Medical resources of the world. Recreational resources of the world. What is recreation

In the field of tourism and recreation, recreational resources are important, therefore, in order to determine the possibility of using the territory for recreational purposes, it is necessary to study and evaluate the tourism resources that the territory has.

Recreational resources- these are all types of any resources that can be used to meet the needs of the population in recreation and tourism. On the basis of recreational resources, industries can be organized, specializing in recreational services.

Recreational resources include:

1) natural resources (climate, water, plants, animals);
2) cultural and historical sights;
3) the economic potential of the region, including infrastructure, human resources.

A recreational resource can be any place that meets two criteria:

1) the place is different from the habitat familiar to man;
2) represented by a combination of two or more naturally different environments;

Recreational resources can be classified in the following order:

1) by origin;
2) by type of recreational use;
3) by the rate of exhaustion;
4) if possible, economic replenishment;
5) possible replacement of some other resources;
6)Possible self-healing and cultivating;

Participation in recreational resources during recreational activities can be different in nature:

1) perceived visually - landscapes, sightseeing objects;
2) use without direct costs;
3) directly consumed in the process of rest;

By origin, natural recreational resources are divided into physical, biological, energy-informational.

The resources of physical recreation are all components of inanimate nature, classified as physical and geographical resources: geological, geomorphological, climatic, hydrological, thermal.

Energy-informational recreational resources look like fields of noospheric nature, which serve as factors of attractiveness of the area or landscape and positively affect the psychophysical (emotional and spiritual) state of a person.

Biological recreational resources mean all components of wildlife, as well as soils, fauna, flowers.

All natural recreational resources - in combination with each other and are inextricably linked with each other, the flows of matter and energy, form complex recreational resources of natural-territorial recreational objects;

Against this background, types of natural recreational resources are distinguished: geological, morphological, climatic, etc. Each type of natural recreational resources has signs against which there are types:

Where possible use (direct and indirect).

1) depending on the degree of attractiveness;
2) on health - useful properties;
3) on historical and evolutionary uniqueness;

Tourism resources - a fusion of components of nature, socio - economic conditions and cultural values that act as conditions for meeting the tourist needs of a person. Tourism resources can be divided into groups

1) natural (climate, water resources, relief, caves, vegetation and animal world, National parks, scenic landscapes).
2) cultural and historical (cultural, historical, archaeological, ethnographic objects;).
3) socio-economic conditions and resources (economic and geographical position of the territory, its transport accessibility, level of economic development, labor resources, etc. .

It can be emphasized that recreational resources are a broader concept than tourism because they include components of nature, socio-economic conditions and cultural values as a condition for meeting the recreational needs of all rights, including medical ones.

Climate plays a leading role in biomedical assessments. The analysis should determine the comfortable conditions determined by climatic and biomedical characteristics, but the concept of "comfort" is relative, because for some types of recreation (for example, skiing), comfortable conditions can be considered typical for the winter season and for the middle band of transitional seasons.

The psychological assessment takes into account, first of all, the aesthetic qualities of the territory - exoticism and uniqueness. Exotic territory is defined as the degree of contrast. Scholars have proposed a number of provisions designed to measure the aesthetic territory. So, the most attractive are: water, land, forest, meadow, hill-plain.

Ecological assessment of natural recreational resources necessary for the economic justification of investments in the reproduction, protection and improvement of the use of recreational resources. This assessment is largely related to the type of resource and its quality, location relative to areas of demand, technology of use, environmental qualities. Communication can be expressed in a system of qualitative and quantitative indicators. Quantitative ones include the availability of recreation and tourism, their consumption of medical resources per person per day, the level of comfort of people in recreational areas, etc.

Efficiency is determined by the ability to relax the combination various kinds activities, which will require an integrated approach to resource assessment.

There are various methods for assessing natural recreational resources, but the most common and most appropriate analysis of the recreational complex of an area is the assessment of the simplicity of certain parameters of recreational research. When considering natural resources, it is advisable to apply a pro-factor integral assessment of the resource depending on the type of recreation or sport in which this resource is used.

Standards are also very important for the development of the tourism industry. accounting anthropogenic load on natural systems. Thus, necessary condition the suitability of natural and recreational resources is ecological well-being environment.

Each of us is looking forward to the summer, when we can go to a seaside resort, to the mountains or to an ordinary holiday home located in our middle lane. Today, there are more than enough options for recreation for every taste both in our country and abroad.

When choosing what to do in the summer, we most often do not even think about the fact that all this - the sea coast, mountains, mineral springs and other resort areas - is a recreational resource of our country that needs to be developed, protected and increased.

What are recreational resources?

A frightening name for many "recreational resources" designate everything that can be used for recreation and tourism. On their basis, many countries create entire recreational industries that meet the needs of their own population and foreign citizens in a comfortable and useful rest.

Recreational resources include:

- territories in which conditions for recreation have naturally developed or artificially created;

- sights of a historical or cultural nature;

- infrastructure, population and other factors that relate to the economic potential of a particular territory.

These are resources on the basis of which it is possible to form an effectively functioning recreational economy, i.e. a complex of natural, socio-economic, historical and cultural factors that will provide conditions for recreation and health improvement of people on a fairly massive scale.

Recreational industries in modern world acquired great importance. Entire states are building their recreational facilities in order to ensure stable replenishment of the state budget and economic development of the regions at their expense.

The basis of recreational resources, as a rule, are natural landscape components: the sea coast, mountain range, picturesque banks of a river or lake, forests or steppes, mineral springs, therapeutic mud.

Second in importance are historical and cultural monuments: palace and park ensembles, museums, memorial sites historical events etc. But all this does not bring the expected effect if it is not supported by a developed infrastructure and adequate service.

Types of recreational resources

The radical change in lifestyle that has occurred over the past century has significantly increased the role of recreational resources and the recreational industry for the population. The scientific and technological revolution has removed most people from physical labor and natural surroundings, moving them to a completely artificial environment and forcing them to spend whole days sitting, standing behind a machine tool or a conveyor belt.

Therefore, the best types of recreation for many of us is communication with nature - swimming in the sea, walking in the forest or on the river bank, hiking in the mountains or rafting on a stormy river. For another part of society, recreation is about getting new experiences - they are more suitable for educational excursions to historical or cultural attractions.

We should not forget about health tourism, as well as many other types of recreation. All this together makes recreational resources of different types.

- Climatic resources - areas with certain types of climate: seaside, alpine, cold, etc. The most comfortable for recreation are areas with a tropical and subtropical climate.

- Water resources are a whole range of water natural or artificial objects: seas, rivers, lakes, ponds, etc. As a rule, they form the basis of a recreational complex.

- Forest resources - forests located in accessible areas and suitable for recreation. Almost all forest areas can be attributed to them, except for those located in heavily swampy areas.

- Balneological resources are mineral and thermal springs, reservoirs with therapeutic mud, used for the treatment and prevention of a number of diseases.

— Landscape resources are various types of natural or artificially created landscapes that are of interest for walking, driving, horseback riding, cycling, skiing and other types of tourism.

— Excursion tourism resources include historical, architectural and cultural attractions, beautiful and unusual landscapes, ethno-cultural, entertainment, industrial and other objects that may be of interest to vacationers.

Russia has a huge recreational potential, which today is beginning to be realized at a qualitatively new level in the most beautiful and ecologically clean corners of our country.

Essay

"Recreational resources and their classification"

Introduction

In the development of tourism and recreation, the role of recreational resources is great. Therefore, in order to determine the possibilities of using any territory for recreational purposes, it is necessary to study and evaluate the recreational and tourist resources that the territory possesses.

Under recreational resources understood components natural environment and phenomena of a sociocultural nature, which, due to certain properties (uniqueness, originality, aesthetic appeal, therapeutic significance), can be used to organize various types and forms of recreational activities. Recreational resources are characterized by contrast with the habitual human environment and a combination of various natural and cultural environments. Almost any place that meets two criteria is recognized as recreational resources:

1) the place is different from the habitat familiar to man;

2) represented by a combination of two or more naturally different environments;

Classification of recreational resources

Recreational resources can be classified as follows:

1) by origin;

2) by types of recreational use;

3) by the rate of exhaustion;

4) if possible, economic replenishment;

5) if possible, replacing some resources with others;

6) if possible self-healing and cultivation;

The involvement of recreational resources in the process of recreational activities can be different in nature:

1) perceived visually - landscapes, sightseeing objects;

2) use without direct expenditure;

3) directly spent in the process of recreation;

By origin, natural recreational resources are divided into physical, biological, energy-informational.

Physical recreational resources are all components of inanimate nature classified as physical and geographical resources: geological, geomorphological, climatic, hydrological, thermal.

Energy-informational recreational resources are fields of noospheric nature that serve as factors of the attractiveness of the area or landscape and positively affect the psychophysical (emotional and spiritual) state of a person. This type of resource is the basis for the development of cultural and religious tourism.

Biological recreational resources are understood as all components of wildlife, including soil, faunistic, and floristic.

All natural recreational resources - physical, biological, energy-informational are united and inextricably linked by the flows of matter and energy, form complex recreational resources of natural-territorial recreational complexes;

On this basis, the types of natural recreational resources are identified: geological, morphological, climatic, etc. Each type of natural recreational resources has its own characteristics, inherent only to them, on the basis of which the types are distinguished:

1) possible use (direct and indirect).

2) according to the degree of attractiveness;

3) according to medical and health-improving properties;

4) by historical and evolutionary uniqueness;

5) according to environmental criteria.

Recreational resources are largely derived from the recreational needs of the population, which, in turn, are determined by the tasks of the socio-cultural development of the territory. Thus, the main reason and factor for the transformation of the totality of certain properties of the territory into recreational resources is the need for socio-cultural development of the territory.

Tourism resources are understood as combinations of components of nature, socio-economic conditions and cultural values, which act as conditions for satisfying the tourist needs of a person. Tourism resources can be divided into the following groups:

1) natural - climate, water resources, relief, caves, flora and fauna, national parks, picturesque landscapes;

2) cultural-historical - cultural, historical, archaeological, ethnographic objects;

3) socio-economic conditions and resources - the economic and geographical position of the territory, its transport accessibility, the level of economic development, labor resources, etc.

It should be noted that recreational resources are a broader concept than tourist resources, since they include components of nature, socio-economic conditions and cultural values as a condition for satisfying all recreational human needs, including medical ones.

To identify the recreational opportunities of the territory, it is important to recreational assessment natural resources; assessment is a reflection of the relationship between a person (subject) and elements of the environment or the environment as a whole. There are three main assessments of natural resources in science: medical-biological, psychological-aesthetic, technological.

Climate plays a leading role in biomedical assessments. In the analysis, it is necessary to identify the comfort of the conditions, which is determined by climatic and biomedical characteristics, but the concept of "comfort" is relative, because for some types of recreation (for example, ski trips), conditions typical for the winter period of the middle zone and for the transitional seasons of the northern territories can be considered comfortable.

The psychological assessment takes into account, first of all, the aesthetic qualities of the territory - exoticism and uniqueness. The exoticism of the territory is defined as the degree of contrast between the place of rest in relation to the permanent place of residence, and the uniqueness - as the degree of occurrence or uniqueness of objects and phenomena. Scientists have proposed a number of provisions for measuring the aesthetic properties of the territory. So, the most attractive landscapes are the border ones: water-land, forest-glade, hill-plain.

Technological assessment reflects the interaction of man and the natural environment through the "technology" of recreational activities and technology. Firstly, the possibilities for a certain type of recreation are evaluated, and, secondly, the possibilities of engineering and construction development of the territory.

An economic assessment of natural recreational resources is necessary for the economic justification of investments in the reproduction, protection and improvement of the use of recreational resources. This assessment is closely related to the type of resource, its quality, location relative to areas of demand, technology of use, environmental qualities. Communication can be expressed by a system of qualitative and quantitative indicators. Quantitative ones include the availability of places of recreation and tourism, their carrying capacity, the consumption of medical resources per person per day, the concentration of people in recreational areas, etc. Qualitative indicators take into account the attractiveness of the tourist site, landscape, comfort level, etc.

A particular difficulty in evaluating recreational resources lies in the fact that they must be considered both from the position of recreation organizers and from the position of vacationers. The effectiveness of recreation is determined by the possibility of combining different types of activities, which implies the need for an integrated approach to assessing resources. When evaluating resource combinations, it is important to identify the weight and significance of individual components that make up the overall value of the natural complex.

There are various methods for assessing natural recreational resources, but the most common and most appropriate for a comprehensive recreational analysis of the territory is the assessment of the degree of favorableness of certain parameters for recreational research. When considering natural resources, it is advisable to apply a factor-integral assessment of the resource, depending on the type of recreational activity in which this resource is used.

Also for the development of the tourism industry great importance takes into account the norms of the anthropogenic load on natural complexes, since the illiterate exploitation of natural resources adversely affects the ecological state of natural complexes. Thus, a prerequisite for the suitability of natural recreational resources is the ecological well-being of the natural environment.

Varieties of natural recreational resources

Among the recreational and tourism resources, the role and importance of natural recreational resources is especially great. They are divided into:

1) climatic;

2) geomorphological;

3) hydrological;

4) hydromineral;

5) soil and vegetable;

6) faunistic.

A special place among them is occupied by landscape and natural resources, which are complex recreational resources.

Consider certain types natural recreational resources.

Climatic recreational resources.

Climatic recreational resources are meteorological elements or their combinations that have medical and biological properties and are used in the recreation process.

This type of recreational resources is fundamental. Certain types of climate contribute to an effective increase in the physical and spiritual strength of a person, both by themselves and in combination with others. natural resources, which can be classified as recreational in the region. In this sense, climatic recreational resources can have a regional aspect.

The impact of climate on the human body is called bioclimate. In accordance with this, bioclimatic parameters differ from ordinary meteorological characteristics, since they represent a complex effect of the meteorological characteristics of air masses on the human body: temperature, wind speed, humidity, pressure.

To assess the bioclimate, all bioclimatic parameters are considered according to the degree of their favorable effect on the human body. At the same time, unfavorable factors that have an increased load on the adaptive systems of the human body are called annoying. Meteorological conditions, leading to less pronounced tension of adaptive mechanisms in the human body, are called training. In general, they are relatively favorable, and for most people who do not suffer from serious illnesses, they are useful conditions that have a training effect. Sparing climatic conditions are favorable for all people without exception, including for weakened patients who are on medical rest in a sanatorium or resort.

Recreational resources are resources of all kinds that can be used to meet the needs of the population in recreation and tourism. On the basis of recreational resources, it is possible to organize branches of the economy specializing in recreational services.

Recreational resources include:

natural complexes and their components (relief, climate, reservoirs, vegetation, wildlife);
cultural and historical sights;
the economic potential of the territory, including infrastructure, labor resources.

Recreational resources are a set of elements of natural, natural-technical and socio-economic geosystems, which, with the appropriate development of productive forces, can be used to organize a recreational economy. Recreational resources, in addition to natural objects, include any types of matter, energy, information, which are the basis for the functioning, development, and stable existence of the recreational system. Recreational resources are one of the prerequisites for the formation of a separate branch of the economy - the recreational economy.

In the modern world, recreational resources have become of great importance, i.e., the resources of natural areas, as areas for recreation, treatment and tourism. Of course, these resources cannot be called purely natural, since they also include objects of anthropogenic origin, primarily historical and architectural monuments (for example, the palace and park ensembles of Petrodvorets near St. Petersburg and Versailles near Paris, the Roman Colosseum, the Acropolis of Athens, Egyptian pyramids, the Great Wall of China, etc.). But the basis of recreational resources is still natural elements: sea coasts, river banks, forests, mountainous regions, etc.

The growing flow of people “to nature” (recreational explosion) is the result of the scientific and technological revolution, which, figuratively speaking, unloaded our muscles, strained our nerves and tore us away from nature. Every country in the world has some kind of recreational resources. A person is attracted not only by the magnificent beaches of the Mediterranean, Tropical Africa and the Hawaiian Islands, the Crimea and Transcaucasia, but also by the Andes and the Himalayas, the Pamirs and the Tien Shan, the Alps and the Caucasus, rushing up and covered with snow caps.

Classification of recreational resources in balneology

Elementary resources: climate resources; components of the natural landscape (types of the southern landscape, the degree of comfort of the landscape, etc.); temporary (seasons of the year); spatial-territorial (geographical latitudes, solar radiation and ultraviolet radiation zones);
Hydrographic elementary resources: water; monuments of nature - open reservoirs, springs, etc.;
Hydromineral elemental resources: healing mineral water; healing mud; healing clays; other medicinal natural resources;
Forest elementary resources: state forest fund; natural reserve fund, etc.; urban forests (on the lands of urban settlements), forests - natural monuments, etc.;
Orographic elementary resources: mountainous areas; flat areas; rough terrain; health-improving areas and resorts;
Biological elemental resources:

— biofauna;

- bioflora;

Socio-cultural elementary resources: components of the cultural landscape (ethnos, folk epic, folk cuisine, folk crafts, museums, art galleries, panoramas, cultural monuments various forms property, etc.); range of recreation facilities (clubs, palaces of culture, discos, restaurants, bars, nightclubs, casinos, bowling, slot machine halls, etc.);
Road transport elementary resources:

– air transport: availability of the nearest major airport, convenient schedule of arrival and departure of aircraft;

— railway transport: the state of development of the railway network; convenient schedule of arrival and departure of trains;

— road transport: state of development and quality of the road network; availability and convenient operation of gas stations, service stations, catering and consumer services;

Labor elementary resources (medical, technical and service personnel, provision of departmental housing and hostels, home ownership; mortgage lending for the purchase of housing, etc.)
Communication elementary resources (the state of development of communication services, radio, long-distance pay phone, polyprogram television, relay stations: Internet, cell phone);
Basic health resources: the development of municipal and private health care systems to provide emergency qualified medical medical care; obligatory and voluntary medical insurance services; the level of professional training of medical personnel of sanatorium-resort organizations, the required composition of medical specialists; availability of a license, etc.;
The level of development of elementary resources of the banking system and its availability;
Energy elemental resources;
Elementary service resources: hairdressing and beauty salons, beauty salons; atelier for tailoring and repairing clothes; dry cleaning; laundry; shops, etc.;
Elementary resources for sports leisure (gyms, sports halls, sauna with a swimming pool, sports grounds, etc.)

Service industries

Imagine modern life without schools, hospitals, shops, catering establishments, museums, etc., it is simply impossible. All these types of enterprises are part of the service sector (service sector). The location of service enterprises coincides with the geography of the population. However, the level, quality, and completeness of the set of services provided differ not only by region, but also within each of them - between countryside and the city, even within the boundaries of a large city - between the central and outlying ("sleeping" and "industrial") areas. The location of service enterprises is also determined by the different frequency of demand for different types services. The volume of demand for services also plays a role. A theater cannot exist in a village or town. Perhaps the only service industry that has large regional differences is the recreational economy.

Recreational resources(from lat. recreatio - restoration).

Recreational resources have acquired great importance in the world today. These are objects and phenomena of nature that can be used for recreation, treatment, tourism. These resources combine natural objects, and objects of anthropogenic origin, which include historical and architectural monuments (Peter Palace, the French Versailles, the Roman Colosseum, the Athenian Acropolis, the Egyptian pyramids, the Great Wall of China). But still, the basis of recreational resources is made up of natural elements: sea coasts, banks of rivers, lakes, mountains, forests, healing springs and mud.

IN last years there is a “recreational explosion” on Earth, which manifests itself in the increasing impact of the flow of people on nature. This is the result of the scientific and technological revolution, the isolation of man from nature.

Each country in the world has some or other recreational resources, but the most tourists are attracted by such countries as Italy, France, Spain, Switzerland, Bulgaria, India, Mexico, Egypt. In these countries, rich natural and recreational resources are combined with cultural and historical attractions. The development of international tourism brings considerable income to many countries.

Recreational resources wikipedia
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At the present stage in the world, recreational resources have acquired great importance. These are objects and phenomena of nature that can be used for recreation, treatment and tourism. In recent years, a “recreational explosion” has been observed on Earth, which manifests itself in the increasing impact of the flow of people on nature.

This is the result of the scientific and technological revolution and the isolation of man from nature. The use of recreational resources can be assessed by the number of tourists visiting the country. All countries of the world have some kind of recreational resources, but to the greatest extent vacationers are attracted by such countries as Italy, France, Spain, Switzerland, Egypt, Turkey, India, Mexico. The countries and regions where rich natural and recreational resources are combined with cultural and historical sights are the most popular.

international tourism

Cyprus and Israel).
3.

Asia-Pacific (APR, all countries of East and Southeast Asia, 4. Australia and Oceania).

European countries are leading in terms of the number of World Heritage sites.

About 1/5 of the world heritage sites are natural monuments. The unsettled socio-economic and political situation in some Asian countries, as well as the remoteness of some parts from Europe, reduces its attractiveness as a center of world tourism and recreation. Due to ongoing civil and political unrest, travel companies do not recommend visiting certain regions and countries: Colombia; Haiti; South Lebanon; Afghanistan; Congo; Rwanda; Algeria; Somalia.

The vast majority of these countries and regions are characterized by political instability, military and national conflicts.

Rice. Foreign exchange earnings from international tourism

extreme tourism

At least 25% of all tourists are young people who in developed countries are financially well-off, have a good education and seek to satisfy peculiar interests in the knowledge of nature. In the richest country of capital in the United States, over 70% of families with an annual income of less than $2,000.

dollars do not travel outside the country, 20% of tourists account for 80% of all travel. In Germany, more than 60% of the population is not included in migration recreation at all. In the UK, 40% of the adult population 78.8% do not travel. In developing countries, foreign tourism is rather poorly developed, the fact remains that the vast majority of more than four billion people in the world have not yet crossed the borders of their country.

According to statistical studies found that in the middle of the 20th century more than 2 billion

Recreational areas and resorts

people never ventured outside their village or town. The greatest interest in travel is shown by middle-income strata of the population: employees, youth, intellectuals, and entrepreneurs.

Prices: 26.7%;
Availability of a license: 18.1%;
Service set: 15.6%;

Expert advice: 11.3%;

Advertising: 3.7%;
Good office: 2.5%;
Other indicators: 5.9%.

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World recreational resources

The use of recreational resources can be assessed by the number of tourists visiting the country. All countries of the world have some kind of recreational resources, but to the greatest extent vacationers are attracted by such countries as Italy, France, Spain, Switzerland, Egypt, Turkey, India, Mexico. The countries and regions where rich natural and recreational resources are combined with cultural and historical sights are the most popular.

The development of recreational nature management and international tourism can bring a lot of income to these countries (Fig.). Among the natural and recreational objects, the most famous are: the coasts of the Mediterranean, Black, Caribbean, Red Seas; Hawaiian, Maldives, Canary, Bahamas and other islands; therapeutic mud of the Crimea; mineral waters of the Caucasus.

international tourism

The use of modern world recreational resources is characterized by significant territorial unevenness.

The World Tourism Organization distinguishes six main regions:
1. European (all European countries, countries former USSR+ Türkiye,

Cyprus and Israel).
2. American (all countries of North and South America).
3. Asia-Pacific (APR, all countries of East and South-4.

East Asia, Australia and Oceania).
5. Middle East (countries of Southwest Asia + Egypt and Libya).
African (all African countries except Egypt and Libya).
6. South Asian (countries of South Asia).

European countries are leading in terms of the number of World Heritage sites. About 1/5 of the world heritage sites are natural monuments. The unsettled socio-economic and political situation in some Asian countries, as well as the remoteness of some parts from Europe, reduces its attractiveness as a center of world tourism and recreation.

Due to ongoing civil and political unrest, travel companies do not recommend visiting certain regions and countries: Colombia; Haiti; South Lebanon; Afghanistan; Congo; Rwanda; Algeria; Somalia. The vast majority of these countries and regions are characterized by political instability, military and national conflicts.

Foreign exchange earnings from international tourism

Recreational nature management is travel and excursions, hiking, relaxing on the beach, mountain climbing, sea and river cruises, visiting cultural and sporting events, recreation at tourist bases, fishing and hunting.

One of the types of recreational nature management is ecological tourism.

Ecological tourism is divided into: seaside, mountain, river, sea, urban, scientific and educational. The objects are national and natural parks, individual landscapes, natural and natural-cultural attractions.

Ecotourists travel to their own and neighboring countries, but their main flow is directed from Europe and North America to tropical countries (Kenya, Tanzania, Costa Rica, Ecuador). According to modern estimates, ecological tourism is the most rapidly developing part of the world's recreational nature management. Getting more widespread extreme tourism travel to the Arctic, Antarctica.

The greatest tourist and recreational activity is distinguished by people aged 30 to 50 years.

At least 25% of all tourists are young people who are financially well-off in developed countries, have a good education and strive to satisfy their unique interests in the knowledge of nature.

The main recreational areas of the world

In the richest country of capital in the United States, more than 70% of families with an annual income of less than 2 thousand dollars do not travel outside the country, 20% of tourists account for 80% of all travel. In Germany, more than 60% of the population is not included in migration recreation at all. In the UK, 40% of the adult population 78.8% do not travel. In developing countries, foreign tourism is rather poorly developed, the fact remains that the vast majority of more than four billion people in the world have not yet crossed the borders of their country.

According to statistical studies, it has been established that in the middle of the 20th century, more than 2 billion people never left their village or city.

The greatest interest in travel is shown by middle-income strata of the population: employees, youth, intellectuals, and entrepreneurs.
According to numerous surveys and questionnaires, the following factors influence the choice of turfima:

Advice from friends and acquaintances: 31.6%;
Prices: 26.7%;
Availability of a license: 18.1%;
Service set: 15.6%;
Terms and experience in the market: 14.8%;
Personal experience communication with this firm: 13.0%;
Expert advice: 11.3%;
Employee friendliness: 8.8%;
Travel firm ratings: 4.7%;
Advertising: 3.7%;
Mention of a travel company in directories: 3.4%;
Good office: 2.5%;
Convenient location: 2.5%;
Other indicators: 5.9%.

The tourism industry is a significant factor contributing to a more intense economic development those areas the globe which are located away from major industrial centers and have little economic resources.

In a number of states, tourism has become a large independent branch of the economy, occupying a leading position in the economy. This is largely due to the fact that the modern tourism industry provides a large amount of services consumed by tourists during their travel abroad.

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Recreational resources are divided into natural-recreational and cultural-historical.

Natural and recreational include sea and lake coasts, mountainous areas, territories with a comfortable temperature regime, they are used for such types of tourism: beach (Cote d'Azur of France, Italian Riviera, Golden Sands of Bulgaria, islands of the Mediterranean and Caribbean Seas, Oceania), winter ( Alps, Scandinavian mountains, Carpathians, Pyrenees, Cordillera), ecological (visiting national parks and undeveloped territories).

Resources of the World Ocean. Since the second half of the XX century. Considerable attention is paid to the development of the resources of the World Ocean. The ocean is rich in biological, mineral and energy resources. IN sea water more than 70 dissolved chemical elements, for which it is called "liquid ore". Using Newest technologies, some of them are already being withdrawn from the water, in particular bromine, iodine, magnesium, table salt and so on.

The biological resources of the oceans are marine organisms that humans use.

There are 180 thousand animal species and 20 thousand species in the Ocean.

Tourist zoning of the world: geocultural approach

plant species. Fish, marine invertebrates (oysters, crabs), marine mammals (whales, walruses, seals) and seaweeds are of economic importance. So far, they provide the food needs of mankind by only 2%. The shelf zone is the most productive.

The mineral resources of the World Ocean are very diverse. Now on the shelf of the ocean oil, natural gas, coal, iron ores, diamonds, gold, amber, etc. The development of the ocean bed began. Large reserves of iron-manganese raw materials have been found here, significantly exceeding its reserves on land. In addition to the main components, ocean deposits contain more than 20 useful elements: nickel, cobalt, copper, titanium, molybdenum, etc.

The USA, Japan, Germany and other countries have already developed technologies for the extraction of iron-manganese ores from the ocean floor.

The energy resources of the oceans are inexhaustible and diverse. Tidal energy is already being used in France, CILLA, Russia, Japan. A significant reserve is the energy of waves, sea currents, water temperature differences.

In our time, there is a problem of economical use of the wealth of the oceans, the protection of its resources. The world community is especially concerned about the oil pollution of the ocean.

After all, only 1 g of oil is enough to destroy life in 1 m3 of water. To preserve the nature of the World Ocean, international agreements are being concluded on the protection of waters from pollution, rules for the use of biological resources, and a ban on testing weapons of mass destruction in the Ocean.

Great hopes are placed on the use of truly inexhaustible resources in the future: the energy of the Sun, wind, the internal heat of the Earth, space.

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Approaches to the tourist and recreational zoning of the world. Borders of macroregions and tourist and recreational zones of the world.

The concept of tourist and recreational zoning.

Approaches to tourist and recreational zoning: according to the degree of favorableness for a particular type of activity, according to the degree of development of resources, according to the degree of development of tourist infrastructure. Territorial approach to tourist and recreational zoning. Macro-regions of the world: European, Asian, American, African, Australia and Oceania. Borders of macro-regions and tourist-recreational zones.

Tourist and recreational zoning- this is the division of the territory into certain zones (areas) according to the principle of homogeneity of features and the nature of tourist and recreational use.

In the tourism literature, there are different approaches to tourist and recreational zoning.

For example, by degree of development of the territory (developed, medium developed, underdeveloped), depending on concentration in a certain area of a particular type of tourism (regions of seaside tourism, lake, river, sports, etc.)

In world tourism statistics, the most commonly used territorial approach on the basis of which it is customary to distinguish five large tourist macro-regions: 1) Europe; 2) Asia; 3) Africa; 4) America; 5) Australia and Oceania.

TO European macro-region include the countries of Western, Northern, Southern, Central and Eastern Europe, including the Eastern Mediterranean (Israel, Cyprus, Turkey).

TO Asian macro-region include the countries of West and Southwest Asia (including Egypt and Libya), East, South (India, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka) and Southeast Asia.

IN African macro-region includes the states of the African continent, with the exception of Egypt and Libya.

American macro-region- these are the countries of North, South and Central America, island states and territories of the Caribbean.

TO Australia and Oceania includes the country of Australia and all island groups Pacific Ocean(Micronesia, Melanesia, Polynesia).

Most detailed counts territorial approach to tourist and recreational zoning proposed Dmitrievsky Yu.D. .

The hierarchy of tourist areas, in his opinion, should include, in addition to macro-regions, zones and districts (as in the generally accepted zoning), also smaller elements such as macro-district, meso-district, micro-district. In this regard, he identifies ten tourist macro-regions of the world ( Foreign Europe, Russia, Western and middle Asia, South and East Asia, Australia and Oceania, Muslim North Africa, Central and South Africa, North America, Mesoamerica (Mexico, Central America, Caribbean America (West Indies)), South America), which are also divided into zones, districts, macro-districts, meso-districts and microdistricts.

Tourist and recreational potential and geography of tourist centers of the North European tourist and recreational zone.

Geographical position: location on the mainland and in the macro-region, countries included in the composition, access to the oceans and seas.

Climatic features, types of climates. Favorable time to visit.

The concept of tourist and recreational potential. Tourist and recreational potential of Norway, Sweden, Finland, Denmark, Iceland. Geography of the centers of educational, ecological, ethnographic, extreme, sports, lake, children's, entertainment tourism.

The tourist and recreational potential of the territory is all the opportunities necessary for the formation and development of tourist and recreational activities within a certain area.

In this case, the possibilities are natural conditions and objects, historical and cultural sights and ethno-cultural features.

Northern Europe

Northern Europe is distinguished by natural attractiveness, and special kind: the natural environment of the northern European countries is very peculiar, although, by ordinary standards, it is very harsh; it (environment), compared with other regions of Europe, to a greater extent retained its virgin, pristine character (although, of course, not everywhere).

The ever-increasing tourist demand for visiting the Nordic countries has led to the fact that they "began to build for tourists modern facilities accommodation - hotels, boarding houses, motels, campsites, bungalows, fishermen's houses, sportsmen's houses, etc.

means of transport and roads are being modernized. Sea cruises are organized to the regions of the Arctic Circle with dog sledding, hunting for birds and animals. Arctic safaris are also organized in Greenland with hunting for polar animals, including polar bears.”

The Nordic countries as a whole are more of a supplier of tourists, but still constantly strive to increase the influx of tourists to their tourist area.

At the same time, it should be taken into account that many tourists coming to Northern Europe visit several countries at once, partly because the number of objects of historical and cultural educational tourism in most of them is rather limited.

Basically, these countries specialize in "GREEN TOURISM" (travel to clean, untouched corners of nature without harming it). Green tourism includes such areas as rural tourism, eco-tourism, agritourism.

NORWAY

Tours to Norway are an excellent choice for connoisseurs of the charm of northern nature.

In fact, it is not as cold there as it seems to an uninitiated tourist, even in winter the temperature on the coast does not fall below -5 ° C.

Recreational resources

The mild climate of Norway provides Gulfstream.

You can go to Norway with children at any time of the year, but such a trip will be especially pleasant in July or August.

budget holidays in Norway hard to name, but the deal is always worth the money - in this country, the quality of goods and services one hundred percent justifies their cost.

Norway's main tourist attraction - the famous fjords- These are narrow sea bays formed during the ice ages.

The fjords are resources for active, extreme, ecological types of tourism.

Respectable tourists admire them from the ship, adventurers conquer seemingly impregnable rocks on foot and by bike, and fearless base jumpers jump down from steep cliffs.

The best fjords are the picturesque Geirangerfjord, the long Sognefjord and the most spectacular Lysefjord.

Historical-cultural and historical-architectural tourism developed in cities such as OSLO, BERGEN, TRONDHEIM.

OSLO (“after God”) is one of the smallest and cleanest capitals in Europe (500,000 sq.

pers.). The city center is an interweaving of old and new architecture with an abundance of museums and monuments.

Sights: the old quarters of the city, the building of the national theater, the Norwegian Maritime Museum, the Norwegian Folk Museum.

BERGEN is a very picturesque place in Norway, and there are much more attractions here than in the capital.

Once in Bergen, you will not miss its main attraction in any way. Bryggen, the historic Hanseatic Promenade, declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO, flaunts in full view of the harbor.

The very first houses in the city were built here.

TRONDHEIM is a vibrant university city and technology capital of Norway. Thanks to the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), as well as numerous research centers, Trondheim is rightly considered a city of innovation, science and business.

Centers ski and ski tourism those around Lillehammer are counted.

This is Gausdal, Skei-Gesdal.

A well-known landmark of Norway is also considered arch. Svalbard. Half of the arch. They make up nature reserves with unique species of polar animals. This region is famous for the largest PRICH BAZARS.

More than 8.5 million people live in Sweden. The capital city of Stockholm has more than 1.5 million people.

Sweden attracts tourists with its strict nature: sea beaches, numerous lakes (Venern, Vättern).

Natural water bodies are complemented by artificial channels, among which are the Goethe Canal (500 km), connecting Stockholm and the second largest city of Gothenburg.

As it should be in Scandinavia, tourist Sweden does not flaunt its dignity. But there are a lot of them: for example, the mountains there are higher than in neighboring Finland, and offer more varied skiing. In addition, Sweden guarantees snow cover on the slopes of ski resorts. November to April, as well as the excellent equipment of the slopes, a well-thought-out system of lifts, many services and entertainments for the smallest tourists - it is not for nothing that Sweden is called behind the eyes "children's kingdom" However, if you want to be satisfied with your vacation in Sweden, make sure you are ready to spend - the country cannot be classified as cheap.

Moderate, transitional from maritime to continental.

In winter, the air temperature in most of the country does not fall below -16 ° C, only in the north frosts below -22 ° C are not uncommon, in summer it is rarely warmer than +22 ° C (and in mountainous areas +17 ° C). Humid maritime air masses from the North Atlantic and the Baltic Sea often bring quite changeable weather with precipitation and winds, especially in the off-season.

The main city of Sweden, STOCKHOLM ("well preserved"): in this capital on 14 islands there really is something to see in terms of museums, architecture and other "excursions".

Among other things, Sweden is "Carlson who lives on the roof" and award ceremonies Nobel Prizes. The main principle of the inhabitants of Sweden: good quality in everything and maximum convenience for a person - both at work and at leisure. And not in last turn Sweden is famous for its cuisine - simple, hearty and so similar to Russian.

Large cities - Gothenburg, Malmö.

Ski resorts in Sweden:

§ Idre

§ Salen

§ and Are

The main beauties of Sweden are of natural origin: the harsh tundra of Lapland, the islands of the Gulf of Bothnia, the green hills of the west, the rocks of Norrbotten, beautiful lakes.

Cultural attractions are mostly located in major cities: Malmö, Gothenburg and Stockholm.

Among other things, the magnificent castles of Sweden deserve the closest attention.

City tours (bus and walking) are usually included in most group tours. Royal Palace, Museum of the ancient ship Vasa, Museum of fairy tales Astrid Lindgren Junibacken. Open Air Museum Scansen.

Sweden occupies one of the first places in the world in terms of the quality of water treatment.

Tap water in Sweden is safe to drink without boiling it first. Therefore, do not be surprised if they are served tap water in a bar or restaurant.

FINLAND

The country is located in the east of the Scandinavian Peninsula. Population 5.5 million people The country also includes the Aland Islands, 6.5 thousand islands off the southwestern coast of the country.

Types of tourism: in winter ski tourism(in the city of

Jyväskylä has 2 ski centers: for children skiing and with difficult slopes), in summer you can swim 100 meters from the Arctic Circle (Lake Saima is the largest in the country), fishing on the Finnish lakes and the Aland Islands, historical and cultural tourism in the cities of Helsinki, Turku, Tampere.

Helsinki is the capital, located on the shores of the Gulf of Bothnia, famous for its fresh air and beautiful scenery.

Sea Life Scandinavian Marine Center with 28 large aquariums. There are over 60 churches in the city. The most interesting architectural structure is the church carved into the rock "Church in the Rock" or "Snow Church" (organ concerts are often held). The East of Finland is endless hills, lakes, primeval forests, where original Karelian peoples live.

This is the area ecotourism and active recreation.

Lapland is one of the most exotic and popular places in Finland. Capital - Rovaniemi - native home Santa Claus.

The country is located on the Jutland Peninsula and the Danish archipelago in the Baltic Sea. Denmark is the birthplace of H.H. Andersen.

CLIMATE Moderate maritime, rather mild climate without sharp temperature fluctuations and with relatively uniform precipitation throughout the year. Air temperature in January is 0..-7°C.

The summer is cool, the average July temperature is +15..+16°C. best time to visit the country July August when it is warmest and there is relatively little rainfall.

The capital city of Copenhagen, home to the most oldest, large and popular amusement park in — Tivoli. By the way, it is also considered the oldest amusement park in the world.

In Copenhagen: Guinness World Records Museum, Believe It or Not Museum of Jokes and Pranks.

Large cities are also Orhuns, Odense.

In Odense: the house where the famous storyteller G.

H. Andersen, park. Andersen, open-air museum "Funian Village".

ICELAND

The country is located on the island of Iceland. Population 281 thousand people. The capital is Reykjavik.

Business card countries - dozens of active (Hekla) and dormant volcanoes, numerous geysers, waterfalls.

Therefore, the most common type of tourism is natural cognitive.

Near Reykjavik is the extinct volcano Esja - this is a great place to trekking(sports hikes on the crater of the volcano, descents from steep slopes)

Iceland is a country sport fishing(fishing for trout, salmon) and extreme tourism(rock climbing, horse riding, diving).

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