The first Russian tsar from the new dynasty was Mikhail Romanov, elected at the Zemsky Council in 1613. His parents: Fedor Nikitich Romanov and Ksenia Ioannovna Shestova. Michael turned out to be the closest relative to the former Russian tsars. It is worth noting that the Swedish prince Karl-Philip and the Polish prince Vladislav then claimed the throne. After the liberation of Moscow by Minin and Pozharsky, the future tsar and his mother were in the Ipatiev Monastery. Michael's father, under the name Filaret, after the accession of his son, became patriarch. Throughout the entire time until 1633, it was Patriarch Filaret of Moscow who actually ruled the state.

The Poles, having learned about the election of a new king, tried to prevent this. A small detachment was sent to the monastery to kill Mikhail, elected by the Zemsky Sobor. But, thanks to the feat of Ivan Susanin, they died on the way, never finding the way to the monastery. Ivan Susanin was hacked to death by the Poles, never showing the way even after being tortured.

The economy of the country, which was in decline after the extremely unsuccessful beginning of the 17th century for Russia, is gradually recovering. In 1617, a peace treaty was concluded with Sweden, which returns the Novgorod region, previously captured. After the signing of an agreement with Poland in 1618, Polish troops were withdrawn from the territory of Russia. But, Seversk, Smolensk and Chernigov lands were lost. Prince Vladislav, not recognizing the rights of Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov to the throne, calls himself the Russian Tsar. The raids of the Tatars, provoked by Turkey, led to the creation of security lines in the South of Russia. Don Cossacks were used to fight them. At the same time, friendly relations were established with Persia, and the territory of the country increased due to the Siberian lands. During the reign of Michael, the taxation of townspeople was increased.

During the reign of Mikhail Romanov, an attempt was made to create a regular army. Foreigners became officers in the new regiments. At the end of the reign of Michael, the first dragoon regiments were created to guard the external borders of the state. The biography of Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov ended in 1645. The board passed into the hands of his son Alexey.

Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich Romanov

Alexei Mikhailovich Romanov, born March 19, 1629, ascended the throne at the age of 16, after the death of his father. He was a supporter of the ideas of piety and moral perfection, zealously observed fasts, and the actual government of the country at the beginning of his reign was carried out by an educator and guardian, the boyar Morozov. It must be said that in the environment of the king, nicknamed the Quietest, there were not only noble people. They also paid tribute to those who were endowed with abilities (Morozov, Ordin-Nashchokin).

The Cathedral Code (1649), drawn up at the beginning of the reign of Tsar Alexei Romanov, made it possible to lay legislative framework Russian society. The practice of attracting military specialists from other states to the Russian army continued. The significance of the Boyar Duma and Zemsky Sobors gradually came to naught. But the Middle Duma, which included only those close to Alexei, gained strength. One of the most notable events in the reign of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich Romanov was the split of the church. In the confrontation with Patriarch Nikon, the priority of tsarist power over church power was finally consolidated.

The foreign policy of Alexei Mikhailovich was marked by almost continuous wars. The borders of the state expanded at the expense of land Far East and Eastern Siberia. Internal - mass social performances. This is the war of Stepan Razin, riots (Copper and Salt).

The biography of Alexei Mikhailovich Romanov reports that the tsar was married twice and had 16 children. 13 - from the first wife of Maria Miloslavskaya, 3 - from Natalia Naryshkina. Subsequently, three of his sons occupied the Russian throne.

The king died on February 11, 1676, at the age of 47. It is believed that one of the causes of early death was overweight. Even according to the boyars, Tsar Alexei was considered a very obese person.

Cathedral Code of 1649

The Cathedral Code of 1649 is a single set of laws of Moscow Rus' that regulates all spheres of life of the state and citizens.

Reasons for the creation of the Cathedral Code

The last legislative document adopted before the creation of the Council Code was dated 1550 ( judge of Ivan the Terrible) and was no doubt obsolete. Many years have passed since the adoption of the last document, and, most importantly, changes in the state and economic system - the feudal system has undergone some changes, new state bodies have been created, completely new decrees have been adopted, which sometimes repeated the old ones with some clarifications, and sometimes completely contradicted them. It was impossible to work with an outdated document, so it was decided to create a new one.

The situation was further complicated by the fact that numerous legislative acts and new documents were not stored in one place, but were scattered throughout the country and belonged to the departments in which they were adopted - this led to the fact that legal proceedings in different parts of the country were conducted on the basis of different laws, since in more remote provinces they simply did not know about orders from Moscow.

In 1648, among other things, the Salt Riot broke out. The workers who rebelled demanded civil rights and the creation of a new regulatory document. The situation became critical and it was no longer possible to postpone, so the Zemsky Sobor was assembled, which spent a whole year developing a new bill.

The process of creating the Cathedral Code

The creation of a new document was not carried out by one person, as was the case before, but by a whole commission headed by N.I. Odoevsky. Before the document is signed by the king, the code went through several main stages:

At first, careful work was carried out with numerous sources of law (documents, lawsuits, etc.);

Then meetings were held on the topic of certain legal acts that raised some doubts;

The drafted document was sent for consideration to the Duma, and then to the sovereign;

After the editing, there was another discussion of all the amendments;

The bill came into force only after it was signed by all members of the commission.

This approach was innovative and allowed to create a truly complete and well-organized document that compares favorably with its predecessors.

Sources of the Cathedral Code

Sudebnik of 1497;

Sudebnik of 1550;

Byzantine law;

Lithuanian statute of 1588 (used as a model);

Petitions to the king;

Decree books, in which all issued acts and decrees were recorded.

In the Council Code, there has been a tendency to divide the norms of law into various branches and systematize in accordance with this division. Such a system is used in modern law.

Various branches of law in the Cathedral Code of 1649

The code determined the status of the state. The status of the king himself, and also contained a whole range of norms regulating all branches of state activity, from legal proceedings to the economy and the right to leave the country.

Criminal law was replenished with a new classification of crimes. There were such types as: a crime against the church, a crime against the state, a crime against the order of government, a crime against deanery, malfeasance, crimes against a person, against morality and property crimes. In general, the classification became more detailed, which greatly facilitated the judicial proceedings and sentencing process, since there was no more confusion.

Types of punishments have also been added. Now the criminal was executed, sent into exile, imprisoned, property confiscated, fined, or subjected to dishonorable punishment.

The growth of commodity-money relations led to the transformation of civil law. The concept of an individual and a team appeared, women received more rights to make certain transactions with property, and sales contracts were now sealed not verbally, but in writing (a prototype of a modern agreement between the parties).

There were only minor changes in family law, as the issues of family life were more related to cultural habits. The principles of "Domostroy" were in effect.

The Council Code also determined the order of legal proceedings, criminal and civil. New types of evidence of guilt have appeared - documents, the kissing of the cross - new types of search and procedural measures have emerged. The court has become more fair and complete.

A convenient system for describing laws and acts made it possible not only to quickly and efficiently use new law, but also, if necessary, to supplement it - this was another difference from previous documents.

Enslavement of peasants

As before, the code was of great importance for the peasants, since the issues of feudal property were described in it as fully as possible. The code did not give the peasants any freedom, moreover, it tied them even more to the land and to the feudal lord, thereby enslaving them completely. Now there was no right of exit, and the peasant with his whole family and all things became the property of the feudal lord, which can be sold, bought or inherited. The rules for searching for runaway peasants have also changed - now there was no time limit of ten years, they were looking for a person all his life. In fact, the peasant could not leave or run away from the feudal lord, and was obliged to obey his master all his life.

The meaning of the Cathedral Code

The Council Code of 1649 outlined new trends in the development of law and jurisprudence, consolidated the new state order and new social norms.

The Code also became the prototype of the modern systematization and cataloging of legal documents, creating a restriction on the branches of law.

The cathedral code was in effect until 1832.

From school course We know from history that after the Great Troubles of the beginning of the 17th century, Mikhail Romanov became the Russian Tsar, founding a new dynasty. At school, the explanation was limited to the desire of the boyars to have a weak king in order to be able to influence the government. However, was everything so simple in the 17th century, when inheritance was practically the only basis for supreme power in the country? Why is it not heard about other contenders for power? Why was not chosen, for example, the father of Mikhail Romanov and who was his father? Why was the Romanovs chosen from all the Moscow boyars?
Let's start with the fact that we will deal with the last Moscow Rurik on the throne - Fedor Ioannovich.
Father - Ivan IV the Terrible. Of his five sons, only Fedor survived.
Mother - Anastasia Romanovna Zakharyina-Yuryeva (we will dwell on her patronymic in more detail below.
Wife - Irina Fedorovna Godunova - Boris Godunov's sister, which was one of the reasons for his accession.
Daughter - Theodosius lived only two years, 1592 - 1594. In fact, Fedor Ioannovich left no offspring.
Now about the mother of Fyodor Ivanovich - the wife of Ivan the Terrible. We did not accidentally pay attention to her patronymic. She was the daughter of Roman Yurievich Zakharyin-Koshkin. Let's take a closer look at him and his offspring:
Zakharyin-Koshkin
Roman Yurievich
Zakharyin-Yuryeva
Anastasia Romanovna, wife of Ivan the Terrible (1530 (1532?) - 1560)
Zakharyin
Nikita Romanovich (1522-1585 (1586?)
Zakharyin (Romanov)
Fedor Nikitovich
The first to bear the surname Romanov after his grandfather (1554-1633)
Romanov
Mikhail Fedorovich (1596-1645)
In order not to complicate the story, we do not dwell on the other children of Roman Yuryevich, Nikita Romanovich and Fedor Nikitovich. One thing is clear: the Romanovs were relatives of the Moscow Rurikovichs. Specifically: Roman Yuryevich was the grandfather of Fyodor Ioannovich and, by the way, the great-grandfather of Mikhail Fedorvich. Fyodor Nikitovich was the nephew of Ivan the Terrible's wife. Accordingly, Mikhail was a great-nephew. This, by the way, served as the basis for the disgrace of the Romanovs in the time of Boris Godunov, as contenders for the Moscow throne. Of the five Nikitich brothers sent into exile, only two survived. Godunov himself ended up on the throne in the same way as the brother of Fyodor Ioannovich's wife.
Now let's focus on the father of Mikhail Fedorovich - Fedor Nikitovich. Why couldn't he take the throne? After all, he was older, more experienced and was the nephew of Ivan the Terrible. But he could not become a king, since the monks do not have the right to secular power. Under Godunov, he and his wife were forcibly tonsured monks under the names Filaret and Martha. But Filaret did not become a humble schemer. Having made a successful career in the church, he became the Metropolitan of Rostov, one of the most influential figures in the church, moreover, he was in opposition to Vasily Shuisky. Among his supporters, he was called the "named patriarch", however, he himself denied the patriarchal title, for now. From 1611 to 1619 he was a prisoner of the Poles. Ten days after returning to Moscow, he was enthroned as the Patriarch of Moscow.
What happens. Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov is the great-nephew of Ivan the Terrible. On the other hand, he is the son of Metropolitan Filaret, a figure so influential that immediately upon his return from captivity he took the patriarchal throne. Under his son, until the end of his life, he was a co-ruler and even enjoyed the title of Great Sovereign. The choice of a king is a most difficult issue, where questions of blood, strength, current and strategic politics, and many others are tied into a tight ball. And under these conditions, Mikhail Fedorovich was not a random figure on the throne. He had rights, both in terms of blood and in terms of influence.
The original article is here.

At the end of 1612, the Zemsky Sobor met in Moscow. The question of choosing a new king was discussed for about two months. The council rejected all foreign candidates for the throne. In the end, they settled on the candidacy Mikhail Romanov.

As a result, the Romanov dynasty was established in Russia, which ruled the country for 300 years (until 1917).

• Firstly, Mikhail Romanov was not involved in the events of the Time of Troubles.
• Secondly, he had family ties with the former Rurik dynasty, was a relative of Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich (on the maternal side). The first wife of Ivan the Terrible - Anastasia - was the mother of Tsar Fedor. She came from the Romanov family.
• Thirdly, Mikhail was the son of Filaret Romanov, who suffered from Godunov (he was forcibly tonsured a monk) and, in addition, was captured by the “Tushinsky thief”, and, therefore, suffered from him.
• Fourthly, Mikhail was young, he was 16 years old, and he had a "quiet disposition." There is a legend that one of the boyars said: "Let's choose Mishka Romanov, he is young and not yet wise, he will be habitual (obedient) to us in everything."

The Russian historian V. O. Klyuchevsky put forward the following reasons for choosing Mikhail: “Mikhail was endured ... by family popularity. But most of all she helped Michael in the conciliar elections kinship Romanovs with the former dynasty. Tsar Michael was seen not as a conciliar elect, but as the nephew of Tsar Theodore, a natural, hereditary tsar. This is how the founder of a new dynasty appeared, putting an end to the Troubles.

Having elected the tsar, the people's representatives did not leave him alone with the boyar lust for power and the huge problems of restoring the country. The Zemsky Sobor constantly supported the tsar. Its members were elected for a three-year term. They worked almost without interruption for nine years (three convocations).

Ivan Susanin

Having hardly found a new tsar, Russia almost lost him. According to a number of sources, a Polish detachment was sent to Kostroma to capture the new Muscovite tsar and kill him. However, the local peasant Ivan Susanin, volunteering to escort the Poles to the patrimony of the Romanovs, led them into the dense forests. Meanwhile, Mikhail, warned by well-wishers, managed to move to Kostroma, under the protection of the high walls of the Ipatiev Monastery. For the salvation of the king, Susanin paid with his life.

Historians have long debated the authenticity of this event. But in the memory of the people, the image of the Kostroma peasant Ivan Susanin became a symbol of heroic self-sacrifice in the name of the Fatherland.

Minin and Pozharsky under the Romanovs

Minin Kuzma Zakharyev (nicknamed Sukhoruk), a townsman, Zemstvo headman from Nizhny Novgorod under Mikhail Romanov, became a duma nobleman. Died 1616

Under Tsar Boris Godunov, Dmitry Mikhailovich Pozharsky had the court rank of steward, under Vasily Shuisky he was governor in the city of Zaraysk. He bravely fought against False Dmitry I I, participated in the first militia in battles against the Poles in Moscow. Under Tsar Mikhail Romanov, he received the boyar rank, headed important orders, and was governor in Novgorod. He died in 1642 and was buried in Suzdal, on the territory of the Spas-Efimiev Monastery.

Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov (born 12 (22) July 1596 - death 13 (23) July 1645) - sovereign, Tsar and Grand Duke all Rus'. Board from February 21 (March 3), 1613 - to July 13 (23), 1645

During the Troubles

The father of Mikhail Fedorovich was Fyodor Nikitich Romanov, who later became Patriarch Filaret, married to Xenia Ivanovna Shestova, from an humble family. Their son Mikhail was born on July 12, 1596.

1601 - Boris Godunov tonsured Fyodor Nikitich Romanov as a monk with the name Filaret and exiled him to the Sophia Anthony Monastery, and tonsured his wife Xenia under the name Martha and exiled him to Zaonezhye, to the Yegoryevsky churchyard of the Tolvui volost.

Mikhail Fedorovich ended up with his aunt Marfa Nikitichnaya Cherkasskaya on Beloozero, from 1603 he lived in Klin ( ancestral patrimony Romanovs), since 1605 - together with his mother.

The first impostor elevated Filaret to the rank of Metropolitan of Rostov. His family was reunited and almost until the end of 1608 lived together, and at the time when Filaret was in his honorable captivity - in Moscow.

1610 - Filaret and Prince Golitsyn were sent to the Poles, who did not let him go, and for the next 9 years Mikhail did not see his father. The future tsar and his mother were detained in the Moscow Kremlin and released from captivity only in November 1612, when they retired to Kostroma, living either in their own house or in the Ipatiev Monastery.

Zemsky Sobor. Election to the kingdom

On February 21, 1613, the Zemsky Sobor elected Mikhail Fedorovich as tsar. On March 13, ambassadors from the Council arrived in Kostroma and the next day they were received at the Ipatiev Monastery. Nun Martha and her son resolutely refused to accept the proposal of the Council, mainly because, as the mother said, “her son has no idea of ​​being a sovereign in such great glorious states; he is not in perfect years, but the people of the Moscow state of all ranks, because of their sins, were exhausted, giving their souls to the former sovereigns, they did not directly serve.

After negotiations that lasted six hours, mother and son, when they were threatened that God would punish them for the final ruin of the state, agreed to accept the election of Mikhail Fedorovich to the royal throne.

1613, July 11 - in the Assumption Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin, the wedding to the kingdom of Mikhail Fedorovich took place. The Romanov dynasty began.

The beginning of the reign of the Romanovs

Xenia Ivanovna Shestova. The king's mother

The young and weak-willed king was unable to do without the firm support of his relatives. This was provided to him, and even excessively, by his mother, and upon his return from Polish captivity, by his father. Vladyka Filaret was a man of a tough and tough temper, but nun Martha was distinguished by an even tougher and more domineering character. “It was enough to look at her portrait,” wrote the historian S.F. Platonov, “at low eyebrows, stern eyes, a large, hooked nose, and most of all at mocking and at the same time imperious lips, in order to get an idea of ​​​​her mind, strong character and will, but these signs say little about gentleness and kindness.

Having come to power, Mikhail Fedorovich was forced to start streamlining internal affairs and fighting external enemies - Sweden and Poland. In addition, many gangs of robbers calmly moved from one edge of the Russian land to another, robbed and committed excesses, completely ruining the Muscovite state.

The first task of the new government was to collect the treasury. The sovereign and the Zemsky Sobor sent letters everywhere with orders to collect taxes and state revenues, with requests for a loan for the treasury of money and everything that could be given. Particular attention was paid to the gangs of Cossacks and all other rabble. The struggle with Zarutsky was long, with the gang of which they were able to deal only in June 1614. And by the autumn of 1614 they dealt with the ataman Balovny and his gang on the upper reaches of the Volga. In the end, by 1616 they were able to weaken and disperse the most dangerous gang - Lisovsky.

The Zemsky Sobor of 1616 decided to levy the fifth money on all merchants and indicated to rich people what sums they needed to give to the treasury in order to wage war against external enemies. The Swedes owned Novgorod and the Vodskaya Pyatina and wanted to annex this region to Sweden. In addition, they demanded that Russia recognize Prince Philip as the Tsar of Moscow, to whom the Novgorodians had already sworn allegiance. But most of all, the Swedes were interested in preventing the Russians from reaching the Baltic Sea. Therefore, they willingly agreed to the mediation of England and Holland in the peace negotiations.

Negotiations were often interrupted, in the end, they ended in eternal peace on February 27, 1617 in Stolbov. The Swedes conceded Novgorod, Porkhov to the Russians, Staraya Russa, Ladoga and Gdov, and the Russians to the Swedes - the Primorsky Territory: Ivangorod, Yam, Koporye, Oreshek and Korela, while pledging to pay Sweden 20 thousand rubles. At the same time, the British, Dutch and Swedes secured important trading privileges for themselves.

It should be noted that because of these territories many years later it will participate in the Northern War. Domestic politics the first tsar of the Romanov dynasty was still aimed at stabilizing life and centralizing power. He was able to bring harmony to the secular and spiritual society, restore Agriculture and trade, which were destroyed in the Time of Troubles, to establish the first factories in the state, to transform the tax system depending on the size of the land.

It should also be said about such innovations by Mikhail Romanov as the first census of the population and their property conducted in the state, which made it possible to stabilize the tax system, as well as encouraging the development of creative talents by the state. The tsar ordered to hire the artist John Deters and instructed him to teach painting to capable Russian students.

The call to the kingdom of Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov

Personal life

1616 - to Tsar Mikhail Romanov, the Queen-nun Martha, in agreement with the boyars, arranged the bride's bride, it was fitting for the tsar to marry and show the rightful heir to the power, so that there would be no troubles and unrest. It is curious that these brides were originally a fiction - the mother had already chosen a future wife for the sovereign from the noble Saltykov family. However, Mikhail Fedorovich confused her plans - he chose his bride himself. She was the hawthorn Maria Khlopova, but she was not destined to become a queen. In anger, the Saltykovs began to secretly poison the girl's food, and because of the symptoms of the disease, she was recognized as an unsuitable candidate. However, the sovereign uncovered the boyar intrigues and exiled the Saltykov family.

But the character of the king was too soft to insist on a wedding with Maria Khlopova. He married foreign brides. Although they agreed to marriage, but only on the condition of maintaining the Catholic faith, which turned out to be unacceptable for Rus'. As a result, the well-born Princess Maria Dolgorukaya became the sovereign's wife. But just a few days after the wedding, she fell ill and died soon after. The people called this death a punishment for insulting Maria Khlopova, and historians do not exclude a new poisoning.

1626 - the tsar was in his thirtieth year and he was a childless widower. Again bride-to-be was organized, again behind the scenes the future queen was chosen in advance, and again Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov showed self-will. They chose the daughter of the Meshchovsky nobleman Evdokia Streshneva, who was not even a candidate and did not take part in the bride, but arrived as a servant of one of the girls. The wedding was played very modestly, the bride was protected from assassination by all possible means, and when she showed that she was not interested in the politics of Mikhail Romanov, all the intriguers fell behind the tsar's wife.

In family life, Mikhail Fedorovich and Evdokia Lukyanovna were relatively happy. The family couple became the founders of the Romanov dynasty and produced 10 children, although 6 of them died in infancy. The future Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich was the third child and the first son of the ruling parents. In addition to him, three daughters of Mikhail Romanov survived - Irina, Tatyana and Anna. Evdokia Streshneva herself, in addition to the main duty of the queen - the birth of heirs, was engaged in charity work, helping churches and poor people, building temples and leading a pious life.

Mikhail Fedorovich and Evdokia Streshneva

Death

Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov was often ill in the last months of his life. Walking and riding had a tiring effect on him, his body weakened from a sedentary lifestyle. Apparently, the failure in arranging the fate of his eldest daughter also had an effect on him: the refusal of the Danish prince dealt him a heavy blow.

1645, July 12 - on the day of his name day, Mikhail Romanov, having overcome his malaise, got out of bed and went to church. But there he had an attack of suffocation. The king was transferred to the chambers. But by evening he got worse. He groaned and complained of severe pain in his heart. He ordered to call the queen and son, 16-year-old Alexei. He blessed him for the kingdom, confessed to the patriarch, and at the third hour of the night he died quietly.

Foreign doctors who treated the Moscow tsar explained that his illness came from “many sitting”, from cold drinking and melancholy ...

Queen Evdokia was able to outlive her royal husband by only a few months. The successor of the Romanov family was the only son of Tsar Mikhail 16 summer Alexey: a year before his death, the autocrat declared him publicly the heir to the royal throne.

Thus, the reign of the first tsar of the Romanov family ended. Tsar Mikhail Romanov, the founder of the dynasty, who shared power for 14 years with his father, an involuntary monk and patriarch, came to power in a completely democratic way and laid the foundation for a long journey. During his reign, the Muscovite state was able to heal the severe wounds caused by the Time of Troubles, so much so that the reign of Alexei Mikhailovich could become quite successful for Russia both in internal and external affairs.

From the significant cases of the reign of Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov

1619 - the foundation of the Yenisei prison on the Yenisei River - the center of the Russian development of Eastern Siberia.

1620 - the foundation of the Pharmaceutical Order - the first state medical institution.

Construction in 1624–1625 Spasskaya (Frolovskaya) Tower of the Moscow Kremlin by Russian architect B. Ogurtsov.

1627 - expansion of the powers of elected zemstvo authorities and courts by limiting the power of governors.

1628 - the foundation of the Krasnoyarsk prison on the Yenisei River.

1630 - the construction of the first ironworks in the Trans-Urals near Irbit.

1631 - Bratsk prison was founded in Siberia.

1632, February 19 - a charter of the tsar to the Dutch merchant A. Vinius for the construction of factories near Tula for casting cannons, boilers, forging "boards and rods", with exemption from duties and dues for 10 years. 1636, March 14 - the first iron was obtained at the Vinius plant.

1632 - Lena Ostrog (later Yakutsk) was founded on the Lena River.

1633 - the establishment of the Greek-Latin patriarchal school by Patriarch Philaret in the Miracle Monastery in the Kremlin.

1633 - discovery of copper deposits in the upper reaches of the Kama River and the construction of the first Pyskorsky copper smelter.

1634 - the publication in Moscow of the "Primer of the Slovene language, that is, the beginning of teaching for children" by V.F. Burtsov-Protopopov - the first printed textbook published in Russia.

1635–1636 - construction in Moscow by architects A. Konstantinov, B. Ogurtsov, L. Ushakov and T. Sharutin of the Kremlin Terem Palace.

1636 - the foundation of Simbirsk and Tambov.

1636 - the beginning of the construction of defensive structures of the Belgorod "notch line".

1639 - the oath of allegiance to the Russian tsar of the Kakhetian king Teimuraz I.

1640 - construction of the Oblique Ostrog (future Okhotsk) on the coast of the Sea of ​​Okhotsk.

The first tsar of the Romanov dynasty died on July 12, 1645 and was buried in the Archangel Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin.

1613. Zemsky Sobor , which brought together representatives of all of Russia, must decide the fate of the country and elect new king. There were many contenders for the throne from the most noble Russian families. However, in a situation where Russia has just withdrawn from civil war - Troubles- what was needed was not the most noble figure, but the most convenient one, which would unite the noble and Cossack forces that were still at war. Another candidate had to be related to the previous dynasty, originating from Ivan Kalita . After all, there were already Boris Godunov, And Vasily Shuisky but them like "natural" kings, they did not recognize, because they had no connection with the extinct dynasty. But there was still a figure that met all the requirements. Such candidacy turned out to be 16-year-old Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov. Firstly , he was the cousin-nephew of Tsar Fedor Ivanovich (his mother Anastasia Zakharyina was Mikhail's great-aunt), and therefore, an indirect relative of the Rurikovich. Secondly , his father, Filaret (Fyodor Nikitich Romanov), was one of the prominent boyars of that time and had respect among the elite. But he was also the patriarch of False Dmitry II and enjoyed the respect of the Cossacks-supporters "tushinsky king". And Mikhail was young, so the elite made a bet on him (they hoped that they would rule the country instead of a teenage king). Eventually, On February 21, 1613, Michael was elected king.

But the election was not enough. It was necessary to obtain the consent not so much of Mikhail himself as of his mother, nun Martha . A large embassy went to Kostroma, where they were, which nevertheless persuaded Mikhail to accept the Russian throne.

It must be understood that the 16-year-old king took responsibility for a plundered, destroyed, devastated country, which was actually at war with two states, and its economy was in critical condition (most of the arable land was not cultivated).

However, he nevertheless took this responsibility and was able to lead the country out of the crisis. What did he do during his 32 years of reign?

• He became the founder new dynasty Romanovs. This was a basic necessity for the country and the people, who had to be sure of tomorrow. This confidence was given by the birth of the heir to the throne and the continuation of the dynasty. Michael's successor Alexei, was born in 1629.
• The first thing he did was try bring the country out of war. So Sweden peace treaty was signed in 1617 year in the village Stolbovo. According to him, Russia received back almost everything Novgorod lands, except for the cities of Yam, Koporye, Ivangorod, Korelu, Oreshek(thus Russia lost access to the Baltic Sea) . For this, the Russian government was still forced to pay Sweden 20 thousand rubles.