Description of history in textbooks and multi-million editions of works of art in recent decades subject, to put it mildly, to doubt. Of great importance in the study of ancient times are the rulers of Russia in chronological order. People who are interested in their native history begin to understand that, in fact, its real, written on paper does not exist, there are versions from which everyone chooses his own, corresponding to his ideas. History from textbooks is suitable only for the role of a starting point.

Rulers of Rus' during the period of the highest rise of the Ancient State

Much of what is known about the history of Rus' - Russia, is gleaned from the "lists" of chronicles, the originals of which have not been preserved. In addition, even copies often contradict themselves and the elementary logic of events. Often historians are forced to accept only their own opinion and claim it is the only true one.

The first legendary rulers of Rus', who date back to 2.5 thousand years BC, were brothers Sloven and Rus. They lead their family from the son of Noah Japhet (hence Vandal, Encourage, etc.). The people of Rus are Rusichi, Russ, the people of Slovenia are Slovenes, Slavs. On the lake The Ilmen brothers built the cities of Slovensk and Rusa (nowadays Staraya Rusa). Veliky Novgorod was later built on the site of the burned-out Slovensk.

Known descendants of Slovenia - Burivoi and Gostomysl- the son of Burivogo, either a posadnik, or a foreman of Novgorod, who, having lost all his sons in battles, called his grandson Rurik to Rus' from a kindred tribe of Rus' (specifically from the island of Rugen).

Next come the versions written by the German "historiographers" (Bayer, Miller, Schletzer) in the Russian service. In the German historiography of Rus', it is striking that it was written by people who did not know the Russian language, traditions and beliefs. Who collected and rewrote the annals, not preserving, but often deliberately destroying, adjusting the facts to some kind of ready-made version. Interestingly, for several hundred years, Russian historiographers, instead of refuting the German version of history, did their best to fit new facts and research into it.

The rulers of Rus' according to historical tradition:

1. Rurik (862 - 879)- called by his grandfather to restore order and stop civil strife between the Slavic and Finno-Ugric tribes in the territory of modern Leningrad and Novgorod regions. He founded or restored the city of Ladoga (Staraya Ladoga). Ruled in Novgorod. After the Novgorod uprising in 864, under the leadership of the governor Vadim the Brave, he united northwestern Rus' under his command.

According to legend, he sent (or they themselves left) the combatants Askold and Dir by water to fight in Constantinople. They captured Kyiv along the way.

How the ancestor of the Rurik dynasty died is not exactly known.

2. Oleg the Prophet (879 - 912)- a relative or successor of Rurik, who remained at the head of the Novgorod state, either as the guardian of Rurik's son - Igor, or as a competent prince.

In 882 year is coming to Kyiv. On the way, he peacefully joins the principality with many tribal Slavic lands along the Dnieper, including the lands of the Smolensk Krivichi. In Kyiv he kills Askold and Dir, makes Kyiv the capital.

In 907, he wages a victorious war with Byzantium - a trade agreement beneficial for Rus' was signed. Nails his shield to the gates of Constantinople. He makes many successful and not very military campaigns (including defending the interests of the Khazar Khaganate), becoming the creator of the state of Kievan Rus. According to legend, he dies from a snake bite.

3. Igor (912 - 945)- fights for the unity of the state, constantly pacifying and annexing the surrounding Kyiv lands, Slavic tribes. He has been fighting since 920 with the Pechenegs. He makes two trips to Constantinople: in 941 - unsuccessful, in 944 - with the conclusion of an agreement on more favorable terms for Rus' than Oleg's. Dies at the hands of the Drevlyans, having gone for a second tribute.

4. Olga (945 - after 959)- Regent for the three-year-old Svyatoslav. The date of birth and origin have not been precisely established - either an obscure Varangian, or Oleg's daughter. She cruelly and subtly took revenge on the Drevlyans for the murder of her husband. Clearly set the size of the tribute. She divided Rus' into parts controlled by the Tiuns. Introduced a system of churchyards - places of trade and exchange. She built fortresses and cities. In 955 she was baptized in Constantinople.

The time of her reign is characterized by peace with the surrounding countries and the development of the state in all respects. The first Russian saint. She died in 969.

5. Svyatoslav Igorevich (959 - March 972)- the date of the beginning of the reign is relative - the country was ruled by the mother until her death, while Svyatoslav himself preferred to fight and rarely visited Kiev and not for long. Even the first raid of the Pechenegs and the siege of Kyiv was met by Olga.

As a result of two campaigns, Svyatoslav defeated the Khazar Khaganate, to which Rus' paid tribute for a long time with its soldiers. He conquered and imposed tribute on the Volga Bulgaria. Supporting ancient traditions and in agreement with the squad, he despised Christians, Muslims and Jews. He conquered Tmutarakan and made the Vyatichi tributaries. In the period from 967 to 969 he successfully fought in Bulgaria under an agreement with the Byzantine Empire. In 969, he distributed Rus' between his sons into destinies: Yaropolk - Kyiv, Oleg - the Drevlyansk lands, Vladimir (the bastard son from the housekeeper) - Novgorod. He himself went to new capital of his state - Pereyaslavets on the Danube. In 970 - 971 he fought with the Byzantine Empire with varying success. He was killed by the Pechenegs, bribed by Constantinople, on the way to Kyiv, as he became too strong an opponent for Byzantium.

6. Yaropolk Svyatoslavich (972 - 11.06.978)- tried to establish a relationship with the Holy Roman Empire and the Pope. Supported Christians in Kyiv. He minted his own coin.

In 978 he defeated the Pechenegs. Since 977, at the instigation of the boyars, he began an internecine war with his brothers. Oleg died trampled by horses during the siege of the fortress, Vladimir fled "over the sea" and returned with a mercenary army. As a result of the war, Yaropolk, invited to the negotiations, was killed, and Vladimir took the place of grand duke.

7. Vladimir Svyatoslavich (06/11/978 - 07/15/1015)- made attempts to reform the Slavic Vedic cult, using human sacrifices. He conquered Cherven Rus and Przemysl from the Poles. He conquered the Yotvingians, which opened the way for Rus' to the Baltic Sea. He overlaid tribute to the Vyatichi and Rodimichi, while uniting the Novgorod and Kyiv lands. He concluded a favorable peace with the Volga Bulgaria.

In 988, he captured Korsun in the Crimea and threatened to go to Constantinople if he did not get the sister of the emperor of Byzantium as his wife. Having received a wife, he was baptized there in Korsun and began to plant Christianity in Rus' with “fire and sword”. During the forced Christianization, the country became depopulated - out of 12 million, only 3 remained. Only Rostov-Suzdal land was able to avoid forced Christianization.

Much attention was paid to the recognition Kievan Rus in the West. He built several fortresses to defend the principality from the Polovtsians. With military campaigns he reached the North Caucasus.

8. Svyatopolk Vladimirovich (1015 - 1016, 1018 - 1019)- using the support of the people and the boyars, he took the throne of Kiev. Soon three brothers die - Boris, Gleb, Svyatoslav. An open struggle for the grand ducal throne begins to be waged by a brother, prince of novgorod Yaroslav. After being defeated by Yaroslav, Svyatopolk runs to his father-in-law, King Boleslav I of Poland the Brave. In 1018, with the Polish troops, he defeats Yaroslav. The Poles, who began to plunder Kyiv, cause popular indignation, and Svyatopolk is forced to disperse them, left without troops.

Returning with new troops, Yaroslav easily takes Kyiv. Svyatopolk, with the help of the Pechenegs, is trying to regain power, but to no avail. Dies, deciding to go to the Pechenegs.

For the murders of the brothers attributed to him, he was nicknamed the Accursed.

9. Yaroslav the Wise (1016 - 1018, 1019 - 20.02.1054)- first settled in Kyiv during the war with his brother Svyatopolk. He received support from the Novgorodians, and besides them he had a mercenary army.

The beginning of the second period of reign was marked by princely strife with his brother Mstislav, who defeated Yaroslav's troops and captured the left bank of the Dnieper with Chernigov. Peace was concluded between the brothers, they went on joint campaigns against the Yasses and the Poles, but the Grand Duke Yaroslav, until the death of his brother, stayed in Novgorod, and not in capital Kiev.

In 1030 he defeated the Chud and founded the city of Yuryev. Immediately after Mstislav's death, fearing competition, he imprisons his last brother Sudislav and moves to Kyiv.

In 1036 he defeated the Pechenegs, freeing Rus' from raids. In subsequent years, he made trips to the Yotvingians, Lithuania and Mazovia. In 1043 - 1046 he fought with the Byzantine Empire because of the murder of a noble Russian in Constantinople. Breaks the alliance with Poland and passes off as french king daughter Anna.

Founds monasteries and builds temples, incl. Sophia Cathedral, erects stone walls to Kyiv. By order of Yaroslav, many books are translated and rewritten. Opens the first school for the children of priests and village elders in Novgorod. Under him, the first metropolitan of Russian origin appears - Hilarion.

Publishes the Church Charter and the first known code of laws of Rus' "Russian Truth".

10. Izyaslav Yaroslavich (02/20/1054 - 09/14/1068, 05/2/1069 - March 1073, 06/15/1077 - 10/3/1078)- not beloved by the people of Kiev, the prince, who was forced to periodically hide outside the principality. Together with the brothers, he creates a set of laws "The Truth of the Yaroslavichs". The first board is characterized by joint decision-making by all brothers Yaroslaviches - Triumvirate.

In 1055, the brothers defeated the Torks near Pereyaslavl and established borders with the Polovtsian Land. Izyaslav assists Byzantium in Armenia, seizes the lands of the Baltic people - golyad. In 1067, as a result of the war with the Principality of Polotsk, he captured Prince Vseslav Charodey by deceit.

In 1068, Izyaslav refuses to arm the people of Kiev against the Polovtsy, for which he was expelled from Kyiv. Returns with Polish troops.

In 1073, as a result of a conspiracy drawn up by his younger brothers, he leaves Kyiv and wanders around Europe for a long time in search of allies. The throne returns after Svyatoslav Yaroslavovich dies.

He died in a battle with his nephews near Chernigov.

11. Vseslav Bryachislavich (09/14/1068 - April 1069)- Polotsk prince, released from arrest by the people of Kiev, who rebelled against Izyaslav and elevated to the throne of the Grand Duke. He left Kyiv when Izyaslav was approaching with the Poles. He reigned in Polotsk for more than 30 years, without stopping the fight against the Yaroslavichs.

12.Svyatoslav Yaroslavich (22.03.1073 - 27.12.1076)- came to power in Kyiv as a result of a conspiracy against his older brother, with the support of the people of Kiev. He devoted much attention and funds to the maintenance of the clergy and the church. Died as a result of surgery.

13.Vsevolod Yaroslavich (01/01/1077 - July 1077, October 1078 - 04/13/1093)- the first period ended with a voluntary transfer of power to his brother Izyaslav. The second time he took the grand duke's place after the death of the latter in an internecine war.

Almost the entire period of reign was marked by a fierce internecine struggle, especially with the Polotsk principality. Vladimir Monomakh, the son of Vsevolod, distinguished himself in this civil strife, who, with the help of the Polovtsy, carried out several devastating campaigns against the Polotsk lands.

Vsevolod and Monomakh carried out campaigns against the Vyatichi and Polovtsy.

Vsevolod gave his daughter Eupraxia to the Emperor of the Roman Empire. The marriage, consecrated by the church, ended in scandal and the accusation of the emperor of conducting satanic rituals.

14. Svyatopolk Izyaslavich (24.04.1093 - 16.04.1113)- first of all, having ascended the throne, he arrested the Polovtsian ambassadors, unleashing a war. As a result, together with V. Monomakh, he was defeated by the Polovtsy at Stugna and Zhelan, Torchesk was burned, and three main Kyiv monasteries were plundered.

Princely civil strife was not stopped by the congress of princes held in 1097 in Lyubech, which secured possessions for offshoots of princely dynasties. Svyatopolk Izyaslavich remained the Grand Duke and ruler of Kyiv and Turov. Immediately after the congress, he slandered V. Monomakh and other princes. They responded with a siege of Kyiv, which ended in a truce.

In 1100, at the congress of princes in Uvetchitsy, Svyatopolk received Volhynia.

In 1104, Svyatopolk organized a campaign against the Minsk prince Gleb.

In 1103 - 1111, a coalition of princes led by Svyatopolk and Vladimir Monomakh successfully waged a war against the Polovtsians.

The death of Svyatopolk was accompanied by an uprising in Kyiv against the boyars and usurers closest to him.

15. Vladimir Monomakh (20.04.1113 - 19.05.1125)- invited to reign during the uprising in Kyiv against the administration of Svyatopolk. He created the “Charter on Cuts”, which was included in the Russkaya Pravda, which facilitated the position of debtors while fully preserving feudal relations.

The beginning of the reign was not without civil strife: Yaroslav Svyatopolchich, who claimed the throne of Kiev, had to be expelled from Volhynia. The period of Monomakh's reign was the last period of strengthening of the grand duke's power in Kyiv. Together with his sons, the Grand Duke owned 75% of the territory of chronicle Rus'.

To strengthen the state, Monomakh often used dynastic marriages and his authority as a military leader - the winner of the Polovtsy. During his reign, the sons defeated the Chud, defeated the Volga Bulgars.

In 1116 - 1119 Vladimir Vsevolodovich successfully fought with Byzantium. As a result of the war, as a ransom, he received from the emperor the title "Tsar of All Rus'", a scepter, orb, royal crown (Monomakh's hat). As a result of the negotiations, Monomakh married his granddaughter to the emperor.

16. Mstislav the Great (05/20/1125 - 04/15/1132)- originally owned only the Kyiv land, but was recognized as the eldest among the princes. Gradually began to control the cities of Novgorod, Chernigov, Kursk, Murom, Ryazan, Smolensk and Turov through dynastic marriages and sons.

In 1129 he plundered the Polotsk lands. In 1131, he deprived and expelled the princes of Polotsk, headed by the son of Vseslav Charodey - Davyd.

In the period from 1130 to 1132 he made several campaigns with varying success against the Baltic tribes, including the Chud and Lithuania.

The state of Mstislav is the last informal association of the principalities of Kievan Rus. He controlled everything big cities, all the way "from the Varangians to the Greeks", accumulated military force gave him the right to be called Great in the annals.

The rulers of the Old Russian state during the period of fragmentation and decline of Kyiv

The princes on the throne of Kiev during this period are replaced often and do not rule for long, for the most part they do not show themselves anything remarkable:

1. Yaropolk Vladimirovich (04/17/1132 - 02/18/1139)- the prince of Pereyaslavl was called to rule the people of Kiev, but his very first decision to transfer Pereyaslavl to Izyaslav Mstislavich, who had previously ruled in Polotsk, caused outrage among the people of Kiev and the expulsion of Yaropolk. In the same year, the people of Kiev called Yaropolk again, but Polotsk, to which the dynasty of Vseslav the Enchanter returned, was separated from Kievan Rus.

In the internecine struggle that began between the various branches of the Rurikovich, the Grand Duke could not show firmness and by the time of his death had lost control, except for Polotsk, over Novgorod and Chernigov. Nominally, only Rostov - Suzdal land was subordinate to him.

2. Vyacheslav Vladimirovich (22.02 - 04.03.1139, April 1151 - 02.06.1154)- the first, one and a half week period of reign ended with the overthrow from the throne by Vsevolod Olgovich, the Chernigov prince.

In the second period, it was only an official sign, real power belonged to Izyaslav Mstislavich.

3. Vsevolod Olgovich (5.03.1139 - 1.08.1146)- Prince of Chernigov, forcefully removed Vyacheslav Vladimirovich from the throne, interrupting the reign of the Monomashichs in Kyiv. Was not loved by the people of Kiev. The entire period of his reign skillfully maneuvered between the Mstislavovichs and the Monomashichs. Constantly fought with the latter, tried not to allow his own relatives to the grand ducal power.

4. Igor Olgovich (1 - 13.08.1146)- Kyiv received according to the will of his brother, which outraged the inhabitants of the city. The townspeople called Izyaslav Mstislavich to the throne from Pereslavl. After the battle between the applicants, Igor was planted in a cut, where he fell seriously ill. Released from there, he was tonsured a monk, but in 1147, on suspicion of plotting against Izyaslav, he was executed by the vengeful people of Kiev only because Olgovich.

5. Izyaslav Mstislavich (08/13/1146 - 08/23/1149, 1151 - 11/13/1154)- in the first period, directly except for Kyiv, he ruled Pereyaslavl, Turov, Volyn. In the internecine struggle with Yuri Dolgoruky and his allies, he enjoyed the support of the people of Novgorod, Smolensk and Ryazan. He often attracted allied Polovtsians, Hungarians, Czechs, and Poles into his ranks.

For attempting to elect a Russian metropolitan without the approval of the patriarch from Constantinople, he was excommunicated from the church.

He had the support of the people of Kiev in the fight against the Suzdal princes.

6. Yuri Dolgoruky (08/28/1149 - summer 1150, summer 1150 - early 1151, 03/20/1155 - 05/15/1157)- Prince of Suzdal, son of V. Monomakh. He sat on the throne three times. The first two times he was expelled from Kyiv by Izyaslav and the people of Kiev. In his struggle for the rights of the Monomashichs, he relied on the support of Novgorod - the Seversky prince Svyatoslav (brother of Igor executed in Kyiv), Galicians and Polovtsians. The battle on the Ruta in 1151 became decisive in the fight against Izyaslav. Having lost which, Yuri, one by one, lost all his allies in the south.

The third time he subjugated Kyiv after Izyaslav and his co-ruler Vyacheslav died. In 1157 he made an unsuccessful campaign against Volyn, where the sons of Izyaslav settled.

Presumably poisoned by the people of Kiev.

In the south, only one son of Yuri Dolgoruky, Gleb, was able to gain a foothold in the Pereyaslavl principality, which was isolated from Kyiv.

7. Rostislav Mstislavich (1154 - 1155, 04/12/1159 - 02/08/1161, March 1161 - 03/14/1167)- for 40 years, the Smolensk prince. Founded the Grand Duchy of Smolensk. The first time he took the Kiev throne at the invitation of Vyacheslav Vladimirovich, who called him to co-rulers, but soon died. Rostislav Mstislavich was forced to meet Yuri Dolgoruky. Having met with his uncle, the Smolensk prince ceded Kyiv to an older relative.

The second and third terms of reign in Kyiv were divided by the attack of Izyaslav Davydovich with the Polovtsy, which forced Rostislav Mstislavovich to hide in Belgorod, waiting for the allies.

The board was distinguished by calmness, insignificance of civil strife and peaceful resolution of conflicts. In every possible way, attempts by the Polovtsy to disturb the peace in Rus' were suppressed.

With the help of a dynastic marriage, he annexed Vitebsk to the Smolensk principality.

8. Izyaslav Davydovich (winter 1155, 05/19/1157 - December 1158, 02.12 - 03/06/1161)- the first time he became the Grand Duke, defeating the troops of Rostislav Mstislavich, but was forced to cede the throne to Yuri Dolgoruky.

The second time he took the throne after the death of Dolgoruky, but was defeated near Kiev by the Volyn and Galich princes for refusing to extradite the pretender to the Galician throne.

The third time he captured Kyiv, but was defeated by the allies of Rostislav Mstislavich.

9. Mstislav Izyaslavich (12/22/1158 - spring 1159, 05/19/1167 - 03/12/1169, February - 04/13/1170)- the first time he became the prince of Kyiv, having expelled Izyaslav Davydovich, but ceded the great reign to Rostislav Mstislavich, as the eldest in the family.

The second time he was called to rule by the people of Kiev after the death of Rostislav Mstislavich. Could not keep the reign against the army of Andrei Bogolyubsky.

The third time he settled in Kyiv without a fight, using the love of the people of Kiev and expelling Gleb Yurievich, who was imprisoned in Kyiv by Andrei Bogolyubsky. However, abandoned by the allies, he was forced to return to Volhynia.

He became famous for his victory over the Polovtsy at the head of the coalition troops in 1168.

It is considered the last great Kyiv prince who had real power over Russia.

With the rise of the Vladimir-Suzdal Principality, Kyiv is increasingly becoming an ordinary appanage, although it retains the name "great". Problems, most likely, should be looked for in what and how the rulers of Russia did, in the chronological order of their succession to power. Decades of civil strife bore fruit - the principality weakened and lost its significance for Rus'. Reigning in Kyiv than chief. Often the princes of Kyiv were appointed or changed by the Grand Duke from Vladimir.

Rules of Russia during the minority of Svyatoslav. In the annals, she is not called an independent ruler, but appears as such in Byzantine and Western European sources. Ruled until at least 959, when her embassy to the German king Otto I is mentioned (chronicle of the Successor of Reginon). The date of the beginning of Svyatoslav's independent reign is not exactly known. In the annals, the first campaign is marked in 6472 (964) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 64), but it is likely that it nevertheless began earlier.

* Usachev A. S. The evolution of the story about the origin of Princess Olga in Russian literature in the middle of the 16th century. // Pskov in Russian and European history: International Scientific Conference: In 2 vols. T. 2. M., 2003. S. 329-335.

The beginning of his reign in the annals is marked in 6454 (946) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 57), and the first independent event - 6472 (964). See previous note. Killed in the spring of 6480 (972) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 74).

Prozorov L. R. Svyatoslav the Great: "I'm coming at you!" - 7th ed. - M.: Yauza-press, 2011. - 512 p., 3,000 copies, ISBN 978-5-9955-0316-3

Planted in Kyiv by his father, who went on a campaign against Byzantium, in 6478 (970) (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 69). Expelled from Kyiv and killed. All chronicles date this to 6488 (980) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 78, vol. IX, p. 39). According to the “Memory and Praise to the Russian Prince Vladimir”, Vladimir entered Kyiv June 11 6486 (978 ) of the year.

Yaropolk I Svyatoslavich // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron

According to the preamble to the chronicle, he reigned for 37 years (PSRL, vol. I, st. 18). According to all the annals, he entered Kyiv in 6488 (980) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 77), according to “Memory and praise to the Russian prince Vladimir” - June 11 6486 (978 ) year (Literature Library Ancient Rus'. T.1. P.326). The dating of 978 was especially actively defended by A. A. Shakhmatov, but there is still no consensus in science. He died on July 15, 6523 (1015) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 130).

Karpov A. Yu. Vladimir Saint. - M.: Young guard - Series: Life of remarkable people; issue 738. Russian word, 1997. 448 pp., ISBN 5-235-02274-2. 10,000 copies

Karpov A. Yu. Vladimir Saint. - M. "Young Guard", 2006. - 464 p. - (ZhZL). - 5000 copies. - ISBN 5-235-02742-6

He began to reign after the death of Vladimir (PSRL, vol. I, st. 132). Defeated by Yaroslav in the late autumn of 6524 (1016) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 141-142).

Philist G. M. The history of the "crimes" of Svyatopolk the Accursed. - Minsk, Belarus, 1990.

He began to reign in the late autumn of 6524 (1016). Defeated in the battle on the Bug July 22(Titmar of Merseburg. Chronicle VIII 31) and fled to Novgorod in 6526 (1018) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 143).

Azbelev S. N. Yaroslav the Wise in the annals // Novgorod land in the era of Yaroslav the Wise. Veliky Novgorod, 2010. S. 5-81.

Sat on the throne in Kyiv August 14 1018 (6526) years ( Titmar of Merseburg. Chronicle VIII 32). According to the chronicle, Yaroslav was expelled in the same year (probably in the winter of 1018/19), but usually his exile is dated to 1019 (PSRL, vol. I, st. 144).

Sat in Kyiv in 6527 (1019) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 146). According to a number of chronicles, he died on February 20, 6562 (PSRL, vol. II, st. 150), on the first Saturday of the fast of St. Theodore, that is, in February 1055 (PSRL, vol. I, st. 162). The same year 6562 is indicated in graffiti from the Hagia Sophia. However, the most probable date is determined by the day of the week - February 19 1054 on Saturday (in 1055 fasting began later).

He began to reign after the death of his father (PSRL, vol. I, st. 162). Expelled from Kyiv September 15th 6576 (1068) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 171).

Kivlitsky E. A. Izyaslav Yaroslavich, Grand Duke of Kiev // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: In 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - St. Petersburg. , 1890-1907.

Sat on the throne September 15th 6576 (1068), reigned for 7 months, that is, until April 1069 (PSRL, vol. I, st. 173)

Ryzhov K. All monarchs of the world. Russia. - M.: Veche, 1998. - 640 p. - 16,000 copies. - ISBN 5-7838-0268-9.

Sat on the throne on May 2, 6577 (1069) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 174). Exiled in March 1073 (PSRL, vol. I, st. 182)

He sat on the throne on March 22, 6581 (1073) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 182). He died on December 27, 6484 (1076) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 199).

Kivlitsky E. A. Svyatoslav Yaroslavich, Prince of Chernigov // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: In 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - St. Petersburg. , 1890-1907.

Sat on the throne on January 1, March 6584 (January 1077) (PSRL, vol. II, st. 190). In July of the same year, he ceded power to his brother Izyaslav.

Sat on the throne July 15 6585 (1077) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 199). Killed October 3 6586 (1078) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 202).

Sat on the throne in October 1078. Died April 13 6601 (1093) years (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 216).

Sat on the throne April 24 6601 (1093) years (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 218). Died April 16 1113. The ratio of March and ultra-March years is indicated in accordance with the studies of N. G. Berezhkov, in the Lavrentiev and Troitsk chronicles 6622 ultramart year (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 290; Troitskaya chronicle. St. Petersburg, 2002. P. 206), according to the Ipatiev Chronicle 6621 March year (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 275).

Sat on the throne 20 April 1113 (PSRL, vol. I, st. 290, vol. VII, p. 23). Died May 19 1125 (March 6633 according to the Lavrentiev and Trinity Chronicles, Ultra-March 6634 according to the Ipatiev Chronicle) year (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 295, vol. II, stb. 289; Trinity Chronicle. P. 208)

Orlov A. S. Vladimir Monomakh. - M.-L.: Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1946.

Sat on the throne May 20 1125 (PSRL, vol. II, st. 289). Died April 15 1132 on Friday (in the Lavrentiev, Trinity and Novgorod First Chronicles on April 14, 6640, in the Ipatiev Chronicle on April 15, 6641 of the ultra-March year) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 301, vol. II, st. 294, vol. III, p. 22; Trinity Chronicle, p.212). The exact date is determined by the day of the week.

Sat on the throne April 17 1132 (Ultramart 6641 in the Ipatiev Chronicle) (PSRL, vol. II, st. 294). Died 18th of Febuary 1139, in the Laurentian Chronicle March 6646, in the Ipatiev Chronicle Ultramart 6647 (PSRL, vol. I, st. 306, vol. II, st. 302) In the Nikon Chronicle, November 8, 6646 is clearly mistaken (PSRL, vol. IX, stb. 163).

Khmyrov M. D. Yaropolk II Vladimirovich // Alphabetical reference list of Russian sovereigns and the most remarkable persons of their blood. - St. Petersburg. : Type. A. Behnke, 1870. - S. 81-82.

Yaropolk II Vladimirovich // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: In 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - St. Petersburg. , 1890-1907.

Sat on the throne February 22 1139 on Wednesday (March 6646, in the Ipatiev Chronicle on February 24, Ultramart 6647) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 306, vol. II, st. 302). The exact date is determined by the day of the week. March 4 retired to Turov at the request of Vsevolod Olgovich (PSRL, vol. II, st. 302).

Sat on the throne 5th of March 1139 (March 6647, Ultramart 6648) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 307, vol. II, st. 303). Died July 30(so according to the Laurentian and Novgorod fourth chronicles, according to the Ipatiev and Resurrection chronicles on August 1) 6654 (1146) years (PSRL, vol. I, st. 313, vol. II, st. 321, vol. IV, p. 151, t. 7, p. 35).

Sat on the throne after the death of his brother. He reigned for 2 weeks (PSRL, vol. III, p. 27, vol. VI, issue 1, st. 227). August 13 1146 defeated and fled (PSRL, vol. I, st. 313, vol. II, st. 327).

Berezhkov M. N. Blessed Igor Olgovich, Prince of Novgorodseversky and Grand Duke of Kiev. / M. N. Berezhkov - M .: Book on Demand, 2012. - 46 p. ISBN 978-5-458-14984-6

Sat on the throne August 13 1146. Defeated in battle on August 23, 1149 and left the city (PSRL, vol. II, st. 383).

Izyaslav Mstislavich // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: In 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - St. Petersburg. , 1890-1907.

Sat on the throne August 28 1149 (PSRL, vol. I, st. 322, vol. II, st. 384), the date 28 is not indicated in the annals, but it is calculated almost perfectly: the day after the battle, Yuri entered Pereyaslavl, spent three days there and headed to Kiev, namely the 28th was a Sunday more suitable for accession to the throne. Exiled in 1150, in the summer (PSRL, vol. II, st. 396).

Karpov A. Yu. Yury Dolgoruky. - M .: Young Guard, 2006. - (ZhZL).

Sat on the throne in 1150 (PSRL, vol. I, st. 326, vol. II, st. 398). A few weeks later he was expelled (PSRL, vol. I, st. 327, vol. II, st. 402).

He sat on the throne in 1150, around August (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 328, vol. II, st. 403), after that in the annals (vol. II, st. 404) the feast of the Exaltation of the Cross is mentioned (14 September). He left Kyiv in the winter of 6658 (1150/1) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 330, vol. II, st. 416).

Sat on the throne in 6658 (PSRL, vol. I, st. 330, vol. II, st. 416). Died the 13th of November 1154 years (PSRL, vol. I, st. 341-342, vol. IX, p. 198) (according to the Ipatiev Chronicle on the night of November 14, according to the Novgorod First Chronicle - November 14 (PSRL, vol. II, st. 469 ; vol. III, p. 29).

He sat on the throne with his nephew in the spring of 6659 (1151) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 336, vol. II, st. 418) (or already in the winter of 6658 (PSRL, vol. IX, p. 186). Died at the end of 6662, shortly after the beginning of the reign of Rostislav (PSRL, vol. I, st. 342, vol. II, st. 472).

He sat on the throne in 6662 (PSRL, vol. I, st. 342, vol. II, st. 470-471). According to the Novgorod First Chronicle, he arrived in Kyiv from Novgorod and sat for a week (PSRL, vol. III, p. 29). Taking into account the travel time, his arrival in Kyiv dates back to January 1155. In the same year he was defeated in battle and left Kyiv (PSRL, vol. I, st. 343, vol. II, st. 475).

Sat on the throne 12th of February 1161 (Ultramart 6669) (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 516) In the Sofia First Chronicle - in the winter of March 6668 (PSRL, vol. VI, issue 1, stb. 232). Killed in action March, 6 1161 (ultramart 6670) (PSRL, vol. II, st. 518).

Sat on the throne in the spring of 6663 according to the Ipatiev Chronicle (at the end of winter 6662 according to the Laurentian Chronicle) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 345, vol. II, st. 477) on Palm Sunday (that is, 20th of March) (PSRL, vol. III, p. 29, see Karamzin N. M. History of the Russian State. T. II-III. M., 1991. P. 164). Died May 15 1157 (March 6665 according to the Laurentian Chronicle, Ultramart 6666 according to the Ipatiev Chronicle) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 348, vol. II, st. 489).

Sat on the throne May 19 1157 (Ultra-March 6666, so in the Khlebnikov list of the Ipatiev Chronicle, in its Ipatiev list it is erroneous on May 15) of the year (PSRL, vol. II, st. 490). In the Nikon Chronicle on May 18 (PSRL, vol. IX, p. 208). Exiled from Kyiv in the winter of March 6666 (1158/9) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 348). According to the Ipatiev Chronicle, he was expelled at the end of the Ultramart year 6667 (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 502).

Village in Kyiv December 22 6667 (1158) according to the Ipatiev and Resurrection Chronicles (PSRL, vol. II, st. 502, vol. VII, p. 70), in the winter of 6666 according to the Laurentian Chronicle, according to the Nikon Chronicle on August 22, 6666 (PSRL, vol. IX , p. 213), having expelled Izyaslav from there, but then ceded it to Rostislav Mstislavich (PSRL, vol. I, st. 348)

Village in Kyiv 12th of April 1159 (Ultramart 6668 (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 504, date in the Ipatiev Chronicle), in the spring of March 6667 (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 348). He left the besieged Kiev on February 8, ultramart 6669 (that is, in February 1161) (PSRL, vol. II, st. 515).

He again ascended the throne after the death of Izyaslav. Died March 14th 1167 (according to the Ipatiev and Resurrection chronicles, died on March 14, 6676 of the ultramart year, buried on March 21, according to the Laurentian and Nikon chronicles, died on March 21, 6675) (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 353, vol. II, stb. 532 , vol. VII, p. 80, vol. IX, p. 233).

He was the legal heir after the death of his brother Rostislav. According to the Laurentian Chronicle, Mstislav Izyaslavich expelled Vladimir Mstislavich from Kyiv in 6676 and sat on the throne (PSRL, vol. I, st. 353-354). In the Sofia First Chronicle, the same message is placed twice: under 6674 and 6676 (PSRL, vol. VI, issue 1, stb. 234, 236). Also, this plot is presented by Jan Dlugosh (Shchaveleva N. I. Ancient Rus' in “ Polish history» Yana Dlugosha. M., 2004. P. 326). The Ipatiev Chronicle does not mention the reign of Vladimir at all, apparently, he did not reign then.

According to the Ipatiev Chronicle, sat on the throne May 19 6677 (that is, in this case 1167) of the year (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 535). The united army moved to Kiev, according to the Laurentian Chronicle, in the winter of 6676 (PSRL, vol. I, st. 354), along Ipatievskaya and Nikonovskaya, in the winter of 6678 (PSRL, vol. II, st. 543, vol. IX, p. 237 ), according to Sophia First, in the winter of 6674 (PSRL, vol. VI, issue 1, stb. 234), which corresponds to the winter of 1168/69. Kyiv was taken March 12, 1169, on Wednesday (according to the Ipatiev Chronicle 6679, according to the Resurrection Chronicle 6678, but the day of the week and the indication of the second week of fasting corresponds exactly to 1169) (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 545, vol. VII, p. 84).

Sat on the throne on March 12, 1169 (according to the Ipatiev Chronicle, 6679 (PSRL, vol. II, st. 545), according to the Laurentian Chronicle, in 6677 (PSRL, vol. I, st. 355).

Sat on the throne in 1170 (according to the Ipatiev Chronicle in 6680) (PSRL, vol. II, st. 548). He left Kyiv the same year on Monday, the second week after Easter (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 549).

He sat down again in Kyiv after the expulsion of Mstislav. He died, according to the Laurentian Chronicle, in the ultra-March year 6680 (PSRL, vol. I, st. 363). Died January 20th 1171 (according to the Ipatiev Chronicle, this is 6681, and the designation of this year in the Ipatiev Chronicle exceeds the March account by three units) (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 564).

Sat on the throne February, 15 1171 (in the Ipatiev Chronicle it is 6681) (PSRL, vol. II, st. 566). Died on Monday of Russian week May 10 1171 (according to the Ipatiev Chronicle, this is 6682, but the correct date is determined by the day of the week) (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 567).

Froyanov I. Ya. Ancient Rus' of the IX-XIII centuries. Popular movements. Princely and veche power. M .: Russian Publishing Center, 2012. S. 583-586.

Andrei Bogolyubsky ordered him to sit on the throne in Kiev in the winter of the Ultra-March 6680 (according to the Ipatiev Chronicle - in the winter of 6681) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 364, vol. II, st. 566). He sat on the throne in the “month of July that came” in 1171 (in the Ipatiev Chronicle this is 6682, according to the Novgorod First Chronicle - 6679) (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 568, vol. III, p. 34) Later, Andrei ordered Roman to leave Kiev, and he went to Smolensk (PSRL, vol. II, st. 570).

According to the Sofia First Chronicle, he sat on the throne after Roman in 6680 (PSRL, vol. VI, issue 1, stb. 237; vol. IX, p. 247), but immediately gave way to his brother Vsevolod.

Sat on the throne 5 weeks after Roman (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 570). He reigned in the ultra-March year 6682 (both in the Ipatiev and Laurentian Chronicles), together with his nephew Yaropolk, was taken prisoner by Davyd Rostislavich for the praise of the Holy Mother of God - March 24 (PSRL, vol. I, st. 365, vol. II, st. 570 ).

Was in Kyiv together with Vsevolod

Sat on the throne after the capture of Vsevolod in 1173 (6682 ultramart year) (PSRL, vol. II, st. 571). When Andrei sent an army to the south in the same year, Rurik left Kyiv in early September (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 575).

Andreev A. Rurik-Vasily Rostislavich // Russian Biographical Dictionary

In November 1173 (Ultramart 6682) he sat on the throne by agreement with the Rostislavichs (PSRL, vol. II, st. 578). He reigned in the Ultramart year 6683 (according to the Laurentian Chronicle), defeated by Svyatoslav Vsevolodovich (PSRL, vol. I, st. 366). According to the Ipatiev Chronicle, in the winter of 6682 (PSRL, vol. II, st. 578). In the Resurrection Chronicle, his reign is mentioned again under the year 6689 (PSRL, vol. VII, pp. 96, 234).

Yaropolk Izyaslavovich, son of Izyaslav II Mstislavich // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: In 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - St. Petersburg. , 1890-1907.

He sat in Kiev for 12 days and returned to Chernigov (PSRL, vol. I, st. 366, vol. VI, issue 1, st. 240) (In the Resurrection Chronicle under 6680 (PSRL, vol. VII, p. 234)

He sat down again in Kyiv, having concluded an agreement with Svyatoslav, in the winter of Ultramart 6682 (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 579). Kyiv ceded to Roman in 1174 (ultramart 6683) (PSRL, vol. II, st. 600).

He sat down in Kyiv in 1174 (Ultramart 6683), in the spring (PSRL, vol. II, st. 600, vol. III, p. 34). In 1176 (Ultramart 6685) he left Kyiv (PSRL, vol. II, st. 604).

Entered Kyiv in 1176 (Ultramart 6685) (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 604). In 6688 (1181) he left Kyiv (PSRL, vol. II, st. 616)

Sat on the throne in 6688 (1181) (PSRL, vol. II, st. 616). But he soon left the city (PSRL, vol. II, st. 621).

Sat on the throne in 6688 (1181) (PSRL, vol. II, st. 621). He died in 1194 (in the Ipatiev Chronicle in March 6702, according to the Laurentian Chronicle in Ultra March 6703) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 412), in July, on the Monday before the day of the Maccabees (PSRL, vol. II, st. 680) .

Sat on the throne in 1194 (March 6702, Ultra March 6703) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 412, vol. II, st. 681). Expelled from Kyiv by Roman in the ultra-March year 6710 according to the Laurentian Chronicle (PSRL, vol. I, st. 417).

Sat on the throne in 1201 (according to the Laurentian and Resurrection chronicles in the ultra-March 6710, according to the Trinity and Nikon chronicles in March 6709) by the will of Roman Mstislavich and Vsevolod Yurievich (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 418; vol. VII, p. 107 ; v. X, p. 34; Trinity Chronicle, p. 284).

He took Kyiv on January 2, 1203 (6711 ultramart) years (PSRL, vol. I, st. 418). In the Novgorod First Chronicle on January 1, 6711 (PSRL, vol. III, p. 45), in the Novgorod Fourth Chronicle on January 2, 6711 (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 180), in the Trinity and Resurrection Chronicles on January 2, 6710 ( Trinity Chronicle, p.285; PSRL, vol. VII, p. 107). Vsevolod confirmed the rule of Rurik in Kyiv. Roman tonsured Rurik as a monk in 6713 according to the Laurentian Chronicle (PSRL, vol. I, st. 420) (in the Novgorod First Junior Edition and the Trinity Chronicles, the winter of 6711 (PSRL, vol. III, p. 240; Trinity Chronicle. S. 286), in the Sofia First Chronicle 6712 (PSRL, vol. VI, issue 1, stb. 260).

He was placed on the throne by agreement of Roman and Vsevolod after Rurik was tonsured in winter (that is, at the beginning of 1204) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 421, vol. X, p. 36).

He again sat on the throne in July, the month is established based on the fact that Rurik was stripped after the death of Roman Mstislavich, which followed on June 19, 1205 (ultramart 6714) of the year (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 426) In the Sofia First Chronicle under the year 6712 (PSRL , vol. VI, issue 1, st. 260), in the Trinity and Nikon Chronicles under 6713 (Trinity Chronicle, p. 292; PSRL, vol. X, p. 50). After unsuccessful campaign on Galich in March 6714 he retired to Vruchiy (PSRL, vol. I, st. 427). According to the Laurentian Chronicle, he sat down in Kyiv (PSRL, vol. I, st. 428). In 1207 (March 6715) he again fled to Vruchiy (PSRL, vol. I, st. 429). It is believed that the messages under 1206 and 1207 duplicate each other (see also PSRL, vol. VII, p. 235: interpretation in the Resurrection Chronicle as two principalities)

He sat down in Kyiv in March 6714 (PSRL, vol. I, st. 427), around August. The date 1206 is specified in synchronism with the campaign against Galich. According to the Laurentian Chronicle, in the same year he was expelled by Rurik (PSRL, vol. I, st. 428), then he sat in Kyiv in 1207, expelling Rurik. In the autumn of the same year, Rurik was again expelled (PSRL, vol. I, st. 433). Messages in the annals under 1206 and 1207 duplicate each other.

He sat down in Kyiv in the autumn of 1207, around October (Trinity Chronicle. S. 293, 297; PSRL, vol. X, pp. 52, 59). In the Trinity and most of the lists of the Nikon Chronicle, duplicate messages are placed under the years 6714 and 6716. The exact date is set in sync with the Ryazan campaign of Vsevolod Yurievich. By agreement in 1210 (according to the Laurentian Chronicle 6718), he went to reign in Chernigov (PSRL, vol. I, st. 435). According to the Nikon Chronicle - in 6719 (PSRL, vol. X, p. 62), according to the Resurrection Chronicle - in 6717 (PSRL, vol. VII, p. 235).

He reigned for 10 years and was expelled from Kiev by Mstislav Mstislavich in the autumn of 1214 (in the Novgorod first and fourth chronicles, as well as Nikon's, this event is described under the year 6722 (PSRL, vol. III, p. 53; vol. IV, p. 185, vol. X, p. 67), in the Sofia First Chronicle it is clearly erroneous under the year 6703 and again under the year 6723 (PSRL, vol. VI, issue 1, stb. 250, 263), in the Tver Chronicle twice - under 6720 and 6722, in Resurrection Chronicle under the year 6720 (PSRL, vol. VII, pp. 118, 235, vol. XV, st. 312, 314). as indicated in the Novgorod First Chronicle, and in the Ipatiev Chronicle Vsevolod is listed as the Kiev prince under the year 6719 (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 729), which in its chronology corresponds to 1214 (Mayorov A. V. Galicia-Volyn Rus. SPb, 2001. P. 411. However, according to N. G. Berezhkov, based on a comparison of data from the Novgorod chronicles with the Livonian chronicles, this is 1212.

His brief reign after the expulsion of Vsevolod, it is mentioned in the Resurrection Chronicle (PSRL, vol. VII, pp. 118, 235).

He sat on the throne after the expulsion of Vsevolod (in the Novgorod First Chronicle under 6722). He was killed in 1223, in the tenth year of his reign (PSRL, vol. I, st. 503), after the battle on Kalka, which took place on May 30, 6731 (1223) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 447). In the Ipatiev Chronicle 6732, in the First Novgorod Chronicle on May 31, 6732 (PSRL, vol. III, p. 63), in Nikonovskaya on June 16, 6733) (PSRL, vol. X, p. 92), in the introductory part of the Resurrection Chronicle 6733 year (PSRL, vol. VII, p. 235), but in the main part of the Resurrection on June 16, 6731 (PSRL, vol. VII, p. 132). Killed on June 2, 1223 (PSRL, vol. I, st. 508) There is no number in the annals, but it is indicated that after the battle on Kalka, Prince Mstislav defended himself for another three days. The accuracy of the date 1223 for the Battle of Kalka is established by comparison with a number of foreign sources.

According to the Novgorod First Chronicle, he sat down in Kiev in 1218 (Ultramart 6727) (PSRL, vol. III, p. 59, vol. IV, p. 199; vol. VI, issue 1, stb. 275), which may indicate to his co-government. He sat on the throne after the death of Mstislav (PSRL, vol. I, st. 509) on June 16, 1223 (ultramart 6732) (PSRL, vol. VI, issue 1, st. 282, vol. XV, st. 343). He was captured by the Polovtsians when they took Kyiv in 6743 (1235) (PSRL, vol. III, p. 74). According to the Sofia First and Moscow Academic Chronicles, he reigned for 10 years, but the date in them is the same - 6743 (PSRL, vol. I, st. 513; vol. VI, issue 1, st. 287).

In the early chronicles (Ipatiev and Novgorod I) without a patronymic (PSRL, vol. II, st. 772, vol. III, p. 74), it is not mentioned at all in Lavrentievskaya. Izyaslav Mstislavich in the Novgorod Fourth, Sofia First (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 214; vol. VI, issue 1, st. 287) and the Moscow Academic Chronicle, in the Tver Chronicle he is called the son of Mstislav Romanovich the Brave, and in Nikonovskaya and Voskresenskaya - the grandson of Roman Rostislavich (PSRL, vol. VII, pp. 138, 236; vol. X, p. 104; XV, st. 364), but there was no such prince (in Voskresenskaya he was named the son of Mstislav Romanovich of Kiev). According to modern scientists, this is either Izyaslav Vladimirovich, the son of Vladimir Igorevich (this opinion has been widespread since N.M. Karamzin), or the son of Mstislav Udatny (analysis of this issue: Mayorov A.V. Galicia-Volynskaya Rus. St. Petersburg, 2001. S.542-544). Sat on the throne in 6743 (1235) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 513, vol. III, p. 74) (according to Nikonovskaya in 6744). In the Ipatiev Chronicle it is mentioned under the year 6741.

Sat on the throne in 6744 (1236) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 513, vol. III, p. 74, vol. IV, p. 214). In Ipatievskaya under the year 6743 (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 777). In 1238 he went to Vladimir. The exact month is not indicated in the annals, but it is obvious that this happened shortly or shortly after the battle on the river. City (March 10), in which Yaroslav's elder brother, Grand Duke Yuri of Vladimir, died. (PSRL, vol. X, p. 113).

A short list of princes at the beginning of the Ipatiev Chronicle places him after Yaroslav (PSRL, vol. II, st. 2), but this may be a mistake. This reign is accepted by M. B. Sverdlov (Sverdlov M. B. Domongolskaya Rus. St. Petersburg, 2002. P. 653).

He occupied Kiev in 1238 after Yaroslav (PSRL, vol. II, st. 777, vol. VII, p. 236; vol. X, p. 114). When the Tatars approached Kyiv, he left for Hungary (PSRL, vol. II, st. 782). In the Ipatiev Chronicle under the year 6746, in Nikonovskaya under the year 6748 (PSRL, vol. X, p. 116).

He occupied Kiev after the departure of Michael, expelled by Daniel (in the Ipatiev Chronicle under 6746, in the Novgorod Fourth and Sofia First under 6748) (PSRL, vol. II, st. 782, vol. IV, p. 226; VI, issue 1, stb. 301).

Daniel, having occupied Kyiv in 6748, left the thousandth Dmitri in it (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 226, vol. X, p. 116). Dmitri led the city at the time of its capture by the Tatars (PSRL, vol. II, st. 786) on Nikolin's day (that is, December 6 1240) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 470).

According to his life, he returned to Kyiv after the departure of the Tatars (PSRL, vol. VI, issue 1, stb. 319).

C to Russian princes received power with the sanction of the khans (in Russian terminology, "tsars") of the Golden Horde, who were recognized as the supreme rulers of the Russian lands.

In 6751 (1243) Yaroslav arrived in the Horde and was recognized as the ruler of all Russian lands "old to all the prince in the Russian language"(PSRL, vol. I, stb. 470). Sat in Vladimir. The moment when he took possession of Kiev is not indicated in the annals. It is known that in 1246 (his boyar Dmitry Eikovich was sitting in the city (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 806, in the Ipatiev Chronicle it is indicated under 6758 (1250) in connection with a trip to the Horde of Daniil Romanovich, the correct date is set by synchronization with Polish sources. Died September 30th 1246 (PSRL, vol. I, st. 471).

After the death of his father, together with his brother Andrei, he went to the Horde, and from there to the capital of the Mongol Empire - Karakorum, where in 6757 (1249) Andrei received Vladimir, and Alexander - Kyiv and Novgorod. Modern historians differ in their assessment of which of the brothers belonged to the formal seniority. Alexander did not live in Kyiv itself. Before Andrei was expelled in 6760 (1252), he ruled in Novgorod, then Vladimir received in the Horde. Died November 14

Mansikka V.J. Life of Alexander Nevsky: Analysis of editions and text. - SPb., 1913. - "Monuments ancient writing". - Issue. 180.

He sat in Rostov and Suzdal in 1157 (March 6665 in the Laurentian Chronicle, Ultramart 6666 in the Ipatiev Chronicle) (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 348, vol. II, stb. 490). Moved his residence to Vladimir in 1162. Killed in the evening June 29, on the feast of Peter and Paul (in the Laurentian Chronicle, ultramart year 6683) (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 369) According to the Ipatiev Chronicle June 28, on the eve of the feast of Peter and Paul (PSRL, vol. II, stb. Sofia First Chronicle June 29, 6683 (PSRL, vol. VI, issue 1, stb. 238).

Voronin N. N. Andrei Bogolyubsky. - M .: Aquarius Publishers, 2007. - 320 p. - (Heritage of Russian historians). - 2,000 copies. - ISBN 978-5-902312-81-9.(in trans.)

He sat down in Vladimir in the Ultramart year 6683, but after 7 weeks of the siege he retired (that is, approximately in September) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 373, vol. II, st. 596).

Sat in Vladimir (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 374, vol. II, stb. 597) in 1174 (ultramart 6683). June 15 1175 (Ultra-March 6684) defeated and fled (PSRL, vol. II, st. 601).

Yaropolk III Rostislavich // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: In 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - St. Petersburg. , 1890-1907.

Village in Vladimir June 15 1175 (ultramart 6684) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 377). (In the Nikon Chronicle June 16, but the error is set by the day of the week (PSRL, vol. IX, p. 255). Died June 20 1176 (ultramart 6685) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 379, vol. IV, p. 167).

He sat on the throne in Vladimir after the death of his brother in June 1176 (Ultra-March 6685) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 380). He died, according to the Laurentian Chronicle, on April 13, 6720 (1212), in memory of St. Martin (PSRL, vol. I, st. 436) In the Tver and Resurrection Chronicles April 15 in memory of the Apostle Aristarchus, on Sunday (PSRL, vol. VII, p. 117; vol. XV, stb. 311), in the Nikon Chronicle on April 14 in memory of St. Martin, on Sunday (PSRL, vol. X, p. 64), in the Trinity Chronicle on April 18, 6721, in memory of St. Martin (Trinity Chronicle, p.299). In 1212 April 15 is Sunday.

Sat on the throne after the death of his father in accordance with his will (PSRL, vol. X, p. 63). April 27 On Wednesday, 1216, he left the city, leaving it to his brother (PSRL, vol. I, st. 500, the number is not directly indicated in the annals, but this is the next Wednesday after April 21, which was Thursday).

Sat on the throne in 1216 (ultramart 6725) year (PSRL, vol. I, st. 440). Died February 2 1218 (Ultra-March 6726, so in the Lavrentiev and Nikon Chronicles) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 442, vol. X, p. 80) In the Tver and Trinity Chronicles 6727 (PSRL, vol. XV, st. 329 ; Trinity Chronicle. S.304).

Sat on the throne after the death of his brother. Killed in battle with Tatars March 4 1238 (in the Laurentian Chronicle still under the year 6745, in the Moscow Academic Chronicle under 6746) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 465, 520).

Sat on the throne after the death of his brother in 1238 (PSRL, vol. I, st. 467). Died September 30th 1246 (PSRL, vol. I, st. 471)

He sat on the throne in 1247, when the news of the death of Yaroslav came (PSRL, vol. I, st. 471, vol. X, p. 134). According to the Moscow Academic Chronicle, he sat on the throne in 1246 after a trip to the Horde (PSRL, vol. I, st. 523) (according to the Novgorod Fourth Chronicle, sat down in 6755 (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 229).

He expelled Svyatoslav in 6756 (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 229). Killed in the winter of 6756 (1248/1249) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 471). According to the Novgorod fourth chronicle - in 6757 (PSRL, vol. IV, st. 230). The exact month is unknown.

He sat on the throne for the second time, but Andrei Yaroslavich drove him away (PSRL, vol. XV, issue 1, st. 31).

Sat on the throne in the winter of 6757 (1249/50) (in december), having received the reign from the khan (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 472), the ratio of the news in the annals shows that he returned in any case earlier than December 27. Fled from Rus' during the Tatar invasion in 6760 ( 1252 ) year (PSRL, vol. I, st. 473), having been defeated in the battle on the day of St. Boris ( July 24) (PSRL, vol. VII, p. 159). According to the Novgorod First Junior Edition and the Sofia First Chronicle, this was in 6759 (PSRL, vol. III, p. 304, vol. VI, issue 1, st. 327), according to the Easter tables of the middle of the XIV century (PSRL, vol. III, p. 578), Trinity, Novgorod fourth, Tver, Nikon chronicles - in 6760 (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 230; vol. X, p. 138; vol. XV, stb. 396, Trinity Chronicle. P.324).

In 6760 (1252) he received a great reign in the Horde and settled in Vladimir (PSRL, vol. I, st. 473) (according to the Novgorod Fourth Chronicle - in 6761 (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 230). Died November 14 6771 (1263) years (PSRL, vol. I, st. 524, vol. III, p. 83).

Sat on the throne in 6772 (1264) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 524; vol. IV, p. 234). He died in the winter of 1271/72 (Ultra-March 6780 in the Easter tables (PSRL, vol. III, p. 579), in the Novgorod First and Sofia First Chronicles, March 6779 in the Tver and Trinity Chronicles) year (PSRL, vol. III, p. 89 , vol. VI, issue 1, st. 353, vol. XV, st. 404; Trinity Chronicle, p.331). A comparison with the mention of the death of Princess Maria of Rostov on December 9 shows that Yaroslav died already at the beginning of 1272.

Sat on the throne after the death of his brother in 6780. He died in the winter of 6784 (1276/77) (PSRL, vol. III, p. 323), in January(Trinity Chronicle, p.333).

He sat on the throne in 6784 (1276/77) after the death of his uncle (PSRL, vol. X, p. 153; vol. XV, stb. 405). There is no mention of a trip to the Horde this year.

He received a great reign in the Horde in 1281 (Ultramart 6790 (PSRL, vol. III, p. 324, vol. VI, issue 1, st. 357), in the winter of 6789, having come to Russia in December (Trinity Chronicle. P. 338 ; PSRL, vol. X, p. 159) reconciled with his brother in 1283 (ultramart 6792 or March 6791 (PSRL, vol. III, p. 326, vol. IV, p. 245; vol. VI, no. 1, Stb. 359; Trinity Chronicle, p. 340. Such dating of events is accepted by N. M. Karamzin, N. G. Berezhkov and A. A. Gorsky, V. L. Yanin suggests dating: winter 1283-1285 ( see analysis: Gorsky A. A. Moscow and the Horde. M., 2003. S. 15-16).

He came from the Horde in 1283, having received a great reign from Nogai. Lost it in 1293.

He received a great reign in the Horde in 6801 (1293) (PSRL, vol. III, p. 327, vol. VI, issue 1, st. 362), returned to Rus' in winter (Trinity Chronicle, p. 345). Died July 27 6812 (1304) (PSRL, vol. III, p. 92; vol. VI, issue 1, st. 367, vol. VII, p. 184) (In the Novgorod Fourth and Nikon Chronicles on June 22 (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 252, vol. X, p. 175), in the Trinity Chronicle, the ultra-March year 6813 (Trinity Chronicle, p. 351).

He received a great reign in 1305 (March 6813, in the Trinity Chronicle ultra-March 6814) (PSRL, vol. VI, issue 1, st. 368, vol. VII, p. 184). (According to the Nikon Chronicle - in 6812 (PSRL, vol. X, p. 176), returned to Rus' in the fall (Trinity Chronicle, p. 352). Executed in the Horde November 22 1318 (in the Sofia First and Nikon Chronicles of Ultramart 6827, in the Novgorod Fourth and Tver Chronicles of March 6826) on Wednesday (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 257; vol. VI, issue 1, st. 391, vol. X, p. 185). The year is set by the day of the week.

Kuchkin V. A. Tales about Mikhail Tverskoy: Historical and textological research. - M .: Nauka, 1974. - 291 p. - 7,200 copies.(in trans.)

He left the Horde with the Tatars in the summer of 1317 (Ultramart 6826, in the Novgorod Fourth Chronicle and the Rogozh Chronicle March 6825) (PSRL, vol. III, p. 95; vol. IV, stb. 257), having received a great reign (PSRL, vol. VI, issue 1, line 374, vol. XV, issue 1, line 37). Killed by Dmitry Tversky in the Horde.

He received a great reign in 6830 (1322) (PSRL, vol. III, p. 96, vol. VI, issue 1, st. 396). He arrived in Vladimir in the winter of 6830 (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 259; Trinity Chronicle, p. 357) or in autumn (PSRL, vol. XV, st. 414). According to Easter tables, he sat down in 6831 (PSRL, vol. III, p. 579). Executed September 15th 6834 (1326) (PSRL, vol. XV, issue 1, st. 42, vol. XV, st. 415).

Konyavskaya E. L. DMITRY MIKHAILOVICH TVERSKOY IN THE EVALUATION OF CONTEMPORARY AND DESCENDANTS // Ancient Rus'. Medieval Questions. 2005. No. 1 (19). pp. 16-22.

He received a great reign in the autumn of 6834 (1326) (PSRL, vol. X, p. 190; vol. XV, issue 1, st. 42). When the Tatar army moved to Tver in the winter of 1327/8, he fled to Pskov, and then to Lithuania.

In 1328, Khan Uzbek divided the great reign, giving Vladimir and the Volga region to Alexander (PSRL, vol. III, p. 469) (this fact is not mentioned in the Moscow chronicles). According to the Sofia First, Novgorod Fourth and Resurrection Chronicles, he died in 6840 (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 265; vol. VI, issue 1, st. 406, vol. VII, p. 203), according to the Tver Chronicle - in 6839 (PSRL, vol. XV, st. 417), in the Rogozhsky chronicler his death was noted twice - under 6839 and 6841 (PSRL, vol. XV, issue 1, st. 46), according to the Trinity and Nikon chronicles - in 6841 (Trinity Chronicle. S. 361; PSRL, vol. X, p. 206). According to the introduction to the Novgorod First Chronicle of the junior edition, he reigned for 3 or 2 and a half years (PSRL, vol. III, pp. 467, 469). A. A. Gorsky accepts the dating of his death as 1331 (Gorsky A. A. Moscow and Horde. M., 2003. P. 62).

He sat down on the great reign in 6836 (1328) (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 262; vol. VI, issue 1, st. 401, vol. X, p. 195). Formally, he was a co-ruler of Alexander of Suzdal (without occupying the Vladimir table), but he acted independently. After the death of Alexander, he went to the Horde in 6839 (1331) (PSRL, vol. III, p. 344) and received all the great reign (PSRL, vol. III, p. 469). Died March 31 1340 (Ultra-March 6849 (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 270; vol. VI, issue 1, st. 412, vol. VII, p. 206), according to Easter tables, the Trinity Chronicle and the Rogozhsky chronicler in 6848 (PSRL, vol. III, p. 579; vol. XV, issue 1, st. 52; Trinity Chronicle, p. 364).

Received a great reign in the fall of Ultramart 6849 (PSRL, vol. VI, issue 1, stb.). Sat in Vladimir on October 1, 1340 (Trinity Chronicle, p.364). Died 26 April ultramart 6862 (in Nikonovskaya March 6861) (PSRL, vol. X, p. 226; vol. XV, issue 1, stb. 62; Trinity Chronicle, p. 373). (In the Novgorod Fourth, his death is reported twice - under the years 6860 and 6861 (PSRL, vol. IV, pp. 280, 286), according to Voskresenskaya - April 27, 6861 (PSRL, vol. VII, p. 217)

He received a great reign in the winter of 6861, after Baptism. Village in Vladimir March 25 6862 (1354) years (Trinity Chronicle. S. 374; PSRL, vol. X, p. 227). Died the 13th of November 6867 (1359) (PSRL, vol. VIII, p. 10; vol. XV, issue 1, stb. 68).

Khan Navruz in the winter of 6867 (that is, at the beginning of 1360) gave the great reign to Andrei Konstantinovich, and he ceded to his brother Dmitry (PSRL, vol. XV, issue 1, stb. 68). Came to Vladimir 22nd of June(PSRL, vol. XV, issue 1, stb. 69; Trinity Chronicle. S.377) 6868 (1360) (PSRL, vol. III, p. 366, vol. VI, issue 1, st. 433) .

He received a great reign in 6870 (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 290; vol. VI, issue 1, stb. 434). He sat down in Vladimir in 6870 before Epiphany (that is, at the beginning of January 1363) (PSRL, vol. XV, issue 1, st. 73; Trinity Chronicle, p. 378).

He sat down in Vladimir in 6871 (1363), reigned for 1 week and was driven away (PSRL, vol. X, p. 12; vol. XV, issue 1, st. 74; Trinity Chronicle, p. 379). According to Nikonovskaya - 12 days (PSRL, vol. XI, p. 2).

Sat in Vladimir in 6871 (1363). After that, the label for the great reign was received by Dmitry Konstantinovich Suzdalsky in the winter of 1364/1365 (refused in favor of Dmitry) and Mikhail Alexandrovich Tverskoy in 1370, again in 1371 (in the same year the label was returned to Dmitry) and 1375, but this had no real consequences . Dmitry died May 19 6897 (1389) on Wednesday at the second hour of the night (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 358; vol. VI, issue 1, st. 501; Trinity Chronicle. S. 434) (in the Novgorod first junior edition on May 9 ( PSRL, vol. III, p. 383), in the Tver Chronicle on May 25 (PSRL, vol. XV, stb. 444).

He received a great reign according to the will of his father. Village in Vladimir August 15 6897 (1389) (PSRL, vol. XV, issue 1, st. 157; Trinity Chronicle, p. 434) According to the Novgorod Fourth and Sofia First in 6898 (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 367; vol. VI , issue 1, page 508). Died February 27 1425 (September 6933) on Tuesday at three o'clock in the morning (PSRL, vol. VI, issue 2, st. 51, vol. XII, p. 1) in March 6932 (PSRL, vol. III, p. 415) , in a number of manuscripts of the Nikon Chronicle erroneously February 7).

Presumably, Daniel received the principality after the death of his father, Alexander Nevsky (1263), at the age of 2 years. The first seven years from 1264 to 1271 he was brought up by his uncle - the Grand Duke of Vladimir and Tverskoy Yaroslav Yaroslavich, whose governors at that time ruled Moscow. The first mention of Daniel as a Moscow prince dates back to 1283, but, probably, his reign still happened earlier. (see Kuchkin V.A. The First Moscow Prince Daniil Alexandrovich // Patriotic History. No. 1, 1995). Died 5th of March 1303 on Tuesday (ultramart 6712) of the year (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 486; Trinity Chronicle, p. 351) (In the Nikon Chronicle on March 4, 6811 (PSRL, vol. X, p. 174), the day of the week indicates 5th of March).

Killed November 21(Trinity Chronicle. S.357; PSRL, vol. X, p. 189) 6833 (1325) years (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 260; VI, issue 1, st. 398).

Borisov N. S. Ivan Kalita. - M .: Publishing House "Young Guard". - Series "Life of remarkable people". - Any edition.

Kuchkin V. A. EDITION OF WILLS OF MOSCOW PRINCES XIV century. (1353, APRIL 24-25) SOUL LETTERS OF THE GRAND DUKE SEMYON IVANOVICH. // Ancient Rus'. Medieval Questions. 2008. No. 3 (33). pp. 123-125.

John Ioannovich II // Russian biographical dictionary: in 25 volumes. - St. Petersburg. -M., 1896-1918.

Kuchkin B. A. Dmitry Donskoy / State Historical Museum . - M .: GIM, 2005. - 16 p. - (Outstanding personalities in the history of Russia).(reg.)

Tolstoy I.I. Money of Grand Duke Vasily Dmitrievich

He sat on the throne immediately after the death of his father, but brother Yuri Dmitrievich challenged his rights to power (PSRL, vol. VIII, p. 92; vol. XII, p. 1). He received a label for a great reign, sat on the throne in Vladimir in the summer of 6942 (1432) (according to N. M. Karamzin and A. A. Gorsky (Gorsky A. A. Moscow and the Horde. P. 142). According to the Sofia Second Chronicle, sat on the throne on October 5, 6939, 10 indict, that is, in the fall of 1431 (PSRL, vol. VI, issue 2, st. 64) (According to the Novgorod First in 6940 (PSRL, vol. III, p. 416), according to the Novgorod Fourth in 6941 (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 433), according to the Nikon Chronicle in 6940 on Peter's Day (PSRL, vol. VIII, p. 96; vol. XII, p. 16).

Belov E. A. Vasily Vasilyevich Dark // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: In 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - St. Petersburg. , 1890-1907.

He defeated Vasily on April 25, 6941 (1433) and occupied Moscow, but soon left it (PSRL, vol. VIII, pp. 97-98, vol. XII, p. 18).

He returned to Moscow after the departure of Yuri, but was again defeated by him on Lazarus Saturday 6942 (that is, March 20, 1434) (PSRL, vol. XII, p. 19).

Took Moscow on Wednesday during Bright Week 6942 (i.e. March 31 1434) of the year (PSRL, vol. XII, p. 20) (according to the Second Sophia - on Holy Week of 6942 (PSRL, vol. VI, issue 2, stb. 66), but soon died (according to the Tver Chronicle on July 4 ( PSRL, vol. XV, st. 490), according to others - June 6 (note 276 to volume V of the "History of the Russian State", according to the Arkhangelsk Chronicle).

He sat on the throne after the death of his father, but after a month of reigning he left the city (PSRL, vol. VI, issue 2, st. 67, vol. VIII, p. 99; vol. XII, p. 20).

He again sat on the throne in 1442. He was defeated in the battle with the Tatars and was taken prisoner

Arrived in Moscow shortly after the capture of Vasily. Upon learning of the return of Vasily, he fled to Uglich. There are no direct indications of his great reign in the primary sources, but the conclusion about him is made by a number of authors. Cm. Zimin A. A. A Knight at the Crossroads: Feudal Warfare in 15th-Century Russia. - M .: Thought, 1991. - 286 p. - ISBN 5-244-00518-9.).

Entered Moscow on 26 October. Captured, blinded on February 16, 1446 (September 6954) (PSRL, vol. VI, issue 2, st. 113, vol. XII, p. 69).

He occupied Moscow on February 12 at nine o'clock in the morning (that is, according to the modern account February 13 after midnight) of 1446 (PSRL, vol. VIII, p. 115; vol. XII, p. 67). Moscow was taken in the absence of Shemyaka by supporters of Vasily Vasilyevich in the early morning of Christmas in September 6955 ( December 25 1446) (PSRL, vol. VI, issue 2, st. 120).

At the end of December 1446, Muscovites again kissed the cross for him, he sat on the throne in Moscow on February 17, 1447 (September 6955) (PSRL, vol. VI, issue 2, st. 121, vol. XII, p. 73). Died March 27 6970 (1462) on Saturday at three in the morning (PSRL, vol. VI, issue 2, st. 158, vol. VIII, p. 150; vol. XII, p. 115) (According to the Stroevsky list of the Novgorod Fourth on April 4 (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 445), according to the Dubrovsky list and according to the Tver Chronicle - March 28 (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 493, vol. XV, st. 496), according to one of the lists of the Resurrection Chronicle - 26 March, according to one of the lists of the Nikon Chronicle on March 7 (according to N. M. Karamzin - March 17 on Saturday - note 371 to volume V of the "History of the Russian State", but the calculation of the day of the week is erroneous, right March 27).

the first sovereign ruler of Russia after the overthrow of the Horde yoke. Died 27th October 1505 (September 7014) at the first hour of the night from Monday to Tuesday (PSRL, vol. VIII, p. 245; vol. XII, p. 259) (According to Sophia Second on October 26 (PSRL, vol. VI, issue 2, 374) According to the Academic list of the Novgorod Fourth Chronicle - October 27 (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 468), according to Dubrovsky's list - October 28 (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 535).

Ivan Ivanovich Molodoy // TSB

Sat on the throne in 1505. Died December 3, 7042 September, at twelve o'clock in the morning, from Wednesday to Thursday (that is, December 4 1533 before dawn) (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 563, vol. VIII, p. 285; vol. XIII, p. 76).

Until 1538, Elena Glinskaya was regent under the young Ivan. Died April 3 7046 (1538 ) year (PSRL, vol. VIII, p. 295; vol. XIII, pp. 98, 134).

On January 16, 1547 he was crowned king. Died March 18, 1584 at about seven o'clock in the evening

Simeon was planted by Ivan the Terrible to the kingdom, with the title of "Sovereign Grand Duke Simeon of All Rus'", and the Terrible himself became known as the "Prince of Moscow". The time of reign is determined by the surviving charters. After 1576 became the ruling Grand Duke of Tver

He died on January 7, 1598 at one in the morning.

Wife of Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich, Grand Empress, ruler

After the death of Fedor, the boyars swore allegiance to his wife Irina and issued decrees on her behalf. But after eight days she went to the monastery.

Elected by the Zemsky Sobor on February 17. Crowned on the kingdom on September 1. Died around April 13 three hours afternoon.

He entered Moscow on June 20, 1605. He married the kingdom on July 30. Killed on the morning of May 17, 1606. He pretended to be Tsarevich Dmitry Ivanovich. According to the conclusions of the government commission of Tsar Boris Godunov, supported by most researchers, the real name of the impostor is Grigory (Yuri) Bogdanovich Otrepyev.

Elected by the boyars, participants in the conspiracy against False Dmitry. He was married to the kingdom on June 1. Overthrown by the boyars (formally deposed by the Zemsky Sobor) on July 17, 1610.

In the period 1610-1612, after the overthrow of Tsar Vasily Shuisky, power in Moscow was in the hands of the Boyar Duma, which created a provisional government of seven boyars (seven boyars). On August 17, 1611, this provisional government recognized the Polish-Lithuanian prince Vladislav Sigismundovich as tsar. On the territory liberated from the interventionists, the Zemstvo government was the highest authority. Established on June 30, 1611 by the Council of the Whole Land, functioned until the spring of 1613. Initially, it was headed by three leaders (leaders of the first militia): D. T. Trubetskoy, I. M. Zarutsky and P. P. Lyapunov. Then Lyapunov was killed, and in August 1612 Zarutsky spoke out against the people's militia. In October 1612, a second Zemstvo government was elected under the leadership of D. T. Trubetskoy, D. M. Pozharsky, and K. Minin. It organized the expulsion of the interventionists from Moscow and the convening of the Zemsky Sobor, which elected Mikhail Romanov as king.

Elected by the Zemsky Sobor February 21 1613, July 11 crowned king in the Assumption Cathedral of the Kremlin. Died at 2 am July 13, 1645.

Kozlyakov V. N. Mikhail Fedorovich / Vyacheslav Kozlyakov. - Ed. 2nd, rev. - M .: Young Guard, 2010. - 352, p. - (Life of remarkable people. A series of biographies. Issue 1474 (1274)). - 5,000 copies. - ISBN 978-5-235-03386-3.(in trans.)

Released from Polish captivity on June 1. Until the end of his life, he officially bore the title of "great sovereign".

In the vastness of the East European Plain, the Slavs, our direct ancestors, have lived since ancient times. It is still not known exactly when they arrived there. Be that as it may, they soon settled widely throughout the great waterway of those years. Slavic cities and villages arose from the Baltic to the Black Sea. Despite the fact that they were of the same clan-tribe, relations between them have never been especially peaceful.

In constant civil strife, the tribal princes were quickly exalted, who soon became Great and began to rule the entire Kievan Rus. These were the first rulers of Rus', whose names have come down to us through an endless series of centuries that have passed since that time.

Rurik (862-879)

There is still fierce debate among scientists about the reality of this historical figure. Either there was such a person, or it is a collective character, the prototype of which was all the first rulers of Rus'. Whether he was a Varangian, or a Slav. By the way, we practically do not know who the rulers of Rus' were before Rurik, so everything in this matter is based solely on assumptions.

Slavic origin is very likely, since Rurik could have nicknamed him for the nickname Sokol, which Old Slavonic translated into Norman dialects precisely as "Rurik". Whatever it was, but it is he who is considered the founder of everything Old Russian state. Rurik united (as far as it was generally possible) under his hand many Slavic tribes.

However, almost all the rulers of Rus' were engaged in this business with varying success. It is thanks to their efforts that our country today has such a significant position on the world map.

Oleg (879-912)

Rurik had a son, Igor, but by the time his father died, he was too small, and therefore his uncle, Oleg, became the Grand Duke. He glorified his name with militancy and the luck that accompanied him on the military path. Particularly remarkable is his campaign against Constantinople, which opened up incredible prospects for the Slavs from the emerging opportunities for trade with distant eastern countries. His contemporaries respected him so much that they called him "prophetic Oleg".

Of course, the first rulers of Rus' were figures so legendary that we most likely will never know about their real exploits, but Oleg certainly was indeed an outstanding personality.

Igor (912-945)

Igor, the son of Rurik, following the example of Oleg, also repeatedly went on campaigns, annexed a lot of lands, but he was not such a successful warrior, and his campaign against Greece turned out to be completely deplorable. He was cruel, often "ripped off" defeated tribes to the last, for which he later paid the price. Igor was warned that the Drevlyans did not forgive him, they advised him to take a large squad to the field. He disobeyed and was killed. In general, the series "Rulers of Rus'" once told about this.

Olga (945-957)

However, the Drevlyans soon regretted their act. Igor's wife, Olga, first dealt with their two conciliatory embassies, and then burned the main city of the Drevlyans, Korosten. Contemporaries testify that she was distinguished by a rare mind and strong-willed rigidity. During her reign, she did not lose a single inch of land that was conquered by her husband and his ancestors. It is known that in her declining years she converted to Christianity.

Svyatoslav (957-972)

Svyatoslav went to his ancestor, Oleg. He was also distinguished by courage, determination, directness. He was an excellent warrior, tamed and conquered many Slavic tribes, often beat the Pechenegs, for which they hated him. Like other rulers of Rus', he preferred (if possible) to agree "amicably". If the tribes agreed to recognize the supremacy of Kyiv and paid off with tribute, then even their rulers remained the same.

He attached the hitherto invincible Vyatichi (who preferred to fight in their impenetrable forests), beat the Khazars, after which he took Tmutarakan. Despite the small number of his squad, he successfully fought with the Bulgarians on the Danube. Conquered Andrianople and threatened to take Constantinople. The Greeks preferred to pay off with a rich tribute. On the way back, he died along with his retinue on the rapids of the Dnieper, being killed by the same Pechenegs. It is assumed that it was his squads who found the swords and the remains of equipment during the construction of the Dneproges.

General characteristics of the 1st century

Since the first rulers of Rus' reigned on the Grand Duke's throne, the era of constant unrest and civil strife gradually began to end. There was a relative order: the princely squad defended the borders from the arrogant and ferocious nomadic tribes, and they, in turn, pledged to help with warriors and paid tribute to the polyud. The main concern of those princes was the Khazars: at that time they were paid tribute (not regular, during the next raid) by many Slavic tribes, which greatly undermined the authority of the central government.

Another problem was the lack of uniformity. The Slavs who conquered Constantinople were viewed with contempt, since at that time monotheism (Judaism, Christianity) was already actively established, and the pagans were considered almost animals. But the tribes actively resisted all attempts to interfere with their faith. "Rulers of Rus'" tells about this - the film quite truthfully conveys the reality of that era.

This contributed to the growth in the number of minor troubles within the young state. But Olga, who converted to Christianity and began to promote and condone the construction of Christian churches in Kyiv, paved the way for the baptism of the country. The second century began, in which the rulers of Ancient Rus' did many more great deeds.

Vladimir St. Equal to the Apostles (980-1015)

As you know, between Yaropolk, Oleg and Vladimir, who were the heirs of Svyatoslav, there was never brotherly love. Even the fact that the father, during his lifetime, determined his own land for each of them did not help. It ended with the fact that Vladimir destroyed the brothers and began to rule alone.

The ruler in Ancient Rus', recaptured red Rus' from the regiments, fought a lot and bravely against the Pechenegs and Bulgarians. He became famous as a generous ruler who did not spare gold for giving gifts to people loyal to him. First, he demolished almost all Christian temples and churches that were built under his mother, and a small Christian community endured constant persecution from him.

But the political situation developed in such a way that the country had to be brought to monotheism. In addition, contemporaries speak of a strong feeling that flared up in the prince for the Byzantine princess Anna. No one would give her away for a pagan. So the rulers of Ancient Rus' came to the conclusion that it was necessary to be baptized.

And therefore, already in 988, the baptism of the prince and all his associates took place, and then the new religion began to spread among the people. Vasily and Konstantin married Anna to Prince Vladimir. Contemporaries spoke of Vladimir as a strict, tough (sometimes even cruel) person, but they loved him for his directness, honesty and justice. The church still extols the name of the prince for the reason that he began to massively build temples and churches in the country. This was the first ruler of Rus' to be baptized.

Svyatopolk (1015-1019)

Like his father, Vladimir during his lifetime distributed land to his numerous sons: Svyatopolk, Izyaslav, Yaroslav, Mstislav, Svyatoslav, Boris and Gleb. After his father died, Svyatopolk decided to rule independently, for which he issued an order to eliminate his own brothers, but was expelled from Kyiv by Yaroslav of Novgorod.

With the help of the Polish king Boleslav the Brave, he was able to take Kiev a second time, but the people accepted him coolly. Soon he was forced to flee the city, and then died on the way. His death is a dark story. It is assumed that he took his own life. In folk legends, he is nicknamed "cursed".

Yaroslav the Wise (1019-1054)

Yaroslav quickly became an independent ruler of Kievan Rus. He was distinguished by a great mind, did a lot for the development of the state. He built many monasteries, contributed to the spread of writing. His authorship belongs to "Russkaya Pravda", the first official collection of laws and regulations in our country. Like his ancestors, he immediately distributed allotments of land to his sons, but at the same time he strictly punished "to live in peace, not to intrigue each other."

Izyaslav (1054-1078)

Izyaslav was the eldest son of Yaroslav. Initially, he ruled Kiev, distinguished himself as a good ruler, but he did not know how to get along with the people very well. The latter also played a role. When he went to the Polovtsians and failed in that campaign, the people of Kiev simply kicked him out, calling his brother, Svyatoslav, to reign. After he died, Izyaslav again returned to the capital city.

In principle, he was a very good ruler, but rather difficult times fell to his lot. Like all the first rulers of Kievan Rus, he was forced to solve a lot of difficult issues.

General characteristics of the 2nd century

In those centuries, several practically independent (the most powerful), Chernigov, Rostov-Suzdal (Vladimir-Suzdal later), Galicia-Volynskoye stood out from the composition of Rus' at once. Novgorod stood apart. Ruled by the Veche following the example of the Greek city-states, he did not generally look at the princes very well.

Despite this fragmentation, formally Rus' was still considered an independent state. Yaroslav was able to expand its borders to the very river Ros. Under Vladimir, the country adopts Christianity, the influence of Byzantium on its internal affairs increases.

So, at the head of the newly created church stands the metropolitan, who was directly subordinate to Tsargrad. The new faith brought with it not only religion, but also a new script, new laws. The princes at that time acted together with the church, built many new churches, and contributed to the enlightenment of their people. It was at this time that the famous Nestor lived, who is the author of numerous written monuments of that time.

Unfortunately, things didn't go so smoothly. The eternal problem was both the constant raids of nomads and internal strife, constantly tearing apart the country, depriving it of strength. As Nestor, the author of The Tale of Igor's Campaign, put it, "the Russian land groans" from them. The enlightening ideas of the Church are beginning to appear, but so far the people have not accepted the new religion well.

Thus began the third century.

Vsevolod I (1078-1093)

Vsevolod the First could well remain in history as an exemplary ruler. He was truthful, honest, contributed to the education and development of writing, he knew five languages. But he was not distinguished by a developed military and political talent. The constant raids of the Polovtsy, pestilence, drought and famine did not contribute to his authority in any way. Only his son Vladimir, later nicknamed Monomakh, kept his father on the throne (a unique case, by the way).

Svyatopolk II (1093-1113)

He was the son of Izyaslav, he was distinguished by a good character, but he was extremely weak-willed in some matters, which is why the specific princes did not consider him to be the Grand Duke. However, he ruled very well: having listened to the advice of the same Vladimir Monomakh, at the Dolobsky Congress in 1103 he persuaded his opponents to undertake a joint campaign against the "cursed" Polovtsy, after which in 1111 they were utterly defeated.

The spoils of war were enormous. Polotsk in that battle, almost two dozen were killed. This victory resounded loudly throughout all the Slavic lands, both in the East and in the West.

Vladimir Monomakh (1113-1125)

Despite the fact that by seniority he was not supposed to take the throne of Kiev, it was Vladimir who was elected there by unanimous decision. Such love is explained by the rare political and military talent of the prince. He was distinguished by intelligence, political and military courage, was very brave in military affairs.

He considered each campaign against the Polovtsy a holiday (the Polovtsy did not share his views). It was under Monomakh that the princes, who were overly zealous in matters of independence, were severely curtailed. Leaves to posterity "Instruction to children", where he talks about the importance of honest and selfless service to his homeland.

Mstislav I (1125-1132)

Following the precepts of his father, he lived in peace with his brothers and other princes, but raged at the slightest hint of rebelliousness and desire for civil strife. So, in anger, he expels the Polovtsian princes from the country, after which they are forced to flee from the discontent of the ruler in Byzantium. In general, many rulers of Kievan Rus tried not to kill their enemies unnecessarily.

Yaropolk (1132-1139)

He is known for his skillful political intrigues, which ultimately turned out badly in relation to the "Monomakhoviches". At the end of his reign, he decides to transfer the throne not to his brother, but to his nephew. The matter almost comes to confusion, but the descendants of Oleg Svyatoslavovich, the "Olegovichi", nevertheless ascend to the throne. Not for long, however.

Vsevolod II (1139-1146)

Vsevolod was distinguished by good makings of a ruler, he ruled wisely and firmly. But he wanted to transfer the throne to Igor Olegovich, securing the position of the "Olegovichs". But the people of Kiev did not recognize Igor, he was forced to take monastic vows, and then he was completely killed.

Izyaslav II (1146-1154)

But the inhabitants of Kyiv enthusiastically received Izyaslav II Mstislavovich, who, with his brilliant political abilities, military prowess and intelligence, vividly reminded them of his grandfather, Monomakh. It was he who introduced the indisputable rule that has remained since then: if an uncle is alive in the same princely family, then the nephew cannot receive his throne.

He was in a terrible enmity with Yuri Vladimirovich, the prince of the Rostov-Suzdal land. His name will not say anything to many, but later Yuri will be called Dolgoruky. Izyaslav twice had to flee from Kyiv, but until his death he never gave up the throne.

Yuri Dolgoruky (1154-1157)

Yuri finally gets access to the throne of Kyiv. Having stayed on it for only three years, he achieved a lot: he was able to pacify (or punish) the princes, contributed to the unification of fragmented lands under strong power. However, all his work turned out to be meaningless, because after the death of Dolgoruky, the squabble between the princes flares up with renewed vigor.

Mstislav II (1157-1169)

It was the devastation and quarrels that led to the fact that Mstislav II Izyaslavovich ascended the throne. He was a good ruler, but he did not have a very good disposition, and also condoned princely civil strife ("divide and rule"). Andrei Yurievich, the son of Dolgoruky, expels him from Kyiv. Known in history under the nickname Bogolyubsky.

In 1169, Andrew did not limit himself to the expulsion of his father's worst enemy, burning Kyiv to the ground along the way. So at the same time he took revenge on the people of Kiev, who by that time had acquired the habit of expelling princes at any time, calling to his principality anyone who would promise them "bread and circuses."

Andrei Bogolyubsky (1169-1174)

As soon as Andrei seized power, he immediately moved the capital to his beloved city, Vladimir on the Klyazma. Since then, the dominant position of Kyiv immediately began to weaken. Having become stern and domineering towards the end of his life, Bogolyubsky did not want to put up with the tyranny of many boyars, wanting to establish autocratic power. Many did not like this, and therefore Andrei was killed as a result of a conspiracy.

So what did the first rulers of Rus' do? The table will give a general answer to this question.

In principle, all the rulers of Rus' from Rurik to Putin did the same. The table can hardly convey all the hardships that our people endured on the difficult path of becoming a state.

The history of the Russian state is already much more than a millennium, and to be completely honest, even before the onset of awareness and the establishment of statehood, a colossal number of the most diverse tribes lived on vast territories. The final period of ten centuries, and a little more, can be called the most interesting, saturated with the most diverse personalities and rulers significant for the fate of the whole country. Yes, and the chronology of the rulers of Russia, from Rurik to Putin, is so long and confusing that it would not be bad to figure out in more detail how we managed to overcome this long journey in several centuries, who stood at the head of the people at every hour of his life and for what he be remembered by posterity, leaving for centuries its shame and glory, disappointment and pride. Be that as it may, they all left their mark, were worthy daughters and sons of their time, providing their descendants with a great future.

Main stages: rulers of Russia in chronological order, table

Not every Russian, no matter how sad it may be, is well versed in history, let alone list the list of rulers of Russia in chronological order for at least last hundred years can hardly. And for a historian, this is far from such a simple task, especially if you also need to briefly talk about the contribution of each of them to the history of their native country. That is why historians have decided to conditionally divide all this into the main historical stages, linking them according to some specific feature, for example, according to the social system, external and domestic politics and so on.

Russian rulers: chronology of stages of development

It is worth saying that the chronology of the rulers of Russia can tell a lot even to the person who does not have special abilities, and knowledge in historical terms. The historical, as well as personal characteristics of each of them largely depended on the conditions of the very era when they happened to lead the country in that particular period of time.

Among other things, for the entire historical period, not only the rulers of Rus' from Rurik to Putin (the table below will definitely be of interest to you), were replaced by one another, but the historical and political center of the country itself changed its place of deployment, and often this did not depend on the people at all, which, however, from it didn't hurt much. For example, until the forty-seventh year of the sixteenth century, princes ruled the country, and only after that came the monarchization, which ended in November 1917 of the Great October Revolution very tragic.

Further more, and almost the entire twentieth century can be attributed to the stage of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, and subsequently the formation of earlier belonging to Russia territories of new, almost completely independent states. Thus, all the rulers of Russia, from Rurik to Putin, will help to better understand which road we have been moving up to this point, point out the advantages and disadvantages, sort out priorities and clearly weed out historical mistakes so as not to repeat them again and again.

Russian rulers in chronological order: Novgorod and Kyiv - where did az come from

Historical materials, which have no reason to doubt, for this period, which begins in 862 and ends with the end of the reign of the Kyiv princes, are in fact quite scarce. However, they allow you to understand the chronology of the rulers of Russia at that time, although at that time such a state simply did not exist.

Interesting

The chronicle of the twelfth century "The Tale of Bygone Years" makes it clear that in 862 the great warrior and strategist, famous for his enormous strength of mind, the Varangian Rurik, taking his brothers, went at the invitation of local tribes to reign in the capital city of Novgorod. In fact, it was then that a turning point in the history of Russia came, called the "calling of the Varangians", which ultimately helped to unite the Novgorod principalities with the Kyiv ones.

Varyag from the people of Rus Rurik succeeded Prince Gostomysl, and came to power in 862. He ruled until 872, then he died, leaving his young son Igor, who could not be his only offspring, in the care of a distant relative Oleg.

Since 872, regent Prophetic Oleg , left to look after Igor, decided not to limit himself to the Novgorod principality, captured Kyiv and moved his capital there. It was rumored that he did not die from an accidental snake bite in 882 or 912, but it is no longer possible to figure it out thoroughly.

After the death of the regent in 912, the son of Rurik came to power, Igor, which is the first of the Russian rulers, can be clearly seen both in Western and Byzantine sources. In the fall, Igor decided to collect tribute from the Drevlyans in a larger amount than it was supposed to, for which they treacherously killed him.

Prince Igor's wife Duchess Olga she ascended the throne after the death of her husband in 945, and managed to convert to Christianity even before the final decision on the baptism of Rus' was made.

Formally, after Igor, his son ascended the throne, Svyatoslav Igorevich. However, since at that time he was three years old, his mother Olga became regent, whom he successfully moved after 956, until he was killed by the Pechenegs in 972.

In 972, the eldest son of Svyatoslav and his wife Predslava came to power - Yaropolk Svyatoslavovich. However, he had to sit on the throne for only two years. Then he simply fell into the millstones of civil strife, was killed and ground into the "torment of time."

In 970, the son of Svyatoslav Igorevich ascended the throne of Novgorod from his own housekeeper Malusha, Prince Vladimir Svyatoslavich, who later received the nickname for the adoption of Christianity Great and Baptist. Eight years later, he ascended the throne of Kiev, seizing it, and also moving his capital there. It is he who is considered the prototype of that very epic character fanned over the centuries with glory and a certain mystical aura, Vladimir the Red Sun.

Grand Duke Yaroslav Vladimirovich the Wise sat on the Kiev throne in 1016, which he managed to capture under the guise of unrest, which arose after the death of his father Vladimir, and after him his brother Svyatopolk.

From 1054, the son of Yaroslav and his wife, the Swedish princess Ingigerda (Irina), named Izyaslav, began to rule in Kiev, until he died heroically in the midst of a battle against his own uncles in 1068. buried Izyaslav Yaroslavich in the iconic Hagia Sophia in Kyiv.

Starting from this period, that is, in 1068, some personalities ascended the throne who did not leave any serious trace in historical terms.

Grand Duke, by name Svyatopolk Izyaslavovich rose to the throne already in 1093 and ruled until 1113.

It was at this moment in 1113 that one of the greatest Russian princes of his time came to power. Vladimir Vsevolodovich Monomakh who left the throne after only twelve years.

The next seven years, until 1132, the son of Monomakh sat on the throne, named Mstislav Vladimirovich.

Beginning in 1132, and again for exactly seven years, the throne was taken by Yaropolk Vladimirovich, also the son of the great Monomakh.

Fragmentation and civil strife in ancient Rus': the rulers of Russia in order and randomly

It must be said that the Russian rulers, the chronology of whose leadership is offered to you for general education and increasing knowledge about their own historical basis, always cared for the statehood and prosperity of their own peoples, one way or another. They consolidated their positions in the European arena as best they could, however, their calculation and aspirations were not always justified, but you can’t judge the ancestors too harshly, you can always find several weighty or not very arguments in favor of one or another decision.

In the period when Rus' was a deeply feudal land, fragmented into the smallest principalities, the faces on the throne of Kyiv were replaced at a catastrophic speed, without even having time to accomplish anything more or less significant. Around the middle of the thirteenth century, Kyiv generally fell into complete decline, leaving only a few names about that period in the memory of descendants.

Great Russian Rulers: Chronology of Vladimir Principality

The beginning of the twelfth century for Rus' was marked by the formation of late feudalism, the weakening of the principality of Kyiv, as well as the emergence of several other centers, from which strong pressure was observed from large feudal lords. The largest such centers were Galich and Vladimir. It is worth dwelling in more detail on the princes of that era, although a significant trace in history modern Russia they did not leave, and perhaps their role was simply not yet appreciated by their descendants.

Rulers of Russia: a list of the times of the Moscow principality

After it was decided to move the capital to Moscow from the capital city of Vladimir, feudal fragmentation Russian lands began to slowly shrink, and the main center, of course, began to gradually and unobtrusively increase its own political influence. Yes, and the rulers of that time became much more lucky, they managed to hold out on the throne longer than the miserable Vladimir princes.

Starting from the year 48 of the sixteenth century, hard times came in Russia. The ruling dynasty of princes actually collapsed and ceased to exist. This period is usually called timelessness, when real power was in the hands of the boyar families.

Monarchical rulers of Russia: chronology before and after Peter I

Historians are accustomed to distinguish three periods of the formation and development of Russian monarchical rule: the pre-Petrine period, the reign of Peter, and the post-Petrine period.

After difficult, troubled times, came to power, glorified by Bulgakov, Ivan Vasilievich the Terrible(from 1548 to 1574).

After the father of Ivan the Terrible, his son was blessed to reign Fedor, nicknamed the Blessed(from 1584 to 1598).

It is worth knowing that Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich was the last of the Rurik dynasty, but he could not leave an heir. Among the people, he was considered inferior, both in terms of health and mental abilities. Beginning in the year 98 of the sixteenth century, times of unrest began, which lasted until the year 12 of the next century. The rulers changed like pictures in a silent movie, each pulling in their own direction, little thinking about the welfare of the state. In 1612, a new royal dynasty, the Romanovs, came to power.

The first representative of the royal dynasty was Michael, he spent time on the throne from 1613 to 1645.

Son of Alexei Fedor took the throne in 76 and spent exactly 6 years on it.

Sofia Alekseevna, his blood sister was engaged in government from 1682 until 1689.

Peter I ascended the throne as a young man in 1689, and stayed on it until 1725. It was the greatest period national history, the country finally gained stability, the economy took off uphill, and the new king began to call himself emperor.

In 1725, she took the throne Ekaterina Skavronskaya, and left it in 1727.

In the year 30, she sat on the throne queen Anna, and ruled for exactly 10 years.

Ivan Antonovich He stayed on the throne for only a year, from 1740 to 1741.

Ekaterina Petrovna ruled from 41 to 61 years.

In the year 62, the throne was taken Catherine the Great, where she stayed until the 96th.

Pavel Petrovich(from 1796 to 1801).

Following Paul came and Alexander I (1081-1825).

Nicholas I came to power in 1825 and left it in 1855.

Tyrant and slob, but very responsible Alexander II had the ability to bite his family on the legs, lying on the floor from 1855 to 1881.

The last of the Russian tsars Nicholas II, ruled the country until 1917, after which the dynasty was completely and unconditionally interrupted. Moreover, it was then that a completely new political system was formed, called the republic.

Soviet rulers of Russia: in order from the revolution to the present day

The first Russian ruler after the revolution was Vladimir Ilyich Lenin, who formally ruled the huge colossus of workers and peasants until 1924. In fact, by the time of his death, he was no longer able to decide anything, and in his place it was necessary to nominate strong personality with an iron fist, which is what happened.

Dzhugashvili (Stalin) Joseph Vissarionovich(from 1924 to 1953).

corn lover Nikita Khrushchev became the very "first" First Secretary until 1964.

Leonid Brezhnev took Khrushchev's place in 1964 and died in 1982.

After Brezhnev, the so-called "thaw" came, when he ruled Yuri Andropov(1982-1984).

Konstantin Chernenko took over as general secretary in 1984 and left a year later.

Mikhail Gorbachev decided to introduce the notorious "perestroika", and as a result became the first, and at the same time the only president of the USSR (1985-1991).

Boris Yeltsin, named the leader of an independent Russia from anyone (1991-1999).

The present head of state today, Vladimir Putin has been the President of Russia since the Millennium, that is, 2000. There was a break in his reign for a period of 4 years, when the country was quite successfully led by Dmitry Medvedev.

Such a great country as Russia should naturally be very rich in history. And indeed it is! Here you can see what were Russian rulers and you can read biographies of Russian princes, presidents and other rulers. I decided to provide you with a list of the rulers of Russia, where under each will be filed short biography under the cut (next to the name of the ruler, click on this icon " [+] “to open the biography under the cut), and then, if the ruler is sign, a link to full article, which will be very useful for both schoolchildren and students and everyone who is interested in the history of Russia. The list of rulers will be replenished, Russia really had a lot of rulers and everyone deserves detailed review. But, alas, I don’t have so many forces, so everything will be gradual. In general, here is a list of the rulers of Russia, where you will find the biographies of the rulers, their photographs and the dates of their reign.

Novgorod princes:

Kyiv Grand Dukes:

• (912 - autumn 945)

  

  Grand Duke Igor is a controversial character in our history. Historical annals give different information about him, starting from the date of birth and ending with the cause of his death. It is generally accepted that Igor is the son of the prince of Novgorod, although there are inconsistencies in the age of the prince in different sources ...

• (autumn 945 - after 964)

  Princess Olga is one of the great women of Rus'. Regarding the date and place of birth, the ancient chronicles give very conflicting information. It is possible that Princess Olga is the daughter of the one called the Prophetic, or maybe her ancestry comes from Bulgaria from Prince Boris, or she was born in a village near Pskov, and again there are two options: an humble family and the ancient princely family of the Izborskys.

• (after 964 - spring 972)
  The Russian prince Svyatoslav was born in 942. His parents were - who became famous for the war with the Pechenegs and campaigns against Byzantium and. When Svyatoslav was only three years old, he lost his father. Prince Igor collected an unbearable tribute from the Drevlyans, for which he was brutally killed by them. The widowed princess decided to take revenge on these tribes and sent the princely army on a campaign, which was led by the young prince under the tutelage of the governor Sveneld. As you know, the Drevlyans were defeated, and their city Ikorosten was completely destroyed.
  
• Yaropolk Svyatoslavich (972-978 or 980)
• (June 11, 978 or 980 - July 15, 1015)

  

  One of the greatest names in the fate of Kievan Rus is Vladimir the Holy (Baptist). This name is shrouded in a veil of legends and secrets, epics and myths were composed about this man, in which Prince Vladimir the Red Sun was invariably called his bright and warm name. And according to the chronicles, the Prince of Kiev was born around 960 as a half-breed, as contemporaries would say. His father was a mighty prince, and his mother was a simple slave Malusha, who was in the service of, from the small town of Lyubech.

• (1015 - autumn 1016) Prince Svyatopolk the Accursed is the son of Yaropolk, after whose death he adopted the boy. Svyatopolk wanted great power during the life of Vladimir and prepared a conspiracy against him. However, he became a full-fledged ruler only after the death of his stepfather. He earned the throne in a dirty way - he killed all the direct heirs of Vladimir.
• (autumn 1016 - summer 1018)

  Prince Yaroslav I Vladimirovich the Wise was born in 978. The chronicles do not provide a description of his appearance. It is known that Yaroslav was lame: the first version says that since childhood, and the second - this was a consequence of one of the wounds in the battle. The chronicler Nestor, describing his character, mentions his great mind, prudence, devotion to the Orthodox faith, courage and compassion for the poor. Prince Yaroslav the Wise, unlike his father, who loved to arrange feasts, led a modest lifestyle. Great devotion to the Orthodox faith sometimes turned into superstition. As mentioned in the chronicle, by his order, the bones of Yaropolk were dug and, and, after illumination, they were reburied in the Church of the Most Holy Theotokos. With this act, Yaroslav wanted to save their souls from torment.

• Izyaslav Yaroslavich (February 1054 - September 15, 1068)
• Vseslav Bryachislavich (September 15, 1068 - April 1069)
• Svyatoslav Yaroslavich (March 22, 1073 - December 27, 1076)
• Vsevolod Yaroslavich (January 1, 1077 - July 1077)
• Svyatopolk Izyaslavich (April 24, 1093 - April 16, 1113)
• (April 20, 1113 – May 19, 1125) The grandson and son of the Byzantine princess - went down in history as Vladimir Monomakh. Why Monomakh? There are suggestions that he took this nickname from his mother, the Byzantine princess Anna, the daughter of the Byzantine king Constantine Monomakh. There are other assumptions about the nickname Monomakh. Allegedly, after a campaign in Taurida, against the Genoese, where he killed the Genoese prince in a duel during the capture of Kafa. And the word monomakh is translated as a single combatant. Now, of course, it is difficult to judge the correctness of this or that opinion, but it was with such a name as Vladimir Monomakh that the chroniclers captured it.
• (20 May 1125 – 15 April 1132) Having inherited a strong power, Prince Mstislav the Great not only continued the work of his father, Prince Vladimir Monomakh of Kyiv, but also made every effort to ensure the prosperity of the Fatherland. Therefore, the memory remained in history. And his ancestors called him - Mstislav the Great.
• (April 17, 1132 - February 18, 1139) Yaropolk Vladimirovich was the son of a great Russian prince and was born in 1082. No information has been preserved about the childhood years of this ruler. The first mention in history of this prince refers to 1103, when he, together with his retinue, went to war against the Polovtsians. After this victory in 1114, Vladimir Monomakh entrusted his son with the management of the Pereyaslav volost.
• Vyacheslav Vladimirovich (February 22 - March 4, 1139)
• (March 5, 1139 - July 30, 1146)
• Igor Olgovich (until August 13, 1146)
• Izyaslav Mstislavich (August 13, 1146 - August 23, 1149)
• (August 28, 1149 - summer 1150)
  This prince of Kievan Rus went down in history thanks to two great achievements - the founding of Moscow by the heyday of the North-Eastern part of Rus'. Until now, historians are debating about when Yuri Dolgoruky was born. Some chroniclers claim that this happened in 1090, while others are of the opinion that this significant event took place around 1095-1097. His father was Grand Duke Kyiv - . Almost nothing is known about the mother of this ruler, except that she was the second wife of the prince.
• Rostislav Mstislavich (1154-1155)
• Izyaslav Davydovich (winter 1155)
• Mstislav Izyaslavich (December 22, 1158 - spring 1159)
• Vladimir Mstislavich (spring 1167)
• Gleb Yurievich (March 12, 1169 - February 1170)
• Mikhalko Yurievich (1171)
• Roman Rostislavich (July 1, 1171 - February 1173)
• (February - March 24, 1173), Yaropolk Rostislavich (co-ruler)
• Rurik Rostislavich (March 24 - September 1173)
• Yaroslav Izyaslavich (November 1173-1174)
• Svyatoslav Vsevolodovich (1174)
• Ingvar Yaroslavich (1201 - January 2, 1203)
• Rostislav Rurikovich (1204-1205)
• Vsevolod Svyatoslavich Chermny (summer 1206-1207)
• Mstislav Romanovich (1212 or 1214 - June 2, 1223)
• Vladimir Rurikovich (June 16, 1223-1235)
• Izyaslav (Mstislavich or Vladimirovich) (1235-1236)
• Yaroslav Vsevolodovich (1236-1238)
• Mikhail Vsevolodovich (1238-1240)
• Rostislav Mstislavich (1240)
• (1240)

Vladimir Grand Dukes

• (1157 - 29 June 1174)
  Prince Andrei Bogolyubsky was born in 1110, was the son and grandson of . As a young man, the prince was named Bogolyubsky for his especially reverent attitude towards God and the habit of always turning to Scripture.
• Yaropolk Rostislavich (1174 - June 15, 1175)
• Yuri Vsevolodovich (1212 - April 27, 1216)
• Konstantin Vsevolodovich (spring 1216 - February 2, 1218)
• Yuri Vsevolodovich (February 1218 - March 4, 1238)
• Svyatoslav Vsevolodovich (1246-1248)
• (1248-1248/1249)
• Andrei Yaroslavich (December 1249 - July 24, 1252)
• (1252 - 14 November 1263)
  In 1220, Prince Alexander Nevsky was born in Pereyaslav-Zallesk. Still, being very young, he accompanied his father in all campaigns. When the young man was 16 years old, his father Yaroslav Vsevolodovich, due to his departure to Kyiv, entrusted Prince Alexander with the throne in Novgorod.
• Yaroslav Yaroslavich of Tver (1263-1272)
• Vasily Yaroslavich of Kostroma (1272 - January 1277)
• Dmitry Alexandrovich Pereyaslavsky (1277-1281)
• Andrei Alexandrovich Gorodetsky (1281-1283)
• (autumn 1304 - 22 November 1318)
• Yuri Danilovich of Moscow (1318 - November 2, 1322)
• Dmitry Mikhailovich Terrible Eyes of Tver (1322 - September 15, 1326)
• Alexander Mikhailovich of Tverskoy (1326-1328)
• Alexander Vasilievich of Suzdal (1328-1331), Ivan Danilovich Kalita of Moscow (1328-1331) (co-ruler)
• (1331 - 31 March 1340) Prince Ivan Kalita was born in Moscow around 1282. But the exact date, unfortunately, is not set. Ivan was the second son of the Moscow prince Danila Alexandrovich. The biography of Ivan Kalita until 1304 was not marked with practically anything significant and important.
• Semyon Ivanovich Proud of Moscow (October 1, 1340 - April 26, 1353)
• Ivan Ivanovich Red of Moscow (March 25, 1353 - November 13, 1359)
• Dmitry Konstantinovich of Suzdal-Nizhny Novgorod (June 22, 1360 - January 1363)
• Dmitry Ivanovich Donskoy of Moscow (1363)
• Vasily Dmitrievich of Moscow (August 15, 1389 - February 27, 1425)

Moscow princes and Moscow grand dukes

Russian emperors

• (October 22, 1721 - January 28, 1725) Biography of Peter the Great deserves special attention. The fact is that Peter 1 belongs to the group of Russian emperors who made a huge contribution to the history of the development of our country. This article tells about the life of a great man, about the role he played in the transformation of Russia.

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  Also on my website whole line articles about Peter the Great. If you want to thoroughly study the history of this outstanding ruler, then please read the following articles from my website:

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• (January 28, 1725 – May 6, 1727)
  Catherine 1 was born under the name of Martha, she was born in the family of a Lithuanian peasant. Thus begins the biography of Catherine the Great, the first Empress of the Russian Empire.
  
  
• (May 7, 1727 - January 19, 1730)
  Peter 2 was born in 1715. Already at an early age he became an orphan. First, his mother died, then in 1718, the father of Peter II, Alexei Petrovich, was executed. Peter II was the grandson of Peter the Great, who was absolutely not interested in the fate of his grandson. HE never considered Peter Alekseevich as the heir to the Russian throne.
  
• (February 4, 1730 - October 17, 1740) Anna Ioannovna is known for her difficult character. She was a vindictive and vindictive woman, distinguished by capriciousness. Anna Ioannovna had absolutely no ability to conduct public affairs, while she was not even simply inclined to this.
  
• (October 17, 1740 - November 25, 1741)
• (November 9, 1740 - November 25, 1741)
• (November 25, 1741 - December 25, 1761)
• (December 25, 1761 - June 28, 1762)
• () (June 28, 1762 - November 6, 1796) Many will probably agree that the biography of Catherine 2 is one of the most fascinating stories about the life and reign of an amazing, strong woman. Catherine 2 was born on April 22 / May 2, 1729, in the family of Princess Johanna - Elizabeth and Prince Christian August of Anhalt - Zerbsky.
• (November 6, 1796 - March 11, 1801)
• (Blessed) (March 12, 1801 - November 19, 1825)
• (December 12, 1825 - February 18, 1855)
• (Liberator) (February 18, 1855 - March 1, 1881)
• (Peacemaker) (March 1, 1881 - October 20, 1894)
• (October 20, 1894 - March 2, 1917) The biography of Nicholas II will be quite interesting to many of the inhabitants of our country. Nicholas II was the eldest son of Alexander III, the Russian Emperor. His mother, Maria Feodorovna, was Alexander's wife.