Since childhood, we have all been taught that we must take care of the environment. Parents taught them to be in order, insisting that it was impossible to litter on the street; at school, at labor lessons, they taught how to make birdhouses and set aside special days for subbotniks. In many educational institutions even studied a special subject, which includes the section "Environmental Protection".
Unfortunately, the most negative impact on natural processes in the biosphere. In an effort to create the most comfortable conditions for their lives, people thereby have a significant impact on Mines and factories emit an incredible amount of harmful toxic substances into the atmosphere, which lead to the uncontrolled fishing or hunting of animals leads to the extinction of one species or another. Therefore, the issue of carrying out a set of measures is very acute, the main purpose of which is to limit the negative impact of human activity. All these concepts include environmental protection.
What can a person do to improve the situation? First of all, enterprises should monitor the amount of emissions into the atmosphere. It is also necessary to limit unauthorized waste disposal. There is enough modern methods, developed by ecological logistics, which allow total cleaning with minimal negative influence on the environment.
Of no less importance is the creation of national parks, reserves, which make it possible to preserve the natural chain of the ecosystem, allowing many representatives of the animal world to continue their existence. Environmental protection also requires limiting fishing and hunting. Some species are protected, and for some, a period is introduced when hunting and trapping is prohibited. This is a period of time that includes the moment of bearing and raising offspring.
It should be noted that the soil requires conservation and restoration, which mainly affects the development of the agro-industrial complex. It is curious that there are some subspecies of earthworms that are able to neutralize dangerous compounds found in contaminated soil. So, for example, worms of the subspecies Lumbricus rubellus absorb soil polluted toxic waste, such as arsenic, copper, zinc, lead and return it in a form suitable for absorption by plants. Moreover, these worms cannot live in clean soils, so they may well serve to determine the toxicity and contamination of soils.
It includes standards and requirements that simply need to be met during the construction of an object. It is the observance of all these standards that will make it possible to successfully complete the construction, because otherwise, not only a fine may be imposed, but the entire construction process may be stopped altogether.
Carrying out any construction work must take place within a clearly defined regulation, which specifies all the details and requirements for the technical process. Environmental protection includes all possible nuances, from the observance of living conditions, which must comply with sanitary and hygienic standards, to the agreed dimensions of the lifting and other equipment used in the construction. All materials, equipment, structures must also have documents confirming their fire safety. GOST requirements must be observed during warehousing and storage building materials. The final moment, which is kept under control by environmental protection during construction, is the collection and removal of construction waste to a special place.
It is important to remember that in many respects it depends on us in what conditions our children will live.
environmental protection- a system of measures aimed at ensuring favorable and safe conditions for the environment and human life. The most important environmental factors are atmospheric air, air of dwellings, water, soil. O. o. With. provides for the conservation and restoration of natural resources in order to prevent direct and indirect negative impacts of human activities on nature and human health.
Under the conditions of scientific and technological progress and the intensification of industrial production, the problem of O. o. With. have become one of the most important national tasks, the solution of which is inextricably linked with the protection of human health. For many years, the processes of environmental degradation were reversible. affected only limited areas, individual areas and were not of a global nature, therefore, effective measures to protect the human environment were practically not taken. In the last 20-30 years, irreversible changes in the natural environment or dangerous phenomena have begun to appear in various regions of the Earth. In connection with the massive pollution of the environment, the issues of its protection from regional, intrastate have grown into an international, global problem. All developed states defined O. o. With. one of the most important aspects of humanity's struggle for survival.
Advanced industrial countries developed a number of key organizational and scientific and technical measures for O. o. With. They are as follows: identification and assessment of the main chemical, physical and biological factors that adversely affect the health and performance of the population, in order to develop the necessary strategy to reduce the negative role of these factors; assessment of the potential impact of toxic substances polluting the environment in order to establish the necessary risk criteria for public health; development of effective programs to prevent possible industrial accidents and measures to reduce the harmful effects of accidental emissions on the environment. Besides, special value in O. about. With. acquires the establishment of the degree of danger of environmental pollution for the gene pool, in terms of the carcinogenicity of some toxic substances contained in industrial emissions and waste. To assess the degree of risk of mass diseases caused by pathogens contained in the environment, systematic epidemiological studies are needed.
When solving issues related to O. o. with., it should be borne in mind that a person from birth and throughout his life is exposed to various factors(contact with chemicals in everyday life,
at work, the use of drugs, the ingestion of chemical additives contained in food products, etc.). Additional exposure to harmful substances entering the environment, in particular with industrial waste, can have a negative impact on human health.Among environmental pollutants (biological, physical, chemical and radioactive), one of the first places is occupied by chemical compounds. More than 5 million chemical compounds are known, of which over 60 thousand are in constant use. Worldwide production chemical compounds increases by 2 1/2 times every 10 years. The most dangerous is the entry into the environment of organochlorine compounds of pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, heavy metals, asbestos.
The most effective measure O. o. With. from these compounds are the development and implementation of waste-free or low-waste technological processes, as well as the neutralization of waste or their processing for recycling. Another important direction of O. o. With. is a change in the approach to the principles of location of various industries,
replacement of the most harmful and stable substances by less harmful and less stable ones. Mutual influence of different industrial and page - x. objects is becoming more significant, and the social and economic damage from accidents caused by the proximity of various enterprises may exceed the benefits associated with the proximity of the resource base or transport facilities. In order for the tasks of placing objects to be optimally solved, it is necessary to cooperate with specialists of different profiles who are able to predict the adverse effects of diverse factors, use mathematical modeling methods. Quite often, due to meteorological conditions, territories remote from the direct source of harmful emissions are polluted.In many countries since the late 70s. there were centers on O. about. pp., integrating world experience, exploring the role of previously unknown factors that harm the environment and public health.
The most important role in the implementation of the planned state policy in the field of O. o. With. belongs to hygienic science (see. Hygiene ). In our country, research in this area is conducted by more than 70 institutions (hygienic institutes, departments of communal hygiene medical institutes, institutes for the improvement of doctors).
Head on the problem " Scientific Foundations environmental hygiene" is the Research Institute of General and Communal Hygiene. A.N. Sysina.Scientific basis for regulation developed and implemented adverse factors environment, standards have been established for many hundreds of chemicals in the air of the working area, water in reservoirs, atmospheric air in populated areas, soil, food products; Permissible levels of exposure to a number of physical factors have been established - noise, vibration, electromagnetic radiation (see.
Russian Federation
Lecture 7
Additional
1. "Report on the state and protection of the environment of the Saratov region".
2. Journals: "Ecological Bulletin of Russia", "Ecology", "Use and Protection of Natural Resources in Russia".
4. Federal Law of the Russian Federation of November 23, 1995 No. 174-FZ “On Environmental Expertise” (as amended by the Federal Law of April 15, 1998 No. 65-FZ).
5. Harmful substances. Classification and general safety requirements GOST 12.1.007-76 SSBT.
6. Atmosphere. General requirements to methods for the determination of pollutants. GOST 17.2.4.02-81.
7. Soils. Classification of chemicals for pollution control. GOST 17.4.1.02-83.
8. Sanitary rules and norms for the protection of surface waters from pollution. SanPiN 4630-88.
9. Environmental passport GOST 17.0.0.4-90.
10. Sanitary protection zones and sanitary classification of enterprises, structures and other objects SanPiN 2.2.1/2.1.111.1200-03.
environmental protection is a system of scientific knowledge and a set of state, international and public events aimed at the rational use, protection and restoration of natural resources, the conservation of biological diversity, the protection of the environment from pollution and destruction to create optimal living conditions human society to meet the material and cultural needs of present and future generations.
The main tasks of environmental protection:
1. rational use of natural resources;
2. protection of nature from pollution;
3. conservation of biological diversity.
The main purpose of environmental protection is to improve public health, maintain and improve natural conditions in the process of nature management, consistent reduction of pollution sources, as well as continuous monitoring of the state of the environment and the factors influencing it during various types human activity.
Environment- a set of components of the natural environment, natural and natural-anthropogenic objects, as well as anthropogenic objects.
Components of the natural environment- land, bowels, soils, surface and ground waters, atmospheric air, vegetation, animal world and other organisms, as well as the ozone layer of the atmosphere and near-Earth space, which together provide favorable conditions for the existence of life on Earth.
Favorable environment- the environment, the quality of which ensures the sustainable functioning of natural ecological systems, natural and natural-anthropogenic objects.
natural object– natural ecological system, natural landscape and their constituent elements that have retained their natural properties.
Natural-anthropogenic object- a natural object modified as a result of economic and other activities and an object created by a person with properties natural object and has recreational and protective value.
anthropogenic object- an object created by a person to provide him social needs and does not have the properties of natural objects.
environmental protection
environmental protection - a system of measures aimed at ensuring favorable and safe conditions for the environment and human life. The most important environmental factors are atmospheric air, air of dwellings, water, soil. Environmental protection provides for the conservation and restoration of natural resources in order to prevent direct and indirect negative impacts of human activities on nature and human health.
In the context of scientific and technological progress and the intensification of industrial production, the problems of environmental protection have become one of the most important national tasks, the solution of which is inextricably linked with the protection of human health. For many years, the processes of environmental degradation were reversible. affected only limited areas, individual areas and were not of a global nature, therefore, effective measures to protect the human environment were practically not taken. In the last 20-30 years, irreversible changes in the natural environment or dangerous phenomena have begun to appear in various regions of the Earth. In connection with the massive pollution of the environment, the issues of its protection from regional, intrastate have grown into an international, global problem. All developed countries have identified environmental protection as one of the most important aspects of humanity's struggle for survival.
The advanced industrial countries have developed a number of key organizational, scientific and technical measures for environmental protection. They are as follows: identification and assessment of the main chemical, physical and biological factors that adversely affect the health and performance of the population, in order to develop the necessary strategy to reduce the negative role of these factors; assessment of the potential impact of toxic substances polluting the environment in order to establish the necessary risk criteria for public health; development of effective programs to prevent possible industrial accidents and measures to reduce the harmful effects of accidental emissions on the environment. In addition, of particular importance in environmental protection is the establishment of the degree of danger of environmental pollution for the gene pool, in terms of the carcinogenicity of some toxic substances contained in industrial emissions and waste. To assess the degree of risk of mass diseases caused by pathogens contained in the environment, systematic epidemiological studies are needed.
When addressing issues related to environmental protection, it should be taken into account that a person from birth and throughout his life is exposed to various factors (contact with chemicals in everyday life, at work, the use of drugs, the ingestion of chemical additives contained in food products, etc.). Additional exposure to harmful substances entering the environment, in particular with industrial waste, can have a negative impact on human health.
Among environmental pollutants (biological, physical, chemical and radioactive), one of the first places is occupied by chemical compounds. More than 5 million chemical compounds are known, of which over 60 thousand are in constant use. The world volume of production of chemical compounds increases for every 10 years by 2 1 / 2 times. The most dangerous is the entry into the environment of organochlorine compounds of pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, heavy metals, asbestos.
The most effective measure to protect the environment from these compounds is the development and implementation of waste-free or low-waste technological processes, as well as the neutralization of waste or their processing for recycling. Another important area of environmental protection is changing the approach to the principles of location of various industries, replacing the most harmful and stable substances with less harmful and less stable ones. Mutual influence of different industrial and page - x. objects is becoming more significant, and the social and economic damage from accidents caused by the proximity of various enterprises may exceed the benefits associated with the proximity of the resource base or transport facilities. In order for the tasks of placing objects to be optimally solved, it is necessary to cooperate with specialists of different profiles who are able to predict the adverse effects of diverse factors, use mathematical modeling methods. Quite often, due to meteorological conditions, territories remote from the direct source of harmful emissions are polluted.
The most important issue of all discussed so far iswater protection problem . One of the main tasks is the regulation of water relations in order to ensure the rational use of water for the needs of the population and National economy. In addition, there are other tasks:
Protection of waters from pollution, clogging and depletion;
Prevention and elimination of the harmful effects of water;
Improvement of the state of water bodies;
Protection of the rights of enterprises, organizations, institutions and citizens, strengthening the rule of law in the field of water relations.
Location, design, construction and commissioning of enterprises, structures and other facilities that affect the state of water.
Commissioning is prohibited:
New and reconstructed enterprises, workshops and units, communal and other facilities that are not provided with devices that prevent pollution and clogging of water or their harmful effects;
Irrigation and watering systems, reservoirs and canals until the implementation of the measures provided for by the projects to prevent flooding, flooding, waterlogging, land salinization and soil erosion;
Drainage systems until the readiness of water intakes and other structures in accordance with approved projects;
Water intake structures without fish protection devices in accordance with approved projects;
Hydraulic structures until the readiness of devices for the passage of flood waters and fish in accordance with approved projects;
Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation
Vladimir State University
MUROM INSTITUTE (BRANCH)
Department of Social and Humanistic Disciplines
Discipline: "BZD"
Specialty: 080502.65
"Economics and management at the enterprise"
TEST
on this topic:
« ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION. HER SECURITY»
Performed:
student gr. EZ-407
Borisova Tatiana
Anatolievna
Checked:
Professor
………………………….
………………………….
……………………………
Moore 2007
PLAN:
1. DIRTYHENVIRONMENTAL IE:
1. Pollution of land and sea .............................. 3
1.1. Cleaning.............................................. 4
2. Air pollution.............................................. 4
2.1. Acid rain.............................. 5
2.2. Ozone layer................................... 6
2.3. Greenhouse effect.............................. 6
2.3.1. Where do greenhouse gases come from?.................................. 7
2. PROTECTION OF NATURE:
1. Contemporary Issues nature conservation:
1.1. The role of nature in the life of human society ....... 8
1.2. Exhaustible and inexhaustible Natural resources... 9
1.3. Principles and rules of nature protection ............... 11
1.4. Legal Basis for Nature Conservation .................................. 13
1.5. Examples and Additional Information............. 14
3. REFERENCES.......................... 16
1. POLLUTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT:
Environmental pollution harms the health of all living beings. There are also some types natural pollution, such as smoke from wildfires and volcanoes, or pollen. However, from industrial enterprises, farms, power plants, transport, which emit harmful substances, nature is in real distress.
1. LAND AND SEA POLLUTION.
On land, waste is the main source of pollution. Huge areas are occupied by ugly garbage dumps. Some people even dump their garbage into rivers or directly onto the streets.
Industrial waste, such as waste rock dumps near coal mines, is also a huge landfill. There are also poisonous wastes, which are sometimes buried in the ground, which, however, is not always safe, since the poisons are mixed with groundwater. And if the water is contaminated, it can easily poison large areas land, as the contaminated stream enters the river, which spreads along large area. Having reached the sea, it is carried by currents even further. Chemical industrial waste, pesticides and fertilizers used on farms are all washed into rivers and become food for bacteria. At the same time, bacteria also consume oxygen dissolved in water, as a result, fish and aquatic animals begin to suffocate. In a number of places uncleaned wastewater merge into rivers and seas and become the cause of diseases of both animals and people.
Many animals, for example, get entangled in plastic rings from cans and, having received serious injuries, are dying.
Metals in industrial waste poison fish. And then the animals diewho eat fish.
Oil spilled from tankers into the water sticks to the plumage of birds. Feathers, covered with oil, can no longer warm the birds, and they die.
1.1. CLEANING.
The natural environment is already so seriously contaminated that it is now very difficult to completely eliminate pollution. To keep our environment clean, governments pass laws to prevent further pollution.
For example, tankers are not allowed to pump oil into the water. If they do so, the captains of these ships are subject to heavy fines.. Several cases of severe pollution caused by tankers are known throughout the world.
For example, the wreck off the coast of Alaska in 1989 of the tanker Exxon Valdez. The spilled oil from the tanker caused great damage to the coast, fishing grounds and marine life. After the accident, the specialists had to act very quickly to save the animals and clean up the sea and its shores.
There are several ways to clean the sea from oil. Peat or straw that absorbs oil is spread over the surface of the water and then collected and burned. Or the spread of the oil slick is stopped with the help of floating barriers, booms, and then the tanker sucks the oil back.
2. AIR POLLUTION.
Emissions from industrial plants and car exhaust pollute the air with all sorts of substances that are harmful to health, such as lead. In some big cities, such as Mexico City, it is very difficult to breathe - the air is very dirty. Such polluted air looming over the city is called smog.
Loud noise is another type of environmental pollution. It can lead to deafness and other diseases.
2.1. ACID RAIN.
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Animals and plants suffer from it.
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These gases can increase the acidity of the moisture contained in the air, a thousand times more than normal. The wind carries this moisture over a large area until the anna falls in the form of rain, it happens that over neighboring countries.
In 80% of the rivers and streams of Norway, there will soon be no life at all. For the same reason, ancient buildings are being destroyed, such as the Parthenon in Athens, and forests are dying in Europe and North America.
2.2. OZONE LAYER.
destroy the ozone layer
and holes form in it.
It can only return to its original state if people stop using CFC completely.
2.3. GREENHOUSE EFFECT.
The earth stays warm thanks to the atmosphere, which traps heat from earth's surface. This phenomenon is called greenhouse effect, absolutely natural. However, many scientists believe that the temperature on Earth is gradually increasing.
This increase is caused by an increase in the content of gases in the air, called greenhouse gases. These include carbon dioxide, CFC and methane. They enhance the ability of the atmosphere to retain heat. This diagram explains how the greenhouse effect works.
2.3.1. WHERE DO GREENHOUSE GASES COME FROM?
Much of the greenhouse gases are also found in normal conditions, but now there are too many of them in the air. Carbon dioxide is produced during the combustion of fuels and is also found in industrial waste. Plants absorb carbon dioxide, but now a significant part of the trees are cut down, and therefore carbon dioxide is absorbed by them much less. Methane is emitted from certain types of farms, such as cattle and rice farms, and also from the decomposition of garbage. CFCs are not natural gases, they are formed exclusively as a result of the activities of industrial enterprises.
2. NATURE PROTECTION.
"People obey the laws
nature, even when they act
against them" I.V. Goethe.
1. MODERNPROBLEMS OF NATURE PROTECTION:
1.1. THE ROLE OF NATURE IN THE LIFE OF HUMAN SOCIETY.
For man, nature is a series of life and a source of existence. As a biological species, a person needs a certain composition and pressure of atmospheric air, pure natural water with salts dissolved in it, plants and animals, and the earth's temperature. Optimal environment for humans - this is the natural state of nature, which is maintained by normally occurring processes of the circulation of substances and energy flows.
As a biological species, a person with his life activity influences natural environment no more than other living organisms. However, this influence is incomparable with the enormous impact that humanity has on nature through its work. The transforming influence of human society on nature is inevitable, it intensifies as society develops, the number and mass of substances involved in economic circulation increase.
The changes introduced by man have now acquired such a large scale that they have become a threat to disturb the balance existing in nature and an obstacle to further development productive forces. For a long time, people looked at nature as an inexhaustible source of the material goods they needed.
However, faced with the negative consequences of their impact on nature, they gradually came to believe in the need for its rational use and protection.
