Until now, scientists could only assume the presence of molecular structures. Today, with the help of atomic force microscopy, the individual atomic bonds (each a few tens of millionths of a millimeter long) connecting a molecule (26 carbon atoms and 14 hydrogen atoms) can be seen quite clearly.

Initially, the team wanted to work with structures made from graphene, a single-layer material in which carbon atoms are arranged in hexagonal patterns. Forming honeycombs of carbon, the atoms are rearranged from a linear chain into hexagons; this reaction can produce several different molecules.

Felix Fischer, a chemist at the University of California at Berkeley, and his colleagues wanted to visualize the molecules to make sure they got it right.

A ringed, carbon-containing molecule, shown before and after reorganization with the two most common reaction products at temperatures above 90 degrees Celsius. Size: 3 angstroms or three to ten billionths of a meter across.

In order to document the graphene recipe, Fisher needed a powerful imaging device and turned to an atomic force microscope that Michael Crommie of the University of California lab had.

Non-contact atomic force microscopy (NC-AFM) uses a very thin and sensitive sensor to sense the electrical force generated by molecules. The tip moves near the surface of the molecule, being deflected by different charges, creating an image of how the atoms move.

The single-atom tip of a non-contact atomic force microscope "probes" the surface with a sharp needle. The needle moves along the surface of the object under study, just as the phonograph needle passes through the grooves of a record. In addition to atoms, it is possible to "probe" atomic bonds

So the team managed not only to visualize carbon atoms, but also the bonds between them created by shared electrons. They placed carbon ring structures on a silver plate and heated it to reorganize the molecule. The refrigerated reaction products contained three unexpected products and only one molecule expected by scientists.

other presentations about molecular physics

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"The structure of the nucleus of the atom" - A. 10 -12. Radioactive transformation of atomic nuclei. Consequently, radiation consists of streams of positive particles, negative and neutral. 13 - 15. 1896 Henri Becquerel (French) discovered the phenomenon of radioactivity. Denoted - , has a mass? 1a.u.m. and the charge is equal to the charge of the electron. 5. The atom is neutral, because the charge of the nucleus is equal to the total charge of the electrons.

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We invite you to evaluate the pictures of the finalists claiming the title of "Photographer of the Year" by the Royal Photographic Society. The winner will be announced on October 7, and the exhibition the best works will be held from October 7 to January 5 at the Science Museum in London.

Edition PM

Soap Bubble Structure by Kim Cox

Soap bubbles optimize the space inside themselves and minimize their surface area for a given volume of air. This makes them a useful object of study in many areas, in particular, in the field of materials science. The walls of the bubbles seem to flow down under the action of gravity: they are thin at the top and thick at the bottom.

"Marking on Oxygen Molecules" by Yasmine Crawford

The image is part of the author's last major project for a master's degree in photography at Falmouth University, where the focus was on myalgic encephalomyelitis. Crawford says he creates images that connect us to the ambiguous and the unknown.

"Calm of eternity", author Evgeny Samuchenko

The picture was taken in the Himalayas on Lake Gosaikunda at an altitude of 4400 meters. Milky Way is a galaxy that includes ours solar system: a faint streak of light in the night sky.

"Confused Flour Beetle" by David Spears

This small pest beetle infests cereals and flour products. The image was taken with a Scanning Electron Micrograph and then colored in Photoshop.

The North America Nebula by Dave Watson

The North America Nebula NGC7000 is an emission nebula in the constellation Cygnus. The shape of the nebula resembles the shape of North America - you can even see the Gulf of Mexico.

Stag Beetle by Victor Sikora

Photographer used light microscopy with a fivefold increase.

Lovell Telescope by Marge Bradshaw

“I have been fascinated by the Lovell Telescope at Jodrell Bank ever since I saw it on a school field trip,” says Bradshaw. She wanted to take some more detailed photos to show his wear.

"Jellyfish Upside Down" by Mary Ann Chilton

Instead of swimming, this species spends its time pulsing in the water. The color of jellyfish is the result of eating algae.

The scourge of the late 20th century that caused the death of Freddy Mercury, annually carrying thousands of people beyond the line of no return to the world of the living.
The enemy of humanity must be known in, we look and remember the molecule of the AIDS Virus, which in scientific circles goes under the pseudonym HIV.

This is approximately the way cells divide into their own kind.
In the picture, the moment of division of the yeast cell.

Any biological being, whether a person or a plant, is made up of genes.
A whole chain of genes, in principle, on which much depends, due to the lack of certain genes, a person easily turns into a plant. The reverse process has not yet been observed in nature.
In the picture, the plant gene is Arabidopsis, here it is in 3D.

Yes, probably any student will recognize this picture!
A tomato seed surrounded by tiny hairs that feel like slime to the touch. Protecting the seed from premature drying.

Here it is, the longed-for dream of the majority of mankind!
For the possession of this were long and bloody wars, killed and robbed passers-by in the gateway. The whole history of mankind is involved in this.

For the first time in the world, scientists managed to obtain a visual image of a molecule in the resolution of single atoms in the process of restructuring it molecular bonds. The resulting image turned out to be surprisingly similar to pictures from chemistry textbooks.

Until now, scientists could only draw hypothetical conclusions about molecular structures. But with the help new technology the individual atomic bonds - each a few ten-millionths of a millimeter long - connecting the 26 carbon atoms and 14 hydrogen atoms in this molecule become clearly visible. The results of this study were published May 30 in the journal Science.

The team of experimenters initially aimed to precisely assemble nanostructures from graphene, a single-layer atomic material in which carbon atoms are arranged in a repeating hexagonal pattern. Creating a carbon honeycomb requires rearranging atoms from a linear chain to a hexagonal network; such a reaction can create several different molecules. Berkeley chemist Felix Fischer and his colleagues wanted to visualize the molecules to make sure they were doing everything right.

The carbon-containing molecule in the photo is shown before and after its rearrangement, with the inclusion of two of the most common reaction products. Image scale - 3 angstroms, or 3 ten-billionths of a meter

To document the graphene recipe, Fisher needed a very powerful optical instrument, and he used an atomic microscope located in a laboratory at the University of Berkeley. Non-contact atomic microscopes use an extremely sensitive stylus to read the electrical forces produced by molecules; as the tip of the needle moves along the surface of the molecule, it is deflected by various charges, creating an image of how the atoms are arranged and the bonds between them.

With its help, the team of researchers was able not only to visualize carbon atoms, but also the bonds created by electrons between them. They placed a ring-shaped molecule on a silver surface and heated it to change its shape. Subsequent cooling managed to fix the reaction products, among which were three unexpected components and one molecule that scientists expected.