comes to the academic field, including research activities. These bodies recognize the Russian academic degree "Doctor of Science" at the level of the German academic qualification "Habilitation", and the Russian academic degree "PhD" at the level of the German academic degree "Doctor".

see also

• Category "Doctors of Science"

Notes

1. (indefinite) . Consultant Plus(May 23, 2016). Retrieved 7 June 2018.
2. On the list of scientific and educational organizations that are granted the right to independently award academic degrees (indefinite) . Documents of the Government of Russia(August 25, 2017). Retrieved 1 October 2017.
3. Foreigners are allowed to defend dissertations in Russia in their native language, IA REGNUM(June 2, 2017). Retrieved 7 June 2018.
4. Deprivation (restoration) of academic degrees (indefinite) (unavailable link). Russian education . Date of access 7 June 2018. Archived from the original on 14 October 2017.
5. Order of the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia dated February 25, 2009 No. 59 on the Nomenclature of specialties of scientific workers, a list of branches of science (indefinite) . HAC(February 25, 2009). Retrieved June 7, 2018. Archived from the original on November 27, 2011.
6. Appendix 3 "List of branches of science, degrees and ranks and their abbreviations” to the “Regulations on the submission of a legal deposit copy of dissertations”, approved by order of the Ministry of Science and Technology of the Russian Federation of August 31, 1998 No. 145. Canceled by order of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation (Ministry of Education and Science of Russia) of October 21, 2013. No. 1168.
7. The Russian Academy of Sciences. Directory. Part II. / Ed. acad. B. F. Myasoedova. - M.: Nauka, 2007.
8. Russian Academy of Sciences: reference book 2012. Part II / Comp.: B. F. Myasoedov (heads), A. A. Makosko, M. I. Lukin and others - M .: Nauka. 2012. - 1008 p. - ISBN 978-5-02-037982-4
9. Fadeev S. Dictionary of abbreviations of the modern Russian language. - St. Petersburg: Polytechnic, 1997. - 527 p.
10. Annex 3 to the Regulations on the submission of legal deposit of dissertations (approved by order of the Ministry of Science of Russia dated August 31, 1998 No. 145, registered with the Ministry of Justice of Russia on November 25, 1998, registration No. 1650) (indefinite) (August 31, 1998). Retrieved June 7, 2018. Archived from the original on April 26, 2006.
11. Order of the Ministry of Science of the Russian Federation of August 31, 1998 N 145 "On approval of the Regulations on the submission of a mandatory copy of dissertations" (lost force) (indefinite)
12. Order of the Ministry of Education and Science "On approval of the forms for sending information on research, development and technological work for civil purposes in order to record them in the unified state information system for accounting for research, development and technological work for civil purposes and the requirements for filling out these forms, as well as the procedure for confirming the compliance of information about these works entered into the unified state information system for accounting for research, experimental and design and technological work for civilian purposes, the terms of state contracts for the performance of research, development and technological work for civil purposes" (indefinite) . Russian newspaper . Retrieved October 30, 2018.
13. The degree of doctor of state and social sciences was

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