Revolution of 1848 in Austria. Revolution in the Austrian Empire. October uprising in Vienna

February Revolution in France (February 22-24, 1848) gave impetus to the development of the revolutionary process throughout Western Europe.

special great importance had bourgeois-democratic revolutions in Germany, Italy, Austria.

The main issue of this revolution is national, but it was posed differently than in Germany and Italy. If in Germany and Italy they wanted to unite everyone into a single state, then in Austria it was the opposite: to destroy the artificial state association of the Habsburgs and create an independent national state among the peoples enslaved by the Habsburgs.

The Austrian Empire consisted of 2 parts: 1. Austria (Habsburgs). 2. Kingdom of Hungary. Emperor of Austria, was also the king of Hungary.

The revolution broke up into 2 revolutions.

Revolution in Austria

March 13, 1848 - mass popular demonstrations in Vienna. Emperor Ferdinand1 is forced to resign Mitternich, who fled the country and agreed to the transition to the Constitution

14.3.1848 - Decree on the freedom of the press and the creation (Committee) of the National Guard

The Reichstag consisted of 2 chambers: 1. The upper chamber, which was appointed by the emperor. 2. The lower house was elected by 2-stage elections. There was a property qualification and a residence qualification

May 14, 1848 - Decree dissolving the Committee of the National Guard

May 15, 1848 - mass demonstrations of protest in Vienna

May 16, 1848 - the abolition of the Decree on the dissolution and consent to the introduction of a 1-chamber Reichstag

May 17, 1848 - Emperor flees to Innsbruck

May 26, 1848 - Decree of the Government on the dissolution of the Academic Legion of the National Guard, consisting of student revolutionaries.

Massive demonstrations legion came out with weapons in their hands.

The government cancels the Decree on the dissolution of the Academic Legion and grants suffrage to all men over the age of 21

July 22, 1848 - The Reichstag opens in Vienna

8/12/1848 - the emperor returns to the capital with his Court

8/19/1848 - Decree on the reduction of wages for workers in general work

8/23/1848 - a mass demonstration of workers, they were shot, 18 people were killed

September 7, 1848 - The Reichstag adopted the Agrarian Law, which abolished feudal personal duties and established the redemption of land duties by making a one-time payment to the lord 20 times the payment of duties. 2/3 peasants and 1/3 state

10/3/1848 - Decree on the dissolution of the Hungarian State Assembly

10/5/1848 - parts of the Vienna garrison received an order to go to the aid of the Croats who were advancing on Budapest (there were 2 different cities)

October 6-11, 1848 - uprising in Vienna. The Hungarian army did not provide assistance

11/1/1848 - the uprising was crushed by the troops of Prince Windischgrätz (Germanized Czech). This uprising is the last chord of the Austrian revolution, which was defeated.

Reasons for the defeat of the Austrian Revolution:

1). The Austrian bourgeoisie did not want to meet the national aspirations of the peoples conquered by the Habsburgs, but was interested in their exploitation

2). The Habsburgs set these very peoples against the Austrian revolution.

March 15, 1848 - in the capital of Hungary, Pest, a demonstration began under the leadership of the Hungarian poet and national hero Hungarian Shandra Petofi (1823-1849).

The demonstrators occupied the city printing house and freed the prisoners, demanding the democratization of Hungary.

Under the pressure of the events in Pest, the Hungarian National Assembly, sitting in Bratislava, decided:

Free abolition of all personal feudal duties

Introduction of a single income tax

Financial and military independence of Hungary

Establishment of a ministry responsible to the State Assembly

March 20, 1848 - The 1st Hungarian National Government is formed.

Led by the liberal Count Lajos Battyany (1807-1849), the post of finance minister was taken by the more radical Lajos Kashuth (1802-1894)

5.7.184 - a new state assembly, elected on a non-estate basis, began to work.

The difficulty in Hungary is that the titular nation of Hungary was oppressed by the Germans, but they themselves acted as oppressors for the Slavic peoples.

The national movement of the Slavs assumes a counter-revolutionary character.

July 1848 - the Croatian-Sloveno-Dalmatian kingdom was proclaimed at the head of .... Commander-in-Chief Colonel Horvat Josip Jelacic. He formed the Croatian units and moved to Budapest, and the Hungarians created a people's militia and:

29.9.1848 - the people's militia defeated the Croats in battle

10/1/1848 - Prime Minister Lajos Batthyani resigns

10/8/1848 - power passes to the Defense Committee headed by Kossuth

01/05/1849 - Hungary is occupied. The State Assembly and the Defense Committee move to another city

Ferdinand1 abdicates the throne in favor of his nephew, who was not bound by any promises with the revolution

4/3/1849 - Emperor Franz Joseph1 introduced a new Constitution, which turned Austria into a unitary state, i.e. Hungary lost its autonomy and became a province

14.4.1849 - in response to this, the National Assembly adopted a declaration of independence and proclaimed the independence of Hungary from Austria, and elected Kossuth as a temporary ruler - the President of Hungary.

Lajos Kossuth grew during the revolution into a major national leader. He understood that it was necessary to rely on the people and that Austria could be resisted, and he called on the people to revolt against Austria. He drew attention to the creation of a mass revolutionary army and the people went to the army, and a folk song was born about conscription in the army in 1849.

Kossuth gathered 170 thousand people into the army. He fixed mass production to provide for the army.

Kossuth's results:

4/19/1849 - Kossuth defeated Austria in battle

26.4.1849 - the siege was lifted from the fortress on the V. Danube

May 2, 1849 - Pest is liberated. The pursuit of the Austrian army and access to the Leigd River is the border with Austria. The Hungarian generals were afraid of the development of the revolution and said that they would not go to Austria

May 21, 1849 - the storming of the fortress in Hungary. There was not a single Austrian on the territory of Hungary

17.6.1849 - 100 thousand Russian army (Field Marshal Prince Paskevich) invaded Hungary from Galicia. 36,000 Russian corps also invaded Transylvania from the Danubian principalities. 200,000 Austrian troops are advancing from the west. Hungary cannot fight on 3 fronts

6/19/1849 - Hungarians defeated at Poren

28.7.1849 - Kossuth signed a declaration on the equality of all the peoples of Hungary, but it was too late

July 31, 1849 - The Hungarian army is defeated by the Russian army. Shandorff Peterfi was killed in the battle.

August 3, 1849 - The Hungarian army is again defeated at the Battle of Peteshwal. Rise of the big bourgeoisie

11/8/1849 - Kossuth resigns

8/13/1849 - the Hungarian army capitulates to the Russian troops. End of the Hungarian Revolution. Austrian rule over Hungary restored.

Executed: - 12 Hungarian generals; - Lajos Battyani (autumn 1849).

The reason for the defeat: - the intervention of the tsarist troops; - the inconsistency of the Government of Kossuth in the national question, which delayed until the last question of the independence of the Slavic peoples.

Prerequisites

In Hungary, the revolution quickly won and spread throughout the country. Democratic freedoms were introduced, the first Hungarian national government of Lajos Battyany was formed, in March 1848 a broad reform program was adopted: the personal dependence of the peasants and feudal duties with redemption at the expense of the state were eliminated, universal taxation was introduced, and a national parliament was created. Ferdinand I was forced to recognize all the decisions of the Hungarian government. On July 2, the Hungarian National Assembly decided to create its own army and refused the emperor to provide Hungarian troops for the war in Italy.

At the same time, the neglect of the leaders of the revolution of the national question caused a departure from the support of the revolution by non-Hungarian nationalities. In the Serbian regions, the creation of an autonomous Serbian Vojvodina headed by Archbishop Rajacic was proclaimed. The Serbs entered into an alliance with the emperor against the Hungarians and launched an anti-Hungarian uprising ( see details: Revolution of 1848 in Vojvodina ). In Croatia, Jelačić was appointed a ban, who launched a program for the national rise of the Croats and the restoration of the Triune Kingdom. The Croatian movement was supported by the emperor and the Austrian government, who sought to use the Croats to suppress the Hungarian revolution. On June 5, the Croatian Sabor declared the country's secession from the Kingdom of Hungary and joining Austria. On August 31, Jelačić declared war on Hungary and launched an offensive against Pest ( see details: Revolution of 1848 in Croatia ).

The revolution in Hungary also caused a strong national movement in Slovakia, the main demand of which was the recognition of the Slovaks as an equal nation. On September 17, the Slovak revolutionary Ludovit Stur tried to raise an uprising with the slogan of the separation of Slovakia from Hungary, but was defeated, and in general the Slovak movement remained in line with the Hungarian revolution ( see details: Revolution of 1848 in Slovakia ). In Transylvania, the decision to unite with Hungary caused a strong ethnic conflict and armed clashes between Hungarians and Romanians ( see details: Revolution of 1848 in Transylvania ). In Dalmatia, the Italo-Slavic contradictions escalated: Croatian claims to unite with Dalmatia met with a resolute rebuff from the Italian bourgeoisie of Dalmatia. A strong anti-feudal peasant uprising broke out in Boka Kotorska ( see details: Revolution of 1848 in Dalmatia and Istria ). In Slovenia, there was also a strong national movement with the slogan of uniting all lands inhabited by Slovenes into an autonomous province. Due to the presence of a significant German population in the Slovenian regions, the conflict between Pan-Germanists and supporters of Austro-Slavism was sharply manifested ( see details: Revolution of 1848 in Slovenia ).

October uprising in Vienna

In September 1848, the revolution in Austria began to decline, while in Hungary, under the influence of the threat from the Jelacic army, a new upsurge began. In Pest, a Defense Committee was formed, headed by Lajos Kossuth, which became the central organ of the revolution. The Hungarian army managed to defeat the Croats and the Austrian troops. The victories of the Hungarians caused the activation of the revolutionary movement in Vienna. On October 3, the emperor's manifesto was published on the dissolution of the Hungarian National Assembly, the abolition of all its decisions and the appointment of Jelacic as governor of Hungary. It was decided to send part of the Vienna garrison to suppress the Hungarian revolution, which caused an outburst of indignation in Vienna. October 6 students of Vienna educational institutions dismantled the railroad tracks leading to the capital, making it impossible to organize the dispatch of soldiers to Hungary. Government troops were sent to restore order, but were defeated by the workers of the Viennese suburbs. The Austrian Minister of War Theodor von Latour was hanged. The victorious detachments of workers and students headed for the city center, where clashes broke out with the national guard and government troops. The rebels captured the storehouse with big amount weapons. The emperor and his entourage fled from the capital to Olomouc. The Reichstag of Austria, in which only radical deputies remained, decided to create a Public Security Committee to oppose the reaction and restore order in the city, which turned to the emperor with a call to cancel the appointment of Jelacic as governor of Hungary and grant amnesty.

Initially, the October uprising in Vienna was spontaneous, there was no central leadership. On October 12, Wenzel Messenhauser became the head of the National Guard, who created General base revolution with the participation of Jozef Bem and the leaders of the Academic Legion. On the initiative of Bem, detachments of the mobile guard were organized, which included armed workers and students. Meanwhile, the commandant of Vienna, Count Auersperg, turned to Jelachich for help. This caused a new uprising and the expulsion of government troops and Auersperg from the capital. However, Jelachich's troops had already approached Vienna and on October 13-14 they tried to break into the city, but were repulsed. The Viennese revolutionaries appealed to Hungary for help. After some hesitation, Kossuth agreed to help Vienna and sent one of the Hungarian armies to the Austrian capital. Detachments of volunteers from Brno, Salzburg, Linz and Graz also arrived in Vienna. On October 19, the Hungarian troops defeated the Jelachich army and entered the territory of Austria. However, by this time, Vienna had already been besieged by the 70,000th army of Field Marshal Windischgrätz. On October 22, the Austrian Reichstag left the capital, and the next day, Windischgrätz issued an ultimatum of unconditional surrender and began shelling the city. On October 26, government troops broke into Vienna in the area of the Danube Canal, but were repulsed by detachments of the Academic Legion. On October 28, Leopoldstadt was captured and the fighting was transferred to the streets of the capital. On October 30, a battle took place between the imperial and Hungarian troops on the outskirts of Vienna, near Schwechat, in which the Hungarians were completely defeated and retreated. This meant the collapse of the hopes of the defenders of Vienna. The next day, the imperial troops entered the capital.

Octroized constitution

After the defeat of the October Uprising, the dictatorship of Windischgrätz was established in Vienna: mass arrests began, executions of revolutionaries began, members of the Academic Legion and the Mobile Guard were sent as soldiers to the Italian front. On November 21, a cabinet was formed headed by Prince Felix Schwarzenberg, which included conservatives and representatives of the big aristocracy. On March 7, 1849, consideration of the draft constitution drawn up by the Reichstag was scheduled, but on March 4, Emperor Franz Joseph I signed the so-called "Octroized Constitution". She restored the power of the emperor, the State Council appointed by the emperor, liquidated the autonomy of the provinces and separated Transylvania, Vojvodina, Croatia, Slavonia and Rijeka from Hungary. On March 7, 1849, under pressure from the troops, the Reichstag was dissolved. The revolution in Austria is over.

The defeat of the revolution in Italy and Hungary

At the end of 1848, Venice remained the main center of the revolution in Italy, where a republic was proclaimed, headed by President Manin. The Austrian fleet blocking the city was not strong enough to storm Venice. At the beginning of 1849, the revolutionary movement in Tuscany and Rome intensified: a government of democrats was formed in Tuscany, which included Giuseppe Mazzini, and a republic was proclaimed in Rome, and the pope fled the capital. The successes of the revolution in Italy forced the Kingdom of Sardinia on March 12, 1849, to denounce the truce with Austria and resume the war. But Radetzky's army quickly went on the offensive and on March 23 defeated the Italians at the Battle of Novara. The defeat of Sardinia meant a turning point in the revolution. Already in April, Austrian troops entered the territory of Tuscany and overthrew the democratic government. A French expeditionary force landed in Rome, which liquidated the Roman Republic. On August 22, after a long bombardment, Venice fell. Thus, the revolution in Italy was suppressed.

The economic crisis of 1846 and three consecutive lean years (1845-1847) had catastrophic consequences for the empire. Inflation, high cost, rising prices for bread and for a new product that has become "daily bread" - potatoes, unprecedented mass unemployment created an explosive situation in the empire. Detonator again - for the umpteenth time! - served as the events in February 1848 in Paris, the news of which reached Vienna on February 29. Demands for reforms, the abolition of censorship, and the convening of an all-Austrian parliament in early March were made by the deputies of the Landtag (estate assembly) of Lower Austria and the bourgeois Industrial Union. The revolution in Austria began on March 13 with demonstrations and spontaneous rallies of the Viennese poor, students, and burghers. Thousands of citizens who dammed the streets and alleys around the Landtag building demanded the immediate resignation evil genius Austria Prince Metternich and the proclamation of the constitution.

At noon on March 13, the government decided to send troops to Vienna, clashes began. By evening, barricades were erected in the city by workers and students. The students began to form the Academic Legion, which soon became famous. Some of the soldiers refused to shoot at the people. The Emperor himself hesitated. He agreed to issue weapons to the students, did not interfere with the creation of the bourgeois National Guard and was forced to remove Metternich. The reactionary regime - a symbol of hatred throughout Europe - collapsed in one day. The revolution won its first important victory. The reorganized government included representatives of the liberal bourgeoisie.

The temporary unity of the heterogeneous social forces of the revolutionary camp quickly vanished. The bourgeoisie, especially the well-to-do, having been satisfied with what had been achieved, from now on cared only about preserving what had been won, and above all about preserving "law and order." The plebeian rank and file, inspired by their victory, were determined to continue the struggle for their urgent needs, demanding the right to work, the abolition of indirect taxes, the establishment of a 10-hour working day, and an increase in wages. The peasants fought for the abolition of redemption payments to landowners for canceled duties. The government prepared a draft constitution, which proclaimed bourgeois freedoms (press, assembly, speech); The creation of a bicameral parliament and a government responsible to it was envisaged. The emperor retained essential rights and prerogatives: the supreme command of the armed forces, the right to veto all decisions of the Reichstag (parliament). The right to vote was conditioned by a high property qualification.

In response to this attempt to restore absolutism, the Viennese democrats formed a revolutionary body - the Political Committee of the National Guard. When the government wished to dissolve the committee, on May 15 the people again took to the streets of the capital and began to erect barricades. The authorities had to back down. The next day, the order to dissolve the committee was canceled, and the troops were withdrawn from the city. The resulting temporary balance of power was upset on May 26, when the Minister of War, Count Latour, tried to disarm the Academic Legion. The workers of the suburbs moved to help the students. The resolute behavior of the rebels caused hesitation among the soldiers, some of whom did not want to shoot at the people. Power in Vienna passed into the hands of the Committee of Public Safety, headed by Adolf Fischhof. The victory of the revolution in Vienna was greatly facilitated by the fact that the main forces of the imperial army were in Hungary and Italy, engulfed in the flames of a revolutionary uprising.

In July, the Austrian Reichstag began to sit. The Reichstag passed a law abolishing feudal-serf relations, which was undoubtedly an important achievement. An insignificant part of the duties was canceled free of charge. The heaviest of them - dues and corvee - were subject to redemption, and the state took upon itself the payment of only one-third of the amount of compensation. The ruling circles presented the law approved by the emperor as a kind of "good deed" to the dynasty. Ultimately, the reaction managed to oppose the agrarian province to the plebeian democratic Vienna, which played a fatal role in the fate of the Austrian revolution.

In contrast to Frankfurt, in June 1848, a congress of representatives of the Slavic peoples of the empire took place in Prague, which spoke in favor of preserving the Austrian Empire, against its entry into Germany.

The attack of the Austrian soldiers on a peaceful demonstration of the citizens of Prague caused the Prague Uprising, which was brutally suppressed by the Austrian military on June 17, 1848. After Prague, Vienna's turn was bound to come. There was a turn in public sentiment. A clear demarcation of forces occurred in Vienna. On August 23, the bourgeois units of the National Guard opened fire on a demonstration of workers protesting against the reduction of wages for the poor employed in public works; the liberal bourgeoisie finally departed from the bourgeois revolution. But the revolution had not yet been defeated. Its last surge was connected with the events in the imperial capital - Vienna.

In the first days of October, the workers, artisans, and students of the Austrian capital, showing revolutionary solidarity with the insurgent Hungary, blocked the path of the troops who had received orders to oppose it. The Viennese stormed the building of the Ministry of War, uplifted the Minister of War, Count Datour, on a lamppost. The imperial court again left the capital. On October 22, insurgent Vienna was surrounded by the troops of the executioner of Prague, General Windischgrätz, and the Croatian ban Jelachich. The city fell after a fierce assault on 1 November.

The army of revolutionary Hungary, hastening to the rescue of the rebels of Vienna, was defeated. The end of the Austrian revolution came, it was the turn of reprisals against Hungary. To facilitate this task, on December 2, a small palace coup was carried out: the weak-willed and feeble-minded Ferdinand was sent to rest, and his eighteen-year-old nephew Franz Joseph (1848-1916) was elevated to the throne.

Revolution1848 in Hungary. The Hungarian bourgeois revolution began on March 15, 1848, a day after the protest of the people of Vienna. The events in Pest took place under the leadership of a group of radical youth led by Sandor Petofi. At their call, the workers, artisans, students of Pest, having seized the printing house, printed the “National Song”, written by the poet the day before, and the program document of the revolution (“12 points”), compiled by the revolutionary democrats with his active participation. In addition to bourgeois freedoms, the “12 points” demanded the destruction of corvée, the establishment of a national bank, the withdrawal of imperial troops from the country, the return of Hungarian regiments to their homeland, the creation of an independent government, and the reunification of Transylvania (unia) with Hungary.

The demonstrators freed revolutionary democrat Mihai Tancic from prison and formed the Committee of Public Safety as an organ of revolutionary power. On March 17, the first Hungarian government responsible to the National Assembly was formed. A peasant reform was carried out, more radical than in Austria: corvee and church tithes were abolished, one third of the cultivated land became the property of the peasants. The former serfs, who made up 40% of the peasant class, became full owners, and free of charge; compensation for the ransom was entirely entrusted to the state.

At the end of March, the Viennese court made an attempt to deprive Hungary of its revolutionary gains. However, the decisive action of the inhabitants of Pest forced the emperor to officially approve the revolutionary laws. All the peoples of the kingdom received bourgeois freedoms and land, but the question of the national rights of the non-Hungarian peoples was not even raised. Therefore, the Hungarian revolution began to quickly lose its potential allies, and the Austrian reaction did everything to fan the flames of ethnic hatred. In the south of the country, populated mainly by Serbs, armed skirmishes soon began.

The Hungarian government ordered the arrest of the leader of the Slovak national movement, Ludovit Štúr, the ideologist of Austroslavism, and his other associates after a moderate petition was handed to him (the government), containing demands for respect for the national rights of the Slovaks and the creation of a local Sejm. In the end, the Slovak leaders linked up with the Habsburg counter-revolution. The National Council formed by them in September proclaimed the independence of Slovakia within the framework of Hungary. At the same time, military expeditions were organized by the council in Vienna (in September, then in November 1848), but the Slovak peasants turned out to be immune to national-patriotic agitation. Even more than that: they supported the Hungarian army, and the detachments of military expeditions, in the ranks of which there were many Czechs, were easily and quickly dispersed.

The counter-revolutionary war against Hungary began in September 1848 with the invasion of Hungarian territory by the troops of the Croatian ban Jelacic. However, the mortal threat hanging over the country caused a new surge of revolutionary energy. The organization was taken over by the Defense Committee headed by Kossuth. The revolution, which entered a new stage of its development, developed into a war of liberation. New army, with stunning speed formed and armed by the efforts of Kossuth, at the end of September stopped the advance of the Croatian troops, and then threw them back into Austria. After the failures of the winter campaign in the spring of 1849, the Hungarian troops inflicted a series of crushing blows on the imperial troops and again reached the Austrian borders.

The state of the empire became catastrophic. The armed intervention of tsarist Russia averted the catastrophe. The fate of revolutionary Hungary was decided by the invasion of its territory by a 200,000-strong Russian army under the command of Field Marshal Paskevich. The main forces of the Hungarian army laid down their arms on August 13, 1849 near the town of Vilagos.

26. Creation of a dualistic monarchy in Austria-Hungary. Vienna Compromise of 1867 The failures of the foreign policy of the Austrian Empire - the strengthening of Prussia as a result of the war with Denmark in 1864 and the threat of an Austro-Prussian war - also contributed to the formation of a revolutionary situation. Under these conditions, the Austrian "tops" tried to achieve a weakening of the national struggle of the oppressed peoples with the help of concessions to the most numerous of the peoples oppressed by the Germans - the Magyars. In the summer of 1865, the government, headed by the conservative Belcredi, began negotiations with the convened Hungarian Diet on the future political status of Hungary. The February patent was suspended.

In 1866, in connection with the Austro-Prussian war and the defeat of the Austrian Empire in this war, the national liberation struggle in Hungary acquired an especially wide scope. During the Apstro-Prussian War, defeatist sentiments were prevalent in Hungary. The national struggle of other oppressed peoples also sharply intensified. The revolutionary situation that arose in the Austrian Empire in the first half of the 1960s escalated. This threatened the domination of the Austrian bourgeoisie, landowners, the Habsburg dynasty, the existence of the Austrian Empire. In order to prevent the collapse of the Austrian Empire, overcome the deep political crisis, strengthen their rule and preserve the monarchy headed by the Habsburg dynasty, the ruling classes of Austria were forced to make partial concessions to the Magyars.

In 1867, the government concluded an agreement with Hungary on the transformation of the Austrian Empire into a dual (dualistic) state - Austria-Hungary. The constitution adopted at the same time established a special state structure for both parts of Austria-Hungary. In Austria, a bicameral parliament was established - the Reichsrat. The upper chamber of the Reichsrat (house of gentlemen) consisted of representatives of the highest nobility and clergy; she was appointed by the emperor; the title of member of the House of Lords was hereditary. The lower house of the Reichsrat (house of representatives) was chosen by the diets of each of the 14 regions into which the Austrian part of the empire was divided. Elections to the House of Representatives were unequal and qualified. The size of the property qualification was established by regions, but everywhere it was very high. In addition to Lower and Upper Austria, the Czech Republic, Moravia, Galicia, Carinthia, Kraina, Silesia, Bukovina, Tyrol, Istria, Salzburg, and Styria received the right to send their representatives to the Austrian Reichsrat. The totality of all lands that have the right to send their representatives to the Austrian Reichsrat and located on the Austrian side of the river. Lei-you, was called Cisleithania.

Hungary also established a bicameral parliament (Seim). The upper house of the Sejm (house of magnates) was appointed by the king; it consisted of representatives of large Hungarian landowners and the bourgeoisie. The title of member of the House of Magnates was hereditary. The lower chamber of the Sejm (chamber of deputies) was elected on the basis of a high property qualification. The political statute created in Hungary also extended to Croatia, Slavonia, and Transylvania. The totality of lands on which the Hungarian political statute was established was called Transleitania.

Austria-Hungary was a monarchical state: it was headed by the Austrian emperor, also known as the Hungarian King Franz Joseph of Habsburg (1848-1916). The constitution granted the monarch enormous rights: he appointed the upper chambers of the Reichsrat and the Sejm, he had the right to issue decrees having the force of law in the interval between parliamentary sessions. The constitution provided that three ministries - military, foreign affairs and finance - would be common to Austria and Hungary. All other governments in Austria and Hungary were to be different.

The constitution of 1867 was anti-people and semi-absolutist: it preserved the monarchical system, granted enormous rights to the monarch, introduced an anti-popular way of staffing the upper chambers of the Reichsrat and the Sejm, introduced a reactionary electoral system that excluded the vast majority of the population from participation. Neither the workers, nor the peasants, nor the petty or even the middle bourgeoisie received voting rights.

In 1867, an agreement was also concluded for 10 years between Austria and Hungary on economic and financial issues concerning money circulation, the share of participation of both parts of the dualistic state in covering common expenses, and indirect taxes. It was envisaged to be automatically extended for the next decade, if it was not denounced by one of the contracting parties by the end of the ninth year.

Plan
Introduction
1 Prerequisites
2 Beginning of the revolution
2.1 Vienna uprising 13-15 March 1848
2.2 The development of the revolution in the spring of 1848

3 Social and national movements in the revolution
3.1 Social movements in Austria in the summer of 1848
3.2 Pan-German movement
3.3 National question and national movements
3.3.1 Revolution in Italy
3.3.2 Revolution in the Czech Republic
3.3.3 Revolution in Hungary

4 October Uprising in Vienna
5 Octrified constitution
6 Defeat of the revolution in Italy and Hungary

Introduction

Revolution of 1848-1849 in the Austrian Empire - the bourgeois-democratic revolution in the Austrian Empire, one of the European revolutions of 1848-1849. The tasks of the revolution were the establishment of civil rights and freedoms, the elimination of feudal remnants. In addition to the deep crisis of the political system, the reason for the revolution was inter-ethnic contradictions in a multinational state, the desire of the peoples of the empire for cultural and political autonomy. In fact, the revolution that began in Vienna soon broke up into several separate national revolutions in different parts of the empire.

1. Background

By the end of the reign of Metternich (1815-1846), the Austrian Empire was in a state of deep crisis. The political system based on the conservation of the old order, maintaining absolutism, centralization and omnipotence of the bureaucracy, no longer met the requirements of the time: in Austria and the Czech Republic, industry and the banking sector were rapidly developing, the national bourgeoisie was strengthening, the cultural upsurge of the peoples of the empire began, accompanied by the growth of the influence of the intelligentsia and the development national movements. Of the 36 million citizens of the empire, the Austrians were a minority (a little over 20%), while the rest of the peoples - Hungarians, Czechs, Italians, Poles, Croats, Slovaks, Romanians, Rusyns, Ukrainians and Slovenes - were in a subordinate position, did not have national autonomies and subjected to the policy of Germanization. In the 1840s the national movements of the peoples of the empire intensified, the main goals of which were the recognition national language and granting cultural and political autonomy. These movements acquired a particularly wide scope in the Lombardo-Venetian Kingdom (the activities of the Young Italy group by Giuseppe Mazzini), the Czech Republic (the movement for national revival and the restoration of the rights of the Czech Sejm, headed by Frantisek Palacki), and Hungary (Istvan Szechenyi's "reform movement" and Ferenc Deák).

In 1846, an economic crisis erupted in Austria: many enterprises went bankrupt, unemployment rose sharply and the solvency of the population fell, famine began in some peasant regions. The government remained passive and did not take vigorous measures to overcome the crisis. On February 21, 1846, an uprising broke out in Krakow, which at that time was an independent republic, in support of the restoration of Poland and with slogans of radical anti-feudal reforms. Almost simultaneously, an uprising of peasants began in Galicia, which resulted in the brutal "Galician Massacre". The government managed to use the Ukrainian peasants to suppress the Krakow uprising, and soon Krakow was annexed to the Austrian Empire. At the same time, in Italy, on the initiative of Pope Pius IX, liberal reforms, in Tuscany and Papal States freedom of the press was introduced, which contributed to a new upsurge of the Italian national movement, including in the Austrian possessions, demanding the unification of Italy. In September 1847, skirmishes began between Italian demonstrators and the Austrian police in Lombardy, which quickly became bloody and on February 24 martial law was introduced in the Lombardo-Venetian kingdom.

2. The beginning of the revolution

Decree of Ferdinand I to convene a constitutional assembly

In February 1848, a revolution broke out in France, liberal governments came to power in Baden, Hesse-Darmstadt and Württemberg, and a constitutional monarchy was established in the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. On March 3, members of the Lower Austrian Landtag proposed the abolition of peasant duties and the expansion of the rights and powers of the Landtags. A week later, they prepared a memorandum to the emperor with a program of bourgeois-democratic reforms. At the same time, students took to the streets of Austrian cities demanding freedom of the press, civil equality and universal popular representation. In the Hungarian State Assembly, after the speech of Lajos Kossuth, preparations began for broad socio-political reforms. On March 13, meetings of the Lower Austrian Landtag opened in Vienna, and a large crowd gathered in front of its building, on Herrengasse Square, demanding democratic reforms and the resignation of Metternich. Kossuth's speech was read at the Pozsony Diet, which caused stormy approval and calls for the overthrow of the government and the creation of a national guard. The commandant of the capital, Archduke Albrecht, sent troops into the streets of the city and staged a massacre on Herrengasse, which caused an outburst of indignation and a new upsurge in revolt: the inhabitants of Vienna began to smash arsenals, government offices, enterprises, and build barricades. Emperor Ferdinand I was forced to make concessions: Metternich was dismissed and a committee was announced to develop reform projects. On March 14, censorship was abolished, the National Guard and the Academic Legion of Students were established. On March 15, under pressure from the rebels who laid siege to the imperial palace, Ferdinand I proclaimed the convening of a constitutional assembly to adopt a constitution. This meant the victory of the revolution in Austria.

2.2. The development of the revolution in the spring of 1848

The revolution in Vienna had a significant impact on events in other parts of the empire. On March 15, in Pest, as a result of the actions of the people, power passed into the hands of a revolutionary body - the Committee of Public Security. The emperor agreed to the creation of a government in Hungary, responsible to the parliament. On March 11, an uprising broke out in Milan under the slogan "Down with Austria!", which quickly spread to Venice and other provincial cities. After five days of fighting, the Austrian army of Joseph Radetzky left Lombardy. Austrian troops were also expelled by the rebels from Parma and Modena. A republic was proclaimed in Venice, and the Kingdom of Sardinia declared war on the Austrian Empire. Under these conditions, the Austrian authorities made significant concessions to the revolutionary movement. On March 17, a new government of Franz Anton Kolowrat was created, responsible to parliament, which began to carry out liberal reforms: court departments and the State Council were abolished, a political amnesty was announced, reactionary ministers and advisers to the emperor were removed, the functions of managing Vienna were transferred to the Provisional Committee, which consisted of representatives liberal intelligentsia and nobility.

Nevertheless, the reactionaries, led by Archduchess Sophia, continued to influence the emperor. In April 1848, on their initiative, the Provisional Rules of the Press were published, which restored censorship. However, under pressure from student protests, Minister of the Interior Pillersdorf suspended these rules. Meanwhile, the revolution spread to other Austrian cities: uprisings broke out in Linz, Graz, Innsbruck, and local national guards were created. But on the whole, the movement outside Vienna was weak and disorganized, and was quickly suppressed.

On April 25, a draft Constitution was published, developed by a committee led by Pillersdorf: Austria was declared a constitutional monarchy (without Hungary and possessions in Italy), freedom of conscience, the press, assembly, petitions, unions, equality of citizens were recognized, a bicameral Reichstag was created (the lower house is elected by the people, upper - partly appointed by the emperor from the princes of the House of Habsburg, partly elected by a large aristocracy), legislative power remained with the emperor and the Reichstag, and the laws were to come into force only after approval by both chambers and the emperor. The draft constitution was met with dissatisfaction by the radical part of the revolutionaries. Students and the National Guard demanded the election of the Senate by the people and the general election of the lower house. On May 5, the government resigned, and the new cabinet was headed by Pillersdorf, who on May 11 published an electoral law introducing two-stage elections to the House of Representatives and excluding workers and students from participation in the elections. On May 14, the dissolution of the Central Committee of the National Guard was announced. This caused a new surge of revolution: the workers of the Viennese suburbs, together with students and radical intelligentsia, again took to the streets and began to erect barricades. The government was forced on May 16 to reverse the decision to dissolve the central committee and promise to revise the draft constitution. A new attempt by the government at the end of May 1848 to put student organizations under its control and liquidate the Academic Legion also failed: the students turned to the workers of the suburbs for help and, having built over 100 barricades in the capital, defeated the units of the national guard, which by that time had gone over to the side moderate. Power in the city passed to the Security Committee, which included, among other things, representatives student organizations and the National Guard. On June 1, a new electoral law was promulgated, according to which the parliament became unicameral, and voting rights were granted to a wider section of society (although the two-stage system of elections was retained).

On May 17, 1848, under the influence of the ongoing revolutionary uprisings in Vienna, Emperor Ferdinand I moved with his court to Innsbruck, which quickly became the center of the counter-revolution, where all the reactionary and conservative forces of the country flocked. The emperor began to seek rapprochement with the Slavic peoples of the empire, wanting to oppose them to the Austrian and Hungarian revolutions.

3. Social and national movements in the revolution

3.1. Social movements in Austria in the summer of 1848

The May events demonstrated a split in the revolutionary movement: part of the liberal nobility and intelligentsia, satisfied with the constitutional changes, opposed the radical students and workers. In the summer of 1848, the contradictions between the middle classes and the workers became even more aggravated. The economic situation continued to deteriorate, unemployment and inflation rose sharply, small and medium-sized enterprises were on the verge of bankruptcy. All this contributed to the further radicalization of the labor movement, in which the social demands for increased wages, the introduction of social insurance, the reduction of the working day. The organization of public works by the government could not solve the problem of employment.

On July 22, the opening of the Reichstag of Austria, elected under the new electoral law, took place. The election was won by moderate liberals seeking to consolidate the gains of the revolution and stop social unrest. At the request of the deputies, the emperor returned to Vienna, who formed the moderately conservative government of Baron Doblhof. On September 1, the Reichstag approved a law abolishing feudal duties, and the duties of the peasants, arising from their personal dependence and the right to landlord jurisdiction, were abolished free of charge, and the rest (tire, easements, corvee) - for a ransom paid in equal shares by the peasants and the state. This law was signed by the emperor on September 7 and meant the elimination of personal dependence and feudal obligations of the peasantry.

At the same time, the government launched an attack on the radicals from working environment. The National Guard was used to suppress the uprisings of the proletariat, while the Academic Legion and the Security Committee took a position of neutrality. Already on August 23, a demonstration of workers in Leopoldstadt was shot and demonstrations in the Viennese suburbs were dispersed.

3.2. Pan-German movement

The development of the Austrian revolution was greatly influenced by the events in Germany, where the idea of uniting all German lands into a single federal state was put forward. Austrian liberals enthusiastically accepted the idea of unification, but the Slavic peoples of the empire strongly opposed it. Only those lands of the empire that were part of the "German Union" (excluding Hungary, Croatia, Dalmatia, Galicia and Italian possessions) participated in the elections to the first all-German parliament, which was supposed to develop a program of unification. Slavic peoples (Czechs, Slovenes) boycotted the elections. Parliament opened on May 18, 1848 in Frankfurt. The Austrian deputies, who generally supported the idea of German unification, insisted on maintaining the unity of the Austrian Empire. However, the non-recognition of the Frankfurt Parliament by the German states, the unrest among the Slavic peoples against the unification of Germany and the negative position of Vienna towards the unification program proposed by the German liberals, made it impossible to implement the pan-German idea and led to the fall of the influence of the Frankfurt Parliament.

3.3. National question and national movements

Revolutionary events in other parts of the empire had a significant influence on the revolution in Austria. In fact, the entire Austrian Empire was engulfed in a revolutionary movement, which breaks up into several national revolutions: in Austria, Hungary, Italy, as well as in the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Galicia, Transylvania, Croatia, Vojvodina, Istria and Dalmatia.

Revolution in Italy

Full article: Revolution of 1848-1849 in Italy .

After the victory of the uprisings in Milan and Venice, most of the Lombardo-Venetian kingdom was liberated from Austrian rule and occupied by the troops of the Sardinian kingdom. However, by the end of June, the troops of Field Marshal Radetzky, having received new reinforcements, re-occupied the mainland of Venice, captured Vicenza and Verona. The Austrian liberals did not support the Italian revolution and did not interfere with the new recruitment of troops and the emperor's withdrawal of funds to finance the Italian campaign. On July 25-27, 1848, the imperial army utterly defeated the Sardinian troops at the Battle of Custozza and entered Milan in August. Soon the Sardinian army capitulated and Austrian power was restored in the Lombardo-Venetian kingdom (except for the city of Venice). Thus the revolution was suppressed.

Revolution in the Czech Republic

Full article: Revolution of 1848-1849 in the Czech Republic .

In the Czech Republic, under the influence of the revolution in Vienna, a national guard was created, demands were put forward for the autonomy of the Czech Republic within the Austrian Empire and the introduction of democratic freedoms, a special National Committee was organized to prepare reforms and convene a Zemstvo Sejm. The emperor recognized the equality of the Czech and German on the territory of the Czech Republic. Frantisek Palacki, in response to the idea of German unification, put forward a program of "Austria Slavism", the essence of which was to transform the empire into a federation of equal nations while maintaining the unity of the state. Elections to the Frankfurt Parliament in the Czech Republic were boycotted. On May 24, the Slavic Congress of Representatives of the Slavic Peoples of the Empire opened in Prague with the aim of uniting national movements against the pan-German danger. After the May events in Vienna, a wave of strikes and rallies of workers swept through the Czech Republic. Soon a Provisional Government Committee was formed with the participation of Palacki and Karl Brauner, which declared its non-recognition of the orders of the Vienna government. At the same time, the troops of Field Marshal Windischgrätz were drawn to Prague. On June 12, artillery shelling of the capital began, and on June 17, Prague capitulated. Mass arrests of participants in the revolution began in the country, revolutionary organizations and newspapers were closed. The revolution in the Czech Republic was suppressed

Revolution in Hungary

Full article: Revolution of 1848-1849 in Hungary .

In September 1848, the revolution in Austria began to decline, while in Hungary, under the influence of the threat from the Jelacic army, a new upsurge began. In Pest, a Defense Committee was formed, headed by Lajos Kossuth, which became the central organ of the revolution. The Hungarian army managed to defeat the Croats and the Austrian troops. The victories of the Hungarians caused the activation of the revolutionary movement in Vienna. On October 3, the emperor's manifesto was published on the dissolution of the Hungarian National Assembly, the abolition of all its decisions and the appointment of Jelacic as governor of Hungary. It was decided to send part of the Vienna garrison to suppress the Hungarian revolution, which caused an outburst of indignation in Vienna. On October 6, students from Viennese educational institutions dismantled the railroad tracks leading to the capital, preventing them from organizing the dispatch of soldiers to Hungary. Government troops were sent to restore order, but were defeated by the workers of the Viennese suburbs. The Austrian Minister of War Theodor von Latour was hanged. The victorious detachments of workers and students headed for the city center, where clashes broke out with the national guard and government troops. The rebels captured the storehouse with a large number of weapons. The emperor and his entourage fled from the capital to Olomouc. The Reichstag of Austria, in which only radical deputies remained, decided to create a Public Security Committee to oppose the reaction and restore order in the city, which turned to the emperor with a call to cancel the appointment of Jelacic as governor of Hungary and grant amnesty.

Initially, the October uprising in Vienna was spontaneous, there was no central leadership. On October 12, Wenzel Messenhauser stood at the head of the national guard, who created the general headquarters of the revolution with the participation of Jozef Bem and the leaders of the Academic Legion. On the initiative of Bem, detachments of the mobile guard were organized, which included armed workers and students. Meanwhile, the commandant of Vienna, Count Auersperg, turned to Jelachich for help. This caused a new uprising and the expulsion of government troops and Auersperg from the capital. However, Jelachich's troops had already approached Vienna and on October 13-14 they tried to break into the city, but were repulsed. The Viennese revolutionaries appealed to Hungary for help. After some hesitation, Kossuth agreed to help Vienna and sent one of the Hungarian armies to the Austrian capital. Detachments of volunteers from Brno, Salzburg, Linz and Graz also arrived in Vienna. On October 19, the Hungarian troops defeated the Jelachich army and entered the territory of Austria. However, by this time, Vienna had already been besieged by the 70,000th army of Field Marshal Windischgrätz. On October 22, the Austrian Reichstag left the capital, and the next day, Windischgrätz issued an ultimatum of unconditional surrender and began shelling the city. On October 26, government troops broke into Vienna in the area of the Danube Canal, but were repulsed by detachments of the Academic Legion. On October 28, Leopoldstadt was captured and the fighting was transferred to the streets of the capital. On October 30, a battle took place between the imperial and Hungarian troops on the outskirts of Vienna, near Schwechat, in which the Hungarians were completely defeated and retreated. This meant the collapse of the hopes of the defenders of Vienna. The next day, the imperial troops entered the capital.

6. The defeat of the revolution in Italy and Hungary

In the autumn of 1848, the Austrian offensive in Hungary resumed. After the refusal of the Hungarian State Assembly to recognize Franz Joseph as the king of Hungary, the troops of Windischgrätz invaded the country, quickly seizing Bratislava and Buda. The Hungarian government moved to Debrecen. But in Transylvania, the Austrian troops were defeated by the army of Jozef Bem. In early April 1849, the famous “spring campaign” of the Hungarian army took place, as a result of which the Austrians were defeated in several battles, and most of the territory of Hungary was liberated. On April 14, the Declaration of Independence of Hungary was adopted, the Habsburgs were deposed, and Lajos Kossuth was elected ruler of the country. But on May 21, the Austrian Empire signed the Warsaw Pact with Russia, and soon the Russian troops of Field Marshal Paskevich invaded Hungary. The Russian offensive from the east was reinforced by a new Austrian offensive from the west. The Hungarian troops were defeated on all fronts, unrest began among the military elite. On August 9, the Hungarian army was defeated near Temesvár, and Kossuth resigned. On August 13, the Hungarian troops of General Görgey capitulated. Hungary was occupied, repressions began, on October 6, Lajos Battyani and 13 generals of the revolutionary army were executed in Arad. The revolution in Hungary was suppressed.

Literature

· Averbukh R. A. Revolution in Austria (1848-1849). M., 1970.

· Bah M. History of the Austrian Revolution of 1848. M.-Ptg., 1923.

· European revolutions of 1848, M., 2001;

· Nybort L. E. Democratic press of Vienna during the revolution of 1848. Candidate's thesis. M., 1968.

· Liberation movements of the peoples of the Austrian Empire: Origin and development. The end of XVIII - 1849 M., 1980.

· Udaltsov I.I. Essays from the history of the national political struggle in the Czech Republic in 1848. M., 1951.

· Dowe D., Haupt H.-G., Langewiesche D.(Hrsg.): Europa 1848. Revolution und Reform, Verlag J.H.W. Dietz Nachfolger, Bonn 1998, ISBN 3-8012-4086-X

· Endres R. Revolution in Osterreich 1848, Danubia-Verlag, Wien, 1947

· Engels F. Revolution und Konterrevolution in Deutschland, Ersterscheinung: New York Daily Tribune, 1851/52; Neudruck: Dietz Verlag, Berlin, 1988 in Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, Werke, Band 8

· Freitag S. Die 48er. Lebensbilder aus der deutschen Revolution 1848/49, Verlag C. H. Beck, München 1998, ISBN 3-406-42770-7

· Frey A. G., Hochstuhl K. Wegbereiter der Demokratie. Die badische Revolution 1848/49. Der Traum von der Freiheit, Verlag G. Braun, Karlsruhe 1997

· Hachtmann R. Berlin 1848. Eine Politik- und Gesellschaftsgeschichte der Revolution, Verlag J.H.W. Dietz Nachfolger, Bonn 1997, ISBN 3-8012-4083-5

· Herdepe K. Die Preußische Verfassungsfrage 1848, (= Deutsche Universitätsedition Bd. 22) ars et unitas: Neuried 2003, 454 S., ISBN 3-936117-22-5

· Hippel W. von Revolution im deutschen Südwesten. Das Großherzogtum Baden 1848/49, (= Schriften zur politischen Landeskunde Baden-Württembergs Bd. 26), Verlag Kohlhammer: Stuttgart 1998 (auch kostenlos zu beziehen über die Landeszentrale für politische Bildung Baden-Württemberg), ISBN 3-17-01 4039-6

· Jessen H. Die Deutsche Revolution 1848/49 in Augenzeugenberichten, Karl Rauch Verlag, Düsseldorf 1968

· Mick G. Die Paulskirche. Streiten fur Recht und Gerechtigkeit, Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt 1997

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bourgeois-democratic revolution, the main tasks of which were the elimination of the feudal-absolutist system and the resolution of the national question in the Austrian Empire. The driving force of the revolution was the masses of the people - the workers, the urban petty bourgeoisie and the peasantry. The proletariat, insufficiently developed at that time, was only just beginning to separate itself from the general democratic camp and did not put forward its own special political demands in the course of the revolutionary struggle. The hegemon of the revolution in Austria was the liberal bourgeoisie, whose demands did not go beyond the framework of a constitutional monarchy.

The immediate impetus for the revolution in Austria, the beginning of which was accelerated by the economic crisis of 1847, was the revolutionary actions in France, as well as in Baden, Hesse-Darmstadt, Bavaria, Württemberg and other states of the German Confederation (February - March 1848).

March 13, 1848 in Vienna began popular uprising, which forced the Austrian Chancellor Metternich to resign, and Emperor Ferdinand I to promise a constitution. On March 17, a government was formed from representatives of the nobility and the liberal bureaucracy (from March to November 1848, the composition of the government changed several times). The students who were actively speaking these days were allowed to create their own armed organization - the "Academic Legion", and the townspeople - the National Guard. In April, the Committee of Public Safety was created - an unofficial body of power of the bourgeoisie. The creation of workers' organizations (the Vienna Workers' Union, etc.) began.

The revolutionary events in Austria took place in the conditions of a powerful upsurge of the revolutionary movement in other parts of the multinational Habsburg empire (the Revolution of 1848-49 in Hungary, popular uprisings in Milan, Galicia, Vojvodina, Croatia).

On April 25, 1848, the government promulgated a constitution that proclaimed various freedoms, but in fact retained power in the hands of the emperor and the upper chamber appointed by him. On May 11, an electoral law was published, which limited the number of voters by a high property qualification and a residency qualification. Considering the revolution finished, the bourgeoisie sought to prevent its further deepening. The government, in order to break the revolutionary forces, issued a decree on May 14 to dissolve the Central Political Committee (it was formed on May 7 by representatives of the National Guard) and the Student Committee created on March 20, and at the end of May made an attempt to dissolve the "Academic Legion". But the armed people came to the defense of the committee and the legion, and the government was forced to temporarily retreat. On June 1, a new electoral law was issued (June 10 supplemented), which provided active suffrage to all men who have reached the age of 24 (as early as May 16, the emperor published a decree on the creation of a unicameral elected Reichstag).

The June uprising of 1848 in Paris greatly frightened the Austrian bourgeoisie and contributed to its transition to the counter-revolutionary camp. In such a situation, the government, pushed by the court camarilla, began to gradually go over to the offensive. On August 19, a decree was issued to reduce the wages of workers employed in public works. The protest of the workers, which resulted in mass demonstrations, was suppressed (August 23) National Guard. On September 7, 1848, an agrarian law was published, which provided for the abolition without redemption of only the personal duties of the peasants; corvée and dues were abolished for a ransom corresponding to 20 times the value of annual peasant payments.

In early October, the imperial court decided to send part of the Vienna garrison to suppress the Hungarian revolution. In response, on October 6, a popular uprising began in Vienna, which was the culminating point of the Austrian revolution: artisans, workers, students blocked the path of the troops going to the front; part of the garrison went over to the side of the people. However, the representatives of the petty bourgeoisie and the radical intelligentsia, who found themselves at the head of the uprising, did not show due determination and failed to create a single authority to lead the uprising. The rebels did not receive the necessary support from the democratic forces of the Germans. states. They were opposed by a huge army formed by the counter-revolutionary forces under the command of Field Marshal A. Windischgrätz, which besieged the capital and subjected it to artillery fire. On October 29, the leaders of the rebels entered into negotiations with Windischgrätz and agreed to an unconditional surrender. The heroic resistance was continued only by the mobile guard formed during the days of the uprising from the workers. On October 31, the imperial troops entered Vienna. K. Marx subsequently described the October uprising in Vienna as “... the second act of the drama, the first act of which was played out in Paris under the name “June Days”” (K. Marx and F. Engels, Soch., 2nd ed., vol. 5, p. 494).

After the defeat of the October uprising in Austria, a new government was created - from representatives of the feudal-monarchist circles and the big bourgeoisie, headed by Prince F. Schwarzenberg. Emperor Franz Joseph (who ascended the throne in December 1848 after the abdication of Ferdinand I) proclaimed in March 1849 the introduction of a reactionary constitution; The Reichstag, which had been in session since July 22, was dispersed.

The revolution in Austria was defeated. Its main reason was the betrayal of the bourgeoisie, which went over to the side of the counter-revolution. However, a complete return to the pre-revolutionary order was no longer possible; the liberation of the peasants from feudal obligations, albeit for a ransom, contributed to the capitalist development of the country.

Lit.: Marx K., Revolution in Vienna, Marx K. and Engels F., Soch., 2nd ed., vol. 5; his own, The Revolution in Vienna and the "Kölnische Zeitung", ibid.; his, Latest news from Vienna, Berlin and Paris, ibid.; his, Victory of the counter-revolution in Vienna, ibid.; Engels F., The Beginning of the End of Austria, ibid., vol. 4; his, Revolution and counter-revolution in Germany, ibid., vol. 8; Bach M., History of the Austrian Revolution of 1848, 2nd ed., M., 1923; Kan S. B., Revolution of 1848 in Austria and Germany, M., 1948; Revolutions of 1848-1849, vol. 1-2, M., 1952; Averbukh R. A., The struggle of the Viennese democracy against the aristocratic constitution (May 1848), “Izv. Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Ser. history and philosophy”, 1947, No. 4; her own, the October uprising in Vienna in 1848, "Questions of History", 1948, No. 10; her own, The Labor Movement in Vienna in August 1848, in the collection: On the centenary of the revolution of 1848, M., 1949; her, Revolution and national liberation struggle in Hungary 1848-1849, M., 1965; her, Revolution in Austria (1848-1849), M., 1970.

M. A. Poltavsky.

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Revolution of 1848

Revolution of 1848–1849

REVOLUTION OF 1848 IN AUSTRIA. THE DEPOSITION OF METTERNICH

2. Revolution of 1848-1849

CHAPTER I. THE REVOLUTION OF 1848 AND THE REACTION IN FRANCE. 1848-1852

CHAPTER IV. REVOLUTION AND REACTION IN AUSTRIA. 1848–1859

58. REVOLUTION OF 1848 IN FRANCE

Revolution of 1848

Revolution 1848-49 in Austria

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