We can recommend the use of the following technical means of training and control. Educational material of this chapter is mainly theoretical in nature with many formulas, a significant number of figures and therefore presents a certain difficulty in mastering it by students. In this regard, more attention should be paid to his "explaining the physical essence, to strive to ensure that students understand, first of all, the proposed formulas for determining stresses in soils, learn them. As the main technical means when reading this lecture, the use of an overdoscope can be recommended. Fairly simple ones do not take much time to draw on the board (and in student notes), so there is no particular need to make slides on them or draw them with an overhead scope. In addition, drawing them out by students in notes under the guidance of a teacher allows you to better remember the material and understand it in more detail.
The use of an overhead projector can be recommended when drawing the following figures: diagrams of the distribution of compressive stresses in the soil; some time savings in drawing this drawing with the help of a codoscope allows the teacher to pay more attention to the nature of this drawing and its explanation taking into account the formulas; lines of equal voltage. This drawing requires a considerable amount of time to draw it, it is very important and of great practical importance; distribution of pressure from the own weight of the soil. This drawing is not particularly complex, but on the other hand, it is often used in the design of foundation foundations, and therefore more time should be devoted to explaining it.
When presenting the material, we use intersubject and intrasubject communications. Talking about the conditions for applying the theory of linearly deformable bodies to determine stresses in soils, it is necessary to dwell on their nature and essence. It should be emphasized that the areas with the ultimate stress state are due to a decrease in the strength of the soil in them due to the development of shear stresses under the base of the foundation, especially at its side faces. In this case, the internal resistance of the soil, which is determined by the Coulomb law and depends on friction and adhesion in soils, is lower than the acting shear stresses. This leads to the fact that in these regions, deformations outpace the growth of stresses and cause their nonlinear dependence on the acting stresses. When presenting the second condition for the application of the theory of elasticity, it is necessary to dwell on the essence of the stabilized state of the soil. Based on the previously considered soil mass model (the second regularity of soil mechanics is water permeability), it is necessary to explain that in a stabilized state of the soil, the pore (neutral) pressure is close to zero and external load completely absorbed by the soil skeleton.
In the section on the question, what is the difference between the actual nature and the nature of theoretical statements? given by the author Elena the best answer is judgments of a theoretical nature usually contain reformulated definitions, theoretical knowledge. Factual judgments contain information that is not related to theories and definitions, but is also undeniable. For example, research results. Let's take a concrete example. Given text:
A) A normal good is a good whose demand increases as the income of buyers increases. B) Goods of lower quality are bought more if the incomes of the population fall, and the population refuses to purchase them as incomes grow. C) So, with the growth of income, consumers repair clothes and shoes less often, preferring to buy new ones, refuse cheap and not very high-quality food. D) This pattern was studied by the German economist Ernst Engel.
so, A and B-theory, at the bottom there is a definition and a regular connection between demand and incomes of the population, and C and G-facts
What is the specificity of tasks for determining evaluative, factual judgments and the nature of theoretical statements?
Exercise 19
Read the text below, each position of which is indicated by a specific letter.
(A) A normal good is a good whose demand increases as the income of buyers increases. (B) It is quite natural that the population seeks to acquire more high-quality food, clothing, household appliances, cars. (C) Inferior goods are bought more when incomes fall, and people refuse to purchase them as incomes rise. (D) Thus, with the growth of consumers' incomes, they repair clothes and shoes less often, preferring to buy new ones, refuse cheap and not very high-quality food products. (E) This pattern was studied by the German economist Ernst Engel.
Determine which positions of the text have:
1) actual character;
The word "fact" comes from the Latin faktum - "done, accomplished."
Fact is knowledge in the form of a statement, the reliability of which is strictly established. Facts form the empirical basis of knowledge. A factual judgment fixes a real fact, a phenomenon of reality that has already taken place, which took place in real time. Judgments that are factual in nature cannot be challenged.
Science distinguishes three kinds of social facts:
Actions, deeds of people, individuals or large social groups. Products of human activity (material and spiritual).
Verbal (verbal) actions: opinions, judgments, evaluations. Examples of such social facts can be: Suvorov's passage through the Alps, the pyramid of Cheops, the words spoken by Archimedes: "Give me a point of support, and I will move the globe."
So, those events that really happened and are only material for further analysis, further value judgments are of an actual nature. For example, the text states “with increasing consumer income, they are less likely to repair clothes and shoes, preferring to buy new ones, and refuse cheap and not very high-quality food.” The position does not give ratings. The same is true in the sentence - "this pattern was studied by the German economist Ernst Engel" - a fact is stated.
Therefore, in our example, the propositions of a factual nature will be judgments (D) and (D).The scientific explanation of the fact is connected with its evaluation. A person who cognizes social phenomena cannot be indifferent to the facts being studied, he forms his own attitude towards them, positive or negative, that is, he evaluates events in one way or another. Evaluative judgments (statement, opinion about a certain fact, object, phenomenon) express attitude towards facts, evaluate their significance. These judgments can include both a purely evaluative component (“bad”, “good”, “immoral”, etc.), as well as an attitude towards a phenomenon in a broader sense, an explanation of its causes from one’s own position or an assessment of its impact on other phenomena (“can be explained”, “is an example”, etc.). As a rule, in the text a value judgment contains the following speech turns:
“in our opinion”, “in your opinion”, “from our point of view”, “apparently”, “it was believed”, “it seemed”, “as stated”, “as he said”, “as noted” etc. Therefore, one should carefully analyze the provisions of the text presented in the task, mentally correlating them with a social fact or value judgment.Analyzing the above text, we can conclude that provision (B) is of an evaluative nature.Thus, facts form the empirical basis of knowledge. A scientifically established fact is the basis of science, it is recognized as a given, as an indisputable truth (one of the meanings of the word "fact" is "true knowledge"). Whereas explanations of the facts, attitudes towards them, assessments of their role may be different.
To perform such tasks, many reference books recommend using the following recommendations:
Examples of value judgments are:
arose
It is considered to
include
From the point of view of researchers
Numbers - (volume)
Apparently
decide
I think
Destined
In our opinion
This is (some fact)
Seems
At all times there was
Need to recognize
Provide
According to a number of researchers
Therefore (statement)
From our point of view
accepted, approved
More likely
However… (some fact)
In our opinion
Have a shape
According to another point of view
Recognizes
It can be assumed
Forbid (statement)
An understatement…unjustifiably
Delivered (fait accompli)
It is quite active (some kind of process)
Entered the top ten
However…
bind
Has a strong tendency to keep
took place
announced a merger
Something tonight is in decline
Graduated from the Institute
All this has a detrimental effect on…
Wasting a lot of time
This is the greatest achievement of civilization
More and more use
This year it got a topical focus
Diagnosed
The level has risen significantly
Experts recorded
This has caused a significant increase
Shares of an oil company become a "locomotive"
Another International Festival design
It is unlikely that stocks will be stable
In the studytook part 30,000 men
She does the right thing
date
Habit can lead
Actually happened
It got a topical focus and became more modern
Happened
The level of submitted works has increased significantly
The gap that existed before between the "medal" projects and all the rest could not be considered acceptable
We believe that such distribution of dutiesnegatively affects family relationships
This opinionmay be due to low level of education
A theoretical statement is such an initial statement of a unified general theory or such a statement, deduced in the process of consistent reasoning from previously established statements of this theory, which does not contradict all the initial and derivational statements of a unified general theory adjacent to it.
So the correct answer is:
And now let's decide?Examples of tasks B5
№1.
(A) B modern society situations arise when a person consciously participates in various cultural traditions. (B) Obviously, they are connected with population migrations, modernization. (C) The consequence may be psychological splitting, the formation of a "split" type of personality. (D) Sociologists call the position of such a person marginal. (E) The danger of a marginal position is the impact on a person of conflicting norms of values.
1) actual character
3) the nature of theoretical statements.
Write in the table under the letter denoting the position, the number expressing its nature.
2. Read the text below, each position of which is indicated by a specific letter.(A) A group of scientists led by A. Peccei organized the so-called Club of Rome - an international non-governmental organization whose goal is to study problems modern world. (B) Uncontrolled population growth, ecological problems, modern achievements science and technology have posed the problem of assessing the direction of the quality of social progress. (C) The aggravation of global problems testifies, in our opinion, to the crisis of modern civilization. (D) At the same time, we admit that attempts to solve global problems strengthen the unity of countries and peoples. (E) Experts from different countries take part in the work of the Club of Rome.
1) actual character;
2) the nature of value judgments;
3) the nature of theoretical statements.
Write in the table under the letter denoting the position, the number expressing its nature.
3. Read the text below, each position of which is indicated by a specific letter.(A) Sociologists identify several factors of social mobility. (B) Some of them are objective - the state regime, the socio-economic and political situation in society, the processes of modernization. (C) Some factors are associated with the activity of the individual himself - the level of education, career, etc. (D) But no matter how external circumstances develop, individual mobility is obviously determined by the level of claims and activity of a person. (E) In modern society, a person probably has every chance to realize himself, to achieve a high social position.
Determine what provisions of the text are:
1) actual character;
2) the nature of value judgments;
3) the nature of theoretical statements.
Write in the table under the letter denoting the position, the number expressing its nature.
4. Read the text below, each position of which is indicated by a specific letter.(A) Ivan successfully passed the interview for a job as a lawyer. (B) But the employer refused to conclude an employment contract with him, having learned that he was 48 years old. (B) In the advertised vacancy, the age of the applicant was not specifically specified. (D) It would be right for Ivan to appeal this decision in court. (E) Labor disputes are considered by courts of general jurisdiction in the framework of civil proceedings.
Determine what provisions of the text are:
1) actual character;
2) the nature of value judgments;
3) the nature of theoretical statements.
Write in the table under the letter denoting the position, the number expressing its nature.
5. Read the text below, each position of which is indicated by a specific letter.(A) The global problems of the modern world threaten the survival of humanity as a biological species. (B) Downplaying the danger of a new world war in modern conditions unjustifiably. (B) According to official data, there are about 70 thousand units on Earth nuclear weapons. (D) Calculations performed show that this arsenal is capable of completely destroying life on the planet. (E) We believe that an appeal to the world community with a call for disarmament is extremely necessary.
Determine what provisions of the text are:
1) actual character;
2) the nature of value judgments;
3) the nature of theoretical statements.
Write in the table under the letter denoting the position, the number expressing its nature.
6. Read the text below, each position of which is indicated by a specific letter.(A) Family as social institution ensures the reproduction and primary socialization of new generations. (B) The study involved 1503 people - boys and girls over 18 years old. (C) They were asked various questions: about marriage, divorce and raising children. (D) Every second respondent stated that early marriages often end in divorce. (E) In our opinion, such marriages destabilize society and exacerbate the crisis of family values.
Determine what provisions of the text are:
1) actual character;
2) the nature of value judgments;
3) the nature of theoretical statements.
Write in the table under the letter denoting the position, the number expressing its nature.
7. Read the text below, each position of which is indicated by a specific letter.(A) The emergence of family legal relations is connected with the official registration of marriage in the manner prescribed by law. (B) Adults Ivan and Natalya came to the registry office to apply for state registration of marriage. (C) The registry office officer refused to accept this application because Ivan was declared legally incompetent by the court. (D) Natalya, who knew about this and was guided by the desire to register in Ivan's apartment, acted immorally. (E) Ivan's guardians should keep a better eye on him.
Determine which provisions of the text are worn
1) actual character
2) the nature of value judgments
3) the nature of theoretical statements.
Write in the table under the letter denoting the position, the number expressing its nature.
8. Read the text below, each position of which is indicated by a specific letter.(A) Middle class in modern Western societies, this is the most numerous part of society. (B) Apparently, it is impossible to single out a single, universal criterion for belonging to the middle class. (C) Both the level of income, and standards of consumption, and the level of education, and the ability to skilled work are used as criteria. (D) The middle class includes small entrepreneurs, highly skilled workers, service professionals, administrative staff, intellectuals, and other groups. (E) The middle class is seen as the basis for the stable development of society.
Determine what provisions of the text are:
1) actual character;
2) the nature of value judgments;
3) the nature of theoretical statements.
Write in the table under the letter denoting the position, the number expressing its nature.
9. Read the text below, each position of which is indicated by a specific letter.(A) The process of depreciation of money, i.e. inflation, manifested in price increases, not justified by an increase in the quality of goods and services (B) The increase in prices in country Z in the winter months turned out to be “more modest” than the forecasts of most economists. (C) Inflation was 2.1% (3.4% over the winter of the previous year). (D) Most likely, the decline in oil prices on world trading floors contributes to the slowdown in the indicator. (E) Perhaps the stabilization of gasoline prices in the domestic market also played a role in the statistics.
Determine what provisions of the text are:
1) actual character;
2) the nature of value judgments;
3) the nature of theoretical statements.
Write in the table under the letter denoting the position, the number expressing its nature.
The word "fact" comes from the Latin faktum - "done, accomplished."
Fact is knowledge in the form of a statement, the reliability of which is strictly established. Facts form the empirical basis of knowledge. A factual judgment fixes a real fact, a phenomenon of reality that has already taken place, which took place in real time. Judgments that are factual in nature cannot be challenged.
Science distinguishes three kinds of social facts:
- Actions, deeds of people, individuals or large social groups.
- Products of human activity (material and spiritual).
- Verbal (verbal) actions: opinions, judgments, evaluations. Examples of such social facts can be: Suvorov's passage through the Alps, the pyramid of Cheops, the words spoken by Archimedes: "Give me a point of support, and I will move the globe."
So, those events that really happened and are only material for further analysis, further value judgments are of an actual nature. For example, the text states “with increasing consumer income, they are less likely to repair clothes and shoes, preferring to buy new ones, and refuse cheap and not very high-quality food.” The position does not give ratings. The same is true in the sentence - "this pattern was studied by the German economist Ernst Engel" - a fact is stated.
The scientific explanation of the fact is connected with its evaluation. A person who cognizes social phenomena cannot be indifferent to the facts being studied, he forms his own attitude towards them, positive or negative, that is, he evaluates events in one way or another. Evaluative judgments (statement, opinion about a certain fact, object, phenomenon) express attitude towards facts, evaluate their significance. These judgments can include both a purely evaluative component (“bad”, “good”, “immoral”, etc.), as well as an attitude towards a phenomenon in a broader sense, an explanation of its causes from one’s own position or an assessment of its impact on other phenomena (“can be explained”, “is an example”, etc.). As a rule, in the text a value judgment contains the following speech turns: “in our opinion”, “in your opinion”, “from our point of view”, “apparently”, “it was believed”, “it seemed”, “as stated”, “as he said”, “as noted” etc. Therefore, one should carefully analyze the provisions of the text presented in the task, mentally correlating them with a social fact or value judgment.
Thus, facts form the empirical basis of knowledge. A scientifically established fact is the basis of science, it is recognized as a given, as an indisputable truth (one of the meanings of the word "fact" is "true knowledge"). Whereas explanations of the facts, attitudes towards them, assessments of their role may be different.
To perform such tasks, many reference books recommend using the following recommendations:
| Factual Judgments Factual judgments may contain the following phrases: | Value judgments Examples of value judgments are: |
| arose | It is considered to |
| include | From the point of view of researchers |
| Numbers - (volume) | Apparently |
| decide | I think |
| Destined | In our opinion |
| This is (some fact) | Seems |
| At all times there was | Need to recognize |
| Provide | According to a number of researchers |
| Therefore (statement) | From our point of view |
| accepted, approved | More likely |
| However… (some fact) | In our opinion |
| Have a shape | According to another point of view |
| Recognizes | It can be assumed |
| Forbid (statement) | An understatement…unjustifiably |
| Delivered (fait accompli) | It is quite active (some kind of process) |
| Entered the top ten | However… |
| bind | Has a strong tendency to keep |
| took place | If preserved, then we can assume |
| announced a merger | Something tonight is in decline |
| Graduated from the Institute | All this has a detrimental effect on… |
| Wasting a lot of time | is the greatest achievement of civilization |
| More and more use | This year it got a topical focus |
| Diagnosed | The level has risen significantly |
| Experts recorded | The gap could not be considered acceptable |
| This has caused a significant increase | Shares of an oil company become a "locomotive" |
| The next International Design Festival took place | It is unlikely that stocks will be stable |
| In the study took part 30,000 men | She does the right thing |
| date | Habit can lead |
| Actually happened | He received a topical focus and became more modern. |
| Happened | The level of submitted works has increased significantly |
| The gap that existed before between the "medal" projects and all the rest could not be considered acceptable | |
| We believe that such distribution of duties negatively affects family relationships | |
| This opinion may be due to low level of education |
Theoretical statement- this is such an initial statement of the unified universal theory or such a statement, derived in the process of consistent reasoning from previously established statements of this theory, which does not contradict all the initial and derivational statements of the unified general theory adjacent to it.
actual character it is customary to call an action in reality, some kind of real event that can be tied to a specific time or place; event or state of affairs.
Signs that help you determine the actual nature are:
- the presence in the sentence of numbers that determine the date, quantity, percentage, etc. (VTsIOM conducted a poll, according to the results of which, 50% of respondents spoke satisfactorily about their USE results);
- the past tense of the event being described (CSKA defeated PSV in the last Champions League match);
- a quote from a specific person (Aristotle said: "The more I know, the more I understand that I know nothing).
Value judgments are subjective, i.e. a person's opinion, which may contain both positive and negative reviews about the object of knowledge; various kinds of forecasts and assumptions; various kinds of comparisons and evaluations.
Signs that help you determine a value judgment are:
The presence of introductory words in the sentence (of course, undoubtedly, obviously, probably, perhaps, probably, it seems, it is thought, first of all, in addition, on the contrary, on the other hand,);
- the offer is of a conjectural nature, i.e. assumes the occurrence of any consequences;
- the opinion of the author, impersonal, i.e. when it is not clear who specifically says this (it seems to me, I think, in my opinion, etc.).
theoretical judgment this is a description of an object or phenomenon, often fixing scientific knowledge: concepts, signs, functions, types of objects and phenomena, their connections, patterns of development. The most common mistake is when they confuse a theoretical statement and an actual character. Remember!!! A fact describes an event, while a theory describes an object or phenomenon.
Recommendations for tasks like this:
First, carefully read the text completely, comprehend its content. No attempt should be made to determine the nature of a provision outside the general context of the assignment.
Secondly, consistently analyze each provision of the text, correlate it with the existing knowledge about the fact, assessment or theory.
Thirdly, be sure to double-check yourself.
If we take the above example one by one,
