Professional revolutionaries led a secret life, and often forgot their real names for a long time. Stalin, Kamo, Sverdlov, Trotsky and other ardent fighters for the people's happiness, even when communicating in private, used party pseudonyms. The same fully applies to the leader of the world proletariat, the creator of the world's first state of workers and peasants. Nikolai Lenin (Ulyanov Vladimir Ilyich) appeared on the political scene almost simultaneously with the fateful 20th century for mankind. At that time he was thirty years old.
Aliases of Ilyich
Indeed, Ronald Reagan, exposing the intrigues of world communism in his next speech (this was in the early eighties), turned out to be right, although some Soviet publications accused him of ignorance. “Not Nikolai, but Vladimir Ilyich Lenin, that’s how it’s right!”, because everyone is used to just such a combination of sounds and letters, pronounced a thousand times from the stands, replicated on posters and propaganda brochures, badges, pennants and letters of commendation. Nevertheless, those who knew history a little better than full-time propagandists and familiarized themselves with the works of the classic of Marxism could not but agree with the American president, not in the essence of his speech, of course, but regarding the accuracy of the reproduction of the party nickname.
Before going underground, the future leader was just a student Vladimir, even earlier - a high school student Vova and a curly-haired boy Volodya. And having become a revolutionary, Ulyanov changed many pseudonyms, having visited Vladimir Ilyin, and Jordan K. Yordanov, and K. Tulin, and Kubyshkin, and Starik, and Fedor Petrovich, and Frey, and even the mysterious Jacob Richter. But history has left a brief inscription on the mausoleum: “V. I. Lenin”, causing hostility and rejection in some, hope in others and leaving others indifferent.
Who is Lenin named after?
The simplest explanation for this pseudonym is its morphological relationship with female name"Lena". That was the name of Ulyanov's old friend, Stasova (and also his classmate Rozmirovich, a chorus friend Zaretskaya ... but you never know Len in the world? years. But this side of the leader's life was not studied at school, but another version was spread. On the Siberian Lena River in 1906, certain popular unrest arose among the workers in the gold mines, which ended in their armed suppression. This version of the explanation deserves even less attention, despite its political consistency, since the execution of demonstrators took place five years later than the first newspaper articles signed by N. Lenin appeared. Prophecies were repeatedly attributed to the leader of the revolution, but he still was not a clairvoyant. To predict the world victory of communism is one thing, but to foresee a riot five years before it is quite another.
To try to explain the origin of this pseudonym, one can turn to the history of another. L. D. Bronstein became Trotsky, borrowing the name of the head of the Odessa central. Vladlen Loginov, a historian (his name alone is worth something!) Suggests that Nikolai Lenin is quite real person, who lived in the Yaroslavl province. This respected man, a state councilor, died, and his children gave the passport to their friend, Vladimir Ulyanov. It was presumably in 1900, the year of birth had to be slightly corrected, but in all other respects the chronology converges. Photocards were not glued then.
There is another version that simply concerns Lena - not a beautiful woman, and not a place of bloody execution of workers, but a river, but historians and just curious people do not find it interesting. And in fact, there is little romance. And what is the truth, that, apparently, will never be known.
Childhood and adolescence
The centennial anniversary of the proletarian leader was magnificently celebrated in 1970, many films, paintings, literary works, poems, songs and cantatas were dedicated to him. A medal was also issued, which was awarded to the leaders of production. During the time of Soviet power, a whole direction of art was created, called Leniniana, and a considerable part of it described the childhood and youthful years of the life of the future Bolshevik leader. About what Vladimir Ilyich Lenin was like in the first years of his life, it is known mainly from the stories of his family members. The fact of his excellent school performance (gold medal) was documented, which gave propagandists reason to urge schoolchildren from all over the vast country to study only “excellently”. The city of Simbirsk, where Vladimir Ilyich Lenin was born, was renamed Ulyanovsk, and a memorial was erected there.
The father of the theoretician and practitioner of the world revolution was Ilya Nikolaevich Ulyanov, an official who held the post of inspector of public education. The boy studied at the gymnasium, then entered the University of Kazan. It was in 1887, and at the same time his older brother Alexander, a Narodnaya Volya member, was accused of participating in a conspiracy, arrested and executed. Volodya also suffered, but by no means for kinship with one of the terrorists who attempted to assassinate the tsar. He himself worked in an underground circle, was exposed, expelled from the university and exiled - no, not yet to Siberia, but home. The "arbitrariness of the authorities" did not last long, a year later Ulyanov was again in Kazan, and again among his Marxist friends. Meanwhile, my mother, having become a widow, bought a small estate (the village of Alakaevka, Samara Province), and the young man helps her run the business. In 1889, the whole family moved to Samara.
From Narodnaya Volya to Marxists
The young man was allowed to receive higher education. He passed the exams for a lawyer externally in 1891 at the law faculty of the capital's university, without completing a course of study. The first place of work was the law office of N. A. Hardin in Samara, where young specialist had to defend the parties to civil litigation. But it was not this boring occupation that fascinated him. In two years of legal practice, Vladimir Ilyich completely changed his worldview and political convictions, moving away from Narodnaya Volya and becoming a Social Democrat. The influence of Plekhanov's works in this process was great, but they were not the only ones that occupied the mind of the young Marxist.
Having resigned from Hardin, the lawyer Ulyanov goes to St. Petersburg, where he finds a new job, with M.F. Volkenstein, also a lawyer. But he is not only involved in court cases: the first theoretical works relating to political economy, the development of capitalist relations in Russia, reforms in the countryside, etc. belong to this period. These articles are sometimes published in periodicals. In addition, Ulyanov writes the program of the party he is going to create.
A group of young revolutionaries in 1885 gathers an underground union for the "liberation of the working class", among them - Martov and Vladimir Ilyich. The purpose of this organization is to gather disunited circles of Marxists and lead them. This attempt ended in arrest, a year in prison and exile in the Yenisei province (village Shushenskoye). The then "prisoners of conscience" could not complain about the difficult conditions of detention. The main burden experienced by V. I. Lenin in those three years was the need to be content with boring lamb. However, it was possible to hunt, diversifying the menu with game. Even the future leader repaired skates for children when he wanted to take a break from thinking about the struggle of the proletariat.
Lenin in exile
Nikolai Lenin appeared in 1900. Vladimir Ilyich, whose brief biography was studied in all educational institutions The USSR spent most of its life abroad, in Europe. Immediately after the expiration of the exile, he goes to Munich, then to London and Geneva. Plekhanov, Pavel Axelrod, Vera Zasulich and other like-minded Marxists were already waiting for him there. They publish the Iskra newspaper. By the way, few people paid attention to the fact that decades later, when naming avenues and streets in part of this party printed organ, the executive committees of all cities necessarily added the word “Leninist”. The fact is that Iskra later became a Menshevik newspaper, so a clarification was necessary from a political point of view.
A well-known question: "What to do?" became the title of an article that Vladimir Ilyich Lenin wrote in 1902. It was this work that marked the choice of the direction of party development for the coming years. The main thesis was the need to turn the RSDLP into a militant organization bound by strict discipline and hierarchy. Many members of the party led by Martov spoke out against such a violation of democratic principles, for which, having lost the vote at the Third Congress (1903), they ended up in the "Mensheviks".
The first revolution and again a foreign land
In 1905, Vladimir Lenin came from Switzerland to St. Petersburg. Large-scale unrest began in Russia, which a high degree probabilities could lead to a change of power. He arrived under a false name, as a foreign spy, and got involved in the work of overthrowing tsarism. The positions of the Bolshevik wing of the RSDLP were quite strong; a congress of the Central and St. Petersburg Party Committees was held in the capital. The armed uprising practically took place, but ended in failure. Even in the conditions of an extremely unsuccessful war with Japan, the Russian Empire found the strength to suppress unrest and restore order. Vladimir Lenin declared the revolt on the Potemkin "undefeated territory", and in 1907 he again fled abroad.
This fiasco greatly upset the leadership of the Bolshevik Party, but did not lead to the abandonment of the struggle. Conclusions were drawn about the insufficient preparedness of party structures and the need to further strengthen the organization's combat wing.
Where does the money come from?
The modern reader, aware of the cost of living abroad, often wonders about the origin of the funds needed to publish subversive periodicals. In addition, even the inflexible Bolsheviks are living people, and human needs are not alien to them. There are several answers to this question. First, money was forcibly taken from individuals and organizations. These operations were called expropriations (exes), and separate Bolshevik structures were engaged in these robberies (for example, the “wonderful Georgian” Joseph Dzhugashvili-Stalin made a unique raid on a bank in Tiflis, which was included in forensic textbooks). Secondly, the RSDLP had sponsors among Russian business people who hoped to improve their position after the overthrow of tsarism (the most famous is the millionaire Savva Morozov, but there were others). Thirdly, information is available today about foreign intelligence support for subversive organizations. Vladimir Ilyich Lenin effectively used all the channels of material supply to the party.
Personal life
Everyone knows that the leader of the world proletariat was married. He was not handsome, he was small in stature, with a liquid beard and an early bald head, but history knows many examples of great success among the ladies' class of people and a more modest appearance - just remember Napoleon, Goebbels, Chaplin or Pushkin. It is not the cover of the book that is important, but its content, and the high intelligence of the leader of the Bolshevik Party was not questioned even by his irreconcilable opponents.
How did Nadezhda Konstantinovna captivate such an interesting man as Vladimir Ilyich Lenin? Krupskaya's biography contains many interesting facts regarding, for example, her party nicknames. The party members called her Herring, openly mocking her thinness and the peculiar look of her bulging eyes. The reason for both was quite valid (Gazedov's disease). She was not offended by her nickname, moreover, her character obviously had a sense of humor, otherwise her husband would not have endured even more humiliating treatment from her husband, who called her a lamprey. More important than appearance for Ulyanov, apparently, were excellent abilities for languages, amazing performance, the desire for self-education and devotion to the communist idea.
There were other women in his life for whom he had perhaps romantic feelings, but the main object of passion, of course, remained politics. The affair with I. Armand ended only with her tragic death from the flu. The wife forgave everything. She probably loved her husband, considered him a great man and bowed before him. In addition, as a smart woman, she correctly assessed the degree of her external attractiveness, and as a real communist she despised jealousy and a sense of ownership. She never gave birth to children.
According to the popular print image created by the powerful Soviet propaganda machine, for a long time it was impossible to understand what kind of person in real life was Vladimir Ilyich Lenin. Interesting facts, which were told in their memoirs by the closest associates, speak of his sometimes unusual manner of behavior. He, unlike Stalin, did not like to joke, he took any issue seriously. An interesting case during a trip in the notorious sealed German carriage. There was only one toilet, queues arose, and V. I. Lenin solved this problem in the Bolshevik way, giving each of the passengers a ticket indicating the time of his visit. He is also characterized by another moment concerning the wedding with Krupskaya in Shushenskoye. Vladimir Ulyanov himself forged two wedding rings from copper nickels (the spouses wore them until the end of their lives). But no matter what eccentricities historical characters show, they are judged primarily by the results of their activities.
The expression "Stalin's repressions" entered the political vocabulary after the XX Congress of the CPSU. In 1962, Lenin's mausoleum was liberated from the remains of the dictator who ruined millions of destinies and lives. It should, however, be taken into account that in none of his articles or speeches did I. V. Stalin ever call for mass shootings or the percentage destruction of the population, did not give orders for the extermination of entire estates and classes in the most direct sense. But Vladimir Ilyich Lenin, whose years of rule coincided with the time of the Civil War, gave such orders and demanded a report on their implementation on the ground. Millions of Russian citizens involved in the fratricidal slaughter were destroyed and died, and yet they constituted the spiritual, intellectual, scientific, technical and military elite of the country. We still feel the consequences of this crime today.
Man, image and attributes of the cult
In the official mythology, inculcated instead of a desecrated religion, the citizens of the USSR from childhood were inspired by the idea of great kindness, which distinguished Lenin Vladimir Ilyich. The death of the leader in Gorki (1924) was declared almost self-sacrifice, it was explained by the consequences of being wounded at the Michelson plant in 1918. However, according to the conclusion of doctors published in the Soviet press, the brain of the main practitioner of Marxism was almost petrified due to calcification of the vessels. A person with such a disease cannot make adequate decisions, let alone lead the state.
Official propaganda created an image that was impossible not to worship. Everything human was completely emasculated from it, Lenin's mausoleum became a place of pilgrimage for tens and hundreds of millions of people from all over the world, the leader's works were printed (with some cuts), but few people read them, and even fewer students thought about these texts. But multi-volume collections and separate collections of articles have become an indispensable attribute of the authorities' offices. Having taken away moral guidelines and faith from citizens, the leaders who came after them gave them a new deity, which Lenin Vladimir Ilyich became after his death. Photos and paintings replaced icons, solemn chants supplanted church hymns, and banners became analogous to banners. A tomb was erected on Red Square, which over time acquired a necropolis of leaders of a lower rank. Birthday of Lenin Vladimir Ilyich Soviet times was a holiday during which it was necessary at least a little, symbolically, to partake of free labor. Somehow, in the understanding of almost the whole world, the communist idea became associated with Russia, although it was our country that suffered from it more than anyone else. Now those who would like to somehow show their anti-Russian orientation are destroying the monuments to Lenin. In vain.
Vladimir Lenin was a world-class politician. He managed to create a completely new state. On the one hand, he was able to win a political and triumphant victory. On the other hand, historically Lenin found himself in the camp of the losers. After all, his work, based on the principles of violence, was initially doomed. Despite this, it was Vladimir Ulyanov who determined the vector of development of world history in the twentieth century.
A complete biography of Lenin is contained not only in Soviet encyclopedias. Numerous books have been devoted to his life. There is a biography of Vladimir Ilyich Lenin in Wikipedia. It exists on various sites dedicated to history and biography. famous people. We studied the biography and personal life of Lenin, briefly presenting the information in the article.
Roots
The biography of Vladimir Lenin began in the middle of spring 1870 in Simbirsk. His dad worked as an inspector of schools, he did a lot for public education. Ilya Nikolaevich lost his father early and his elder brother was engaged in his upbringing. At that time he was the clerk of one of the city firms. Nevertheless, Lenin's father received a good education. He was a hardworking man - the leader of the proletariat inherited a colossal capacity for work precisely from his father. Thanks to the merits of Ilya Nikolaevich, the Ulyanovs were even given hereditary nobility.
On the mother's side, Lenin's grandfather Alexander Blank was a doctor and medical inspector of the hospitals of the arms factory in Zlatoust. At one time he married a German girl Anna Grosskopf. Later, grandfather retired and received a noble rank. He even became a landowner, having bought the Kokushkino estate.
Lenin's mother was a home teacher. She was considered an emancipated woman and tried to stick to the left. She was known not only as an excellent and hospitable hostess, but also as a caring, fair mother. She gave the basics to her children foreign languages and music.
There are still disputes about Lenin's nationality (the biography contains a lot of conflicting information). Many are documented, but most are unsubstantiated. Lenin himself considered himself Russian.
Childhood
Lenin's life (biography confirms this) at first did not differ in originality. He was a smart boy. When Volodya was five years old, he began to read. When Vladimir entered the Simbirsk gymnasium, he was considered a real "walking encyclopedia". The future leader of the state was not interested in the exact sciences. The young man loved history, philosophy, statistics, economic disciplines.
He was a diligent, careful and gifted student. Teachers repeatedly handed commendable sheets to Ulyanov.
According to classmates, young Lenin had great authority and respect. In addition, the head of the gymnasium F. Kerensky, the father of the future head of the Provisional Government, at one time also gave a rather high assessment of Lenin's abilities.
The beginning of the revolutionary path
In 1887, Vladimir Ilyich Lenin, whose biography we are considering, completed his gymnasium education, receiving gold medal. At the same time, he learned that his older brother Alexander had been arrested. He was accused of attempting to assassinate the Russian autocrat. Prior to that, Sasha was a university student in the northern capital. He comprehended the basics of biology, was considered a talented young man and planned to become a scientist. He didn't have any radical ideas then. But be that as it may, at the beginning of May 1887 he was executed.
Meanwhile, his younger brother Vladimir also became a student. He studied in Kazan and even in his first year began to participate in the student revolutionary movement. After some time, he was completely expelled from the university. Soon the young revolutionary was sent to the first exile in the same province.
A year later, Ulyanov was allowed to return to Kazan. A little later, he and his family moved to Samara. It was in this city that the young man began to get acquainted in detail with the postulates of Marxism. He also became a member of one of the Marxist circles.
Some time later, Ulyanov managed to pass the exams as an external student at the law school course at the University of St. Petersburg. The following year, the young lawyer became assistant barrister. However, he could not fully prove himself as a specialist and soon finally parted with jurisprudence. Vladimir moved to the northern capital and became a member of the Marxist student circle organized at the Technological Institute. In addition, he began to work on the creation of the program of the Social Democratic Party.
According to the biography - Russian), in 1895 he first went abroad. Vladimir visited countries such as Germany, Switzerland and France. It was there that he managed to get acquainted not only with the leaders of the international labor movement W. Liebknecht and P. Lafargue, but also with his political idol G. Plekhanov.
Emigration
When Vladimir Ulyanov returned to the capital, he attempted to unite all the disparate Marxist circles into one organization. We are talking about the "Union of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class". Of course, the members of this organization have already tried to implement their plan to overthrow the Russian autocracy.
short biography V. I. Lenin contains information that he actively promoted this idea. As a result, the revolutionary was arrested. For a long time he was in a prison cell. And after that, in the early spring of 1897, he was sent to Siberia, to the village of Shushenskoye. The term of reference was determined - three years. Here Ulyanov communicated with other exiles, wrote articles, and was engaged in translations.
As a brief biography of Vladimir Lenin tells, in 1900 he decided to emigrate. He lived in Geneva, Munich, London.
It was during these years that Vladimir created the political publication Iskra. On these pages, for the first time, he signed his articles with the party pseudonym "Lenin".
After some time, he became one of the initiators of the convocation of the congress of the RSDLP. As a result, the organization was split into two camps. Ulyanov managed to lead the Bolshevik Party. He began to develop an active struggle against the Mensheviks.
In 1905, he continued to prepare an armed uprising in Russian Empire. There Vladimir learned that the First Russian Revolution had begun in the country.
First blood
A brief biography of Vladimir Ilyich Lenin suggests that he could not remain indifferent to the events in Russia. For a short time he arrived at home. A little later, Lenin ended up in Finland. During this time, Ulyanov tried in every possible way to attract people to his side. He urged them to arm themselves and attack officials.
In addition, he proposed to boycott the first State Duma. Let us note that later Lenin admitted his mistake. He also supported the bloody Moscow uprising and from the emigration gave advice to the rebels.
Meanwhile, the revolution finally ended in failure. In 1907, at the Fifth Congress, all parties were already opposed. This factional struggle reached its climax at the party conference in 1912. It happened in Prague.
In addition, during the same period, Ulyanov managed to organize the publication of a legal newspaper of the Bolsheviks. Note that initially this publication, in fact, was created by L. Trotsky. It was a non-factional newspaper. In 1912, Lenin by and large became the main ideologist of the publication. And Iosif Dzhugashvili was chosen as the editor-in-chief.
War
After the defeat in the revolution, Ulyanov began to analyze the mistakes of the Bolsheviks. Over time, these failures turned into a victory. The Bolsheviks rallied as never before and a new wave of revolutionary movement began.
And in 1914, Lenin was in Austria-Hungary. It was here that he learned that the First World War. The future head of the Soviet state was arrested. He was accused of spying for the Russian Empire. The consequences could be more than deplorable, but the Austrian and Polish Social Democrats stood up for their associate. As a result, Lenin was forced to move to neutral Switzerland. It was during this period that the revolutionary called for the overthrow of the Russian government and the transformation of the imperialist war into a civil one.
This position led him at first to complete isolation even in social democratic circles. In addition, when the war was going on, Ulyanov's ties with the Motherland almost completely broke off. And the Bolshevik Party itself inevitably broke up into several separate organizations.
February 1917
When the February Revolution broke out, Lenin and his comrades received permission to come to Germany and from there go to Russia. Once in the homeland, Lenin arranged a solemn meeting. He spoke to the people and called for " social revolution". He believed that power should belong to members of the Bolshevik Party. Of course, many did not share this position at all.
Despite this, Lenin spoke at rallies and meetings literally every day. He tirelessly called to stand under the banner of the Soviets. By the way, at that time Stalin also supported the theses of the Bolshevik leader.
In early July, the Bolsheviks were once again accused of espionage and treason. Now - in favor of Germany. Lenin was forced to go into hiding. He, along with his associate Zinoviev, ended up in Razliv. After some time, Lenin secretly moved to Finland.
And at the very end of the summer of 1917, the Kornilov uprising began. The Bolsheviks were against the rebels and thus they managed to rehabilitate themselves in the eyes of the socialist organizations.
Meanwhile, in the middle of autumn, Lenin illegally arrived in the revolutionary capital. At party meetings, he, together with Trotsky, managed to achieve the adoption of an official resolution related to an armed uprising.
October coup
Ulyanov acted harshly and promptly. The biography of Vladimir Ilyich Lenin ("Wikipedia" also contains this information) says that on October 20, 1917, he began to lead the direct uprising. On the night of October 25-26, the Bolsheviks arrested members of the Provisional Government. A little later, decrees on peace and land were adopted. In addition, the Council of People's Commissars headed by Ulyanov was formed.
A truly new era has begun. Lenin had to deal with urgent issues. Thus, the head of state began to create the Red Army. He was also forced to conclude a peace treaty with Germany. In addition, the development of a program for the formation of a socialist society began. Thus, the Congress of Soviets of Workers, Peasants and Soldiers became an organ of power. And the capital of the proletarian state moved to Moscow.
However, several unpopular steps taken by the new government, such as the conclusion of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk and the dispersal of the Constituent Assembly, led to a complete break with representatives of the Left SR movement. As a result, in July 1918, a rebellion began. This speech by the Left Socialist-Revolutionaries was brutally suppressed. As a result, the political system became one-party and acquired totalitarian features. Taken together, all this caused discontent. Events turned into a fratricidal civil war.
Civil War
Under the conditions of the war, Ulyanov was forced to monitor the progress of urgent mobilization into the Red Army. He was closely involved in issues related to weapons. He managed to organize the work of the rear. Actually, these measures later influenced the outcome of the war.
In addition, Lenin was able to exploit the obvious contradictions in the White camp. He managed to create a 10-fold advantage of the proletarian army over the enemy. He also attracted tsarist military specialists to work.
Unfortunately, at the very end of the summer of 1918, an attempt was made on the life of the leader of the state. As a result, the "Red Terror" began in the country.
War Communism and the New Politics
Having recovered from his wounds, Ulyanov set about economic reforms - the construction of the so-called war communism. He introduced it directively throughout the country. At that time, Lenin did not have a clear economic program, but nevertheless he introduced surplus appropriation, barter in kind and banned trade. A little later industry was nationalized. As a result, the production of goods practically ceased.
Ulyanov tried to save the situation. That is why he decided to introduce compulsory labor service. For her evasion, execution was due.
However, the economic situation continued to worsen. Then in 1921, Lenin announced in the country a course towards a "new economic policy." The war communism program was finally abolished. The government allowed private trade. As a result, a long process of economic recovery began. But Vladimir Ilyich was not destined to see the fruits of the new policy.
Last years
Because of his failing health, Lenin was forced to step down from power. Iosif Dzhugashvili became the sole leader of the new state of the USSR.
Ulyanov, with amazing courage and perseverance, continued to fight the disease. For the treatment of the leader, the authorities decided to involve a number of domestic and Western doctors. He was diagnosed with cerebral vascular sclerosis. This disease was caused not only by huge overloads, but also by genetic causes.
Everything was in vain - in Gorki on January 21, 1924, Vladimir Lenin died. After some time, the body of the founder of the USSR was transported to the capital and placed in the Hall of Columns of the House of the Unions. For five days there was a farewell to the leader of the country.
On January 27, Ulyanov's body was embalmed and placed in the Mausoleum, which was specially built for this purpose.
We note right away that after the collapse of the Soviet empire in 1991, the question of reburial of the head of the proletarian state was repeatedly raised. This topic is still being discussed.
Leader's personal life
Ulyanov met his future wife Nadezhda Krupskaya back in 1894. Krupskaya's father was a tsarist officer. His daughter, Nadezhda, was a student of the famous Bestuzhev courses. At one time, she even corresponded with Leo Tolstoy himself.
When a woman began to live with Ulyanov together, she became not only the main assistant to her husband, but also a like-minded person. She always followed her husband and took part in all his actions. Also, the woman followed him when Lenin was in exile in Shushenskoye. It was here that the lovers got married in the church. Peasants from this village became best men. And an associate of Lenin and Krupskaya made wedding rings. They were made of copper nickels.
Lenin had no children. Although some historians believe that the leader had an only son. His name was Alexander Steffen. According to rumors, an associate gave him a child. They say that this relationship lasted almost five years.
Briefly about the most important of Lenin's biography, the reader already knows. It remains only to highlight some Interesting Facts from the life of the leader of the proletariat:
- In the gymnasium, Ulyanov studied mostly only for five. In the certificate, he received the only four - in the discipline "logic". Nevertheless, he graduated with a gold medal.
- In his youth, the future head of the Soviet state smoked. One day his mother said that tobacco is too expensive. And there wasn't much money in it. As a result, Ulyanov gave up the bad habit and never smoked again.
- Ulyanov had about 150 pseudonyms. The most common are Statist, Meyer, Ilyin, Tulin, Frey, Starik, Petrov. The origin of the famous pseudonym "Lenin" is still not exactly known.
- Ulyanov could be among the Nobel Prize winners. In 1918, his candidacy was considered and they wanted to award him the Peace Prize. But a fratricidal civil war began. As a result, it was these events that were able to deprive Lenin of the prestigious nobel prize.
- In honor of Lenin, a number of new names were invented: Varlen, Arvil, Arlen, Vladlen, Vladilen, Vilen, etc.
- Ulyanov was considered a great gourmet. However, his wife was not a lover of cooking. Therefore, the Ulyanovs specially hired a cook.
In Simbirsk (now Ulyanovsk) in the family of an inspector of public schools, who became a hereditary nobleman.
The elder brother, Alexander, participated in the populist movement, in May of the year he was executed for preparing an assassination attempt on the king.
In 1887, Vladimir Ulyanov graduated from the Simbirsk gymnasium with a gold medal, was admitted to Kazan University, but three months after admission was expelled for participating in student riots. In 1891, Ulyanov externally graduated from the law faculty of St. Petersburg University, after which he worked in Samara as an assistant to a barrister. In August 1893 he moved to St. Petersburg, where he joined the Marxist circle of students at the Technological Institute. In April 1895, Vladimir Ulyanov went abroad and got acquainted with the Emancipation of Labor group. In the autumn of the same year, on the initiative and under the leadership of Lenin, the Marxist circles of St. Petersburg united into a single "Union of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class." In December 1985, Lenin was arrested by the police. He spent more than a year in prison, then was sent for three years to the village of Shushenskoye, Minusinsk district, Krasnoyarsk Territory, under open police supervision. In 1898, the participants of the "Union" held the first congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party (RSDLP) in Minsk.
While in exile, Vladimir Ulyanov continued the theoretical and organizational revolutionary activity. In 1897, he published The Development of Capitalism in Russia, where he tried to challenge the views of the populists on socio-economic relations in the country and thereby prove that a bourgeois revolution was brewing in Russia. He got acquainted with the works of the leading theoretician of German social democracy, Karl Kautsky, from whom he borrowed the idea of organizing the Russian Marxist movement in the form of a centralized "new type" party.
After the end of his exile in January 1900, he went abroad (for the next five years he lived in Munich, London and Geneva). Together with Georgy Plekhanov, his associates Vera Zasulich and Pavel Axelrod, as well as his friend Yuli Martov, Ulyanov began publishing the Social Democratic newspaper Iskra.
From 1901, he began to use the pseudonym "Lenin" and from then on was known in the party under this name.
From 1905 to 1907, Lenin lived illegally in St. Petersburg, exercising leadership of the left forces. From 1907 to 1917, Lenin was in exile, where he defended his political views in the Second International. In 1912, Lenin and like-minded people separated from the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party (RSDLP), in fact, founding their own - the Bolshevik. New party published the newspaper Pravda.
At the beginning of the First World War, while on the territory of Austria-Hungary, Lenin was arrested on suspicion of spying for the Russian government, but thanks to the participation of the Austrian Social Democrats, he was released, after which he left for Switzerland.
In the spring of 1917, Lenin returned to Russia. On April 4, 1917, the day after his arrival in Petrograd, he delivered the so-called "April Theses", where he outlined the program for the transition from the bourgeois-democratic revolution to the socialist one, and also began preparations for an armed uprising and the overthrow of the Provisional Government.
In early October 1917, Lenin illegally moved from Vyborg to Petrograd. On October 23, at a meeting of the Central Committee (CC) of the RSDLP (b), at its proposal, a resolution was adopted on an armed uprising. On November 6, in a letter to the Central Committee, Lenin demanded an immediate offensive, the arrest of the Provisional Government and the seizure of power. In the evening, he illegally arrived in Smolny to directly lead the armed uprising. The next day, November 7 (October 25, according to the old style), 1917, an uprising took place in Petrograd and the Bolsheviks seized state power. At the meeting of the Second All-Russian Congress of Soviets that opened in the evening, the Soviet government was proclaimed - the Council of People's Commissars (SNK), whose chairman was Vladimir Lenin. The congress adopted the first decrees prepared by Lenin: on the cessation of the war and on the transfer of private land for the use of the working people.
On the initiative of Lenin, in 1918 the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was concluded with Germany.
After the transfer of the capital from Petrograd to Moscow in March 1918, Lenin lived and worked in Moscow. His personal apartment and office were located in the Kremlin, on the third floor of the former Senate building. Lenin was elected to the Moscow Soviet.
In the spring of 1918, Lenin's government began the fight against the opposition by closing down anarchist and socialist workers' organizations; in July 1918, Lenin led the suppression of the armed uprising of the Left Socialist-Revolutionaries.
The confrontation intensified during the civil war, the Socialist-Revolutionaries, Left Socialist-Revolutionaries and anarchists, in turn, attacked the leaders of the Bolshevik regime; On August 30, 1918, an attempt was made on Lenin's life.
With the end of the Civil War and the end of military intervention in 1922, the process of restoration began. National economy countries. To this end, at the insistence of Lenin "war communism", the food appropriation was replaced by a food tax. Lenin introduced the so-called New Economic Policy (NEP), which allowed private free trade. At the same time, he insisted on the development of state-type enterprises, on electrification, and on the development of cooperation.
In May and December 1922, Lenin suffered two strokes, but continued to lead the state. The third stroke, which followed in March 1923, left him practically incapacitated.
Vladimir Lenin died on January 21, 1924 in the village of Gorki near Moscow. On January 23, the coffin with his body was transported to Moscow and installed in the Hall of Columns. The official farewell took place over five days. On January 27, 1924, the coffin with the embalmed body of Lenin was placed in the Mausoleum, specially built on Red Square, designed by the architect Alexei Shchusev. The body of the leader is in a transparent sarcophagus, which was made according to the plans and drawings of engineer Kurochkin, the creator of ruby glass for the Kremlin stars.
During the years of Soviet power, memorial plaques were erected on various buildings associated with Lenin's activities, and monuments to the leader were erected in the cities. The following were established: the Order of Lenin (1930), the Lenin Prize (1925), the Lenin Prizes for achievements in the field of science, technology, literature, art, architecture (1957). In 1924-1991, the Central Lenin Museum worked in Moscow. A number of enterprises, institutions and educational institutions were named after Lenin.
In 1923, the Central Committee of the RCP(b) created the Institute of V.I. Marxism-Leninism under the Central Committee of the CPSU). In the Central Party Archive of this institute (now the Russian state archive socio-political history) contains more than 30 thousand documents, the author of which is Vladimir Lenin.
Lenin on Nadezhda Krupskaya, whom he knew from the Petersburg revolutionary underground. They got married on July 22, 1898 during the exile of Vladimir Ulyanov to the village of Shushenskoye.
The material was prepared on the basis of information from RIA Novosti and open sources
Vladimir Lenin (real name: Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov) is a famous revolutionary, the leader of the Land of Soviets and the leader of the working people of the whole world, the founder of the first socialist state in world history, the creator of the Communist International.He was one of the key ideological inspirers of the October Revolution of 1917 and the first head of a new state created on the basis of a union of equal republics and the theory of a subsequent world revolution.
In the USSR, he was the object of incredible worship and cult. He was glorified, exalted and idealized, called a visionary, a giant of thought and a visionary genius. Today, in different sectors of society, the attitude towards him is very contradictory: for some, he is the largest political theorist who influenced the course of world history, for others, he is the author of especially cruel concepts for the destruction of compatriots, who destroyed the foundations of the country's economy.
Childhood
The future major politician was born on April 22, 1870 in Simbirsk (now Ulyanovsk is named after him), a city on the Volga, in an intelligent family of teachers. There were no Russians in his family: mother Maria Alexandrovna came from Germans with an admixture of Swedish and Jewish blood, father Ilya Nikolaevich - from Kalmyks and Chuvashs. He was inspecting public schools and made a very successful official career: he received the rank of real state councilor, which gave the right to a noble title. 
Mom devoted herself to raising children, of whom there were five in their family: daughter Anna, sons Alexander, Vladimir, Dmitry and the most youngest child- Maria or Manyasha, as her relatives called her. The mother of the family graduated from a pedagogical college as an external student, knew several foreign languages, played the piano and passed on her knowledge and skills to the children, including exceptional accuracy in everything.
Volodya knew Latin, French, German, English very well, and Italian a little worse. His love for languages remained with him throughout his life; shortly before his death, he began to learn Czech. In the gymnasium, he preferred philosophy, but he also had excellent marks in other disciplines.
He grew up as an inquisitive boy, he liked to arrange noisy games with his brothers and sisters: in a horse, in Indians, in soldiers. Reading Uncle Tom's Cabin, he imagined himself as Abraham Lincoln smashing the slave owners.
On last year training, in 1986, his father died. A year later, their family suffered another ordeal - the execution of brother Alexander by hanging. The young man was good at natural sciences, therefore, the terrorists who were preparing an attempt on Alexander III recruited him to create an explosive device. In the case, Ulyanov was held as one of the organizers of the attempt to assassinate the tsar.
Formation of political consciousness
After graduating from high school, the young man began to study law at Kazan University. At 17, he was not politically active. Biographers of Lenin believe that the decision to change the political system was largely dictated by the death of Alexander. Deeply experiencing the death of his brother, Volodya was carried away by the idea of overthrowing tsarism. 
Soon he was expelled from the university for participating in student riots. At the request of his mother's sister, Lyubov Blank, he was exiled to the village of Kukushkino, Kazan province, and lived with his aunt for about a year. Then his political views began to take shape. He took up self-education, read a lot of Marxist literature, as well as the works of Dmitry Pisarev, Georgy Plekhanov, Sergei Nechaev, Nikolai Chernyshevsky.
The revolution of the proletariat will completely abolish the division of society into classes, and consequently, all social and political inequality.
In 1889, demonstrating her immense love and support to her son, who needed money, Maria Alexandrovna sold her house in Simbirsk and bought a farm in the Samara province for 7.5 thousand rubles. She hoped that Vladimir would find an outlet in the ground, but without the experience of farming, the family did not succeed in becoming successful. They sold the estate and moved to Samara.
In 1891, the authorities allowed Ulyanov to pass the exams for the first year of the law faculty of St. Petersburg University. A little less than a year, Vladimir was an assistant attorney. This service was boring for him, and in 1893 he left for the Northern capital, where he took up the practice of law and the study of the ideology of Marxism. By this time, he had finally taken shape as a person, his views had evolved: if earlier he bowed to the ideas of the populists, now he has become a supporter of the social democrats.
Road to revolution
In 1895, the young man went to Europe, where he met with members of the Russian Marxist group Emancipation of Labor. Returning to the city on the Neva, he, in partnership with Julius Martov, founded the Union of Struggle. They were engaged in the management of strikes, the release of a workers' newspaper with articles by Ulyanov, and the distribution of leaflets.We must fight religion. This is the ABC of all materialism and, consequently, of Marxism. But Marxism is not materialism that stops at the ABC. Marxism goes further. He says: one must be able to fight against religion, and for this it is necessary to explain materialistically the source of faith and religion among the masses.
Soon Vladimir was arrested and sent into exile for 3 years in the Siberian village of Shushenskoye, where he subsequently wrote more than three dozen articles. At the end of his sentence, Ulyanov went abroad. Once in Germany, in 1900 he initiated the release of the famous underground newspaper Iskra. Then he began to sign his writings and articles with the pseudonym Lenin. Vladimir Ilyich had high hopes for Iskra, believing that it would rally the divided revolutionary organizations under the banner of Marxist ideology.
In 1903, the Second Congress of the RSDLP, prepared by the revolutionary, was held in Brussels, where a split occurred between adherents of his idea of seizing power by force of arms and supporters of the classical parliamentary path - the Mensheviks, and the party program developed together with Plekhanov was adopted. In 1905, at the 1st party conference in Finland, he met Stalin for the first time.
Any extreme is not good; everything good and useful, taken to an extreme, can become and even, beyond a certain limit, necessarily becomes evil and harm.
Victory in the February Revolution of 1917, which led to the overthrow of the monarchy, Lenin met abroad. Arriving at home, he called for an uprising against the Provisional Government. It was organized by Lev Trotsky, head of the Petrograd Soviet. On October 25, the Bolsheviks, with the support of the proletariat, seized power. Lenin headed a completely new government of the RSFSR - the Council of People's Commissars, signed decrees on land (confiscation of landowners' lands) and peace (negotiations on non-violent reconciliation of all warring countries).
After October
Devastation reigned in the country, and in the minds of the people - confusion to them chaos. Lenin signed the decree on the creation of the Red Army and the humiliating Treaty of Brest-Litovsk in order to be able to focus on internal problems. Many bright minds of the country, not appreciating his ideas, emigrated, others joined White movement. flared up Civil War.No one is to blame if he was born a slave; but a slave who not only shies away from striving for his freedom, but justifies and embellishes his slavery, such a slave is one who evokes a legitimate feeling of indignation, contempt and disgust - a lackey and a boor.
During this period, the leader of the Bolsheviks ordered the execution of the entire royal family. Nicholas II with his wife, five of their children and close servants were killed on the night of July 16-17 in Yekaterinburg. Note that the question of Lenin's involvement in the execution of the Romanovs is still debatable.
In 1918, there were two assassination attempts on Lenin (in January and August) and the assassination of Moisei Uritsky, the chief Chekist of Petrograd. As a response to what happened, the Red Terror was organized by the authorities at the initiative of Felix Dzerzhinsky. Within its framework, they revived the decree on the death penalty, began the creation of concentration camps, practiced forced conscription into the army, and pogroms of Orthodox churches.
Lenin's speech to the Red Army soldiers (1919)
The Bolsheviks introduced a rigid and ineffective concept of "war communism", attracting people to free public works up to 16 hours a day, carried out the confiscation of food, the liquidation of the market.
These actions provoked massive famine and crisis, forcing the country's leader to develop a new economic policy (NEP). She gave positive results, but he could not correct all the mistakes made because of his failing health.
Personal life of Vladimir Lenin
The first head of the USSR was married. With his chosen one, smart and dedicated Marxist Nadezhda Krupskaya, he met in 1894 during the creation of the Union of Struggle. After 4 years, they got married, legalizing their relationship in order to obtain permission to serve a link in Shushenskoye together. 
The couple did not have offspring, although people who knew them claimed that they really wanted to have at least one child. The reason for this was the unfavorable living conditions for the birth of children of a married couple (exiles, prisons, emigration), as well as the consequences of Krupskaya’s illness, who had been seriously ill “in the female part” during imprisonment.
Man needs an ideal, but human, corresponding to nature, and not supernatural.
According to researchers, until his death, the couple was connected not by intimacy, but by strong friendship. The leader considered his wife his reliable and main support in life. She repeatedly offered him freedom, in particular, so that he could marry his next mistress, Inessa Armand, with whom Nadezhda had an excellent relationship. But he always refused, did not want to let her go.
The politician was not particularly attractive, had a speech impediment - burr, but had powerful charisma, piercing eyes, could almost hypnotically influence others.
Death
In May 1922, the Bolshevik leader suffered a stroke with speech impairment and paralysis on the right side of his body. By the fall, the disease subsided, and he returned to business, demonstrating a colossal capacity for work. He spoke at the Fourth Congress of the Comintern, held a number of meetings of the Council of People's Commissars, meetings of the Politburo, wrote about two hundred business notes and orders in 2 months. But in December and then in March of the following year there were repeated strokes. Lenin moved from the capital to the residence of Gorki near Moscow, closer to nature, healing silence and fresh air.Rare footage from the funeral of Vladimir Lenin
In January 1924, there was a sharp deterioration in the health of the people's leader, and on the 21st he died of a cerebral hemorrhage. The reasons for his death were also called atherosclerosis, syphilis, a genetic disease that led to the "petrification" of the vessels of the brain, and even poisoning from a bullet. However, these are all just hypotheses.
After the death of the leader, it was decided to create a mausoleum near the Kremlin wall for his burial. By the day of the funeral on January 27, a temporary wooden burial structure was erected, where Ilyich's body was placed. Now in its place stands a mausoleum made of red brick. The embalmed leader of the peoples rests there to this day.
Lenin (Ulyanov) Vladimir Ilyich (born April 22, 1870, died January 21, 1924) - the greatest genius of mankind, the successor of the work and teachings of Marx and Engels, the founder of Bolshevism, the founder and leader of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) and the Communist International, organizer and leader of the first dictatorship of the proletariat in the history of the state, leader, teacher and friend of the working people of the whole world. Never since Marx has the history of the liberation movement of the proletariat brought forward such a gigantic figure as Lenin. Lenin's entire life was an example of an uncompromising struggle against the enemies of the people for the happiness of all working people. Lenin was born on April 22 (10), 1870 in Simbirsk (now Ulyanovsk). His father, Ilya Nikolaevich Ulyanov, was a teacher, school inspector, and then director of public schools. Lenin's older brother, the revolutionary Alexander Ilyich, was executed in 1887 for participating in the preparation of the assassination attempt on Alexander III. After graduating from high school in 1887, Lenin entered the law faculty of Kazan University.
A few months later, he was expelled for active participation in student unrest, arrested and deported to a village near Kazan. (Later, in 1891, Lenin after self-study passed all the exams for the faculty of law at St. Petersburg University.) After staying in the village for about a year, Lenin returned to Kazan, began to study Marx's Capital and entered the Marxist revolutionary circle. In May 1889, Lenin moved to Samara, where he organized the first Marxist circle. Even then, Lenin amazed everyone with his profound knowledge of Marxism. In 1893 he moved to St. Petersburg. Here in 1894 he wrote his brilliant work "What are the "friends of the people" and how do they fight against the Social Democrats?".
In it, Lenin defeated the Narodniks, pointed to the leading role (hegemony) of the Russian working class in the struggle against tsarism and capitalism, for a victorious communist revolution, and for the first time put forward the idea of a revolutionary alliance of workers and peasants as the main means of overthrowing tsarism, the landowners, and the bourgeoisie. Lenin saw that a proletarian party was needed to carry out these tasks. In 1895, he created the St. Petersburg Union of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class, the germ of a revolutionary proletarian party in Russia. In December 1895, Lenin was arrested, imprisoned, and. then in 1897 he was exiled to Siberia, to the village of Shushenskoye, Minusinsk district, where N. K. Krupskaya went into exile.
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| V.I. Lenin in his student years. |
When the revolution began in Russia in 1905, Lenin directed all the work of the Bolsheviks in leading the masses in the revolution. With his immortal work, Two Tactics of Social Democracy in a Democratic Revolution, Lenin enriched Marxism new theory socialist revolution, he developed the theory of the development of the bourgeois-democratic revolution into a socialist one, laid the tactical foundations of the Bolshevik party. Lenin mercilessly exposed the Mensheviks and the most vile of them, Trotsky, who inspired the workers with disbelief in the forces of the working class, was opposed to the alliance of workers and peasants, and led the cause to thwart the revolution. In order to directly lead the struggle of the working class in the revolution, Lenin returned to Russia in November 1905. Soon after, at the Tammerfors Bolshevik Conference, Lenin met Stalin for the first time, who was then leading the revolutionary struggle in Transcaucasia.
After the defeat of the first Russian revolution, Lenin was forced to go abroad again in 1907, where he stayed for more than 9 years. In the difficult years of the Stolypin reaction, in the midst of the decline of the labor movement, the flight of intellectuals from the party, and the attempts of the Mensheviks to liquidate the party, Lenin gathered the forces of the party in the struggle against anti-party trends in the labor movement. Lenin, fighting against the revisionists, degenerates in the field of Marxist theory, wrote his famous book Materialism and Empirio-Criticism. In this work he defended theoretical basis Marxist party. Under the leadership of Lenin, the Bolsheviks convened the Prague Conference in January 1912, at which they expelled the Mensheviks from the party and formed a separate independent Bolshevik party. With the beginning of a new upsurge in the labor movement and the publication of the newspaper Pravda, in June 1912 Lenin moved from Paris to Krakow, closer to the border, in order to directly supervise all the work of the party. When the imperialist war began, Lenin was arrested by the Austrian police and was in prison for 11 days, and then went to Switzerland, where he lived until February Revolution 1917
Lenin sharply and uncompromisingly opposed the war, exposing its predatory character. He called for turning the imperialist war into a civil one and put forward the slogan of defeating "his" governments in the imperialist war. Lenin exposed the betrayal of the leaders of the Second International, who, with the outbreak of the imperialist war, went over to the service of the bourgeoisie and became supporters of the war. He also exposed the latent social chauvinists - the so-called centrists - Kautsky, Trotsky and other traitors to Marxism who defended the interests of the imperialist bourgeoisie. From the very first days of the war, Lenin began to gather forces for the creation of a new, Third International. During the war (1916), Lenin wrote the book "Imperialism, as the Highest Stage of Capitalism", in which he gave the deepest Marxist analysis of imperialism. Based on his theory of imperialism, Lenin scientifically substantiated the possibility of the victory of socialism in one country and the impossibility of the simultaneous victory of socialism in all countries After the overthrow of the autocracy in February 1917, Lenin, despite the opposition of the imperialist governments, returned to Russia. Arriving in Petrograd on April 3, he was enthusiastically received by the working masses, who saw him as their leader. On April 4, at a meeting of Bolsheviks, Lenin announced his famous April Theses, in which he outlined the brilliant plan of the party's struggle for the transition from the bourgeois-democratic revolution to the socialist revolution, putting forward the slogan: “All power to the Soviets.” On the basis of this plan, the Bolsheviks launched militant work to prepare socialist revolutions.
After the July days, the Provisional Government ordered the arrest of Lenin. The bourgeoisie, who madly hated Lenin, and their Mennevist-Socialist-Revolutionary agents decided to kill him. The Mensheviks and Socialist-Revolutionaries, together with Trotsky, Kamenev, and Rykov, insisted on handing over Lenin to the authorities. Stalin insisted that Lenin go into hiding and leave Petrograd. While underground, Lenin continued to lead the party. During these days he wrote his remarkable book The State and Revolution, in which he further developed Marx's teaching on the dictatorship of the proletariat. In September 1917, in view of the enormous growth of Bolshevik influence among the masses, Lenin indicated that the uprising was ripe.
On October 7, Lenin returned to Petrograd, and on October 10, the Central Committee of the Bolshevik Party, after Lenin's report, adopted his resolution on an armed uprising. On October 24, the Central Committee gave the signal for an uprising. Lenin became the head of the uprising. Together with Lenin, the victory of the October Socialist Revolution was organized by his faithful ally, Stalin. Under the banner of Lenin, the working class won the Great October Socialist Revolution. The Second Congress of Soviets enthusiastically adopted the historic decrees on peace and land written by Lenin and formed the world's first workers' and peasants' government - the Council of People's Commissars headed by Lenin. Under the leadership of Lenin, the Bolshevik Party and the Soviet Government achieved the respite needed to strengthen the Soviet Republic by making peace with Germany and defeating the Trotskyist-Bukharinite provocateurs of the war. Lenin built the Soviet state with a firm hand, suppressing the resistance of the overthrown classes - the bourgeoisie and the landlords. More than once the enemies of the people attempted on the life of Lenin. On August 30, 1918, Lenin was seriously wounded by a terrorist Social Revolutionary. This villainous attempt was organized with the complicity of Trotsky and Bukharin.
In the most difficult conditions, Lenin led the struggle of the workers and peasants for Soviet power and the independence of our homeland, against foreign interventionists and the White Guard hordes, and, directly leading the defense of the country, hand in hand with Stalin, organized the victory of the Red Army in the civil war. Under the leadership of Lenin, the workers and peasants liquidated the class of landlords, crushed the bourgeoisie, dealt a cruel blow to the kulaks. In the struggle against the enemies of the working class, in 1919 Lenin created the combat headquarters of the world working-class movement, the Communist International, and led the first congresses of the Comintern, where its ideological and organizational foundations were forged. After the end of the civil war, under the leadership of Lenin, the country's transition to peaceful work was completed, to restore the national economy. The VIII All-Russian Congress of Soviets in December 1920 adopted the Leninist plan for the electrification of the country. Lenin pointed out the paths of the New Economic Policy, which ensured the building of socialism in our country. More than once the Trotskyites, Bukharinites and other traitors, who later became agents of foreign intelligence, tried to undermine the unity of the Bolshevik Party and force it to deviate from the Leninist path.
Each time, under the leadership of Lenin, the Bolshevik Party dealt cruel blows to these agents of the class enemy in their ranks. At the suggestion of Lenin, the party adopted at the Tenth Congress in 1921 a resolution on the unity of the party - an iron law for the protection of the unity of the Bolshevik ranks.
Lenin's injury during the attempt on his life in 1918 and continuous hard work undermined his health. Beginning in 1922, Lenin was forced to interrupt his work more and more often. November 20, 1922 Lenin spoke at the plenum of the Moscow Soviet. It was his last speech, which he ended with the words: "out of NEP Russia there will be socialist Russia." At the end of 1922, Lenin fell seriously ill. But even during his illness, he did not stop working for the benefit of the revolution, to which he devoted all his strength, his whole life. Being already seriously ill, Lenin wrote a number major articles(“Pages from a diary”), in which he summed up the work done and outlined a plan for building socialism in our country. On January 21, 1924, at 6:50 pm, Lenin died. The working people of the USSR and the whole world, with the deepest sorrow, saw off their father and teacher to the grave, best friend and defender - Lenin. The working class and peasantry of the Soviet country responded to Lenin's death by even greater rallying around the Leninist party. The banner of Lenin was raised high and carried on by the Bolshevik Party. Faithful successor and great continuer of the work and teachings of Lenin - Stalin in the days of mourning Lenin, on behalf of the Bolshevik Party, took a great oath at the Second Congress of Soviets of the USSR - to fulfill, sparing no effort, Lenin's precepts. The Bolshevik Party fulfilled this great oath of Stalin with honor. Under the leadership of Stalin, the Bolsheviks achieved the victory of socialism in the Soviet country.
Lenin - the greatest statesman and political figure in the history of mankind, a mighty leader and organizer of the revolutionary struggle and victories of the working class, his brilliant theoretician, the coryphaeus of science - in the new conditions of the era of imperialism and the proletarian revolution raised the revolutionary theory of Marx to the highest level. Lenin's teaching summarizes the gigantic experience of the proletariat in its struggle to overthrow the capitalist system and to build a new, socialist society. The richest theoretical heritage of Lenin is invaluable. Major works Lenin translated into all major languages of the world.
Marxism-Leninism illuminates for the proletarians and working people of the whole world the path of struggle for the abolition of all exploitation, for the happiness of mankind.
Listen to the poem Vladimir Ilyich Lenin Part 1:
Mayakovsky V.V. 1925
Listen to the poem Vladimir Ilyich Lenin Part 2:
Mayakovsky V.V. 1925
FROM THE BIOGRAPHICAL CHRONICLE OF VI LENIN. PERSONAL EVENTS
1870, 10 (22) April. Born in Simbirsk in the family of the inspector of public schools I.N.Ulyanov and the daughter of the doctor M.A.Ulyanova, nee Blank. He is their fourth child.
1886, 12 (24) January. Death of Ilya Nikolaevich Ulyanov from a cerebral hemorrhage. 15 (27) January. Participates in the funeral of his father. September 19 (October 1). Approval by the Simbirsk District Court of the inheritance rights to movable property of I.N. Ulyanova - M.A. Ulyanova in one fourth part, daughters Olga and Maria in one eighth part and sons Alexander, Vladimir and Dmitry in one sixth part.
1887, 8 (20) May. In the courtyard of the Shlisselburg prison, A.I. Ulyanov, convicted in the case of the attempt on Alexander III, was executed along with four associates.
June 10 (22). Pedagogical Council The Simbirsk gymnasium awards V.I. Ulyanov a certificate of maturity and awards him a gold medal. August 10 (22). The director of the Simbirsk gymnasium, F.M. Kerensky, sends to Kazan University the characteristics of those who graduated from the gymnasium; among them is the characteristic of V.I. Ulyanov.
11 (23) August. F. M. Kerensky sends the list of students who have graduated from the VIII grade and have “moral maturity” to the manager of the Kazan educational district; V.I. Ulyanov was named among them.
4 (16) December. Participates in a student meeting at Kazan University, organized in support of student protests that began in Moscow against the reactionary university charter. Hands over his entrance ticket to the university.
December 5 (17). He writes a petition to the rector of Kazan University to expel him from the number of students due to the inability to continue his education under the existing conditions of university life.
1889, January-February. M.A. Ulyanova acquires with the money received from the sale of a house in Simbirsk, a small farm in the Samara province of Bogdanovskaya volost near the village of Alapaevka.
November 15 (27). The test committee of the Faculty of Law of St. Petersburg University awards V.I. Ulyanov, after passing the external exams, a diploma of the first degree.
1894, end of February. He meets N.K. Krupskaya in St. Petersburg at the apartment of engineer Klasson during a meeting of St. Petersburg Marxists.
1898, 8 (20) January. He asks in a telegram to the director of the police department to allow his fiancee N.K. Krupskaya to serve a link in the village of Shushenskoye.
7 (19) June. Reported by M.A. Ulyanova about the postponement of the wedding with N.K. Krupskaya due to the absence necessary documents. Early July. The Police Department puts forward as a condition for living with N.K. Krupskaya in Shushenskoye the immediate conclusion of a church marriage with her.
1909. V.I.Lenin and N.K.Krupskaya get acquainted with I.F.Armand during her arrival from Brussels to Paris.
1915, beginning of March. The death in Switzerland of the mother of N.K. Krupskaya - Elizaveta Vasilievna.
March 10 (23). Participates with N.K. Krupskaya in the funeral of her mother at the Bremgarten cemetery in Bern (Switzerland).
1916, 12 (25) July. The death of the mother - Maria Alexandrovna Ulyanova in Petrograd at the age of 82. V.I. Lenin learns about this in Zurich (Switzerland).
1917, April 4 (17). Upon arrival from Switzerland, he visits the graves of his mother, Maria Alexandrovna, and his sister, Olga Ilyinichna, at the Volkovo cemetery in Petrograd.
1919, March 13. Takes part in the funeral of M.T. Elizarov, the husband of her elder sister, A.I. Ulyanova-Yelizarova, at the Volkovo Cemetery in Petrograd.
1922, April 23. Professor N. Rozanov in the Botkin hospital in Moscow extracts a bullet from the body of V.I. Lenin, with which he was wounded on August 30, 1918. The end of May. General weakness, loss of speech, a sharp weakening of the movement of the right limbs, which lasted three weeks. December 16th. Second cerebral hemorrhage. Paralysis of the right arm and right leg.
1923, March 10. Third cerebral hemorrhage. Severe paralysis of the right half of the body and loss of speech.
March 14th. A government report is published, which indicates that the state of health of V.I. Lenin was followed by a significant deterioration, in view of which the government recognized the need to establish the publication of medical bulletins about his state of health.
1924, January 21. The fourth hemorrhage in the brain in the region of the quadrigemina. The death of V.I. Lenin at 6:50 p.m. in Gorki near Moscow.
January 27th. The sarcophagus with the body of V.I. Lenin is installed in the Mausoleum on Red Square in Moscow.
PUBLIC POSTS HELD BY V.I. LENIN
1917, night of 26 to 27 October. Elected by the II All-Russian Congress of Soviets as head of the Soviet government - Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars.
1918, beginning of July. The 5th All-Russian Congress of Soviets adopts the Constitution of the RSFSR, which clarifies the status of the post of Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars, which is occupied by V.I. Lenin. November 30th. At the plenary meeting of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of Workers', Soldiers' and Peasants' Deputies, the Council of Workers' and Peasants' Defense is approved, the Council is given full rights in the matter of mobilizing the forces and means of the country for its defense. V.I. Lenin is approved as the Chairman of the Council.
1920, April. The Council of Workers' and Peasants' Defense is transformed into the Council of Labor and Defense (STO) of the RSFSR under the chairmanship of V.I. Lenin.
1923, 6 July. The session of the Central Executive Committee elects V.I. Lenin as chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR. July 7th The session of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of the RSFSR elects V.I. Lenin as chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR. July 17th. The Council of Labor and Defense under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR is being created under the chairmanship of V.I. Lenin.
CONGRESSES OF THE PARTY HELD UNDER THE SOVIET AUTHORITY WITH THE PARTICIPATION OF V.I. LENINA
1918, March 6–8. VII emergency congress of the party. Questions about the revision of the Party Program, about the new name of the party - RCP(b). The controversy about the Brest peace.
1919, March 18–23. VIII Party Congress. VI Lenin delivers a report to the Central Committee on the work in the countryside, on the military issue. Adoption of the second Party Program.
1920, March 29 - April 5. IX Party Congress. The immediate tasks of economic construction and the question of cooperation were discussed.
1921, March 8–16 X Party Congress. Questions about the replacement of apportionment by taxes in kind, about the unity of the Party. Adoption of the NEP.
1922, March 27 - April 2. XI Party Congress. In the report of the Central Committee, V.I. Lenin declares that the retreat is over, that the alliance between the working class and the peasantry is being strengthened. Thesis: "who - whom."
Source of information: A.A. Dantsev. Rulers of Russia: XX century. Rostov-on-Don, publishing house "Phoenix", 2000.
