Text
Alexander Lyapidevsky, specialist in regenerative medicine, methodologist, massage therapist
Irina Solovieva, psychologist, specialist in body-oriented psychotherapy, member of the ATOP
magazine "Our psychology" (psychology for every day), May 2011,
"
The disease of unexpressed feelings
"
Our body and our psyche are connected as one and inseparable. What happens in our soul is instantly reflected on the body: the face expresses our feelings, in a moment of excitement, the pulse quickens, and vice versa: the changes that occur in the body affect our state of mind. On this, for example, the system of relaxation auto-trainings is built: by relaxing the body, we calm down psychologically.
Emotions express themselves through the body, and it affects emotions. Feedback - from the body to emotions - is used in Stanislavsky's acting system: in order to feel the experiences of his hero, the actor in front of the pose and facial expression that correspond to these emotions - and after some time the necessary experiences really come to him.
There are no “bad” and “good” emotions, any feelings have the right to be and do not arise by chance. "Bad" we call those feelings that are difficult for us to experience, but this does not mean that they are really "bad".
Feelings arise against our will, outside of conscious control. It is impossible to force ourselves not to be jealous, not to be afraid, etc. Consciously, we can only decide what to do with this feeling, how to act. For example, I am afraid of an exam, fear arises regardless of my desire. But what to do with it further: after all, to go to the exam or say sick, is already a conscious choice.
Alas, although in childhood we are taught a lot, but not how to deal with our feelings. We master the alphabet, the multiplication table, then logarithms and power functions, but we don’t know what to do with emotions. Moreover, in our society there are many myths that lead to a ban not only on the expression of feelings, but also on their experience. Since childhood, we have been told: “You are a girl - how can you be angry?”, “You are a boy!”, “Men don’t cry.” As adults, we do not know how to cope with emotional stress, with our own and others.
Common Mistake- a ban on experiencing grief. When there was a great loss - death loved one, you need to mourn this loss, live, let go. To cry, and even for days on end, is natural. This is a normal emotional reaction to an abnormal situation. But caring friends intervene and begin to console: "Well, don't cry" ... By an effort of will, a person stops crying - but the emotional experience of pain remains. And instead of coming out naturally, through the body (tears, screaming...), painful emotions remain inside and, like a slow poison, begin to destroy us from the inside. In psychology, this mechanism is called the suppression of feelings.
Situations of two types lead to the suppression of feelings.
1. We are aware that we have certain feelings, but we cannot afford to express them. So, one of my friends suddenly died of a heart attack husband. She did not allow herself to cry, so as not to upset the child, kept everything in herself, and as a result, she herself began to have heart problems - too much grief settled in it ...
2. But situations when we really cannot express everything that we feel now do occur. What if we cannot, for example, in the midst of a meeting, honestly tell the boss that he is a goat? .. It is important in any case to be aware of what you are experiencing right now - regardless of whether you can now afford to express feelings or not. And only then, in a suitable environment, really give vent to feelings. For example, coming home, kicking a pillow or tearing an old newspaper to shreds ...
But there are such forbidden feelings that, even while experiencing them, we do not even track it. For example, in our culture there is a myth that one should not be angry with a loved one. I think every psychologist has heard the words “Of course, I'm not mad at him! I love him!" But anger is a natural feeling. You can love your husband and be angry that he always forgets to buy bread, love a child and be angry at the eternal mess in his room ...
A repressed feelings from our inner space do not disappear. After all, if you stuff all the trash into the pantry, it will still remain in the apartment - it will just be stored in another room now ... In addition, the size of the pantry is limited. Sooner or later, she will no longer contain the next broken skis and school notebooks for the second class. Moreover, old objects will begin to fall out of it ...
That is our The unconscious, containing the repressed experiences, at some point ceases to cope with this function. And then what happens? Self destruction...
As a possible option - leaving in dependence. Or in the obvious (drug addiction, alcoholism), or not so obvious (Internet addiction, workaholism, sexaholism ...). The very type of dependence is already a particularity. By her own Addiction is a "disease of frozen feelings". The object of addiction - alcohol, work, etc. - is needed here only in order to continue to suppress emotions, that is, to stuff more and more new things into the "pantry" - both gramophone records and darned woolen socks ...
Another way is the development of physical symptoms, i.e. diseases. Behind them are exclusively psychological reasons- repressed feelings. For example, anger is hidden behind hypertension, and auto-aggression is hidden behind oncology.
Influence psychological processes psychosomatics, a section of modern official medicine that originated in the 19th century, studies the formation and development of bodily (somatic) diseases. Psychosomatic diseases are called those diseases, behind the occurrence of which there are psychological reasons. F. Alexander - perhaps one of the most famous specialists involved in psychosomatics - said that leads to psychosomatic illnesses unresolved internal conflict. In fact, this "disease of unexpressed feelings".
But the connection between certain emotions and diseases was spoken in antiquity by both ancient and oriental medicine ...
And at all times (it doesn’t matter whether it was a disease, a dreaming toad or a crop failure of rutabagas), the eternal question arose: “What would it be for?”. There have always been attempts to translate body language into the language of feelings, to link the disease and the psychological state, and continue to this day. And since “everything new is a well-forgotten old”, we invite you to familiarize yourself with the “dictionary” of diseases that Chinese traditional medicine offers.
“Both at the center of any psychosomatic symptom (disease), and at the center of any addiction lies a certain heartache which a person is trying to avoid by suppressing feelings. It takes a lot of energy, and over time, the tension only intensifies. Internal conflict is not resolved by letting it take its course. On the contrary, both the disease and the addiction will only progress. Like pregnancy, “it won’t resolve itself.” The only way out is to go towards this pain, stop avoiding it, immerse yourself in your true feelings. Only in this way the internal conflict has a chance to be resolved.
EXPERT OPINION
Alexander Dontsov, Doctor of Psychology, Professor of the Faculty of Psychology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Academician
Russian Academy of Education
Masochism is not idle fiction. Having shared the prehistoric "news" that in earthly life the soul lives in the body, the authors recommend not to be afraid of open expression of emotions. Grief, anger and fear are mentioned. I agree, they are natural, and to be ashamed of them is as stupid as thirst or hunger. I do not argue, from time to time they probably need to be given a "way out". However, if these emotions are deep and sincere, they do not ask for “permission”, they spill out on their own. Although implicitly hidden behind the advice to “cry all day long” is a metaphor of human feelings as a steam boiler, from which, in order not to explode, one should “blow off steam”, seems primitive to me. And not only to me. The authors replaced the “cauldron” with “pantry”, but this does not change the essence of the matter. “These feelings from our inner space do not disappear,” they insist. Is it? Why, then, on a sunny morning, do you forget yesterday's anger or resentment? And justified sadness did not prevent anyone from smiling at a successful joke. And further. Having allowed yourself to openly indulge in passions, is it possible to completely forget about those around you? Bring to hysterics a child whose father has died? And what hurts the heart from the departure of a loved one, so the heart is for that, to hurt with loss. I would be careful to apply the recipe "to meet the pain": masochism is not idle fiction.
Discipline: Psychology
Kind of work: coursework
Topic: Emotions and ways of expressing them
Introduction. 2
Chapter 1. The concept and functions of emotions. 6
1.1. The concept of emotions. 6
1.2. Functions of emotions. 8
Chapter 2. Emotions and stress. eleven
Chapter 3. Expression of emotions. 13
3.1. Mimic expression of emotions. 14
3.3. Intercultural differences in the expression of emotions. 19
3.4. Interdependence of emotions and their expression. 23
Chapter 4 25
Conclusion. 32
Bibliography. 34
Introduction.
Relevance. Describing emotions, you can arrange them along certain coordinate axes in accordance with their properties. For example, depending on their positive or negative coloring, emotions can be grouped in pairs: love and hate, sympathy and disgust, a sense of security and fear, excitement and hopelessness, etc. The first, as Hebb notes, are desirable for the subject, he strives for them, while the second he tries to avoid. This subdivision immediately points to the motivational role that each of our senses plays. However, all these are only words, and words are too poor to express what the subject really experiences. Is it possible to argue that a person who says "I love apples", "I love my mother", "I love this person" or "I love this city" expresses the same feelings.
One of the first difficulties in describing emotions is that emotion appears simultaneously and in inner experiences, and in behavior, both of which are also associated with physiological activation.
Inner experiences are subjective, and the only way to get acquainted with them is to ask the subject what he experiences. However, we just saw how difficult it is to put into words what you really feel.
Behavior at first sight could be perceived as an objective fact. However, this indicator is not particularly reliable. When a person has tears in his eyes, it can be difficult for us to understand if we do not know their cause - they are from joy, from chagrin or from indignation.
In addition, the expression of this emotion is very often associated with the culture to which a person belongs: for example, a frowning eyebrow or a smile is not necessarily perceived unambiguously in the East and West.
As for physiological activation, it is only thanks to it and the abrupt changes that it causes in nervous processes and throughout the body, a person is able to experience emotion. This activation can be measured objectively using a polygraph. However, our instruments are still too imperfect to detect the meaning of subtle changes in various manifestations of activation, such as, for example, sweating or a rapid heart rate.
The same manifestations of activation are often symptoms of completely different feelings. Therefore, they are not very suitable for recognizing any one particular emotion. This is one of the reasons why\"lie detector \" can only be used with great care.
The nature of the emotion and its intensity are determined by the decoding of signals coming from the external environment and the level of activation of the organism. The decoding of signals depends on the mental development of a person and on his ability to integrate various elements of incoming information.
Controversy: the inability to accurately judge the emotional state of a person by external manifestations and the need for research in this area.
Problem: Learn emotions and how to express them.
Object of study: human emotions as a mental phenomenon.
Subject of study: features of expression of emotions.
The purpose of the study: to identify the main features of the emotional state of people and the expression of emotions.
Hypothesis: the expression of emotions largely depends on the culture to which a person belongs.
Tasks: 1. To study the literature on the topic "Emotions";
2. Analyze the concept and essence of emotions;
3. Identify differences in the expression of emotions.
Types of emotions: 1. Sthenic
2. Asthenic.
3. Short term
4. Long
Structure and scope of work:
Coursework consists of:
Introductions.
Chapters 1. Concept and functions of emotions.
Chapter 2. Emotions and stress.
Chapters 3. Expression of emotions.
Chapters 4. Management of emotions.
Conclusions.
Literature list.
Chapter 1. The concept and functions of emotions.1.1. The concept of emotions.
Emotions (affects, emotional disturbances) are such states as fear, anger, longing, joy, love, hope, sadness, disgust, pride, etc. The psychology of the old days listed countless such experiences. What is common between emotions, feelings and inclinations causes the need for a common group name. Bleuler (1929) combined feelings and emotions under common name\"efficiency\".
Emotions manifest themselves in certain mental experiences, known to everyone from their own experience, and in bodily phenomena. Like sensation, emotions have a positive and negative sensory tone, associated with a feeling of pleasure or displeasure. The feeling of pleasure, when intensified, turns into an affect of joy.
Pleasure and displeasure are manifested in certain facial expressions and pulse changes. With emotions, bodily phenomena are expressed much less frequently. So, joy and fun are manifested in motor excitation: laughter, loud speech, lively gestures (children jump for joy), singing, glitter of eyes, blush on the face (expansion of small vessels), acceleration of mental processes, an influx of thoughts, a tendency to witticisms, a feeling cheerfulness. With sadness, longing, on the contrary, there is a psychomotor delay. Movements are slow and meager, the person is "depressed". Posture expresses muscular weakness. Thoughts, inseparably, chained to one. Paleness of the skin, haggard features, decreased secretion of glands, bitter taste in the mouth. With severe sadness, there are no tears, but they can appear when the severity of experiences is weakened.
On the basis of bodily experiences, Kant divided emotions into sthenic (joy, enthusiasm, anger) - exciting, increasing muscle tone, strength, and asthenic (fear, longing, sadness) - weakening.
The division of emotions into sthenic and asthenic is schematic. Some affects are difficult to attribute to one or another rubric, and even the same affect, at different intensities, can reveal either sthenic or asthenic features. According to the duration of the flow, emotions can be short-term (anger, fear) and long-term.
Long lasting emotions are called moods. There are people who are always cheerful, in high spirits, others are prone to depression, longing or always irritated. Mood is a complex complex, which is partly associated with external experiences, partly based on the general disposition of the body to certain emotional states, partly dependent on sensations emanating from the organs of the body.
The mental side of emotions is manifested not only in the experience of the emotion itself. Anger, love, etc. affect intellectual processes: ideas, thoughts, direction of attention, as well as will, actions and deeds, all behavior.
With the weakening of emotional stress, for example, in the initial states of dementia praecox, there is a weakening of the will, apathy. The influence of emotions on the intellect and will varies over a very wide range, depending on the strength of the emotional excitement.
With strong affects (fear, great joy, anger, fear), the usual course of associations is disrupted, consciousness is captured by one idea, which is associated with emotion, all others disappear, the emergence of new ideas that are not associated with emotion is inhibited. The further course of the processes is not the same. With joy, after the initial\"fade\" there comes an influx of many ideas that are in connection with the circumstance that caused the affect. With fear, grief, anger, the ideas that arose at the beginning remain in the mind for a long time. The affect may be resolved in violent actions and in such strong changes in the circulation and respiration that it sometimes led to fainting; there have even been cases of instant death. A person with sufficiently developed inhibition processes, despite the violation of the flow of ideas during emotions, is able to correctly assess the environment and control his actions. These affective responses healthy person are called physiological effects. Explosive affective reactions associated with loss of self-control are called primitive reactions.
1.2. Functions of emotions.
Researchers, answering the question of what role emotions play in the life of living beings, distinguish several regulatory functions of emotions: reflective (evaluative), motivating, reinforcing, switching, communicative.
The reflective function of emotions is expressed in a generalized assessment of events. Emotions cover the entire organism and represent an almost instantaneous and integral assessment of behavior as a whole, which makes it possible to determine the usefulness and harmfulness of the factors affecting a person even before the localization of the harmful effect is determined. An example is the behavior of a person who has received a limb injury. Focusing on pain, he immediately finds a position that reduces pain.
Emotion as a special internal state and subjective experience performs the function of assessing the circumstances of the situation. Based on the need that has arisen and an intuitive idea of the possibilities of satisfying it. Emotional evaluation is different from the conscious cognitive evaluation operations of the mind, it is performed on a sensory level.
Anticipatory emotions were successfully studied as part of mental activity in solving creative problems (chess). The emotions of anticipation are associated with the emergence of the experience of conjecture, the idea of a solution, which has not yet been verbalized.
P.V. Simonov identifies a reinforcing function in emotions. It is known that emotions are directly involved in the processes of learning and memory. Significant events that cause emotional reactions are quickly and permanently imprinted in memory. Thus, a well-fed cat cannot develop conditioned food reflexes. Successful learning requires the presence of motivational arousal, in this case reflected in the feeling of hunger. However, the combination of an indifferent stimulus with hunger excitation is still insufficient for the development of conditioned food reflexes. A third component is required the impact of a factor that can satisfy an existing need, i.e. food.
The switching function of emotions is that they often induce a person to change his behavior.
The switching function of emotions is most clearly found in extreme situations when a struggle arises between the instinct of self-preservation natural for a person and social need follow a certain ethical standard. The conflict of needs is experienced in the form of a struggle between fear and a sense of duty, fear and shame. The outcome depends on the strength of motives, on the personal attitudes of the subject.
An important function of emotions is the communicative function. Facial expressions, gestures, postures, expressive sighs, changes in intonation are the "language of human feelings" and allow a person to convey his experiences to other people, to inform them about his attitude to phenomena, objects, etc.
Chapter 2. Emotions and stress.
Physical changes during emotions are so striking that their role in emotions has long been noticed. What is their significance? Usually, the following order is presented: external irritation causes a mental reaction, for example, fear, as a result of which there is a shudder "from fright", a heartbeat.
Lange (1890), James (1892) put forward the theory that emotions are the perception of sensations caused by changes in the body due to external stimulation. External irritation, which is the cause of the affect, causes reflex changes in the activity of the heart, respiration, blood circulation, and muscle tone. As a result, different sensations are experienced in the whole body during emotions, from which the experience of emotions is composed.
Usually they say: we have lost a loved one, upset, crying; we met a bear, got scared, trembling; we are offended, enraged, we strike. And according to the James-Lange theory, the order of events is formulated as follows: we are saddened because we cry; we are afraid because we tremble; enraged because the volume. If bodily manifestations did not immediately follow perception, then, in their opinion, there would be no emotion. If we imagine some kind of emotion and mentally subtract from it one by one all the bodily sensations associated with it, then in the end nothing will remain of it. Thus, if fear is eliminated from the emotion of heartbeat, shortness of breath, trembling in the arms and legs, weakness in the body, etc., then there will be no fear. Those. human emotion, devoid of any bodily lining, is nothing but an empty sound.
Emotions can arise without any impact on the psyche, under the influence of purely chemical and medicinal influences. It is known that wine\"rejoices the heart of a person\", wine can\"fill melancholy\", thanks to wine, fear disappears - \"a drunken sea knee-deep\".
Fly agaric causes fits of rabies and a tendency to violence. Fly agaric infusion was given to warriors in the old days to bring them into a "bloodthirsty state". Hashish can cause violent fits.
Emotions also arise under the influence of internal causes in pathological cases. With diseases of the heart and aorta, longing appears. In many diseases, fear or joy appear without the direct objects of these emotions: the patient is afraid, without knowing why, or happy for no reason.
Chapter 3. Expression of emotions.
The emergence of an emotional process leads to the formation of new forms of response. Sometimes emotional reactions are violent and sudden, occurring almost immediately after the action of the exciting agent. This emotion takes the form of an affect.
But emotions can be formed gradually, long time remaining latent; in this case, neither specific emotional manifestations nor any traces in consciousness are observed - there is only an increased readiness for an emotional reaction.
In the future, organized changes in behavior appear. At first it may be predominantly \"accompanying\" expressive changes, later the emotional process extends to everything more afferent pathways, there is less and less room for non-emotional behavior. At the same time, there is an awareness of the ongoing emotional process and related changes in the processes of regulation. It can outpace the appearance of external changes, but it happens that a person does not realize his emotions for a long time, at best he observes their consequences in the form of certain incomprehensible manifestations of his behavior. Sometimes emotions are not reflected in consciousness at all.
An emotion that has received sufficient strength and organization acquires the ability to exert a great influence on the functional state of various mental mechanisms. The organizing function of emotions is manifested in several ways. various forms:
in the form of expressive movements,
in the form of emotional actions,
in the form of statements about experienced emotional states,
in the form of a certain relationship to the environment.
3.1. Mimic expression of emotions.
The study of facial expression of emotions began over 100 years ago. One of the first questions that arose was: why does the tension of various facial muscles specifically change in a person in an emotional state?
A classic attempt to answer this question was the theory of Charles Darwin, set out in his work\"Expression of emotions in humans and animals\" (1872). Darwin put forward a hypothesis according to which mimic movements were formed from useful actions. In other words, what is now an expression of emotion was formerly a reaction that had a certain adaptive value. The facial movements that have arisen from transformed useful movements are either a weakened form of these useful movements (for example, baring teeth in anger is a residual reaction from using them in a fight), or their opposite (for example, relaxing the muscles of the face - a smile expressing friendliness is the opposite of muscle tension characteristic of hostile feelings), or a direct expression of emotional arousal (trembling is a consequence of muscle tension when the body is mobilized, say, for an attack).
According to Darwin, facial expressions are caused by innate mechanisms and depend on the type of animal. It follows that facial reactions must be closely associated with certain emotions. Establishing such connections would make it possible to recognize emotions from facial expressions. It turned out that Darwin's theory was only partly correct, since mimic expression is not completely determined by innate factors. This is evidenced by numerous observations and experimental data. A lot of research has been devoted to finding out whether a person is able and to what extent to correctly recognize the facial reactions of other people. Three types of material were used in these studies: drawings of facial expressions, photographs of actors depicting emotions, and photographs of spontaneous expression of emotions.
In experiments conducted by Boring and Titchener, subjects were shown drawings with variants of facial expressions. When these options were presented to the subjects, each of them seemed quite natural. However, when it was necessary to name the emotion corresponding to these images, the opinions of the evaluators showed quite large discrepancies; thus, a person who, according to the authors, should express contempt, was described by such concepts as stubbornness, absent-mindedness, disapproval, neglect, disgust; the majority (34% of the subjects used, however, the definition of\"contempt\".
A similar study was done with photographs of actors portraying various emotions. Langfeld found that the number of correct assessments of the feelings that the actor wanted to portray is from 17 to 58%, that is, no higher than the number of correct assessments of Piderit's profiles.
Schlosberg suggested that individual forms of mimic expression are not qualitatively special and can be represented as some ...
Pick up fileExperiences of emotional states - joy, love, friendship, sympathy, favor or pain, grief, fear, hatred, contempt, disgust, etc. - are always accompanied by appropriate external or internal expressions.
Enough to arise emotional excitement, it immediately covers the entire body. The external expression of emotions and feelings is manifested in movements, postures, in motor and vocal facial expressions, intonations of speech, eye movements, etc. The inner expressiveness of experiences is clearly manifested in the heartbeat, respiration, blood pressure, etc.
The expression of feelings, manifested in one form or another, is called expression of feelings . The expression language is quite diverse. First of all, it is verbal (word) and non-verbal (gestures, facial expressions). And it is important
not only the meaning of the word, but also how it is said: intonation, voice timbre, etc.
Characteristics of emotions and feelings
Emotions and feelings are characterized by:
quality (some emotions and feelings are different from others; for example, joy is different from anger, shame, indignation, love, etc.);
polarity (each emotion, each feeling has different poles, i.e. feelings are bipolar: "joy - sorrow", "love - hate",
"sympathy - antipathy", "satisfaction - discontent"; ambivalence of feelings- simultaneous experience of opposite emotions and feelings);
activity (the conditions of life and activity cause feelings different levels activities: sthenic emotions and feelings - those that enhance a person's activity, push for activity, asthenic- experiences that depress a person, reduce his activity);
intensity (depending on individual characteristics person, his condition and attitude to the situation, to the objects that cause experiences, emotions and feelings are manifested more or less intensively and are either long-term or short-term).
Functions of emotions and feelings
Emotions and feelings carry out:
1. signal function (emotions signal beneficial or harmful effects on the human body, the satisfaction or dissatisfaction of human needs);
2. regulatory function (having realized their needs, a person begins to satisfy them / experiences direct our behavior, support it, force us to overcome obstacles encountered on the way).
R
RUSSIAN LANGUAGE
Zyryanova Alena
Scientific adviser:
Zyryanova Galina Ivanovna
LINGUISTIC WAYS OF EXPRESSING EMOTIONS
Emotional processes are studied in various sciences: philosophy, psychology, linguistics. Linguistics, later than other sciences, turned to the study of the sphere of the emotional. Language is a means of expressing emotions. We learn the world through thinking and use language to express our impressions, opinions, emotions, perceptions.
Verbal ways of expressing emotions include: l lexical ways, morphological, grammatical, stylistic, syntactic, figurative and expressive means, speech intonations.
Lexical ways of expressing emotions
Words containing an assessment of facts, phenomena, signs, giving an unambiguous description of people: amazing, unsurpassed(emotions of delight); nasty, mischief, sycophant, pet etc. (emotions of disapproval). Such words are not used in a figurative sense.
Polysemantic words that have received emotional coloring when used figuratively. So about a person, defining his character, we can say: hat, rag, mattress, hanger(emotions of neglect).
Words that convey different shades: son, daughter, grandmother (positive emotions); beards, bureaucracy, tyagomotina(negative).
By emotional coloring stand out: solemn words - accomplishments, unforgettable; rhetorical - companion, announce; poetic - azure, chant; playful - faithful, newly minted; ironic - please, don Juan; familiar - cute, gossip; disapproving - pretentious, rogue; dismissive - to paint, pettiness; contemptuous - tease, tease; derogatory - skirt, squishy; vulgar - grabber, cool; swear words - ham, fool. Thus, words that are close in emotional coloring are classified into vocabulary of positive emotions and vocabulary expressing negative evaluation called concepts.
Also, well-established phraseological combinations, proverbs, sayings have emotional coloring.
Yermoshka is rich: there is a goat and a cat- irony, mockery, disapproval.
We saw good - we will see bad- apprehension, disappointment, fear.
For him to be empty! - annoyance, irritation, discontent, etc.
II. Morphological ways of expressing emotions
Our emotions depend on what words of what parts of speech we express them. So, minterjection is that part of speech that includes unchanging words that directly express our feelings, expressions of will: joy, sadness, surprise, regret, fear, anger, indignation, contempt, disgust and others.
The heart is filled with fear! Oh!
Eh! After all, how bad!
That would be lucky today!
Oh, trouble is near!
So the board is waiting for me.
If someone could help. Oh!
Wow! Oh! Eh! Oh!
Wow... they didn't call!
Modal words- words with which the speaker evaluates his statement, what is happening. Possible values: uncertainty, doubt ( probably seems); emotional attitude to the facts of reality ( fortunately, unfortunately, unfortunately, unfortunately, unfortunately etc.)
Particles - official words that give additional meaning, emotional shades. Examples: a) exclamatory - evaluative particles - what the! How! Just uh! (Well, what a neck, what eyes!); b) Particle C-, expressing servility, politeness. ( Madam, you can - with a pen - with); c) particle - KA with the value of mitigation of the requirement ( Get away from me).
4. Words of the state category - express the state (mental, mental, physical, etc.) of a person, environment, evaluation of actions - sad, happy, joyful, sad, depressing. In Russian classics, there are many lyrical works, which make extensive use of state category words. An example is a poem by M.Yu. Lermontov "It's both boring and sad, and there is no one to give a hand to."
III. grammar ways.
This is the use of various suffixes and prefixes to form new words expressing various emotional shades: 1) diminutive suffixes - enk-, onk-, -ink-, ear-, yushk - ( the road is a path, the hare is a hare, the field is a field, the sparrow is a little sparrow, bread is bread); 2) suffixes of subjective assessment -k-, -ok-, -ek- ( lampada - icon lamp, wind - breeze, lantern - flashlight, hut - hut); 3) prefixes: it hurts - it hurts, super interesting, superhero; 4) the formation of a superlative degree of adjectives using a prefix –nai - and suffix - sh- : beautiful - most beautiful; using the suffix ash- : brave - bravest; 5) degrees of comparison of adverbs - simple comparative – bright - brighter; composite comparative degree - more bright, less bright.
An example is the poem of the poetess from Gorno-Altaisk - Alexandra Zykova "About the Motherland".
From the small Fatherland comes the big one.
Like a quiet river
It flows into my Katun.
And the meadow saved by turf.
You be a little dewdrop, dropped by the sky.
No less a drop of dew than a backwater between currants, -
Barefoot cherished summer whispers to me about the Motherland.
IV. stylistic ways.
One of the stylistic means aimed at expressing emotions can be considered the genre of writing. Depending on the emotional coloring of the letter, various emotionally expressive vocabulary is used. For example: a formal business letter and a personal letter. Of course, we will not write a letter to a friend in an official business style, and it is unlikely that anyone will begin an explanatory letter to the boss with the words “Hello, my dear friend!”.
V. Syntactic.
Syntax is a semantic, emotional-logical correlation and arrangement of words in sentences, into which speech is always divided. Artistic speech, in principle, should be perceived not only visually, but also by ear, in its lively and directly perceptible intonational sound. It is in it that works of verbal art can fully reveal all the emotional and figurative richness of their ideological content.
The expression of emotions is possible through isolated, introductory constructions, complex sentences with subordinate explanatory clauses, adverbial clauses, non-union complex sentences with adverbial meaning.
Separate constructions - semantic and intonational allocation of secondary members of the sentence for the purpose of emotional, stylistic expressiveness: And what are you, with your mind, found in it. inconsistent isolated definition – with your mind- may have the following emotional coloring: admiration ( you are so smart), neglect ( low assessment of mental potential), disappointment ( you are smart, but you did wrong).
Introductory sentences, plug-in constructions. Their purpose is to add comments, incidental indications, clarifications. Plug-in interrogative and exclamatory constructions express the author's emotions or his attitude to the words or quotes expressed: He tightly plugged the hole in the door with his overcoat, and as soon as it was light he was already in the yard, as if nothing had happened, eveninnocent trick!) former fatigue on the face.
Complex sentences: A) with subordinate explanatory clauses (answer questions of indirect cases): I am very glad (what?) that you visited us. B) With adverbial clauses with the meaning of the condition: I will be very sorry (when, under what condition?) if you do not visit us. C) Non-union complex sentences with adverbial meaning: If you don't visit us, I'll be upset.
VI. Figurative-expressive, linguistic means.
The expressiveness of speech (expressiveness) characterizes such properties of the form of speech that provide and maintain the attention and interest of readers or listeners.
euphony (euphony) a combination of sounds that is easy to pronounce and pleasing to the ear. The clouds, flying, shine, and, shining, fly away for distant forests. This combination evokes emotions of delight, admiration, amazement.
Discord (cacophony) - unsuccessful, unfavorable for pronunciation and hearing confluence of sounds: Weep pitifully for the departure of your sincere friend. Emotions of sadness, sadness, compassion are expressed here.
Sound writing: alliteration - convergence of consonants ( Slightly audible noiselessly rustling reeds) - emotions of expectation, fear.
Assonance- convergence of vowels: I will put a tight bowstring, bend an obedient bow into an arc, and there I will send at random and woe to our enemy - enthusiasm, expectation of victory.
Antithesis- opposition: Small spool but precious- admiration, respect.
Irony- mockery, sly allegory: Well, how can you not be afraid! Hardly anyone will be tempted by such a beauty.
Litotes- deliberate understatement: Your sweet dog is nothing more than a thimble- emotions of neglect or tenderness.
Hyperbole - deliberate exaggeration: And the battle began, and rivers of blood flowed- bitterness, regret.
Oxymoron - use in combination of words that have an opposite or incompatible meaning: Look, it's fun for her to be sad so smartly naked- admiration, admiration.
Metonymy- renaming, adjacency of the designated phenomena: This sculptor is especially strong in bronze- emotions of admiration.
speech intonation.
Speech intonation is especially important when we want to make ourselves heard, reach out to others. An example is the poem of another famous Gorno-Altai poetess Lilia Yusupova.
The dog was crying in the yard
Subtly and plaintively, as she sang.
As if about a bleak fate
I wanted to tell everything to the Lord.
So that he hears her prayer
And for this life of her dog
He sent her a friend and a kennel,
And a big bone to boot.
The city slept, having renounced worries.
The autumn rain poured down without tiring.
And a dog monologue sounded,
Tearing my soul with sadness.
Thus, emotions as a linguistic phenomenon are a way to express one's feelings, to evoke a certain attitude among interlocutors. Emotions are different, but I would like to wish everyone that you have only positive emotions from the perception of the environment, from communication with the great and mighty Russian language.
Literature
1. Anikina V.P. Russian proverbs and sayings - M .: Fiction, 1988.
2. Golub I.B. Russian language - M., 2006
3. Goltsova N.G. Russian language grades 10-11 - M.: Russian word, 2006.
4. Zykova A. Crown of the Katun: Selected. - Gorno-Altaisk, 2001
5. Ozhegov S.I. Dictionary Russian language: 4th edition, add. - M., 2001.
6. Rosenthal D.E. A guide to the Russian language. – M.:, 2001.
7. Schoolchildren's Handbook of a New Type: Universal tutorial. - St. Petersburg, 2003.
8. Yusupova L. Double portrait. - Gorno-Altaisk, 1999.
Sometimes it is the expression of one's emotional state sincerely and in a timely manner that presents particular difficulty for the individual. Quite rarely, an emotion is expressed in the form in which it is experienced by a person. Most often, people, one way or another, hide or somewhat modify their true feelings, placing accents depending on the goal they are pursuing at the moment.
IN modern science psychologists distinguish three main ways for an individual to demonstrate their emotional states:
- Unpersistent.
- Aggressive.
- Open (confident).
All of these methods have their own, rather characteristic features.
Intrusive way of expressing emotions
This method involves a "dosed" demonstration of experienced feelings, and sometimes expressed to such an insignificant extent that it is very difficult to guess the true emotional state of a person. Most often, this method is used when people want to hide their real feelings from the interlocutor / partner.
Aggressive way of expressing emotions
Experts also call this method an “emotional lesson” for a communication partner. The means of this method contain expressive definitions evaluative, organized according to the scheme "You are / message /". In this situation, the responsibility for the dominant emotion lies entirely with the communication partner: “You just pissed me off!”, “I'm tired of you!” etc.
Broadcasting emotions in an aggressive way initially has a double effect:
- a concrete-sounding accusatory message necessarily arouses in the communicative partner a desire to defend themselves from an attack;
- having identified another person as the “responsible person” for his experiences, the individual also transfers to him the “reins of government”, as if offering to solve the situation and remove the intensity of the emotion that has gripped him.
Open (confident) way of expressing emotions
This method involves a form of "telling" about one's emotions (even negative ones), which is in no way capable of destroying the atmosphere of mutual trust between the interlocutors. This form has an “I am /message/” construction, for example: “I am a little annoyed because it seems to me that you are hiding something from me.” Translated in this form, the emotion makes it possible to understand the person expressing it as best as possible, and also does not place responsibility for itself on anyone else. Since the individual in this case consciously accepts such responsibility, he thereby learns and manages his experiences.
As a rule, such a message of an individual about the emotions he is experiencing is accompanied by a detailed explanation of the reasons that could cause this state in him, as well as an indication of the needs that were affected and not satisfied.
Emotional competence as the highest form of expression of feelings
Psychologists understand the term "emotional competence" as an ability of an individual that allows him to act in full accordance with his inner area of emotions, sensations and needs. This ability means harmony within the emotional sphere of the individual, as well as harmony between this sphere and the ability to demonstrate one's emotions to other people. Emotional competence means a high degree self-organization of a person, his ability to adequately assess his own behavior and the reaction of a partner. Experts believe that the act of communication between two (or more) objects, each of which has emotional competence, can be considered almost ideal.
