Characteristics of other natural resources of the Pacific Ocean. Brief description of the mineral resources of the oceans. Areas of mining and fishing

To share Pacific Ocean accounts for more than 50% of the total biomass of the oceans. Life in the ocean is abundant and varied, especially in the tropical and subtropical zones between the coasts of Asia and Australia, where vast areas are occupied by coral reefs and mangroves. The phytoplankton of the Pacific Ocean mainly consists of microscopic unicellular algae, numbering about 1300 species. About half of the species belong to the peridineans and somewhat less to the diatoms. In shallow water areas and in upwelling zones - ( Upwelling(English upwelling) or rise is a process in which the deep waters of the ocean rise to the surface. Most often seen in western borders continents, where it moves colder, nutrient-rich waters from the depths of the ocean to the surface, replacing warmer, nutrient-poor surface waters. It can also be found in almost any area of the oceans. There are at least four types of upwelling: coastal upwelling; large-scale wind upwelling in the open ocean; upwelling associated with eddies; upwelling associated with topography.
The reverse process of upwelling is downwelling.) most of the vegetation is concentrated. The bottom vegetation of the Pacific Ocean has about 4 thousand species of algae and up to 29 species of flowering plants. In the temperate and cold regions of the Pacific Ocean, brown algae are massively distributed, especially from the kelp group, and in the southern hemisphere there are giants from this family up to 200 m long.

In the tropics, fucus, large green and especially well-known red algae are especially common, which, along with coral polyps, are reef-forming organisms.

The fauna of the Pacific Ocean is 3-4 times richer in species composition than in other oceans, especially in tropical waters. More than 2 thousand species of fish are known in the Indonesian seas, while there are only about 300 of them in the northern seas. There are more than 6 thousand species of mollusks in the tropical zone of the ocean, and about 200 of them in the Bering Sea. For the fauna of the Pacific Ocean characteristic features are the antiquity of many systematic groups and endemism. A large number of ancient species of sea urchins live here, primitive genera of horseshoe crabs, some very ancient fish that have not been preserved in other oceans (for example, Jordan, Gilbertidia); 95% of all salmon species live in the Pacific Ocean. Endemic species of mammals: dugong, fur seal, sea lion, sea beaver. Gigantism is characteristic of many species of the fauna of the Pacific Ocean. In the northern part of the ocean, giant mussels and oysters are known; in the equatorial zone, the largest bivalve mollusk, the tridacna, lives, weighing up to 300 kg. In the Pacific Ocean, the ultra-abyssal fauna is most clearly represented. In conditions of enormous pressure, low water temperature at a depth of more than 8.5 km, about 45 species live, of which more than 70% are endemic. These species are dominated by holothurians, which lead a very sedentary lifestyle and are able to pass through the digestive tract a huge amount of soil, the only source of food at these depths.

Plant life (except bacteria and lower fungi) is concentrated in the upper 200th layer, in the so-called euphotic zone. Bacteria inhabit the entire water column and the ocean floor. Life develops most abundantly in the shelf zone, and especially near the coast at shallow depths, where the flora of brown algae is diversely represented in the temperate zones of the ocean. In tropical latitudes, the shallow water zone is characterized by the widespread and strong development of coral reefs, and mangroves near the shore.

With the advancement from cold zones to tropical ones, the number of species sharply increases, and the density of their distribution decreases. About 50 species of coastal algae - macrophytes are known in the Bering Strait, over 200 off the Japanese Islands, over 800 in the waters of the Malay Archipelago. in the tropical zones, individual forms do not receive such a sharp predominance, although the number of species is very large.

With distance from the coasts to the central parts of the ocean and with increasing depth, life becomes less diverse and less abundant.

Among coastal algae - macrophytes - in temperate zones, fucus and kelp are especially distinguished by their abundance. In tropical latitudes, they are replaced by brown algae - Sargasso, green - Caulerpa and Galimeda and a number of red algae.

The surface zone of the pelagial is characterized by the massive development of unicellular algae (phytoplankton), mainly diatoms, peridiniums and coccolithophorids. In T. o. one can distinguish, in addition to the littoral and sublittoral zones, a transitional zone (up to 500-1000 m), bathyal, abyssal and ultraabyssal, or a zone of deep-water trenches (from 6-7 to 11 thousand m).

Microcystis pear-shaped

The largest algae in the world, Microcystis pear-shaped, lives in the Pacific Ocean.

Seaweed giant. Microcystis pear-shaped reaches 50 m in height and grows by 30 cm per day. Like any plant, it needs light and nutrition, so it is found only in clear, mineral-rich water. On earth, such giants are rare, even among trees.

Algae is a giant source of oxygen, organic matter and energy for the entire living world. Algae is a great value of our planet.
Red algae are just as tasty, tender and used to make salads. They are rich vitamins A, C, D and are used as a remedy for sclerosis, rickets and other diseases. From red algae, a special substance, agar-agar, is produced industrially.

Agar-agar is added to many confectionery products: marmalade, marshmallow, ice cream, cheese, bread, cakes, biscuits, so that they would be tastier and not stale so quickly. This substance is needed even in the production of film. Glue is prepared from algae, plaster, cement are added so that they are strong. Physicians, biologists in scientific laboratories grow bacteria necessary for experiments on agar-agar.
Pacific salmon, as the name suggests, live in the Pacific Ocean. Representatives of this genus have from 10 to 16 branched rays in the anal fin, the scales are medium in size or small, the eggs are large and painted in red-orange color. These are migratory fish spawning in the fresh waters of Asia and North America and fattening in the sea. 6 well-distinguished species are known (chum salmon, pink salmon, chinook salmon, red salmon, coho salmon and sim). All Pacific salmon spawn only once in their lives, dying after the first spawning.

Kelp

Let's get acquainted with a large algae - kelp, which in everyday life is called sea kale, its length is 5-6 meters, individual specimens up to 20 meters. Laminaria is a valuable medicinal raw material from which iodine is obtained, which protects us from trouble - it is a disinfectant for treating wounds. Lack of iodine in the body leads to an enlarged thyroid gland.

Pyrophytic- a group of unicellular marine (rarely freshwater) flagellate algae, uniting about 2100 species from two subdivisions: cryptophytes and dinophytes. Chloroplasts are brown, the cell is usually enclosed in a shell of cellulose, often of a bizarre shape. Most pyrophytes are autotrophs. They reproduce by division and spores, the sexual process is rarely observed. Pyrophytic algae - the cause of the "red tides"; toxic substances released by many of these microorganisms cause the death of fish and shellfish. Other pyrophytes are symbionts of radiolarians and coral polyps.

diatoms- from 10 to 20 thousand species of microscopic (0.75–1500 microns) single or colonial algae, the cells of which are surrounded by a solid silicon shell, consisting of two valves. The walls of the shell have pores through which exchange with the external environment takes place. Many diatoms are able to move along the substrate, apparently due to the secretion of mucus. Colonial forms live in mucous tubes, forming brown bushes up to 20 cm tall. When breeding by division, each daughter individual receives one half of the shell, the second half grows again. Due to the fact that the old plate wraps its edges around the growing new one, generations of diatoms become smaller over and over again. Sometimes diatoms form spores; the contents of the cell at the same time leaves the shell and significantly increases in size.

diatoms- the most common group of algae; they live in plankton and benthos, in silt at the bottom of freshwater reservoirs, on aquatic plants and objects, on damp earth and in moss. Fossil diatoms have been known since jurassic; thick deposits of the remains of these organisms form the sedimentary rock diatomite (tripoli), used by man as a filler, insulator or filter.

red algae, or crimson, have a characteristic red color due to the presence of the phycoerythrin pigment. In some forms, the color is dark red (almost black), in others it is pinkish. Purplefish live mainly in the seas, sometimes at great depths, which is associated with the ability of phycoerythrin to use green and blue rays for photosynthesis, penetrating deeper than others into the water column (the maximum depth of 285 m, at which red algae were found, is a record for photosynthetic plants). About 4000 species are divided into two classes. Agar-agar and others are extracted from some scarlet chemical substances, porphyry is used in food. Fossil red algae have been found in Cretaceous sediments.

brown algae- perhaps the most perfect among algae, includes 1500 species (3 classes), most of which are marine organisms. Individual specimens of brown algae can reach a length of 100 m; they form real thickets, for example, in the Sargasso Sea. In some brown algae, for example, kelp, tissue differentiation and the appearance of conductive elements are observed. Multicellular thalli owe their characteristic brown color (from olive green to dark brown) to the fucoxanthin pigment, which absorbs a large amount of blue rays penetrating to great depths. Thallus secretes a lot of mucus that fills the internal cavities; this prevents water loss. Rhizoids or a basal disk attach the algae to the ground so tightly that it is extremely difficult to tear it off the substrate. Many representatives of brown algae have special air bubbles that allow floating forms to keep the thallus on the surface, and attached ones (for example, fucus) to occupy a vertical position in the water column. Unlike green algae, many of which grow along their entire length, brown algae have an apical growth point.

organic world The Pacific Ocean is the richest in terms of the number of species, ecological communities, total biomass and commercial biological resources due to the huge size of the water area and diversity natural conditions. It accounts for more than half of the total biomass of the oceans.

largest number species are distinguished by the western regions of the Pacific Ocean at low latitudes. Thus, in the seas of the Malay Archipelago there are more than 2000 species of fish, while in the seas of the northern part of the ocean (North Pacific biogeographic region), only about 300 are known (however, here the number of fish species is twice as large as in the waters of the North Atlantic region). The organic world of the southern regions of the ocean (part of the Antarctic region) has many features in common with similar parts of the Atlantic Ocean and the Indian Ocean.

The organic world of the Pacific Ocean is distinguished by the antiquity of many species, a high degree of endemism and the gigantism of many of their representatives. Here, for example, there are ancient sea urchins, primitive horseshoe crabs, some ancient fish not found in other oceans (Jordan, Gilbertidia, etc.). Almost all salmon species (95%) live in the Pacific Ocean. There are also endemic forms among mammals - a fur seal, a sea beaver, a sea lion, which are not found in other oceans. In the northern part of the ocean, giant mussels and oysters are known; in the equatorial zone, the largest bivalve mollusk, the tridacna, weighing up to 300 kg, lives. In the southern part of the ocean, giant kelp algae grow, the length of which reaches 200 m.

Flora of the Pacific Ocean

The phytoplankton of the Pacific Ocean is represented mainly by unicellular algae, among which half of the species (about 1300) belong to peridineans and diatoms. Most of the algae are concentrated in coastal, relatively shallow water areas and in upwelling zones.

In the high and middle latitudes of both hemispheres, there is a massive development of brown algae, especially from the kelp group. Fucus, large green algae and calcareous red algae are common in equatorial-tropical latitudes. The bottom vegetation of the Pacific Ocean is represented by 4 thousand species, of which about 30 species are flowering (sea grasses).

Fauna of the Pacific Ocean

The fauna of the Pacific Ocean is several times richer in species composition than in other oceans of the world. There are all groups of animal organisms that inhabit the oceans.

Coral fauna is widely developed in the area of the Sunda Islands and northeast of Australia. The deep-sea fauna is peculiar. At depths of more than 8.5 km, a little more than 40 species of animals live, of which approximately 70% are endemic. Holothurians predominate, which can pass through their digestive system huge masses of soil, which at super-depths is practically the only source of nutrients. They are followed by lamellar-gill, polychaetes, brittle stars and other organisms adapted to life in ultra-abyssal conditions. High degree endemism (up to 60% or more) is characteristic of each individual deep-sea trench. IN last years near hydrotherms, a peculiar ecological community adapted to life in hot waters has been openly and partially studied. Thus, microorganisms living at a temperature of 250°C and above and a pressure of about 300 atm have been found.

(at a depth of 3 km). They were first identified in the Pacific Ocean in the region of the Galapagos Rift and in other rift valleys of the East Pacific Rise.

Biological resources of the Pacific Ocean

The Pacific Ocean is characterized by high biological productivity (about 200 kg/km2). The distribution of primary production and biomass is determined both by latitudinal geographic zoning and by the position of the main ocean water cycles and dynamic zones (convergence, divergence, upwelling).

Areas of high bioproductivity are confined to subpolar, temperate and equatorial zones(250-500 mg-s/m2, if the primary production is estimated in milligrams of carbon formed per day in the process of photosynthesis per 1 m2 of the surface of the water layer). The maximum values of primary production and biomass are observed in upwelling zones associated with water divergences. In tropical latitudes, bioproductivity is lower, and in the central regions of subtropical circuits it is minimal.

Among the commercial biological resources of the Pacific Ocean, the first place is occupied by fish (85% of catches), the second - by mollusks, crustaceans, echinoderms and other non-fish species, including algae (10%), and the third - by marine mammals (5%). Currently, approximately 45% of the fish caught worldwide is caught in the Pacific Ocean. The main fishing areas are located in the northwestern, northeastern, eastern and southeastern parts of the ocean. These are highly productive areas of interaction between the warm waters of the Kuroshio and the cold branches of the Kuril Current, the zone of penetration of the warm Alaska Current into high latitudes, shelf areas in the west of the ocean, and upwelling zones off the coast of the North and especially South America. The catch of fish in the Antarctic regions has increased noticeably.

The main commercial fish of the Pacific Ocean are pollock, anchovy, herring, sardine, horse mackerel, mackerel, saury, salmon, tuna (from pelagic), followed by cod, hake, flounder, halibut, sable fish, sea bass (bottom fish). In addition to fish, crabs, shrimp, scallops, mussels, oysters, trepangs, etc. are caught in the northern part of the ocean. However, their natural reserves are currently insignificant, and all these valuable invertebrates become objects of mariculture - they are artificially grown on marine plantations in Japan , countries South-East Asia, Russia (in the bays of Posyet and Peter the Great). Also, whales (baleen whales, sperm whales), squids, sharks, etc. are hunted in the ocean. Fur seals are harvested on the islands of the Bering and Okhotsk Seas (certain restrictions are imposed on this fishery). Some algae are harvested and cultivated, mainly kelp (seaweed).

The area off the coast of Peru and Northern Chile is the most fish-producing area in the entire World Ocean. Its productivity is determined by the penetration of the cold Peruvian current into low latitudes and by relatively stable and intense upwelling. The Peruvian anchovy serves as the object of constant fishing here.

In some years, the anchovy catch reaches 11-13 million tons per year (about 7000 kg/km2). This is explained by the fact that under the influence of the prevailing southeasterly winds and the transverse component in the Peruvian Current, cold (14-18 ° C) waters rise from depths of 100-200 m. In the surface layer of waters, all year goes by intensive photosynthesis, a large biomass of diatoms is created, which serve as food for a large population of anchovy. Numerous cormorants, pelicans, gulls feeding on anchovies live in the coastal zone of the mainland and on the islands. Once every few years, as a result of changes in the circulation of the atmosphere, warm equatorial waters, usually penetrating into this area under the influence of the northeast trade wind in December-January, up to 5 ° S. sh., develop such power that they move south to 15 ° S. sh., and sometimes much to the south. The Peruvian current moves away from the coast. Upwelling near the coast stops. The water temperature rises significantly, the oxygen content decreases, and the biomass of cold-loving diatoms sharply decreases. Anchovy disappears from the area, a large number of them die. The birds that feed on it also die. Anchovy catches in such years fall by almost 3 times. The whole complex of phenomena associated with the flow of equatorial waters to the south was called El Niño. Such phenomena have been noted over the past half century in 1951-53, 1957-58, 1963-65, 1972-73, 1976-77, 1982-83, 1985-87, 1992-93, 1997-98. The emergence of El Niño is apparently connected with the global processes of the dynamics of the Earth's atmosphere and hydrosphere. This is a prime example of component interdependence. natural complexes and economic activities.

Creatures and growths of the Pacific Oceanphoto and description of underwater sacks - ribs, algae, corals.

The Pacific Ocean is a complex natural system, the history of which began long before the advent of civilization on the planet. Occupying 1/3 of the surface of the entire Earth, the wines in terms of area and depth turn over all the known oceans. The history of the appearance of the name "Quiet" in the past will be related to the names of the Portuguese navigator - F. Magellan, who sailed across the entire ocean in calm weather. Nature has generously endowed the waters with a rich biomass. Creatures and growths of the Pacific Ocean are wafted by unimaginable roses.

Creature world

The fauna of the Pacific Ocean, for its species warehouse, transfers signs of any other ocean. Here practically all the bagmen of the Light Ocean speak. The main ones are savtsiv and rich ribs that inhabit water, octopus, oysters, zooplankton, crayfish, squid, mussels, jellyfish and many others. Some of them enter the warehouse of industrial resources of the Pacific Ocean. The world of creatures is also rich with such savants, like sperm whales and different whales. In the middle of the baggers, it is also common to see the sea hedgehogs, swordtails, as well as ancient ribs, which are no longer saved in other oceans.

Roslinny svіt

The phytoplankton of the ocean is the main rank of one-celled algae, which together form 1300 species. Most of them are referred to as diatoms and peridineas. Donna fauna of the Pacific Ocean contains approximately 4,000 species of algae found near coastal waters, as well as up to 29 species (sea grasses) of flower dews.

In the calmer and more cold parts of the ocean, there is a massive expansion of brown algae, zocrema from a group of laminaria.

Roslinnist in tropical regions is represented by mangroves and coral reefs. Here, there is a large part of fucus, large green and red algae, which are the head reef-forming organisms with coral polyps.

The population of Siberian whales, which linger in the Pacific Ocean, is now in critical condition. That is why this ancient view of marine savts was included in the Chervona Book. The most serious threat to their population is in the unfriendly influx of oil and gas projects. This year, the fight for the conservation of orphan whales will be led by coalitions of rich environmental organizations.

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Creatures and growths of Turechchiniopis, photos of the wild Turkish nature.Creatures and growths of the Atlantic Oceanphoto and description of underwater sandbags. Underwater world and bags of the seabed. F …Rosliny and creatures of Pivnіchnoi Americadescription from photo and video, peculiarities of pіvnіchn…Creative and growing world of Eurasіїopis of Meshkantsіv, photo of nature of Eurasia.

Date of: 01.04.2017

The Pacific Ocean is distinguished by the richness of the organic world as a result of its location in almost all geographical zones. The fauna of the ocean alone has about 110 thousand species , 4 times more than in other oceans. In phytoplankton, almost 380 species. The number of species and the biomass of the organic world of the Pacific Ocean are 50% of world indicators.

IN offshore zone a variety of crustaceans, echinoderms, mollusks, fucus, kelp algae.

The organic world of different latitudes of the ocean is different.

Yes, for tropical latitudes significant development of coral reefs is characteristic, the fish fauna is represented by 2000 species.

IN temperate latitudes there are almost 800 species of fish, in the north there are many mammals (sperm whales, several species of minke whales, fur seals), as well as shrimps, cephalopods, crabs, etc. The fauna of the Pacific Ocean is rich in endemics and giants.

Among endemic mammals fur seals, sea otters, sea lions.

Among giants - mussels, clams and oysters that live in the north of the ocean.

Energy and recreational resources.

active human use natural resources The Pacific Ocean causes many environmental problems:

Water pollution by oil products;

Water pollution with synthetic solutions, household waste;

Destruction certain types plants and animals;

Water pollution by radioactive waste;

Water pollution by industrial waste, agricultural activities

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Climate and properties of water masses Atlantic Ocean. Research History

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Organic World of the Pacific

The organic world of the Pacific Ocean is the richest in terms of the number of species, ecological communities, total biomass and commercial biological resources due to the vast size of the water area and the diversity of natural conditions. It accounts for more than half of the total biomass of the oceans.

The largest number of species are found in the western regions of the Pacific Ocean at low latitudes. Thus, in the seas of the Malay Archipelago there are more than 2000 species of fish, while in the seas of the northern part of the ocean (North Pacific biogeographic region), only about 300 are known (however, here the number of fish species is twice as large as in the waters of the North Atlantic region). The organic world of the southern regions of the ocean (part of the Antarctic region) has many features in common with similar parts of the Atlantic Ocean and the Indian Ocean.

The organic world of the Pacific Ocean is distinguished by the antiquity of many species, a high degree of endemism and the gigantism of many of their representatives. Here, for example, ancient sea urchins, primitive horseshoe crabs, and some ancient fish not found in other oceans (Jordan, Gilbertidia, etc.) are found. Almost all salmon species (95%) live in the Pacific Ocean. There are also endemic forms among mammals - a fur seal, a sea beaver, a sea lion, which are not found in other oceans. In the northern part of the ocean, giant mussels and oysters are known; in the equatorial zone, the largest bivalve mollusk, the tridacna, weighing up to 300 kg, lives. In the southern part of the ocean, giant kelp algae grow, the length of which reaches 200 m.

). The maximum values of primary production and biomass are observed in upwelling zones associated with water divergences. In tropical latitudes, bioproductivity is lower, and in the central regions of subtropical circuits it is minimal.

Among the fishing biological resources of the Pacific Ocean first place is occupied by fish (85% of catches), second - by molluscs, crustaceans, echinoderms and other non-fish species, including algae (10%), and third - by marine mammals (5%). Currently, approximately 45% of the fish caught worldwide is caught in the Pacific Ocean. The main fishing areas are located in the northwestern, northeastern, eastern and southeastern parts of the ocean. These are highly productive areas of interaction between the warm Kuroshio waters and the cold branches of the Kuril Current, the zone of penetration of the warm Alaska Current into high latitudes, shelf areas in the west of the ocean, and upwelling zones off the coasts of North and especially South America. The catch of fish in the Antarctic regions has increased noticeably.

The main commercial fish of the Pacific Ocean are pollock, anchovy, herring, sardine, horse mackerel, mackerel, saury, salmon, tuna (from pelagic), followed by cod, hake, flounder, halibut, sable fish, sea bass (bottom fish). In addition to fish, crabs, shrimps, scallops, mussels, oysters, trepangs, etc. are caught in the northern part of the ocean. However, their natural reserves are currently insignificant, and all these valuable invertebrates become objects mariculture- they are artificially grown on sea plantations in Japan, the countries of Southeast Asia, Russia (in the bays of Posyet and Peter the Great). Also, whales (baleen whales, sperm whales), squids, sharks, etc. are hunted in the ocean. Fur seals are harvested on the islands of the Bering and Okhotsk Seas (certain restrictions are imposed on this fishery). Some algae are harvested and cultivated, mainly kelp (seaweed).

The world ocean is a huge amount of water and the earth's crust under it, its area significantly exceeds the land area. Such a territory has a huge supply of resources that are actively used by man. What resources are rich in the ocean and how do they help people?

Aquatic

The volume of the World Ocean is 1370 million square meters. km. This is 96% of the entire hydrosphere of the Earth. Despite the fact that sea water is not suitable for drinking, it is used in production, on the farm. In addition, desalination plants have been developed that can turn sea water into drinking water. In the Arctic Ocean, except sea water, there is a huge stock fresh water in the form of glaciers.

Rice. 1. The most important resource of the World Ocean is water

mineral

The ocean water itself Earth's crust under it are rich in all sorts of minerals. The following species are found in the water:

magnesium;
potassium;
bromine;

In total, ocean water contains about 75 chemical elements. Oil and natural gas are extracted from the shelf. In total, 30 oil and gas production basins have been developed in the World Ocean. The largest deposits are located in the Persian Gulf of the Indian Ocean. Iron and manganese ore have been found in deep water areas. Most of them are mined now in the Pacific Ocean. Stone ore is mined in Japan and Great Britain, and sulfur is mined in the USA. Placers of gold and diamonds are located off the coast of Africa, and amber is mined on the shores of the Baltic Sea.

Rice. 2. There are deposits of amber off the coast of the Baltic Sea

In the waters of the oceans there is a huge amount of uranium and deuterium. The development of ways to isolate these elements from water is being actively pursued, as uranium reserves on land are disappearing.

Energy

The ability of water to ebb and flow provides energy resources. With the help of water energy, thermal and mechanical energy is generated. The following countries have the greatest potential:

Australia;
Canada;
England;
France;
Argentina;
Russia.

The height of the tides here can reach 15 meters, which means that the power of water energy is much greater.

Rice. 3. Tidal power powers hydroelectric power plants

Biological

The biological resources of the oceans include plants and animals that live in its waters. They are quite diverse - about 140 thousand species of biological objects are found here. The biomass volume of the World Ocean is 35 billion tons.

The most common industry is fishing. With the help of fish and seafood, humanity provides itself with protein, fatty acids, trace elements. Microscopic organisms are used to make animal feed. Algae are used in various types production - chemical, food, pharmaceutical.

The largest fish catch is observed in the shelf zone of the oceans. The richest in this regard is the Pacific Ocean, as the largest and climatically favorable. In second place is the Atlantic Ocean. The natural resources of the Pacific Ocean are the most exposed to destruction. There are many communication routes here, as a result of which ocean waters are heavily polluted.

Today, there are plantations in the seas, on which some organisms are bred. In Japan, pearl oysters are bred, in European countries - mussels. Such a fishery is called mariculture.

recreational

The resources of the World Ocean are also recreational. These include those parts of the ocean that are used for recreation, entertainment, scientific excursions. It is impossible to evaluate all the recreational opportunities of the World Ocean in full. Almost all coasts of the ocean are used for recreation, with the exception of the Arctic.

What have we learned?

The world ocean is a whole piggy bank of various resources. This is a huge supply of water, minerals and minerals. Tidal energy is used to run power plants. In addition to the practical use of the ocean, there is also an opportunity for recreation and entertainment - recreational resources. In short, the oceans are the future of mankind.

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The Pacific Basin is one of the richest oil zones in the world, with vast deposits off the coast of Alaska, California and China. The Pacific Ocean is also important source geothermal energy, which is especially important for the New Zealand economy. Wind power has also proven suitable for generating electricity in many of the Pacific islands. Fishing in the Pacific Ocean is one of the most developed industries due to the fact that this ocean contains the richest flora and fauna in the world, especially fed by cold water currents along the coast of South America. . Birds that prey on fish produce one of the area's most important resources - their excrement accumulates year after year to create guano, one of the richest fertilizers in the world. The island of Nauru had huge reserves of phosphate created over thousands of years by seabirds, making it for a short period of time the smallest, and probably the richest, state with the highest per capita income in the world. The Pacific Ocean has long been one of the world's top sources of pearls. Although natural pearls are still collected by divers, most Pacific pearls are now cultured in specially processed oysters.

133. Physical-geographical zoning of the Pacific Ocean. Usually the Pacific Ocean is divided into two regions - North and South, bordering on the equator. Some specialists prefer to draw the boundary along the axis of the equatorial countercurrent, i.e. approximately 5°N Previously, the Pacific Ocean was often divided into three parts: northern, central and southern, the boundaries between which were the Northern and Southern tropics. Separate parts of the ocean located between islands or land ledges have their own names. The largest water areas of the Pacific Basin include the Bering Sea in the north; the Gulf of Alaska in the northeast; Gulfs of California and Tehuantepec in the east, off the coast of Mexico; Gulf of Fonseca off the coast of El Salvador, Honduras and Nicaragua, and somewhat to the south - the Gulf of Panama. There are only a few small bays off the western coast of South America, such as Guayaquil off the coast of Ecuador. In the western and southwestern parts of the Pacific Ocean, numerous large islands separate many inter-island seas from the main water area, such as the Tasman Sea southeast of Australia and the Coral Sea off its northeast coast; the Arafura Sea and the Gulf of Carpentaria north of Australia; the Banda Sea north of Timor Island; the Flores Sea north of the island of the same name; the Java Sea to the north of Java Island; the Gulf of Thailand between the peninsulas of Malacca and Indochina; Bakbo Bay (Tonkinsky) off the coast of Vietnam and China; Macassar Strait between the islands of Kalimantan and Sulawesi; the Moluccas and Sulawesi seas, respectively, to the east and north of the island of Sulawesi; finally, the Philippine Sea east of the Philippine Islands. A special area in the southwest of the northern half of the Pacific Ocean is the Sulu Sea within the southwestern part of the Philippine archipelago, where there are also many small bays, inlets and semi-enclosed seas (for example, seas Sibuyan, Mindanao, Visayan, Manila Bay, Lamon and Leyte Bays). Off the eastern coast of China are the East China and Yellow Seas; the latter forms two bays in the north: Bohaiwan and West Korean. The Japanese Islands are separated from the Korea Peninsula by the Korea Strait. In the same northwestern part of the Pacific Ocean, several more seas stand out: the Inland Sea of Japan among the southern Japanese islands; the Sea of Japan to their west; to the north - the Sea of Okhotsk, connected with the Sea of Japan by the Tatar Strait. Even further north, directly south of the Chukotka Peninsula, is the Gulf of Anadyr. The greatest difficulty is the drawing of the border between the Pacific and Indian Oceans in the region of the Malay Archipelago. None of the proposed boundaries could satisfy botanists, zoologists, geologists and oceanologists at the same time. Some scientists consider the so-called dividing line. the Wallace line through the Makassar Strait. Others propose drawing the border across the Gulf of Thailand, the southern part of the South China Sea and the Java Sea.

134. Geographical position, size, boundaries, configuration of the Arctic Ocean. The Arctic Ocean is located around North Pole and is bounded by the coasts of Eurasia and North America. Its area is 14.75 million km 2, the average depth is 1225 m, the maximum depth is 5527 m, the volume of water is 18.07 million km 3 (according to some sources, 16.7 million km 3). The Arctic Ocean differs from other oceans in a number of specific properties: originality geographical location in the circumpolar region; negative radiation balance in the winter half of the year; the total annual heat flux with a negative sign, as a result of which the temperature at the surface is lower than at depth; the presence of ice cover; a small annual amount of precipitation over the ocean, which, however, exceeds evaporation; the presence of a significant shelf area, climatic unity, etc. A specific feature of the Arctic Ocean is its great isolation. For a considerable distance it is surrounded by land and has a limited connection with the oceans. Only in the west does the Arctic Ocean join the Atlantic. But even between them at the bottom there are uplifts - thresholds that prevent deep water exchange between the oceans. In the east, the narrow (82 km) and shallow (depth 40-50 m) Bering Strait further complicates water exchange with the Pacific Ocean. According to the most common point of view, the Arctic Ocean can be divided along the Lomonosov Ridge into two parts - Eurasian (eastern sector) and Amerasian (western sector). The ocean has 10 seas, most of which are located in the eastern sector - off the coast of Eurasia. There are many large islands and archipelagos in the ocean: Greenland, the Canadian Arctic Archipelago, Novaya Zemlya, Severnaya Zemlya, Svalbard, Novosibirsk, Franz Josef Land, etc.