After that, he set about the principalities remaining outside Moscow. In 1483, Mikhail Borisovich, prince of the Tver principality, strengthened his alliance with Lithuania by marrying a relative of Casimir the 4th. Having received news of what had happened, Ivan the 3rd went to war on the Tver lands. Mikhail was defeated, and he had no choice but to submit to Ivan.
Pretending that he resigned himself, Mikhail secretly made attempts to contact Lithuania, wanting to disconnect from Moscow. Ivan again went to Tver, and in 1485 the Tver principality finally surrendered. Residents and boyars gladly went over to the side of Moscow, and Mikhail fled to Lithuania.
As in Novgorod, Ivan settled the Moscow nobles and boyars in the Tver lands, creating a strong support for himself, and at the same time exiled the Tver feudal lords to various areas Moscow state. In the same year, Ivan annexed the last inheritance - Vereisky.
In 1489, the second feudal republic of Vyatka was added to the territory of the Moscow lands. From a legal point of view, Pskov and Ryazan remained independent from Moscow. But Ivan's governor was in Pskov, with the help of him Pskovskaya was realized, and Ivan felt like a complete master there.
In Ryazan, Ivan was actually considered the ruler, since the last Ryazan princes were his own nephews. One of them died, he had no children, and half of Ryazan went to Moscow. The other half retained its independence until 1521.
summary of other presentations"Formation of a single Russian state" - Localism. Feudal wars in Rus'. Russian church. Seal of Ivan III. Ideology “Moscow is the third Rome”. Creation new system management. Grand Duke. The consequence of the struggle of two tendencies. Horde Khan Mahmet. hereditary monarchy. feudal war. Reasons and prerequisites for the unification of Russian lands. Ivan III Vasilyevich. Sudebnik 1497 Formation of a single state of Russia. The end of the unification of the Russian lands.
"Ivan III the Great" - Ivan III advanced his army towards the enemy. Ivan the Great. What is the role of the era of Ivan. The double-headed eagle was required by the Grand Duke in last decade XV century Rebuilding the Kremlin. Fight against the Horde. Raising Moscow, Ivan III emphasized the inheritance of power by him. Ivan III became the sole ruler. Epigraph to the lesson. Moscow is the third Rome. Ivan III the Great. Russian craftsmen built the Cathedral of the Annunciation and the Church of the Deposition of the Robe.
"The reign of Ivan III" - the Conquest of Novgorod. Feeders are representatives of local authorities. Moscow army - one military organization. Palace, Treasury - central government. The merging process has been completed. Russian emblem. state ideology. Exemption from Mongolian yoke 1480 Gathering lands. Relations with the Horde. The reign of Ivan III 1462-1505 Management system, legal proceedings. Standing on the river Ugra 1480
"The reign of Ivan 3" - The fight against the Tatars. "Moscow - the Third Rome" (beginning of the 16th century). Description of Ivan III. Accession to the throne. Russian state during the reign of Ivan III. Annexation of Novgorod and Tver. War with Lithuania. Gathering land around Moscow. Amazed Europe. Domestic politics, Judicial Code of Ivan III. Ivan III Vasilievich. Relations with the church. 1480 - standing on the river Ugra. Rule of the country.
"The era of Ivan III" - Time of reign. Russian church. Russian masters. Little Ivan. Illustrations. Italian architect. Dormition Church in Vladimir. Byzantine coat of arms. Veche bell. Volny Novgorod. Cathedral of the Archangel. Khan's army. Board results. S. Ivanov. Consolidation of lands around Moscow. Troubled childhood events. Russian army. Symbols of royal power. The greatness of the Moscow state. The overthrow of the Mongol-Tatar yoke.
"Grand Duke Ivan III" - Akhmat. What was Ivan the third. Ivan the Third is far-sighted. Interior of the Assumption Cathedral. Ivan III. Who launched an open challenge to the Horde. Rebuilding the Kremlin. Grand Duke Ivan III. Assumption Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin. Mamai. What changes took place under Ivan III. Moscow. Did the Russian lands gain full independence. Changes under Ivan III. The eagle landed on the state seal for the first time. Celebration of the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God.
By the beginning of the reign of Ivan III, the Grand Duchy of Moscow was the largest, but not the only one. For a quarter of a century, the Moscow prince has significantly changed political map North-Eastern Rus', adding vast territories. For the medieval pace of development, this was a genuine explosion in political relations, turning Ivan III into the sovereign of all Rus' in the eyes of his subjects.
The territorial growth of the Moscow principality began from the first years
reign of Ivan III. In the mid-second half of the 60s, finally
the Yaroslavl Principality lost its sovereignty, the princes of which have long been
were "handmaids" of the Moscow rulers. In 1474, the remnants of the independence of the Rostov Principality were liquidated even more calmly: the remnants of their princely rights were bought from the local princes.
A difficult task was the annexation of the Novgorod land, where the traditions of independence were very strong. Part of Novgorod
boyars led by the mayor's widow Marfa Boretskaya and her sons
strove for an open break with Moscow and sought help from the Great
the principality of Lithuania in order to keep their liberties. Other boyars
hoped that good relations with the Grand Duke would help to maintain
independence of Novgorod. In 1471, the Boretskys gained the upper hand. Novgorod
concluded an agreement with the Grand Duke of Lithuania and the King of Poland
Casimir IV. Novgorod recognized Casimir as its prince, accepted him
viceroy, and the "honest king" Casimir took an obligation if "goes
prince of Moscow is great on Veliki Novgorod", "mount a horse ... against
Grand Duke and boronites Veliki Novgorod.
Such an agreement was a legitimate pretext for war against Novgorod.
Ivan III gathered the troops of all the princes subordinate to him, including
Tver, and set off on a campaign. On the Shelon River in July 1471 Novgorodians
were defeated. Kazimir, realizing that he does not have in Novgorod
full support, did not fulfill the contract. Archbishop of Novgorod
allowed his regiment to participate in the battle, and this was a considerable part
militia. This position of Casimir and the archbishop was explained by the fact that
among the boyars, and especially among the urban lower classes, were common
anti-Lithuanian sentiments. Victory in the Battle of Shelon strengthened power
Ivan III over Novgorod. The anti-Moscow group suffered damage:
the son of Marfa, the mayor Dmitry Boretsky, who was taken prisoner, was executed. But
Novgorod remained independent for the time being.
Ivan III did not seek to strengthen the dependence of Novgorod, but to completely annex it. To do this, he first decided his positions in the Novgorod land. In 1475, he undertook a trip there with a large armed force. On November 21, 1475, Ivan arrived in the capital of the veche republic in peace. Everywhere he accepted gifts from the inhabitants, and with them complaints about the arbitrariness of the authorities. Thus, he simultaneously solved two problems: before the black people he acted as a defender of the people, and he weakened the group of boyars hostile to him. Many boyars were arrested, some of them were sent to Moscow for further investigation, which was a gross violation of Novgorod law. In February 1476, the Grand Duke returned to Moscow, but, nevertheless, continued to receive petitions and summon the boyars for trial, acting not as a traditional Novgorod prince, but as a feudal monarch.
The star of Novgorod the Great was inexorably approaching sunset.
The society of the veche republic has long been divided into parts. In February
In 1477, Novgorod ambassadors arrived in Moscow. Welcoming Ivan
Vasilievich, they did not call him "master", as usual, but
"sovereign". At that time, such an appeal expressed the complete
subordination. To the question of Ivan III: “What do the states want their fatherland
their Veliky Novgorod? - the Novgorod authorities replied that the ambassadors did not
had the authority to do so. In Novgorod they were killed at a veche
some of Moscow's supporters. So there was a reason to go to
Novgorod. In the fall, Ivan's troops moved towards the city. Grand Duke with
army marched on the ice of Lake Ilmen and stood under the very walls
Novgorod. Reinforcements arrived every now and then. Veche authorities did not dare
resist, and Ivan III presented them with a tough ultimatum: “we want
dominion in their fatherland Veliky Novgorod is such as ours
state in the Nizovsky land on Moscow”, which meant the liquidation
features of the political system in Novgorod. Ivan further explained that
specifically, he means: “I am singing the bell in our fatherland in Novgorod
not to be, but to keep our dominion.”
In January 1478, the Novgorod authorities capitulated, the veche was
canceled, the veche bell was taken to Moscow, instead of posadniks and thousand
the city was now ruled by Moscow governors. Land near the most
boyars hostile to Ivan were confiscated, but other boyar estates
Ivan III promised not to touch. He did not keep this promise: soon began
new confiscations. In total for 1484 - 1499. 87% of the lands have changed their
owners; except for the smallest proprietors - "own-landers", all
Novgorod estates lost their possessions. The lands of the evicted
Novgorodians were given to Moscow service people.
Thus, the annexation of Novgorod can be attributed to one of the
the most important results of the activities of Ivan III, Grand Duke of Moscow and
all Rus'.
Following Novgorod, the time has come for the liquidation of independence
Tver land. After the annexation of Novgorod, she was squeezed
between Moscow possessions, only in the west bordering on a small
stretch with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Prince of Tver Mikhail
Borisovich felt that his power was coming to an end. This prince is nothing
did not teach the experience of the Novgorod boyars, who waited in vain for the promised
help from Casimir IV. Mikhail Borisovich made an alliance with the king. Then
Ivan III threw his troops into the principality, and Mikhail Borisovich quickly
capitulated. Apparently not fully understanding the situation, he
soon sent a messenger with letters to Casimir, but he was intercepted by
road by the people of Ivan III. It was a welcome occasion for Ivan to finally
boyars loyal to him fled to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. On September 15, Ivan III and his son Ivan solemnly entered the city. Ivan Ivanovich, former
maternal grandson of the Tver Grand Duke Boris Alexandrovich,
became the Grand Duke of Tver. Independent Grand Duchy of Tver
ceased to exist.
In 1489, Vyatka was annexed to the Russian state - a remote and largely mysterious land for modern historians beyond
Volga. With the annexation of Vyatka, the matter of collecting Russian lands did not
which were part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, was completed.
Formally, only Pskov and the Grand Duchy of Ryazan remained independent. However, they were dependent on Moscow, because. often needed the help of the Grand Duke.
The peoples of the North were also included in the Russian state.
In 1472, "Great Perm", inhabited by Komi, was annexed,
Karelian lands. The Russian centralized state was becoming
multinational superethnos.
Thus, the unification successfully carried out by Ivan III
Russian lands contributed not only to the development of productive forces
state, but also strengthened the international position of Rus'.
Remained independent of the Moscow prince Novgorod boyar republic. In Novgorod there were PROMOSKOVSKAYA and PROLITOVSKAYA boyar parties that fought among themselves.
In 1456 Vasily Dark signed YAZHELBITSKY WORLD, according to which prince was the highest court in Novgorod, this strengthened the position of the pro-Moscow party.
Feared the loss of their privileges and in the hope of maintaining the veche system in Novgorod, part of the boyars, led by posadnik Marfa Boretskaya concluded agreement with Lithuania by which:
The Polish king and the Lithuanian prince Casimir were supposed to defend Novgorod from Moscow and save: 1 orthodoxy; 2 veche system; 3 privileges of the boyars.
Lithuanian Party of Marfa Boretskaya invited a representative of the Lithuanian aristocracy Mikhail Olelkovich to reign in Novgorod.
IVAN III accused the Novgorodians of treason, violating the Yazhelbitsky Treaty and tried to establish peace.
But when he found out that Lithuanian prince Casimir entered into an alliance with the Khan of the Golden Horde Akhmat for a trip to Rus', decided to get ahead of Lithuania and Horde and start marching against Novgorod.
July 1471 – Ivan III's campaign against Novgorod. Ivan III defeated the Novgorodians on the river Shelon. The winners cut off the ears, lips, and noses of the vanquished.
According to the Korostyn Treaty, Novgorod recognized itself as the patrimony of Moscow, undertook not to enter into alliances with Lithuania. In 1477 Novgorod ambassadors, having made a reservation, called Ivan III as sovereign. Ivan III, taking advantage of this, demanded complete obedience, but Veche under the suppression of Martha Boretskaya refused him.
1477 - 1478 – New campaign of Ivan III to Novgorod. During the campaign, Ivan III won, the Novgorod boyar republic, being under siege, admitted defeat. The Novgorod boyar republic in 1478 was finally annexed to Moscow.
In Novgorod were abolished VECHE, POSADNIK, COURT. The veche bell was sent to Moscow together with Martha Boretskaya.
Novgorod freemen ceased to exist. The Moscow governors began to rule the city, boyars and ordinary people were resettled from the Novgorod land to other lands.
IN In 1485, Ivan III conquered another old enemy of Moscow - TVER.
IN In 1489, Ivan III annexed Vyatka.
Thus, by connecting North-Eastern and North-Western Rus', Ivan III increased the territory of the Moscow principality by more than 2 times.
CONSEQUENCES OF IVAN III'S CAMPAIGN TO NOVGOROD AND TVER:
1) Accession of Novgorod and Tver to Moscow. Elimination of independence and independence of these principalities.
2) Liquidation of the veche system in Novgorod.
3) Confiscation of the lands of the Novgorod boyars and their distribution to Moscow service people.
4) Removal of the threat of the transition of the Novgorod lands to Lithuania.
5) After the annexation of the Tver principality Ivan III took the title "SOVERNER OF ALL Rus'".
6) Significantly increased the territory of the Muscovite state.
During the war between Moscow and Lithuania in 1500. - 1503 Ivan III received 25 cities and 70 volosts located in the upper reaches of the Oka, the Desna basin and the upper reaches of the Dnieper.
The overthrow of the Mongol-Tatar yoke.
One of the main achievements of Rus' during the reign of Ivan III will be the complete liberation from the yoke of the Horde.
IN 1472 Khan of the Horde Akhmat undertook Campaign to Rus'. He was met by 180 thousand people. the army of Ivan III, Akhmat retreated, but did not abandon plans for the return of the former power of the Horde. ally Hordes spoke Lithuania and her Prince Casimir.
ally Rus' - Crimean Khan Mengli - Girey.
IN 1476 year Ivan III stopped paying tribute to the Mongols - Tatars, Akhmat wants to return the payment of tribute and resume the dependence of Rus' on the Horde.
STANDING ON THE UGR RIVER
In 1480, the culmination of the struggle between Moscow and the Great Horde was "STANDING ON THE UGR RIVER", when Akhmat, who started a new campaign against Rus', reached Ugra rivers, but could not cross to the other side of the river.
The further course of events was due to the diplomatic and military talent of Ivan III, who managed:
Gather Russian troops and organize defense;
Arrange the Russian troops in such a way that close the road to Moscow and the Horde and Lithuanians. Ivan III did everything to prevent Lithuania from coming to the aid of the Horde.
Show firmness in politics and come out together with the Moscow princes against the Horde.
Ivan III had 3 options for waging war with Akhmat:
1. plan of defense on a wide front based on natural lines;
2. crossing the river, deepening into the steppe and attacking the Mongol-Tatars.
3. retreat inland.
Ivan III selected 1 option.
2 troops - Russian and Mongol for half a year stood on the Ugra River, Khan Akhmat did not dare to give battle. And when he learned that his capital Saray was attacked by the Siberian Khanate, he led his troops away.
The Mongol-Tatar yoke ended.
In 1502 Crimean Khan Mengli - Girey defeated the Horde, the state ceased to exist.
The main task facing the Moscow government in the 70s of the XV century was the final liquidation of the independence of the Novgorod Republic. The Novgorod boyars, led by the mayor's widow Marfa Boretskaya, pursued a political course hostile to Moscow. In November 1471, they invited the Lithuanian prince Mikhail Olelkovich, the grandson of Olgerd, to reign in Novgorod. In the spring of the following year, the Novgorod boyar government concluded an agreement on assistance with the Lithuanian Grand Duke Casimir IV.
In such a political situation in Moscow, a plan was developed for a military campaign against Novgorod. Several principalities sent their squads to participate in the campaign. The help that the Novgorod boyars counted on was not provided to them. The Lithuanian prince Casimir IV was afraid of uprisings in the Russian territories he had captured. The Russian population in Lithuania supported the policy of the Moscow prince and hoped for his help in the fight against the Lithuanian invaders. The Lithuanian governor also left the city. The army, which the Novgorod boyars hastily gathered, had a weak combat capability and did not want to fight the Moscow army for boyar interests. In the battle on the Shelon River, the Novgorod army was defeated.
In the town of Korostyn, an agreement was concluded, according to which the Novgorod Republic lost all right to conduct an independent foreign policy. The Novgorod boyars pledged to be "persistent" from the Moscow principality and to stop separate relations with Lithuania. However, Novgorod was not yet included in a single centralized state, because the political power of the boyars was still quite strong. In order to undermine the political significance of his potential opponents, Ivan III used the enmity of the Novgorod posad towards the local boyars in the desired direction for himself.
In 1475 Ivan III made a trip to Novgorod. During his stay there, he dealt with complaints from peasants and artisans against the boyars. After the analysis, he condemned the most prominent representatives of the Novgorod boyars who were associated with Lithuania. He sent them into exile in Moscow and other cities. These repressions, which the Moscow prince brought down on the Novgorod boyars, earned him the support of the "black people" for a while. In addition, the boyar opposition was bled white.
A new campaign of the Moscow army against Novgorod was organized in 1477. The Novgorod government was forced to ask Ivan III for peace. The prince of Moscow agreed to peace on the condition that in the Novgorod land the orders that already existed in all other regions of the Russian centralized state were introduced. A year later, this condition was officially ratified by the Novgorod government. Veche bell - a symbol of independent Novgorod - was removed and sent to Moscow. The main part of the Novgorod lands passed into the possession of Moscow.
The lands of Karelia became part of the Russian state at the same time as Novgorod. A significant part of the Karelian lands was under the rule of the Novgorod boyars. Agriculture, fishing and hunting were widely developed here. Of the crafts, blacksmithing, shipbuilding and weaving were especially distinguished. Salt was boiled down on the White Sea coast. There were cities in Karelia, of which the largest were Korela and Orekhov.
Since ancient times, the life of the Karelian people has been closely intertwined with the fate of the Russian people. Both peoples lived on the same territory, there was constant interaction in the field of cultural exchange. For example, Russian epics and the Karelian-Finnish epic Kalevala are permeated with common motifs.
The region in the upper reaches of the Vychegda and Kama, inhabited by the Komi people, was of great strategic importance. In 1472, "Great Perm" was included in the Russian state, thus opening the way to the Trans-Urals. Yugra land was inhabited by Voguls (Mansi) and Ostyaks (Khanty). In 1483, an expedition led by Fyodor Kurbsky was sent there. The expedition visited the Tobol, Irtysh, Ob and led to the dependence of a number of Yugra princelings on Moscow. In 1489, Moscow troops took the main city of the Vyatka land - Khlynov. Moscow acquired new territories and, accordingly, incomes. At the same time, there was a colonization of "black people" beyond the Urals.
The Tver principality lost its independence following the loss of independence by Novgorod. The boyars and service people, feeling the futility of further resistance to the Moscow prince, began to go to his service. The Tver merchants, interested in expanding trade relations, also did not support their prince. Prince Mikhail Borisovich of Tver, deprived of social support in his principality, in order to continue his struggle with Moscow, entered into an alliance with the Grand Duke of Lithuania, Casimir IV. This alliance posed a threat to Moscow. He served as a pretext for two campaigns of Moscow troops against Tver. The last of them, held in 1485, ended with the liquidation of the independence of the Tver principality. Prince Michael of Tver fled to Lithuania.
