Very often we cannot say the exact amount of something or name a specific person. We say: some, a few, a little. IN English language in such cases, the words some and any come to our aid.
In this article, we will look at:
What are indefinite pronouns?
Some and any are indefinite pronouns. Let's go in order.
Pronoun- a word used instead of the name of an object (or its characteristics) and pointing to it. For example, instead of "girl", we can say: "she".
Indefinite pronoun we use, when we don't know or we cannot determine:
- What kind of person/thing/People
For example:
called some girl (we don't know who it was).
Must be some explanation (we do not know what).
- The exact amount of something
For example:
On the table lies some books (we did not count them and cannot say the exact number).
I need A little salt (we cannot count and say the exact amount)
Now let's look at situations in which we use some and any.
Using some in English
The word some translates as "some, some, several, some".
We use some when There is something, but we do not know its quantity or do not have accurate information about it.
Therefore, some is usually used in affirmative sentences.
Let's take a closer look at its use cases:
1. When we are talking about a person or thing about which we do not have an exact idea (some, some, some).
For example: Some man came (can't tell who it was)
2. When we do not know the exact number of people and things or cannot count them.
For example: I have several pens (I don't know exactly how many)
In this case, we say “a few” or “a little” (for items that we cannot count).
I need some apples for this recipe.
I need some apples for this recipe.
I want some water.
I want some water.
3. When it comesabout some quantity (unknown to us) from the total numbers, that is, we say "some".
For example: Some people don't eat meat (we don't know the exact figure).
Some people like to travel alone.
Some people love to travel alone.
Some people like sports.
Some people love sports.
using some in interrogative sentences
However, some is not always used in affirmative sentences. Sometimes we can also use it and in interrogative sentences. As written above, some is used when we know that someone owns something (the person has it). Therefore, the use of some in questions is allowed in the following cases:
Would you like some juice?
Would you like some juice?
Do you want some chocolate?
Do you want some chocolate?
2. If we ask/request something and assume the answer is yes.
That is, we know that a person has what we need, and we assume that he will agree to give it to us.
For example, you call customer service and say, "Can you give me some information?"
In this situation, you know that the person you are contacting has this information.
Can you give me some apples?
Can you give me some apples? (we know that a person has them)
May I take some chairs?
Can I take some chairs? (you see them in front of you)
Now let's look at when we use the pronoun any.
Using any in English
The word any is translated as "any, any."
Any we use when do not know or are not sure if there is some thing (or some situation happened) or not.
For example:
Can you give me some kind of pen? (we don’t know if the person we are addressing has pens at all)
Do you have any explosive items in your bag? (we don't know, but we assume it)
Therefore, most often we use any in negative and interrogative sentences.
1. When we ask about an object or quantity unknown to us.
Any we translate as "any, any, any, any." At the same time, we do not know or are not sure if the person has what we are asking for; will he agree to give it.
For example: Does she have any magazines to read?
Do you have any information about it?
Do you have any information about this?
Can you lend me any money?
Can you lend me (any) money?
2. When we say that there is nothing at all in any quantity
For example: I don't have (any) money.
I don't have any fruits.
I don't have (any) fruits.
She doesn't have any idea.
She doesn't have (any) ideas.
Using any in affirmative sentences
However, any can also be used in affirmative sentences in the following cases:
1. In the meaning of "any" (any, everyone)
For example: Any customer will receive a gift upon purchase.
Any child who breaks the rules will be punished.
Any child who breaks the rules will be punished.
I can see you any time on Monday.
I can see you on Monday anytime.
Difference between some and any
Some translates as "some, some, several, some." That is, we use some when we know exactly what things (situation, person) are, but we don’t know the exact number or we don’t have an accurate idea of \u200b\u200bthis. Therefore, some is most often used in affirmative sentences.
See examples:
However, we can use some in interrogative sentences if we know/see that a person has what we are asking.
May I take some books?
Can I borrow some books? (We know that the person has books and ask permission to take them)
Can you give me some pens?
Can you give me some pens? (We see that the person has pens on the table and therefore we ask like this)
Anytranslates as "any, any", and we use it when do not know or are not sure that there is some thing (situation, person) or not.
Therefore, we often use any in negative and interrogative sentences.
See examples:
Are there any books on the table?
Are there any books on the table? (We do not see these books and do not know if they are there at all)
There aren't any books on the table.
There are no books on the table. (Not at all)
Do you have any pens?
Do you have any pens? (We don't know if they exist, we don't see it)
I don't have any pens.
I don't have any books. (Not at all)
Let's look at another common example:
I have some money.
I have some money. (We have them, we own them)
Can you give me some money?
Can you give me some money? (We know that a person has money and can give it)
Can you give me any money?
Can you give me any money? (We don't know if the person has money)
I don't have any money.
I don't have any money. (We don't have it at all, we don't own it)
Usage table for some and any in English
| Offers | Some | Any | |
| affirmative |
1. We do not have an accurate idea of something / someone (some, some, some) She has some idea. 2. We do not know the quantity (a few, a little) I need some sugar. 3. Some of the total number(some) Some people like it. |
1. All without exception, whatever (any, any) Any person likes it. |
|
| interrogative |
1. We ask an indefinite amount when we know that the person has it and, most likely, the answer will be “yes” (a little, a few) Can I take some milk? 2. We offer something (a little, a few) Would you like some milk? |
1. We ask an indefinite amount when we don’t know what the person has (something) Do you have any milk? 2. We ask when there is no exact idea about something (any) Do you have any question? |
|
| negative | 1.
Generally there is nothing in any quantity I don't have any milk. I don't have milk. |
||
So, we have analyzed two indefinite pronouns. If you have any questions be sure to ask them in the comments. Now let's move on to practice.
Reinforcement task
Translate the following sentences into English using the correct pronoun.
1. My sister has ___ interesting books.
2. You can come at ___ time.
3. Do you have ___ oranges?
4. Can you give me ___ water?
5. ___ people are afraid of the dark.
6. She doesn't have ___ money.
7. Do you need ___ information?
8. ___ person will be able to understand it.
Write your answers in the comments to the article, and I will check them.
Wordssome , any , no and their derivatives are included in the programstudying of English language still at an elementary level, however, many mistakenly do not pay due attention to them, when, as their competent use, not only will your speech become more natural, but it will also help to avoid awkward pauses in communication.
Let's start with the wordsome and immediately run into difficulties when trying to translate it. Dictionaries translate it as"several", "a few" , but you need to keep in mind that it is used in speech a little more widely than its counterparts in Russian or Ukrainian.
For example, if you want to say:I would like to drink tea ", then you will sound more natural if you say:"I would like some tea ", that is "I would like to drink A little tea ". A few more examples:
We bought some flowers. We bought some flowers.
We ’ ve got some work to do. – We have some work to do.
I want to bring some fruit. – I want to bring some fruit.
In the use of the wordsome there is a special limitation: it occurs only in statements, proposals and requests that only superficially resemble a question:
Would you like some coffee ? – Would you like some coffee?;
could you bring me some paper ? – Could you bring me some paper?
In addition, there is another type of situation where we will need this word. For example, they brought you a folder with some unknown documents and asked you to pass it on to a colleague. With the help of a wordsome You can emphasize that the subject in question is not familiar to you:
That man brought you some documents – that man brought you some documentation.
That is, the wordsomecan also mean"some" , "unknown".
But what if you need to say "a little, a certain amount" in a negative or interrogative sentence? Here on shift word some comes any :
We bought some flowers – Did you buy any flowers? – We didn't buy any flowers.
We bought some flowers - Did you buy some flowers? We didn't buy flowers.
We've got some work to do - Do we have any work to do? – We don't have any work to do.
We have some work - Do we have a job? We don't have any work.
I want to bring some fruits – Do you want to bring any fruits ? – I don ’ t want to bring any fruit.
I want to bring some fruit - Do you want to bring some fruit? I don't want to bring fruit.
Of course, the wordany has its own meaning, other than just a substitute functionsome in "inconvenient" types of sentences for him. In statementsany Can mean "any", "doesn't matter which ". For example, if at a new workplace they ask you which table you would like to sit at, but this does not matter to you:
Which table do you like ? – I can use any table , it doesn't ’ t matter.
What table do you like? - I can work for any , it does not matter.
Now we move on to the last word on our list.no . It matters"not at all, none" :
We have no food . – We do not have " not at all » food.
He has no problems. - He doesn't have " none » problems.
Such a construction of proposals may look strange. The point here is that in English two negatives cannot coexist in one sentence, which we successfully do in our speech every day:He Not offered no help; We Not saw none problems. When translating such phrases into English, you can go one of two ways:
Use habitual negation by attaching a particle to the auxiliary verbnot :
He didn't ’ t offer any help ; We didn't ’ t see any problems .
In this case, we use negation + wordany , which does not have the meaning of negation, which could not coexist withnot .
The second way is to build an outwardly affirmative sentence and addno :
He offered no help ; We saw no problems .
Of course, this option looks strange to us, since it would literally be translated:He offered " no" help; We saw " none" problems . We noticeably lack the second negation, but for the English language it is completely impossible.
So we see thatno can only be used in affirmative sentences, that is, when there is no other negation (for example, particlesnot ) is not nearby.
Terms of Usesome , A ny Andno , like the words themselves, may at first seem like too little subtlety, superfluous for those who need the most basic knowledge of the language, but these words are the basis for building several words, without which successful communication is impossible:
|
Thing |
body (one) |
Where0 |
|
|
Some |
Something (something) |
Somebody (someone) (somebody) |
Somewhere (somewhere) |
|
Any |
Anything (something, anything) |
Anybody ( anyone) (someone, anyone) |
Anywhere (somewhere, anywhere) |
|
Nothing (Nothing) |
Nobody (no one) (nobody) |
Nowhere (nowhere) |
The rules for using these derived words are the same as for their originals. For example, the wordanyone can act as a substitute forsomebody in interrogative and negative sentences, as we have already seen in the examplesome Andany :
I saw somebody – Did you see anyone ?
I saw someone - Did you see someone?
I want to meet somebody – I don ’ t want to see anyone.
I want to meet someone - I don't want to meet anyone.
The only feature of the use of such derivative words is that in a sentence they appear in singular, that is, for example, inpresent Simplethey want to end– s , and the form of the verb to be past tense for them will bewas :
Somebody come s here every day.
Someone comes here every day.
Anybody is able to do this.
Anyone can do it.
Learning a few of these nuances will not only help you sound more confident and natural, but will also help you successfully navigate situations where you can't remember. necessary word. Usingsomebody , something etc. You can always rephrase the statement to: "I need someone who can fix the car " instead of the unknown word "Auto Mechanic ».
Some are used in affirmative sentences, and the pronoun any commonly used in negative and conditional sentences as well as in general matters.
Most often these pronouns are used with the meaning some, some and some. When they are used before nouns in plural, then they are not translated into Russian as separate words.
He told me some interesting stories. He told me some interesting stories.
Have you got any articles about history? Do you have any historical articles?
She didn`t make any mistakes in her dictation. She did not make a single mistake in her dictation.
Pronouns can also be used as plural nouns. Examples:
My friend wants to get some new books, and I bought some for him. My friend wanted new books and I bought some for him.
She asked me for some papers, but I hadn`t any. She asked me for some paper, but I didn't have any.
Different meanings of pronouns
Some and any can also be used with meaning some, some, some. Before uncountable nouns:
Give her some water, Fred. Give her water, Fred.
There wasn't any sugar in the kitchen. There was no sugar in the kitchen.
Have we bought any ink for our office? We bought ink for our office?
Some (and not the pronoun any) is found both in special questions and in general questions that contain some kind of request.
Where can we get some wine? Where can we get wine?
Why didn't she buy some food? Why didn't she buy some food?
Can Greg have some water? Could Greg get water?
With meaning, the some part is used before uncountable nouns. Examples:
Some of the wheat was packed bags. Part of the wheat was packed in bags.
Some as value approximately used before numerals (together with about).
There were some twenty people in the room. There were about twenty people in the room (twenty people).
He waited for friends some ten minutes. He waited for friends for about ten minutes (ten minutes).
Pronoun any can be used in affirmative, negative and interrogative sentences with the meaning anyone and anyone before countable and uncountable nouns.
We can buy this cheese at any shop. We can buy this cheese in any store.
Can I get this milk at any shop? Can I get this milk at any store?
Derivatives from pronouns
The pronouns some and any combined with words like one, body and thing form other indefinite pronouns: someone, somebody - someone and somebody, anyone, anybody somebody, something - something and anything, anything - anything. Such pronouns are always used as subjects or objects. Examples:
Give me something to eat. Give me something to eat.
Someone is looking in the window. Someone is looking out the window.
There isn`t anybody in the classroom. There is no one in the classroom.
Did she meet anyone in the museum? Did she meet someone at the museum?
Pronoun no
The pronoun no is usually used as an adjective pronoun before nouns in both the singular and the plural. At no in this case the same value as not ... but(when it is found as countable nouns in the singular) and not ... any(when it comes before plural countable nouns and before uncountable nouns).
I have no book. = I haven "t a book. I don't have a book.
I have no time for a walk today. = I don’t have time for a walk today.
Instead of no as a pronoun-noun, the pronoun pope is used, which replaces a countable noun (singular and plural) and an uncountable noun.
19
dec
2011
Pimsleur French Phases 1-4 (Dr. Paul Pimsleur)
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Dr. Paul Pimsleur
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Genre: Learning foreign languages
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Description: The Pimsleur method is a method of studying foreign language, designed by Dr. Paul Pimsler. The system is based on four main ideas: anticipation (in psychology - prediction of events), stepwise reminder, formation of the main vocabulary and natural learning. The Pimsleur Method is an audio system in which the listener constructs phrases or repetitions from memory along with a recording. The student learns through active participation, and not in a passive form of "listen - repeat", which leads to rote memorization.
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Unlike many other giveaways on the Internet, mine has Pimsleur French Plus IV - an additional 4th stage of learning, as well as French Grammar - French grammar. It was quite difficult to find all this and put it together, but in the end I did it. Collected piece by piece from all over the Internet. Now I'm posting the whole course here. Enjoy.
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Add. Information: French is official language in 44 countries. It is spoken by 55 million people in France, 3 million in Belgium, 1.5 million in Switzerland, 6.5 million in Canada, and 5 million in the former French and Belgian colonies. French is also an official language of the UN.
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Description: The Pimsler Method is a foreign language learning method developed by Dr. Paul Pimsler. The system is based on four main ideas: anticipation (in psychology - predicting events), stepped reminder, basic vocabulary building and natural learning. The Pimsleur Method is an audio system in which the listener constructs phrases or repetitions from memory along with a recording. The student learns through...
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Description: The Pimsler Method is a foreign language learning method developed by Dr. Paul Pimsler. The system is based on four main ideas: anticipation (in psychology - predicting events), stepped reminder, basic vocabulary building and natural learning. The Pimsleur Method is an audio system in which the listener constructs phrases or repetitions from memory along with a recording. The student learns through...
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Description: The Pimsler Method is a foreign language learning method developed by Dr. Paul Pimsler. The system is based on four main ideas: anticipation (in psychology - predicting events), stepped reminder, basic vocabulary building and natural learning. The Pimsleur Method is an audio system in which the listener constructs phrases or repetitions from memory along with a recording. The student learns through...
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Release year: 2005
Genre: Learning foreign languages
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Duration: 47:00:00
Description: The Pimsler Method is a foreign language learning method developed by Dr. Paul Pimsler. The system is based on four main ideas: anticipation (in psychology - predicting events), stepped reminder, basic vocabulary building and natural learning. The Pimsleur Method is an audio system in which the listener constructs phrases or repetitions from memory along with a recording. The student learns through...
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Release year: 2004
Genre: Learning foreign languages
Publisher: Simon & Schuster
Duration: 16:00:00
Description: The Pimsler Method is a foreign language learning method developed by Dr. Paul Pimsler. The system is based on four main ideas: anticipation (in psychology - predicting events), stepped reminder, basic vocabulary building and natural learning. The Pimsleur Method is an audio system in which the listener constructs phrases or repetitions from memory along with a recording. The student learns through...
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Description: The Pimsler Method is a foreign language learning method developed by Dr. Paul Pimsler. The system is based on four main ideas: anticipation (in psychology - predicting events), stepped reminder, basic vocabulary building and natural learning. The Pimsleur Method is an audio system in which the listener constructs phrases or repetitions from memory along with a recording. The student learns through...
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Description: The Pimsler Method is a foreign language learning method developed by Dr. Paul Pimsler. The system is based on four main ideas: anticipation (in psychology - predicting events), stepped reminder, basic vocabulary building and natural learning. The Pimsleur Method is an audio system in which the listener constructs phrases or repetitions from memory along with a recording. The student learns through...
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Release year: 2004
Genre: Learning foreign languages
Publisher: Simon & Schuster
Duration: 16:00:00
Description: The Pimsler Method is a foreign language learning method developed by Dr. Paul Pimsler. The system is based on four main ideas: anticipation (in psychology - predicting events), stepped reminder, basic vocabulary building and natural learning. The Pimsleur Method is an audio system in which the listener constructs phrases or repetitions from memory along with a recording. The student learns through...
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Format: audiobook, MP3, 64kbps
Author: Dr. Paul Pimsleur
Release year: 2004
Genre: Learning foreign languages
Publisher: Simon & Schuster
Duration: 16:00:00
Description: The Pimsler Method is a foreign language learning method developed by Dr. Paul Pimsler. The system is based on four main ideas: anticipation (in psychology - predicting events), stepped reminder, basic vocabulary building and natural learning. The Pimsleur Method is an audio system in which the listener constructs phrases or repetitions from memory along with a recording. The student learns through...
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2011
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Format: audiobook, FLAC, 139kbps
Author: Dr. Paul Pimsleur
Release year: 2006
Genre: Learning foreign languages
Publisher: Simon & Schuster
Duration: 16:00:00
Description: The Pimsler Method is a foreign language learning method developed by Dr. Paul Pimsler. The system is based on four main ideas: anticipation (in psychology - predicting events), stepped reminder, basic vocabulary building and natural learning. The Pimsleur Method is an audio system in which the listener constructs phrases or repetitions from memory along with a recording. The student learns through...
