When did the tradition of celebrating the day of the last bell appear? The history of the school bell

Municipal budgetary educational institution

Kaduysky municipal district

"Kaduyskaya high school»

Conference "First steps into science"

Title of the work "Sound of the school bell"

P. Kaduy, 2017

TABLE OF CONTENTS:

Introduction……………………………………………………………………………….3

The impact of the school bell ringtone on students and teachers:

2.1 Purpose, objectives, relevance and hypothesis…………………………………………….4

Conclusion………………………………………………………………………........9

List of sources…………………………………………………………………..10

Annex 1 (photo report of consultations with specialists)……………………..11

Appendix 2 (photo report of student surveys)………………………………..........12

Appendix 3(results of surveys of students in grades 2-4)……………………..13

Annex 4 (student answers)…………………………………………………..14

Annex 5 (teachers' answers)……………………………………………………...16

Introduction.

For the first time, the doors of the school for each first-grader are opened with a school bell. But the holiday is over, weekdays are coming and it’s not a joyful bell that calls to study, but a loud and sharp bell, the sound of which irritates the ear, the sound of which makes you shudder, you want to cover your ears with your hands and run away from him. But he catches up with you again and again, after each lesson, day after day. It is known that the safe noise level for a person is 40 dB. School bell sound 100 dB. This is more than the safe level, twice. The school bell is just one component of the school noise, to which is added screaming and running around at breaks, noise from the street. Noise pollution ranks second in terms of harmful effects on the human body after chemical pollution. environment. Doctors say that noise makes a person angry. Evil people always have a bad mood, which affects not only themselves, but also those around them. They get sick from constant irritation. In modern medicine, a diagnosis has appeared: "Chronic anger."

Prolonged noise adversely affects the hearing organs, reducing the sensitivity to sound. Noises cause functional disorders of the cardiovascular system; have a harmful effect on the visual and vestibular analyzers, reduces reflex activity, which often causes accidents and injuries. It leads to a breakdown in the activity of the heart, liver, to exhaustion and overstrain. nerve cells. Sudden loud noises, such as school bells, affect the autonomic nervous system. A strong, unpleasant sound causes a heartbeat, an increase in blood pressure and adrenaline in the blood. Under the influence of "school" noise, students show changes in the functional state of the central nervous system. The noise intensity level in the lessons is mainly in the range from 50 to 80 decibels, with a frequency of 500 to 2000 hertz. Noise up to 40 decibels does not cause negative changes, they become pronounced when exposed to noise of 50 and 60 decibels. Noise levels above 80-100 decibels contribute to an increase in the number of errors in work, reducing labor productivity by about 10-15% and at the same time significantly deteriorating its quality.

2. The impact of the school bell on students and teachers

2.1. Purpose, objectives, relevance and hypothesis

Why did we choose this topic? It is interesting for our social class and age group. In some schools, instead of a rattling, ear-irritating bell, there are already tunes that are pleasant to the ear, making you “wake up”, cheer up in the morning, smile after a poorly written control. We would like to improve the time spent in the institution by schoolchildren, their parents and teachers, evoke pleasant emotions from listening to the school bell, just smile when you hear cheerful, energetic, positive, pleasant to the ear music, but this will take time and solve some other problems.

Now our goal of the project is the impact of the school bell on students and teachers.

To achieve our goal, we have set a number of tasks:

Consult with experts about the impact of the school bell melody on students and teachers;

Find information on our topic in printed publications and Internet resources and process it;

Conduct a survey among students in grades 2-4;

Conduct a survey among school teachers;

Draw conclusions.

Hypothesis of our project: Suppose that the sound of a school bell is an irritant for students and teachers. And we will try to prove it.

2.2 Expert advice

Our group turned to Galina Anatolyevna Blinova, Deputy Director for Administration and Maintenance (see Appendix 1), for advice on the school bell and system arrangement.

We consulted with the school health worker Tsareva Galina Valentinovna (see Appendix 1). She told us that "Noise makes a person angry. Such people poison the life not only of those around them, but also of themselves. In modern medicine, even a diagnosis has appeared - “chronic anger”. People who are constantly angry from blood noise produce too many stress hormones, such as adrenaline. From this, the pressure jumps, the heartbeat increases.

We visited the school psychologist of our school Borisova Galina Gennadievna(See Appendix 1)and consulted about the school bell. “I really like the idea of studying the influence of the school bell ringtone. I am ready to help, if necessary, to advise on this issue. And this is what she told us: “Many of us sometimes catch ourselves on the fact that the most insignificant troubles cause disproportionately strong irritation. At the same time, the mood deteriorates, well-being worsens, and as a result, mental imbalance gradually becomes an unpleasant feature of character.

So, from a psychological point of view,bad influence have the following sounds:

Modern commercial music - hip-hop, rock, hard rock, electronic and pop - is written at low frequencies, which, according to studies, has an effect similar to the roar of an earthquake, a building collapse or an avalanche. A person subconsciously feels threatened, in addition, he may feel a breakdown and depression. Prolonged exposure to low frequencies causes a change in the functioning of the glands responsible for the hormonal background, the level of insulin in the blood changes, and the ability to self-control decreases or disappears completely.

Swearing and obscene speech, lyrics with a negative message, have a strong influence on a person. A person who constantly hears mate, screams, negative speeches around him will simply wither if he does not think about how to protect himself.

Useful sounds include first of all, these are the sounds of nature: the murmur of a stream, the singing of birds, the sounds of waves and rain, the songs of dolphins. These sounds allow you to disconnect from the bustle of the city and direct your inner gaze to your own sources - wildlife. Result: stress relief, a state of rest and relaxation, lowering blood pressure, improving overall well-being, improving mood.

Annex 1

Consultation with the Deputy Director for AHS Blinova Galina Anatolyevna

Consultation with the medical worker of the school Tsareva Galina Valentinovna

Consultation with a teacher - school psychologist Borisova Galina Gennadievna

Annex 2

Survey of students in grades 2-4 MBOU "Kaduyskaya secondary school"

2 "A" class

2 "B" class

3 "A" class

3 "B" class

4 "A" class

4 "B" class

Appendix 3

The results of surveys of students in grades 2-4

SURVEY PROCESSING

Questions for students :

Does the sound of the school bell annoy you?

Which is better: the sound of a bell (K), a school bell (Z), or a melody (M)?

What kind of music would you like to hear as a ringtone? A - Modern, B - Sounds of nature, C - Classical, D - Standard.

What genre of music to put on the school bell ringtone? A - pop music, B - rock music, C - traditional, D - classical.

Appendix 4

Answers of students in grades 2-4

Appendix 4

Answers of students in grades 2-4

Appendix 5

School teachers' answers

The lesson appeared in antiquity. According to one of the versions of historians, the ancient Greek philosopher and teacher Plato invented it in order to gather his students for class. It's hard to imagine... but Plato's first school bell was made of glass. It consisted of two vessels. One empty, one with water. And it was called - clepsydra. Plato's main idea was that this sound of such a bell should be penetrating. The voice of the glass bell woke the students for classes early in the morning.

When the bells came in educational establishments- a mystery that is still being studied by great minds. One of the versions - since the first schools were parochial, then the church bell gave the signal for the beginning and end of the lesson. Such a craft as casting small bells originates in Ancient Rus'. Again - according to one of the versions. According to historians, there is a legend according to which Ivan the Third, who won the victory over the great Novgorod, took the great bell from there. It so happened that the cart on which the bell was transported broke down and it fell into one of the lakes. After that, the locals took it out and began to cast a small bell and give it as a shrine. Since then, it has been.

Before the appearance of the electric bell in the world, all educational institutions used, as a rule, a copper bell. The first solemn line was held in his commune by the famous teacher Anton Makarenko in the 20s of the last century. And in the 70s, another tradition appeared - to take a first-grader on the shoulder. Today, every city school has a bell. As a rule, they are all copper.

Interestingly, in addition to an invigorating mood, bell ringing can relieve illness and nervous strain. Even the sound of a small school bell has such healing vibrations. In many schools of Tsarist Rus', the bell was considered a talisman, our ancestors thought that its ringing could drive away evil spirits from people.

In order for students and teachers to know when the lesson began and when it ended. The bell rings after every lesson.

The call was made Jan Amos Comenius like the whole school concept.

In many schools where students deaf-mutes hand signals are used.

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An excerpt characterizing the school bell

Prince Vasily did not consider his plans. He even less thought to do evil to people in order to gain an advantage. He was only a man of the world who had succeeded in the world and made a habit out of this success. He constantly, depending on the circumstances, on rapprochements with people, drew up various plans and considerations, in which he himself did not fully realize, but which constituted the whole interest of his life. Not one or two such plans and considerations happened to him in use, but dozens, of which some were just beginning to appear to him, others were achieved, and still others were destroyed. He did not say to himself, for example: “This man is now in power, I must gain his confidence and friendship and through him arrange for a lump-sum allowance,” or he did not say to himself: “Here, Pierre is rich, I must lure him to marry his daughter and borrow the 40,000 I need”; but a man in strength met him, and at that very moment instinct told him that this man could be useful, and Prince Vasily approached him and at the first opportunity, without preparation, instinctively, flattered, became familiar, talked about that, about what was needed.

School bell- a device that is used in schools to signal the beginning and end of the lesson (such a signal is also called call), as well as to generate an alarm. Each school, as a rule, is equipped with several bells, but in small rural schools a single call can be used; some schools have a bell in every classroom. IN modern schools electric calls are used, automatically triggered according to a schedule. The call automation system is called clocking.

In the middle of the 19th century, an electric bell was invented, and such devices appeared in some schools. Initially, as in the case of the bell, the signal was given manually (by closing the bell circuit). In the 20th century, clocks began to spread in schools and enterprises - a system of automatic signaling [ ] .

At the end of the twentieth century, musical calls began to appear, not emitting a "mechanical" ringing, but reproducing melodies. Clock systems have become more advanced, in particular, it has become possible to organize at school single system connected to it speakers in each classroom, which, in addition to ringing, can give an alarm, music for charging, announcements for teachers, etc. However, ordinary electric calls remain the most common, and in some small schools all bells are also used. In the least developed countries, an artisanal gong may be used as a bell.

Designs and operation

Bell

In many small schools, especially in countryside, a bell is used as a school bell, placed in the school yard or in a special building on the roof of the school. Calls are made manually. There are electric drives that automatically swing the bell according to a schedule.

Electric (electromagnetic) bell

This type of bell is the most common, a typical design is with two "cups" (English double-gong bell). The official name is a loud fight electric two-cup bell. As a rule, one such device is placed under the ceiling on each floor of the school so that its sound can be heard in all classrooms. The duration of the call is 10-15 seconds. In many schools, in addition to the standard notification of the beginning / end of the lesson, using such a device, additional signals are given: three short calls - the collection of teachers for a meeting, a continuous ring - an alarm.

Initially, the signal was given by pressing a button: while the button was held down, a ringing sound was heard. This was done by the duty teacher, janitor or secretary. To avoid hooliganism, the button was in a locked room under supervision. The disadvantage of such a system is the need for a responsible person to strictly monitor the time, as well as the possibility of unauthorized calling by school hooligans. Currently, almost all schools are clocked and calls are made automatically. Many schools have bells connected to fire alarms.

In the absence of computer system clocking, it can be provided mechanically - with the help of primary and secondary clocks. The primary clock is a mechanical device, the mechanism of which, in addition to the clock function itself, is able to close and open the electrical circuit according to the schedule. For example, in the Soviet watch “Strela EVChS-24”, a 24-hour disc with 288 holes and an additional weekly disc with 7 holes are used for this, which allows turning off the signals on the corresponding days. The pin inserted into the hole at the appointed time closes the circuit that heats the metal plate, which instantly expands, bends, touches the contact and closes the secondary circuit (in this case, the primary circuit opens, the plate cools down in 5-20 seconds and returns to its original position, which leads to to open the secondary circuit). The secondary circuit, in turn, supplies current to the calls.

Music call

Music calls are able to play the melody built into their memory. Most devices of this type play MIDI melodies from a standard set, and their mode of operation is configured similarly to electromagnetic calls or via a computer. It is possible to organize remote control of such a call [ ] [ ] .

The most modern system is to make calls through loudspeakers placed in each classroom. Through the same speakers, you can play music for charging before the first lesson or during school holidays, alarms, announcements, etc., and not necessarily all at once, but only in some selected classrooms. A “radio room” is organized at the school, from which such a system is controlled, and senior students are on duty in it; As a rule, excellent students are sent to such a responsible post. In some schools, such a system is developing into a full-fledged school radio with its own student edition, and this radio is broadcast during breaks.

Hooliganism using a call

Sometimes students out of hooligan motives (in order to disrupt the lesson, organize a false alarm, or just play a joke) try to provoke the bell to ring at the wrong time. The sources mention the following:

Criticism and rejection of calls

In April 2010, the radical Islamic group Harakat al-Shabaab banned the use of school bells in Somalia because, according to Islamists, they resemble the sound of Christian church bells.

In October 2010 at Mackie Academy in Stonehaven, UK, school bells were banned because they allegedly agitate students and make them restless. In addition, canceling calls increases the personal responsibility and attention of schoolchildren, teaches them to keep track of time on their own. Subsequently, the same decision was made in several more schools in the UK.

In culture

The school bell is considered one of the most important attributes of the school, which is why it appears in many works of art related to studies, and is also found on school emblems.

Events

The first bell is a school event organized on September 1 for first graders who have just started school.
The last bell is a school event marking the end of school.

When organizing these events, a symbolic bell is used - a bell with a bow. On September 1, in Russian schools, the right to ring the first bell is given to one of the first-graders and the eleventh-grader-excellent student, holding the bell by the handle at the same time, which symbolizes the continuity and infinity of the school assembly line.

In literature

Notes

EDUCATION SYSTEM OF JOHN AMOS COMENIUS AND ITS IMPLICATIONS IN MODERN DIDACTICS
Sergei Frolov. Mystery school bells (Russian). LiveJournal(January 28, 2015). Retrieved November 1, 2017.
Egor Kretov. Sentinels networks of the past (Russian). Geektimes(June 9, 2015). Retrieved November 1, 2017.
What is a secondary clock? (Russian). TD Timer. Retrieved November 1, 2017.
Sergei Liskovsky. School bell on Raspberry Pi with remote control (Russian). Habrahabr(December 25, 2013). Retrieved November 1, 2017.

see also