And again - about the German occupation of Kyiv - and the light shines in the darkness, and the darkness did not embrace him. Kyiv during the occupation

It is worth saying that long before this sad event, the inhabitants of the city realized that the occupation of Kyiv could no longer be avoided. Then, a month after the outbreak of hostilities, the people of Kiev began to leave the city and leave for the villages, which were supposed to save the inhabitants from death. However, it is worth saying that most people remained in Kyiv and were ready for an imminent battle. The brave people of Kiev continued to work, build fortifications and prepare for the attack.

Reasons for the battle near Kyiv

After the German troops seized the territory near Smolensk, Hitler decided to attack Kyiv in order to soon conquer all Ukrainian lands. He wanted to capture Ukraine because there were coal deposits on its territory. Hitler believed that this would help provide the German troops with warmth and food so that they could continue military operations on the territory of the Soviet Union.

After the capture of Ukrainian lands, it was planned to encircle Moscow, and then achieve surrender from the USSR.

Defense of Kyiv 1941. Briefly about military operations

The Great Patriotic War claimed a huge number of lives of heroes. No one will be able to forget how the troops of the Red Army defended their homeland from the enemy.

The defense of Kyiv in 1941 became a very difficult period for the Red Army and the townspeople. Despite the unequal forces, the Red Army stood to the last and committed desperate acts in order to prevent the German troops from advancing further. Most of the Red Army units lost contact with the high command, as well as with neighboring units. Many of them were surrounded and could no longer escape from it. It is worth saying that most of the soldiers died or were captured by the enemy.

The lack of ammunition, the number of troops and the help of the townspeople of the Soviet Army

Already in the first battles, the shortage of weapons and ammunition was clearly felt. Hitler planned a lightning-fast capture of the capital, however, despite the superiority of German troops in numbers, as well as the lack of military equipment, soldiers of the Red Army fought heroically against the enemy. Heroic Defense Kyiv in 1941 will never be forgotten, because the soldiers of the Red Army and the inhabitants of the city united and courageously fought for the capital.

Defense of Kyiv 1941. Summary of the attack on the capital

The main task of Hitler was the occupation of the territory of the Donbass, as well as the Crimea. First, these developed agricultural industrial areas would provide the army and rear with resources. Secondly, the capture of Ukrainian lands would ensure the unhindered advance of the German army towards its main goal - Moscow.

After the capture of Smolensk, the German command decided to seize the USSR. Hitler planned to capture Kyiv at lightning speed, but the courageous and freedom-loving troops of the Red Army did not allow his dreams to come true.

Already on July 11, German troops tried to break into Kyiv and capture the capital, but the steadfast defense and counterattacks of the Red Army did not allow the city to be captured with lightning speed. After that, the enemy decided to bypass Kyiv from two sides and already on July 30 resumed hostilities and an attack on the city.

On August 7, the airborne brigade A.I. Rodimtsev, a counterattack was carried out. This helped to stabilize the situation, but only for short term. It is worth noting that the paratroopers had no experience, and they also did not have heavy weapons. They could oppose strong German infantry only with fighting spirit, courage and courage.

The Soviet command decided to form new divisions and put them into battle. Only this helped to avoid a catastrophic situation.

By August 10, the enemy managed to break through to the southwestern suburbs, but they also failed here: the heroic resistance of the 37th Army forced the German troops to stop again.

Despite the heroic resistance, the offensive of the German troops continued, as well as the defense of Kyiv. July-September 1941 became a very difficult period for the city, because all three months the enemy continued to advance and defeat the Red Army.

Surrounding Kyiv

Due to the fact that the troops of the Red Army resisted stubbornly and courageously, Hitler decided to turn south the 2nd field army, as well as the 1st tank group, which were moving in the direction of Moscow. It must be said that at this time the German troops broke through to the south of the Dnieper. However, at the end of August, enemy troops crossed the river north of Kyiv, and already in the Chernigov region they joined up with their units, which were advancing from the north.

Despite the fact that there was a threat of encirclement, Stalin still decided to continue the defense of the capital. This was reflected in the tragedy of further events, because if the Soviet troops retreated after the first warning of the encirclement, there would not have been so many human casualties.

The defense of Kyiv in 1941 was remembered by everyone for a long time. The heroism and courage of the soldiers of the Red Army cannot but admire. Despite the fact that the number of German troops was almost three times greater than the Red Army, they did not retreat and continued to defend the capital.

On September 9, German troops approached Kyiv and surrounded it. Despite the fact that the Red Army soldiers were practically defeated, they still made desperate attempts to break through.

Already on September 19, German troops managed to enter the city, and the Kiev group of Soviet troops was forced to retreat. The Soviet command made an attempt to release the encircled group of Red Army troops, but it was unsuccessful. A lot of soldiers and commanders were killed, and also captured by the enemy. The defense of Kyiv in 1941 took an incredible number of lives of brave and courageous Red Army soldiers who were ready to do anything for the liberation of their homeland. They gave their lives in order to stay on their land and not give it into the hands of the enemy.

It is worth saying that before the start of the defense of Kyiv, G.K. Zhukov informed Stalin that Soviet troops needed to be transferred from the bend of the Dnieper.

Human losses and the courage of the Red Army

Every schoolchild and adult knows how long the defense of Kyiv lasted in 1941. No one can forget the bloody battles, courage, and heroism of the Red Army. Everyone will remember how the soldiers fought for the capital and defended it as best they could. Not a single soldier had any thoughts of leaving the battlefield and giving the capital into the hands of the enemy. These events will forever remain in the memory, because it is simply impossible to forget them.

It must be said that the defeat of the Red Army was a huge blow to the whole country and greatly influenced the further development of the Great Patriotic War. The hostilities claimed the lives of over 700,000 people. In addition to huge human losses, the USSR lost almost all of it. Because of this, the road to the Donbass, to the Sea of \u200b\u200bAzov, as well as to Eastern Ukraine, became open to German troops.

Disruption of Hitler's plans

It is important that the defense of Kyiv in 1941 came as a surprise to the German troops. fighting on the territory of the city, Hitler's plans for a blitzkrieg and the immediate capture of the capital were thwarted. It is also worth saying that this prevented their advance to the capital, thereby helping to prepare the Soviet troops for the defense of Moscow. For 3 months, the Soviet troops managed to strengthen their positions in order to courageously and heroically repel the blow of the German troops.

The defeat of the Red Army led to the fact that the road to Eastern Ukraine, the Sea of \u200b\u200bAzov and the Donbass became open for German troops. It is worth saying what the retreat of the Red Army led to:

On October 17, German troops occupied the Donbass.
On October 25, enemy troops captured Kharkov.
On November 2, German troops managed to capture the Crimea, as well as block Sevastopol.

Everyone will remember the defense of Kyiv in 1941 for a long time. 1942 became a bloody year for Ukraine: the Kharkov operation, etc. It is hard to imagine what the inhabitants of the country experienced at that time.

During the defense of Kyiv, all possible measures were taken to increase the combat capability of the Soviet troops. They heroically defended their territory and repelled enemy attacks. It must be said that the human losses were enormous. Many Soviet soldiers were captured by the enemy, but despite this, their courage knew no bounds.

The defense of Kyiv in 1941 is an event that absolutely everyone will remember for a long time. The courage and heroism of the Soviet soldiers left absolutely no one indifferent. They did their best to repel the blows of the enemy and proudly recaptured Kyiv. The defeat affected further development military operations and plans of the German command in relation to the cities of Ukraine, as well as to Moscow.

Donbass was under the occupiers for almost two years. And all this time people had to not only just live, but also survive. Here the author cites excerpts from conversations with people who survived the occupation of Stalino. These conversations are mosaic in nature. Often the interlocutor's thought jumped from one event to another. Often the full picture could be reconstructed from several sources. In the morning . In the evening . The day after the occupation of Stalino, the Germans staged a rally on Lenin Square, where some representatives of the local population greeted the new liberators and sang laudatory odes to them. In total, in addition to the German armed forces, Romanians and Italians were represented in the city. Teenagers remember Italians as cheerful slobs. Romanians, on the other hand, were associated only with gloomy negativity.

Death notice. Cause of death - execution by the German authorities of the city of Stalino in 1942

Behind the Central Department Store on Kobozev Street lived a well-known dermatologist Kaufman in the city. At the beginning of the 20th century, he studied in Germany. He has the best memories of his years of study. Kaufman did not believe in any stories about Nazi atrocities. The nation that gave the world Schiller, Goethe, Wagner cannot do anything bad. He often repeated to acquaintances: "They will bring order and culture!" Kaufman was shot in the very first weeks of the occupation. At the beginning of March 1942, the occupying authorities in the area of the White Quarry (circus area), from the so-called "Sobachevka" built a ghetto for the Jewish population. Mostly they were old people, women and children. O.D. Kritsyn indicated this place: behind the bridge of trolleybus route No. 10, a platform for refueling watering machines. He also remembered that the inhabitants of the ghetto were taken out to work in the city. In particular, I remember how old men and women broke ice near the post office, and police guards drove the passing townspeople to the other side of the street. On the night of April 30 to May 1, the ghetto was liquidated. All the people were led on foot to (Prospect of the Fallen Communards, next to the maternity hospital). For some reason, they were not led in a straight line, but along Skladskaya (Universitetskaya St.), Pochtovaya (Komsomolsky Ave.), further near Kalmius, the column turned onto Nikolaevsky Prospekt (as the Prospect of the Fallen Communards was then called). When the column passed, one of the teenagers found a rag bundle at the edge of the sidewalk. Some of those who were going to die threw away (or dropped) their goods. In the bundle there were three gold chervonets of imperial coinage and about a dozen needles for a primus stove. All the most valuable that a city dweller could have at that time.

When the invaders entered the city, they immediately turned the clocks to Berlin time. The German commandant's office was located in the Narpit's house at 121, Artem Street. The house, as it were, consisted of two halves: administrative and residential. By the way, the future Minister of Trade of the USSR A. Struev lived with his family in its residential part before the war. So, in the administrative wing of the building, the German commandant's office was located. Near the entrance stood sentries, in the foyer two huge banners with a swastika hung down from top to bottom. The commandant's office issued documents to newly arrived business travelers and vacationers for living in apartments and houses of civilians. It is clear that none of the authorities asked for the consent of these persons. Oleg Demyanovich Kritsyn recalled that three more Germans were settled in the three-room apartment where he lived with his father and mother. Moreover, two of the tenants were wary of the third tenant and warned the owners of the apartment to be careful with him: "He is a bad person."

Market in the city of Stalino (Yuzovka). 1943

The boys hung around the commandant's office and were ready to escort the newly quartered to their homes. Many carried bags with food and some documents. The kid adapted carts for carrying luggage, which they importantly called “taxi”. A warrior who approached put his belongings on a wheelbarrow and the guys rolled it to the indicated address for the settlement. The payment fell when a piece of sugar, chocolate, half a loaf of bread, and when a cracker.

But not every soldier was so kind. I didn’t like the Romanian kid very much. Not only does it not pay off, it also hurts. In order not to serve the Romanians, the guys put up a sentinel picket. The approach of an unwanted client was accompanied by a whistle. When the brave warrior, loaded with chicks, approached the parking lot, there was no one there. He had to look for an apartment on his own.

Receipt for acceptance of fruits and vegetables. Accepted one live chicken, weighing 1.16 kg. Stalino, 1942

With the beginning of the occupation, Viktor Khailov and his mother moved from an apartment on Sotsgorodok to a private house with his grandmother on the 12th line. This street was chosen by German motorists. Cars were parked along the street, and drivers were accommodated in houses. The forces of the drivers carried out the protection of vehicles. The front passed 100-150 km from Stalino, and the city was used as a transshipment base, both to provide the front and to rest the front-line soldiers from the front line (but more on that later). Usually the convoy went to the front with cargo, returned a few days later. One or two days were given to rest - and everything was repeated again: the loading of food and materials and to the front line. An elderly driver was settled in the Khailovs' house. He knew a few Russian words and this is how he communicated with the owners. The German was very homesick, showing pictures of his wife and two teenage sons. He treated all the inhabitants of the house well, but he especially became attached to Victor.

Certificate. Worker Kozlovsky S.P. Born in 1915, he works on behalf of the German command at the Rutchenkovo Coke and Chemical Plant. June 1, 1942

Certificate. The presenter of this really works in the Housing and Economic Department of the Larinsky District Administration as an accountant. January 23, 1942

Shortly before Christmas 1941, the convoy loaded up again. This time with gifts for veterans. The guest came in the evening gloomy. After a little thought, he began to quietly explain to Victor: tonight he has to guard cars with cargo for several hours tonight. And there are gifts. And not only tobacco, sweets, warm clothes, but also rum. He knows what is in what cars. Then he suggested: let me guard and look around (according to the “hair dryer” this is called “standing on the nix”), and you will carefully transfer several boxes of rum and sweets to my room under the bed. Then we will fraternally divide the booty.

Soviet leaflet: Under the ensign of Lenin, under the ensign of Stalin - forward, for the re- defeat of the German occupiers and the expulsion of them from between our Fatherland!

What is missing for a teenager? Adventure. Victor agreed to inflict damage on the enemy. Everything was done brilliantly and quickly. Victor went to bed. I woke up in the morning from loud voices, one might even say screams. Looked out the window. All drivers were lined up near the cars. The officer stood in front of the formation, waving his arms and shouting something. Then with two submachine gunners he went to the house opposite. Victor realized that a search had begun. He quickly rushed to the guest's bed, pulled out the drawers and hid the cache, known only to him, to the floor. Just in time, because an officer, submachine gunners and a German guest came in to them. The officer examined the room, personally looked under the bed. Finding nothing, the group left. “You only needed to see it,” Viktor Trofimovich told me. - When they entered - the driver had a pale, frightened face. But when the officer did not find anything under the bed, his eyes became round, like a saucer. He could not understand anything: where everything had gone. They could have shot him for the boxes.” After 15 minutes, the guest returned and with tears, hugs and kisses rushed to Victor. He muttered something like: “Thank you, you understand - you saved my life!”

Certificate for the right to use the radio. 1942-43 Store at the radio point and present at the request of the representative of the radio center

Certificate for the right to use the radio. 1942-43 A payment note without a stamp is invalid.

And you know what thoughts swarmed in the head of a teenager: “How could I not help him? He's an accomplice, along with me. How could I? .. This is a matter of honor.

Incoming order. Circuit. Yuzovka. March 1942

Viktor Trofimovich had an interesting reaction when the local press (it was already under independent Ukraine) published a publication about four hanged by the Germans near the Komsomolets cinema. The invaders threw a metal pipe between the branches of two trees and hung all four of them on it. So, in the article it was proposed to recognize the hanged as underground partisans. Viktor Trofimovich was indignant: “I knew two personally. Shantrap, petty shanty. Something must have been stolen. Here they are hung. Then I should be counted among the partisans. The Germans liked to swim on the dam between the city headquarters. Money and cameras (and almost every soldier had a camera) were left on the shore. I, at least three times, dragged both money and cameras from those who took water procedures. He gave the money to his mother, and sold Leicas at a flea market. It turns out I'm an underground?! Just don’t catch me, I survived.”

German leaflet. With a friendly laugh, they answered the question: do you want to return to Stalin's paradise again?

In the occupied territories, the value of money in Everyday life decreased significantly. As in the early 1920s, before the introduction of the NEP, barter in kind prevailed. An expensive Boston suit (in the pre-war period, its owners were rare lucky ones) cost half a sack of wheat or corn, an engagement ring was equal in value to a sack of potatoes. Furniture and real estate had no valuation. In the first place in importance were products, in the second - clothes and shoes.

German leaflet. With our work we will help to defeat the Bolsheviks. Victory over the Bolsheviks - the liberation of the peoples of the USSR!

Not everyone had a job. The occupiers strictly practiced the statement: "He who does not work, he does not eat." Work went to a greater extent to the female part of the population - cleaning, washing and feeding the occupation units. Lucky for those who got a job cleaning at the canteens. They were allowed to pick up potato peelings. The population made potato pancakes or cooked them. Things left over from peacetime were changed in countryside for products. Some people at home converted caustic soda (lye) into food. Baking soda was added to the dough instead of yeast. It was profitable to make an exchange away from industrial centers. The Zaporozhye region was famous in this respect - the area of Polog and Gulyai Polya. Oleg Demyanovich Kritsyn made such a journey as a teenager. Mom somehow got a soda and Oleg and a neighbor went to change the soda for food. The landmark was clear - high-voltage electrical line. A road was trodden along it. A continuous stream of people with simple wheelbarrows and carriages walked in two directions. Somewhere near the Pologi we managed to change soda for sunflower oil. True, the villagers warned to beware of the local commandant. As luck would have it, on the way back, a car caught up with them. The German commandant confiscated the oil. Oleg returned empty.

The Donetsk Vestnik newspaper is the official newspaper for the city of Yuzovka and the region. Friday, October 30, 1942

Newspaper Donetsk Bulletin. Job advertisements

All food was given out on a rationing system. In order to receive ration cards, enterprises and institutions were required to submit a request for cards to the Food Supply Administration of Enterprises no later than one day before the beginning of the next month (1st line, 53). The requirement indicated the total number of workers and then a breakdown of the number of workers in heavy and ordinary work. Further the number of dependents of the specified workers and employees was specified. Children under the age of 14 were considered dependents - family members of the worker and his parents, if they were over 60 years old and they lived with the worker.

Soviet troops and German signpost: Stalino-Stadtkern (Stalino Center). 14 kilometers

What did the civilian population eat? Bread came first. Boiled beet, as a delicacy, was given only to children. Carrots were grated, dried and then they drank carrot tea. Potatoes were distributed in pieces for each member of the family. Two potatoes a day was considered overkill. They made cakes from cornmeal - matorzhoniki. And here it was impossible to do without a homemade hand mill. As I mentioned, potato peels from German canteens were taken home by civilians, washed, boiled or fried.

Destroyed Mariupol. 1943

Red banner over the liberated Stalino. September 1943

Much has been experienced in these two years. There is something to remember the witnesses of history, although it may not always be desirable to remember.

German cemetery. Stalino, 1943

Photo from the author's archive

If anyone has a complaint value judgments the author, then with this - please go to him :):

Kyiv began to be bombed already at dawn on June 22, 1941, and on September 19 the Germans entered the city.
The capture of Kyiv was marked by a monstrous and the largest catastrophe in the whole history. world history wars - the encirclement and destruction of the Soviet South-Western Front, Soviet losses amounted to more than 600 thousand people.
A few days later, a farewell gift to the Germans and Kievans from the Soviet special services worked - on September 24, a series of explosions thundered in the city center and a severe fire started. Khreshchatyk and the neighborhoods surrounding it were practically destroyed.
Unfortunately, the German command was not very bothered by the problems of the people of Kiev and the occupation of the city took place in the best communist traditions. The stay of the Germans in Kyiv was marked by such "charms" as the extermination of people in Babi Yar, the forced sending of Ukrainians to work in Germany and the creation of two concentration camps in the city.
The liberation of Kyiv, like the capture, was accompanied by unimaginable losses. The desire to be in time for the anniversary of the October coup led to incredibly tragic consequences - the liberation of Kyiv cost the lives of 417 thousand Red Army soldiers.

This is a large selection of photographs illustrating those bloody events. There are many rare, unique shots here. ancient city, once again changing owners.

Defensive and anti-tank structures near a grocery store at the intersection of Brest-Litovsky Prospekt (now Pobedy Avenue) and 2nd Dachny Lane (now Industrialnaya Street), 1941. Now this place is the metro station Shulyavskaya.

Defensive structures on Lenin Street (now Bohdan Khmelnitsky) near the intersection with Lysenko Street, 1941. To the right of this place is now the Zoological Museum.

Defensive structures on Khreshchatyk street, 1941. The photo was taken from the side of Bessarabskaya Square. In the center of the photo, on the left side of the street, you can see the high-rise building of the Central Department Store.
Defensive structures at the intersection of Shevchenko Boulevard with Saksaganskogo and Dmitrievskaya streets, that is, in the area of \u200b\u200bmodern Victory Square, 1941.
Burning factory Bolshevik, the result of German bombing, June 23, 1941.
Construction of earthen fortifications across Lutheranskaya street near Khreshchatyk, 1941.

German armored personnel carrier SdKfz-231, captured by soldiers of the 1st division of the 4th NKVD special forces battalion.

T-26 on the Chain Bridge, then the bridge was called it. E. Bosch, 1941 The chain bridge was blown up in September 1941 by retreating Red Army soldiers and has never been rebuilt. This is where the Metro Bridge now stands.
Captured German self-propelled artillery installation StuG-III at the entrance to the opera house, 1941.
Looted by marauders, the Soda Water store on Khreshchatyk, September 19, 1941. On this day, German troops entered the city.
The destroyed "Red Corner" in the Pavlovsk Garden at the intersection of Novo-Pavlovskaya and Gogolevskaya streets, September 19, 1941.
German aerial photography of Kyiv, June 1941. The numbers indicate: 3 - the building of the old Arsenal, 5 - the Podolsky railway bridge, 6 - the E. Bosch bridge and its continuation - the Rusanovsky bridge, 7 - the still unfinished wooden Navodnitsky bridge, now in its place is the bridge named after. Patona, 8 - Darnitsky railway bridge.
The first German cars on Khreshchatyk, September 1941. The picture was taken in the area of the Bessarabian market. In '41, this place was a grocery store, and now there are several sporting goods stores.
It is interesting that the German drives the car while sitting on the door, thus improving his visibility. In the hands of some Kiev residents, packages of groceries, the last thing they managed to pick up from the smashed shops.
The car "Audi" stands in front of the house number 47 on Khreshchatyk street, at that time there was a hotel "National", September 1941. The picture shows that the woman is wearing slippers woven from reeds. The boy on the right is holding a bingo or chess, probably stolen from some shop. At that time, no one needed them anymore ...
A German motorcyclist on Khreshchatyk, the people of Kiev look at him with interest, September 1941. On the right - the building of the Central Department Store, in front - Bessarabka. This is a photo from the American magazine "Life" for November 3, 1941.

Reconnaissance unit of the Wehrmacht, September 19, 1941. On the left is the building of the old Arsenal, on the right is the Ivan Kushkin tower with an embrasure made in it, in the depth you can see the Holy Trinity Gates of the Lavra. On the sidewalk - the rails of the tram number 20, now in this place - the route of the trolley bus number 20. Photo from Life magazine.

German soldiers on the fourth tier of the bell tower in the Pechersk Lavra. In the background, the still unfinished wooden Navodnitsky Bridge is on fire, now in its place is the Paton Bridge. Photo from Life magazine.

The photo was taken from the Lavra bell tower. Below - the garden and the defensive walls of the Lavra with the tower of Ivan Kushkin, on the right - the old Arsenal (now the Ukrainian Historical Center), in the center of the picture - the Church of St. Theodosius of the Caves, a little higher you can see the building of the shoe factory No. .

German sentry at the Lavra bell tower, Navodnitsky bridge on the Dnieper, September 20, 1941. Photo from the magazine "Völkischer Beobachter".

A satisfied German rings the bells at the Lavra belfry, September 20, 1941.

Photo without caption.

German signalman on the territory of the Lavra, September 1941. The bell tower smokes, it was set on fire by the underground or the retreating Red Army soldiers. Only thanks to the efforts of the Germans, the bell tower was saved. On the left you can see the cross on the grave of Stolypin.

The Germans in the courtyard of the Upper Lavra near the Trinity Church, September 1941.

German anti-tank gun PAK-35 on Khreshchatyk, the building of the Main Post Office is visible on the right, autumn 1941. Where the cannon is in the photo, a house with a clock was later built.

Stalin Square (now European), September 1941. German columns moving up the Grushevsky street. On the left - the Public Library (now - the Parliamentary), in the depth - the Museum of Ukrainian Art, a little higher - the building of the Council of People's Commissars (now - the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine).

German columns go to Pechersk, up Grushevsky Street. The building of the Church can be seen in the background, September 1941.

German Pak-35 firing from the Mariinsky Park at the Red Army units retreating to Darnitsa, September 20, 1941.

Germans on Lipki, September 20, 1941. On the right is the Mariinsky Park, on the left is the House of the Red Army (now the House of Officers), and in the depths is the church of the palace ensemble (now the Kiev Hotel is in its place). Photo from the magazine "Völkischer Beobachter".

The Germans inspect the fortifications at the intersection of Zhilyanskaya and Kuznechnaya streets, September 20, 1941.

German patrol on Franco street. Anti-tank hedgehogs and barrels of water to extinguish possible fires are visible - all that remains of the retreating Red Army, September 1941.

The Germans deploy an anti-aircraft battery on the observation deck in Pionersky Park (formerly Kupechesky), September 1941. Now on this place is the famous arch of "Friendship of Peoples" and the same observation deck.

German troops continue to enter the city, the column moves along Saksaganskogo street, this is the quarter between Pankovskaya and Leo Tolstoy streets, September 1941. To the left of the photographer is the house-museum of Lesya Ukrainka.

Shevchenko Boulevard, in front of the Bessarabsky market, September 1941.

Photo without caption.

Corner of Shevchenko Boulevard and Volodymyrska Street, Shevchenko Park behind the photographer. The piles of earth on the sidewalks are obviously the remnants of the barricades.

The retreating Red Army soldiers completely destroyed the water supply and sewerage. In the photograph, German soldiers get water - for themselves and for the people of Kiev - at the site of the former Mikhailovsky Golden-domed (now restored). In the background is the building of the Central Committee of the Communist Party (b) of Ukraine (now the building of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs).

Hay market, which was completely plundered during the days of anarchy (September 18-19).

Refugees in the park at the Golden Gate near the well-known cast-iron fountain.

The first order of the German authorities is for all Kievans to register and start working. Those who do not register are declared saboteurs and shot. This shoe cleaner started working from the first day, on the plate it says: "Artel "Cleaner", tray No. 158".

The railway station, the picture was taken in the first days of the occupation. The station was partially destroyed by German air raids and finally by the retreating Red Army soldiers.

Anti-tank ditch and gun embrasures on Degtyarevskaya street.

The Kievans disassemble the defensive structures on Khreshchatyk, September 21-23, 1941.

Analysis of the barricades on Lenin Street (now - Bogdan Khmelnitsky). On the right you can see the theater building. Lesya Ukrainka.

The Kievans, in the presence of the German Felgendarme, are clearing the rubble on Institutska Street, not far from Khreshchatyk. On the left - German staff buses (the German occupation headquarters was located in the building of the October Palace), on the right - the people of Kiev grab the first occupation leaflets and newspapers, September 21-23, 1941.

The building of the headquarters of the Kyiv military district is occupied by the Germans. Now this building houses the Secretariat of the President of Ukraine.

"Timurovtsy" posing for a German photographer, September 1941.

Kievans on Khreshchatyk listen to a German radio broadcast transmitted from radio machines, autumn 1941. On the left - houses No. 6-12, on the right - No. 5-7.

Beginning of Shevchenko Boulevard, September 1941. On the left - the Palace Hotel (now - "Ukraine"). A Soviet poster "Beat the bastard" and a pre-war announcement "Recruitment for accounting and accounting courses" still hang on the transformer booth. Over time, the Germans erected a gallows here, on which the "enemies of the Reich" were executed, and only in 1946 a monument to Lenin was erected on this site.

Poster "Hitler the Liberator" on the facade of the opera house, September 1941. The poster was pasted directly on pre-war theater posters for the opera "Zaporozhets beyond the Danube", "Natalka-Poltavka", etc.

Distribution of the newspaper "Ukrainian Word" on the streets of Kyiv, October 4, 1941. The girl on the right has crown braids and a "curl of passion" that were then fashionable.

At the entrance to the city.

A German officer poses against the backdrop of St. Andrew's Church, autumn 1941.

Belfry of the Church of the Intercession on Podil and St. Andrew's Church, autumn 1941.

Contrasts of Soviet reality. A mess on the site of the destroyed Mikhailovsky Cathedral, on the site of which there was some kind of ATP before the war, and the greatness of the knowledge of the Central Committee of the Communist Party (b) of Ukraine (now the building of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs), autumn 1941.

The same yard, children of war.

The lobby of the building of the Supreme Soviet of the Ukrainian SSR, autumn 1941.

Conference room of the Supreme Soviet of the Ukrainian SSR, autumn 1941. Like the lobby, the hall has not changed much. They removed only a full-length sculpture of Stalin, bas-reliefs of the classics of communism and the coats of arms of the USSR and the Ukrainian SSR.

The house on the hem, photo of a German officer, autumn 1941. The German was not so much surprised that such a house could even stand, but that people still live in it ... He was not even too lazy and went into the courtyard, where he took another photo. "Social realism" through the eyes of a German officer.

The remains of the barricades at the intersection of Zhilyanskaya and Komintern streets, further - Vokzalnaya Square and the station. Busts of Lenin and Stalin hung humiliatingly, probably taken from the neighboring plant "Lenin's Forge". Below is the sign "Feldgend. Zug Doebert" - "Feldgendarmerie. Dobert's Platoon".

Dynamo Stadium.

Museum of V. I. Lenin.

Near Askold's grave.

German cemetery, in the distance - Askold's grave.

Red building of Shevchenko University.

Philharmonic building on Stalin Square, 1941.

A gramophone record dealer is talking to a German soldier.

Sources:
- The book "Kyiv 1941-1943" (publishing house "Kyi", 2000)
- D. Malakov's book "Here is Yevbaz, and then Peremogi Square" (Kyiv, 2004)
- Forum site reibert.info (special thanks to user Artem)
- A collection of photos of Stefan Mashkevich
- IRJ Photo Collection
- Stefan Mashkevich's website mashke.org
- Magazine "Life"
- Magazine "Völkischer Beobachter"

In September 1941, Soviet troops surrendered the Ukrainian capital to the advancing German units.
This was preceded by more than three months of fighting, which ended with the encirclement of almost the entire South-Western Front (SWF), numbering more than 700 thousand people.
At dawn on June 22, 1941, German aircraft raided Kyiv. Bombs flew at the railway station, the Bolshevik plant, an aircraft plant, power plants, military airfields and other strategic facilities. Some of them ended up in residential buildings.
The city began to prepare for defense. First of all, the authorities took up the Kiev fortified area - a line of more than 200 pillboxes that encircled the city, built in 1929-1935. Anti-tank and anti-personnel ditches were built in front of them. Closer to the city, another line of bunkers and ditches was created. In Kyiv itself, barricades were erected from sandbags and anti-tank hedgehogs were installed. Every day, 160,000 people from Kiev and neighboring villages worked at these jobs.
Kyiv factories for two weeks reoriented to the production of military products. Even schoolchildren collected empty bottles to make "Molotov cocktails" out of them.
In this direction, the German Army Group South was opposed by the forces of the Kyiv Special Military District (KOVO), turned into the SWF with the outbreak of war. The front outnumbered the enemy both in terms of the number of soldiers and the amount of equipment. But the Germans were more experienced, they maneuvered perfectly, skillfully bypassed and surrounded the Soviet forces. And the Red Army lacked both practice and initiative commanders. However, the troops of the South-Western Front resisted fiercely, surprising the Germans with their stubbornness.
The people of Kiev felt that the situation was becoming more complicated, and began to gradually get out of the city - at least to the surrounding villages. Moreover, since the end of June, enterprises and institutions began to be exported. As a result, 335 thousand inhabitants left Kyiv.

How did the Germans manage to capture Kyiv?

The evacuation was not always organized. Representatives of the party nomenklatura tried to take their families out, sometimes with a huge amount of luggage up to the piano and indoor plants. At the same time, local authorities mingled with the families of party members from Western Ukraine, who traveled through Kyiv in transit to the east.
The fighting came close to Kyiv. But on August 10, the Red Army soldiers of the 37th Army, Major General Andrei Vlasov, went on the offensive, and within a few days liberated Zhuliany, Pirogovo, Teremki and other suburbs. At that time, few could have imagined that the heroic general in about a year, in July 1942, would be captured near Leningrad, agree to cooperate with the Germans, and become the head of the army of Russian collaborators - the ROA. And in 1946 Vlasov was executed in Moscow.
The Soviet command, afraid to argue with Stalin, who forbade the surrender of the capital of Ukraine, did not pay attention to the fact that the Germans had gone very far north of the city. In August, the Second Panzer Group of Heinz Guderian and a number of other units of the Army Group Center, advancing in the Moscow direction, following the Fuhrer's directive, turned south. Guderian's tanks quickly reached Konotop - a city in the Sumy region, deep in the rear of the Kyiv group. Kleist rushed towards them from the Kremenchug region.
As a result, the troops of the South-Western Front were on the verge of encirclement, and the military council of the front was ready to leave Kyiv in order to get out of the ring. However, Stalin was adamant: on September 11, he personally contacted the commander of the South-Western Front, Colonel-General Mikhail Kirponos, and ordered that the city be held at all costs. Four days later, the Germans completely surrounded the Kyiv group, and only on the night of September 17-18, Moscow allowed Kirponos to retreat.
But time was lost, and only some units got out of the ring.
But about 700 thousand more people - the main forces of the front - were much less fortunate. They were either killed or captured during the Kyiv operation. Getting out of the encirclement, Kirponos himself died, 800 officers and generals accompanying him were killed or captured - the leadership of the front.
Leaving Kyiv, the Soviet troops, having crossed the Dnieper, blew up all four bridges, along which other units and refugees were walking at that moment. Also, the retreating disabled the city's power plant and water supply, dumped thousands of bags of food into the Dnieper. At that moment, no one thought about those 400 thousand Kyivans who remained in the city.
A short period of anarchy began in Kyiv. Marauders dominated the streets and markets, breaking shop windows, infiltrating bank branches and state institutions.
On September 19, the Germans entered Kyiv. The local population warily greeted the "guests". The inhabitants of the city were struck, as Malakov recalled, by the appearance of the winners - they radiated arrogant superiority.
On the same day, at 14:00, near Bessarabka, a group of elderly Kievites brought bread and salt to German officers, thus trying to improve relations with the new government. But the townspeople hoped in vain for peaceful coexistence. From the next day, executions of Jews began.
The Red Army returned to the city three years later. During the occupation, tens of thousands of people were taken out of Kyiv to work in Germany, and about 100 thousand more were shot by the Germans at Babi Yar. The city was badly damaged.
The liberation of Kyiv turned out to be as bloody and tragic as its defense: trying to enter the capital of Ukraine by the next anniversary October revolution, the Soviet command did not spare the lives of hundreds of thousands of soldiers.

June twenty second
Exactly at four o'clock
Kyiv was bombed, we were told
That the war has begun.

This famous song was written by the poet Boris Kovynev to the tune of "The Blue Handkerchief" shortly after the start of the war.

The bombing of Kyiv really began on June 22, but a little later, around 5-6 am. During the first air raid, German aircraft attacked airfields, railway stations and military factory No. 43, while the Luftwaffe lost from 1 to 4 bombers. This and subsequent raids did not cause large-scale destruction in Kyiv. The Nazis hardly bombed residential areas - probably, this was done with the expectation of the obedience of the population after the capture of the city. However, some strategic objects and several large buildings in the center of Kyiv were destroyed.

Hitler's troops reached Kyiv already on the 20th day of the war, July 11, 1941. On this day, reconnaissance of the 13th tank division the Germans attacked the fortifications of the Kyiv fortified area (KiUR) on the Irpen River. It was then that barricades and anti-tank hedgehogs appeared on the streets of Kyiv, and shop windows were blocked with sandbags. The Wehrmacht was not allowed to immediately take possession of the capital of the Ukrainian SSR by the distracting blow of the 5th Soviet army of General Potapov.

By mid-August, the German Army Group "South" reached the Dnieper along the entire course from Kherson to Kyiv. Until the end of the month, the Dnieper was forced at Zaporozhye, Dnepropetrovsk and Kremenchug, and the 6th Army came close to Kyiv. At the same time, Guderian's tank group was advancing from the northwest.

In mid-September, four Soviet army, holding back enemy attacks in the Kiev direction, hit the boiler. On September 19, Soviet troops left Kyiv, and by the end of the month they were defeated.

By the time the German troops entered Kyiv (around noon on September 19), approximately 400,000 inhabitants remained in the city. The rest either went to the front or went to the evacuation.

Hem at the beginning of the occupation

The buildings of the headquarters of the Dnieper flotilla and the convoy troops of the NKVD are burning.

Podolsk region. German artillerymen fire at the barricade on Vyshgorodskaya street.

Capture of the overpass on Kurenevka

Grocery store near the Bolshevik plant

Corner of Konstantinovskaya and Yelenovskaya streets. In the background is Khryakov's mill. Now there is a residential building at this place (Konstantinovskaya St., 63).

Remains of the barricade on Melnikova

Bodies of killed civilians on Taras Shevchenko Boulevard in occupied Kyiv.

The photo was taken 10 days after the fall of Kiev by German military photographer Johannes Hahle, who served in the 637th propaganda company (6th German army that captured the capital of the Ukrainian SSR).

Dead on Lukyanovka

Photograph of St. Andrew's Church in autumn 1941. But more interesting are the domes on the house of the manufacturer Slinko on the left. They were demolished after the war and have not been restored to this day.

Circular barricade on the square. III International (current European Square)

The blown-up building of Ginzburg's "skyscraper"

Ginzburg House

In 1930 he looked like this.

The moment the bomb hit the house on Khreshchatyk

The first fires on Khreshchatyk

Khreshchatyk

Ruined department store

Corner of Khreshchatyk and Lutheran

At the Bessarabian market

Stadium "Dynamo"

Fire victims in Pervomaisky Park

Germans near the Lenin Museum

Hitler's soldiers in a Wanderer W235 car on Kirov Street (now Hrushevsky)

Germans in the back of a truck on Kirov Street

Near the building of the Supreme Council of the Ukrainian SSR

On Vorovskogo street

German scooter company on the embankment of the Dnieper, in the distance - undermined bridge named after. Eugene Bosch.

Hungarian troops are moving to one of the crossings across the Dnieper (most likely, to the Scharnhorst bridge) past the Lower Caves of the Kiev-Pechersk Lavra. They are watched by local residents who return to the city with a sleigh full of brushwood collected on the Dnieper slopes. On the right is the pre-war dormitory-barracks of the builders of the Navodnitsky bridge.

The Germans cross the Dnieper on a trimaran

Destroyed ships on the Dnieper

Struve Bridge, blown up Soviet troops during the retreat on September 19, 1941

Destroyed bridge. Evgenia Bosch

The Germans are building a pontoon crossing.

Others had to sail in inflatable boats.

Red Army soldiers surrender in the Vydubychi area. It was not possible to break through to their own on the other side of the Dnieper.

Ruined Dormition Cathedral of the Kiev-Pechersk Lavra

Sentry at the Lavra bell tower

In the background is the burning unfinished Navodnitsky bridge across the Dnieper.

Hitlerite rings the bell

German flag on the bell tower

The Germans at the tower of Ivan Kushnik on the street of the January Uprising. On the left is the old Arsenal, in front is the Holy Trinity Gate of the Lavra.

A group of German military at the Feodosievskaya Church

At the station

Barricade near the railway station, on the corner of Komintern and Zhilyanskaya streets. The Germans dragged busts of Stalin and Lenin here.

Remains of barricades on Khreshchatyk

The people of Kiev are dismantling the barricade on Institutskaya Street under the supervision of the German Feldgendarme.

Germans on vacation near the building of the regional committee (the current Maidan)

The Germans on Kalinin Square (now - Maidan Nezalezhnosti) are chiseling the asphalt, apparently in order to put some kind of sign. On the left - the building of the former Duma, in the background - Khreshchatyk. On the right is a lime tree that survived the war and the new development of Khreshchatyk, but was destroyed in 1981 during the redevelopment of the square.

A crowd of women stands at the corner of Kerosinnaya (now Sholudenko St.) and Lagernaya (now this part of it is Marshal Rybalko St.), near the fence of the Zenit stadium, which is now called Start. Presumably, they are trying to find out something about the fate of their husbands, sons and brothers, who were kept in neighboring barracks. In berets and with uncovered heads - the townspeople. Posing for the camera, smiling Ukrainian policeman. He is wearing a cap of the command staff of the Red Army with a black band (artilleryman, tanker or signalman) and a soldier's belt. On the left sleeve of the greatcoat there is a white cloth bandage with two diagonal stripes, of all the inscriptions only the large one is readable: "Wehrmacht".

The steel lattice fence of the stadium has been preserved, which became widely known since the summer of 1942, when football matches were held here between the "Start" team of bakery No. 4, which consisted mainly of players from the pre-war squad of Kiev "Dynamo", and the football players of the occupying troops

Brest-Litovsk highway

The attention of the photographer was attracted by four prisoners of war engaged in repair work. They are talking about something with a German escort standing at the Pullman tram car with number 1023. On the stencil is route No. Field.

The people of Kiev are listening to the loudspeaker near the car of the 637th propaganda company.

Distribution of Nazi flags to the residents of Kyiv

Corner of Khreshchatyk and Karl Marx

It was the Luftwaffe soldiers who arranged a photo shoot in the conquered city. They were photographed primarily against the background of objects destroyed by the bombing of German aircraft.