The state of linguistic culture in modern Russia leaves much to be desired. And the reason for this is by no means an orientation towards Western culture and not a lack of craving for reading, as the media lament.

A wide range of dictionaries in which you can find different spellings of the same word, heated debates among linguists around spelling individual words, a huge stream of literature that has not been worked out by a competent proofreader, clogging speech with inappropriate jargon words - that's true reason flourishing illiteracy. Language norms do not exist for their own sake, but, first of all, so that people understand each other, avoid ambiguity and, finally, preserve the national linguistic wealth.

How often in offices can you hear calls instead of calls, catalog instead of catalog, etc. Moreover, more and more often interlocutors begin to think about the pronunciation of words in the plural: directors or directors, accountants or accountants, contracts or contracts? All this slowly but surely shakes the traditional literary norms of the Russian language and leads to a general decline in culture.

In modern Russian, there are about 300 words in which Nominative case plural - "fluctuating", with variants. Moreover, the stress rate in some words changed over time, reflecting the development of the declension system of Russian nouns. So, for example, in late XIX– at the beginning of the 20th century, directors were called directors, and professors were called professors. In the course of the last century, irreversible changes have taken place. Endings in -а (-я) began to reign in common speech and "professional" jargon, and forms in -ы (-и) turned out to be more neutral, more traditional for literary language(editors, instructors, proofreaders). But do not forget that there are exceptions to all rules.

DIRECTORS, CONTRACTS, ACCOUNTANTS - these are the norms that have become the ONLY POSSIBLE!

• The directors of large factories arrived, the directors gathered, we wrote a letter to the directors.
• Our company has signed contracts.
• Accountants calculated the estimate, etc.

The spelling (ending and stress) of the words director, accountant, contract, etc. is subject to the rule "Ends of the nominative plural of masculine nouns -ы (-и) - -а (-я)". This rule is quite complicated. If the ending -op / -ёr / -еr is stressed, then it is more often preserved in the plural form, i.e. gives -ers, -ors: contracts, drivers, gliders, motors, fences, engineers, cavaliers. In other cases, nouns, especially animate ones, on -op / -er in the plural have a strong tendency to shift the stress to the ending: doctors, junkers, boats, etc. But there are also a lot of reverse examples, in particular, accountants, coaches, etc. In addition, there are a number of factors that directly affect the spelling of a particular ending in a word. All this is described in detail (with numerous examples) in spelling guides.

However common man(not a philologist) it will be difficult to form the plural form of the nominative case, guided by the points of the rules. Therefore, take my word for it - it is better to just remember some words. Otherwise, you can easily "confuse" the desired rule. And even better, at least occasionally, look into the dictionary.

A little humor

When memorizing, you can be guided by rhyme-associations:

• directorA - masterA
• contracts are thieves
• accountants - gliders

Nominative plural endings for nouns

Setting the correct ending for masculine nouns in the nominative plural is often difficult. Choice of ending type (-s/-i or -a/-i ) is determined by the following factors:

- number of syllables in a word and place of stress

a) Monosyllabic words often form forms on -and I : snow - snow, house - houses, forest - forests, variety - varieties .

b) Monosyllabic words can also have endings - s/-s : court - courts, soup - soups, knife - knives, cat - cats . Frequent speech errors evokes the word cake . The plural of this word is cakes .

c) Two-syllable words with stress on the 1st syllable, as a rule, have an ending -and I : evening - evenings, passport - passports, voice - votes, bill - bills.

d) Polysyllabic words with stress on the 2nd, 3rd, etc. syllable usually form forms on -s/-s : pharmacist - pharmacists, librarian - librarians, computer - computers, engineer - engineers.

Please note that the stress in these singular and plural forms is kept in the same place.

Exceptions: cuff - cuff, sleeve - sleeves .

- the origin of the word and its structural elements

a) Words with elements -er/-er have an ending s/-s : actor - actors, driver - drivers, director - directors, conductor - conductors, etc. These are words of French origin.

b) Words of Latin origin with the element - torus - inanimate (objects) have the ending -s: reflectors, detectors, refrigerators, condensers .

c) Words with -tor animate (persons) have an ending -s : authors, lecturers, rectors, designers and ending -A : doctor, director, professor .

- difference in the meaning of words

In some cases, the end -s And -A serve to distinguish the meaning of the word:

images (artistic) - image (icons);
seeing off (on departure) - wires (electric);
flowers (plants) - colors (coloring);
passes (oversights) - passes (documentation);
belts (geographical) - belts (clothes), etc.

There are normative variant forms (i.e. both forms are correct):

bunkers - bunkers
years - years
instructors - instructors
valves - valves (technical term)
tunic - tunic
spotlights - spotlights
sectors - sectors
workshops - workshops

The most frequently used words with both types of endings.

Forms on -and/-s

Forms on -and I

endings genitive plural

When choosing an ending, you should be guided by the following rules:

masculine

1. All names of paired items have a zero ending: boot, boot, stocking, trousers, shoulder strap, scissors .

Exception: socks .

2. The names of nationalities are subject to the following rules:

a) words with stems in -n, -r have zero endings: British, Armenians, Georgians, Lezgins, Ossetians, Romanians, Turkmens, Gypsies, Bashkirs, Bulgarians.

Exception: blacks .

b) words with a basis for other letters have an ending -ov : Kyrgyz, Kalmyks, Tajiks, Uzbeks, Mongols, Yakuts.

Exception: Turk, Buryat .

3. The names of military groups and former military branches require the following endings:

a) without numerals, they have a zero ending: partisan, soldier, grenadier, midshipman, hussar, dragoon, lancer;

b) the former types of troops with numerals have endings -ov : 10 hussars, 5 midshipmen, 6 hussars, 7 lancers.

4. The names of units of measurements are variable:

A) ampere, watt, gram, kilogram, roentgen, pendant ;

b) amperes, watts, grams, kilograms, roentgens, coulombs .

5. The names of the group "vegetables - fruits" have endings -ov : oranges, tangerines, bananas, tomatoes, eggplants.

Feminine

1. Nouns in -la, -nya have a null ending: waffles, roofs, gossip, nannies, cherries, apple trees .

2. Some nouns have an ending -to her : candles, rakes, sheets .

There are also alternative forms: The game is worth the candle , But: There are no candles in the house . However, the word candle is used here in direct and figurative (phraseological) meanings (indicate which one).

3. Nouns ending in -ia have an ending -th : auditoriums, academies, conservatories.

Neuter gender

1. A number of names have a zero ending: apples, shoulders, saucers of towels, mirrors .

Pay attention to the shape of the shoulders ( Dress with and without shoulders!

2. Forms on -th : coasts, outback, potions .

3. There are also forms on -ev : mouths, swamps, upper reaches, lower reaches .

Nouns that are always used only in the plural (without gender) form the genitive case with the help of various types of endings:

zero: dusk; days ;

-ov : frost ;

-to her : weekdays, manger, sleigh .

It should be remembered that some nouns do not form the singular and are used only in the plural form. These are everyday nouns, frosts, pasta, memoirs, supplies, searches, finances, chores and some others. There are also two groups of nouns in Russian that form the singular form, but are more often used in the plural form:

• 1) some nouns that call people by occupation or characteristic quality (elected - elected, present - present, working - working);
• 2) nouns that name a pair or set of persons or objects (twins - twin, boots - boot, troops - army, toast - toast, toast, initials - initial, quotes - quote, skates - a skate, skis - a ski, vegetables - a vegetable, slippers - slipper).

The most important issue related to the formation of the plural form of the nominative case is the question of the variable ending

-and I)-s(s). Classical, traditional Russian ending - ending -s, however, the ending that came into the language from the vernacular -A V recent decades is becoming more common and is supplanting the ending -s. In some cases, the use of the ending -A is unacceptable and is a violation of the grammatical norm, a speech error.

From this point of view, nouns are divided into three groups:

• 1) nouns, the plural form of which is formed only with the help of the ending -s(s), such as accountant, age, goalkeeper, reprimand, release, coat of arms, hospital, yard, dispatcher, contract, engineer, container, cream, lecturer, painter, broker, month, officer, turn, policy, handwriting, syllable, carpenter, turner, cake, front, chauffeur-,
• 2) nouns, the plural form of which is formed only with the help of the ending -and I), such as address, shore, fan, director, doctor, boat, fodder, dome, master, number, cloud, order, cuff, vacation, grade, watchman, passport, cook, professor, volume, poplar-,
• 3) nouns, the plural form of which is formed variably, i.e. and with the end -s(s), and with the end -and I), such as heap, year, bunch, uncle, brother-in-law, inspector, instructor, cruiser, plinth, searchlight, poodle, pole, sector, locksmith, poplar, outbuilding, workshop, stack, stamp, storm, anchor.

Should be paid Special attention to words, in the formation of the plural form of which errors are very often made:

In modern Russian, there is a tendency to expand the use of the ending -and I), therefore, in case of any doubt, it is better to consult a dictionary. However, if this is not possible, choose the ending option based on the fact that the wrong ending option -s(s) will sound somewhat archaic-intelligent, and the wrong version with the ending -and I) gives speech the features of vernacular.

A different form of the nominative plural of nouns can be associated with different meanings of the word. For example, teeth of the beast - saw teeth, warring camps - youth camps, strange images - images in the church, teachers of life - school teachers, bread in the oven - bread in the field, great men of antiquity - the husbands of this woman, knee-deep in water - the tribes (generations) of Israel - bamboo knees.

Different forms of the nominative plural are also formed in homonyms: for example, sheet(tree) - leaves And sheet(paper) - sheets, fur(sable) - fur And fur (blacksmith's) - furs, genus(vintage) - childbirth And genus(troops) - kind.

The nominative plural form can be formed using non-standard endings, but usually such cases do not cause difficulties for those for whom Russian is their native language. These are forms like chicken - chickens, ant - ants, ear - ears, wing - wings, citizen - citizens, sky - heaven.

Nouns such as luggage, fight, faith, air, east, heroism, friendship, breath, painting, climate, space, love, shoes, defense, homeland, midnight, repair, realism, homeland, glory, justice, happiness, cottage cheese, technique, study, honor, echo, humor and others.

For some nouns, the plural form of the nominative case is formed, but differs from the singular form lexical meaning. Similar forms are formed in three cases:

• 1) a plural noun denotes mass, volume, strength of manifestation (pain, sand, snow, cold and etc.);
• 2) a noun in the plural names the types and types of substances denoted by real nouns in the singular (water, sausages, salts, coals, teas and etc.);
• 3) a noun in the plural names the manifestations of qualities and properties denoted by abstract nouns in the singular (depths, beauty, tenderness, sorrows, joys, noises and etc.).

For some nouns, the plural form of the nominative case is formed only in certain stable combinations, such as choose the lesser of two evils.

Sometimes the use of one or another ending is determined by the meaning and compatibility of the word:

· hog Á (horizontal parts of chimneys) and hog s (castrated male pigs);

· conductor A conductor s trams And conductor s in a stack(special devices in mechanisms);

· frame A factory, cadet corps Á And frame s human or animal;

· fur Á (dressed animal skins) and blacksmith fur And ;

· image s in the novel And image A saints in the church;

· knightly order s And order A for feats;

· rein I for a horse And occasion s (urges);

· belt A- bathrobes And time zone Á (admissible - time zone s );

· pass And letters And factory badge Á ;

· sable Í (fur) and sable And (animals);

· bank account Á - office account s;

· son I from first marriage And son ś fatherland;

· electric current And And current A in field;

· tone s in music And tone Á in painting;

· hit the brake A- remove the brake s in work;

· spiritual teachers And And school teachers Í ;

· bread s in the oven And bread A in field;

· color Á (paints) and color ś (plants);

· junker s (large landowners in Germany) and junker Á (pupils of military schools).

2. Genitive

1). For example, some nouns male in the genitive singular, the main variant of the ending varies AND I (tea, sugar) with additional options U/S (tea, sugar).

Usually endings U/S can be used in the following cases:

For nouns with a real value, when indicating their number - that is, to indicate a part of the whole ( a glass of tea, a kilo of sugar, a piece of cheese).

When they say bring milk, kvass, sausages etc., so it doesn't matter How many need to bring what part. On the contrary, when they say: bring milk, kvass, sausage, mean that the interlocutor knows How many need to bring or need to bring not Part as requested, and All. Wed: bring milk - bring a glass, a bottle of milk And bring milk from the refrigerator - bring all the milk from the refrigerator.

However, if the noun is accompanied by a definition, you need to choose the form with the ending A / Z ( a cup of hot tea, a pack of dried tobacco);

Collective and abstract nouns with the meaning of quantity ( few people, a lot of noise);

In phraseological units ( a week without a year, eye to eye, with the world on a string);

In negative sentences ( there is no peace, there was no refusal; read a book don't read a book).

2) In the genitive case plural nouns male several options for case endings:

Nouns with a null ending.	Nouns with endings.
Male
1) names of paired items: (pair) boots, trousers, felt boots, cuffs, boots, stockings, shoulder straps; 2) names of units of measurement: (several) amperes, (kilo) watts, volts, hertz, microns, ohms, roentgens; 3) names of people by nationality: (among) English, Armenians, Bashkirs, Bulgarians, Buryats, Georgians, Ossetians, Romanians, Tatars, Turkmens, Turks, Gypsies; 4) (detachment) hussar, grenadier, dragoon, partisan, soldier, lancer	1) (pair) socks; 2) (several) hectares, grams, kilograms, kilometers, newtons, centners, acres, yards; 3) (among) Azerbaijanis, Arabs, Kazakhs, Kalmyks, Kirghiz, Mongols, Germans, Uzbeks, French, Yakuts; 4) (several) oranges, eggplants, tangerines, tomatoes, lemons, tomatoes; 5) (no) comments, corrections, rails, films.
Female
(many) barges, fables, towers, shoes, waffles, domain, roofs, nannies, sheets (and sheets), weddings, gossip, estates, herons, apple trees, candles (and candles)	(many) skittles, stakes, handfuls, sakleys
Neuter
(no) saucers, blankets, towels, shoulders, apples	(no) faces, upper reaches, swamps, lower reaches, windows, dresses, mouths, outbacks, coasts, potions, knees
Words that do not have a singular
(no) attacks, darkness, twilight	(no) frosts, canned food, rags, weekdays, rakes, mangers

3) In the prepositional case, the ending U is added in some cases to the main variant - the ending E: in the workshop - in the workshop(in this case, option Y is colloquial): grow in the forest - know about the forest(the ending distinguishes a shade in the meaning: circumstance and object), on a current account - to be in good standing(in expressions of a phraseological nature). Usually, when choosing an ending, one should take into account the context, that is, pay attention to what meaning is realized in the word.

2. Morphological norms of adjectives, numerals and pronouns.

In the normative aspect of the morphology of adjectives, two difficult issues are: the formation of forms of degrees of comparison and the difference between full and short forms of adjectives.

Formation of degrees of comparison of adjectives. There are simple and compound degrees of comparison of adjectives. A simple comparative form is formed using suffixes -her and -her (colloquial): faster - faster some adjectives form a comparative degree with a suffix -e: louder, louder, more agile, sweeter. The simple form of adjectives in the superlative degree is formed with the help of suffixes –aysh(s) (Supreme), –eysh (th ) (most beautiful). The compound comparative form is formed using the word more, and excellent with the help of the word most (This house is tall, but the next one is taller. This house is the highest in the city).

It should be borne in mind that not all qualitative adjectives are able to form degrees of comparison with the help of the corresponding suffixes. Do not form such forms of the word:

immortal, brilliant, near, fighting, sick (about a person), stormy, upper, eternal, possible, strong-willed, outstanding, heroic, deaf (about a person), naked, proud, old, distant, businesslike, cruel, familiar, oblique, short, crooked (about a person), dead (not alive), peaceful, powerful, unknown, lower, general, excellent, advanced, positive, last, permanent, similar, right (fair, containing the truth), empty (about a receptacle: nothing not filled), developed, early, torn, timid, blind, controversial, urgent, predatory, gloomy, colored, young, etc.

Some of these adjectives cannot be used in a comparative degree due to the specifics of their meaning (for example, one cannot be more or less immortal, more or less naked). Others could theoretically form comparative degree, but due to their formal characteristics they do not have such a form or have a little-used form. In the latter case, in informal speech, in some combinations, you can use a descriptive way of expressing the degree of comparison: more strong-willed, more businesslike, more cruel.

Traditional speech errors in the formation of forms of degrees of comparison of adjectives are related to:

1) mixing simple and compound forms of degrees of comparison (the higher, the most beautiful) And

2) the absence of an object of comparison ( This room is brighter. Need + than that).

Full and short forms of the adjective. There are differences between the full and short forms of the adjective, so these forms cannot always replace each other.

Short forms are predominantly bookish in color: The lecture is interesting and instructive. Full forms of adjectives are usually used in colloquial speech: The lecture is interesting and instructive. With the full form of the adjective used in the nominative case in the role compound predicate, cannot, as a rule, be controlled words, but in a short form they can. For example: he was sick with a sore throat; he is capable of music(but you can't say he was sick with a sore throat, he is capable of music).

The full form of the adjective indicates a permanent feature, the short form indicates a temporary one: beautiful girl(at all), the girl is beautiful(At the moment).

When forming short forms of adjectives ending in - enny (natural, artificial, solemn) fluctuations are observed: natural - natural, artificial - artificial, solemn - solemn. Currently, both options are possible both in written and oral speech, but the truncated form (na-en) is more common.

Morphological norms of nouns . There are rules for using numerals:

1) B complex and compound cardinal numbers all parts bow book with one hundred and fifty six pages).

2) When declining complex and compound ordinal numbers only changes the last word in numeral ( be born in nineteen ninety-two).

3) Cardinal numbers(except for the numeral alone ) do not combine with words denoting paired objects, such as: sleigh, scissors, day, trousers, glasses, etc.. (it is forbidden : twenty-two days, thirty-three scissors) – you should use editing the expression: The twenty-second day / twenty-two days have passed. Bought scissors in the amount of thirty-three pieces.

4) Collective numbers combine only with animate masculine nouns ( two boys, three men) and do not combine with nouns female (you can't say: three girls, only: three girls).

5) When combining a noun with a numeral denoting a fraction, the noun must be in the genitive singular ( not allowed: 12.6 kilometers, only: 12.6 kilometers).

6) Numerals one and a half and one and a half hundred have only two case forms: in the Nominative and accusative cases: one and a half - one and a half and one and a half hundred, in all other cases one and a half and one and a half hundred. These numerals are combined with nouns in the Genitive singular (Name and Vin. ): one and a half spoons, and in the plural (all other cases): about one and a half pages.

Morphological norms of pronouns. Their morphological norms apply when using pronouns:

1) Pronoun They does not correspond to collective nouns ( people, youth, merchants). It is forbidden: The people unanimously went to the polls, because they understood how important it was. Should they → he or people → people.

2) Personal pronouns cannot be used as a second subject or object. It is forbidden: Plyushkin, he is the negative hero of the novel.

3) If there are two actors personal and possessive pronouns require additional clarification or rephrasing of the sentence as a whole so that there is no ambiguity. It is forbidden: The professor invited the graduate student to read his report (whose? Professor or graduate student?).

4) In indefinite pronouns with suffixes something, something, something suffix -That generates the value "unknown"; suffix -or forms the meaning "any", and the suffix –something - the meaning of "unimportant" (You can not: Someone or someone is knocking on the door. Only: Someone knocks).

5) Defining pronouns anyone, anyone and everyone cannot replace each other (You cannot: Every person is responsible for his own life. Only: Everyone...).

3. Morphological norms of verbs and prepositions.

Let us briefly turn to the main morphological norms governing the use of verbs:

1) Stylistically different verb pairs: see - see, hear - hear, lift - lift, climb - climb and so on. The first option is bookish - literary, the second - colloquial.

2) Verbs with alternation O//A at the base: condition - condition, focus - focus and so on. also differ as bookish (form on O) and colloquial (form on A).

3) In the so-called insufficient verbs ( conquer, convince, find oneself, dare, feel) the form of the 1st person singular of the future tense has a compound character ( I can / I can / I must win).

4) The so-called abundant verbs have two forms of the present tense with a stylistic or semantic difference. For example: waving - waving (book and colloquial version), moves (moves) - moves (leads, encourages).

Abundant verbs have two personal forms that differ in stylistic coloring.

Some parallel forms differ not stylistically, but in shades of meaning.

5) For verbs in the past tense, the main form is without a suffix -Well (get wet - wet, get used to - used to).

6) The unity of the aspectual-temporal forms of verbs is the rule according to which all verbs within the same sentence must be used in the same grammatical form. It is forbidden: On vacation, he rested and again did what he loved. Only: busy!

7) In a special form of the verb - gerund - suffix -V - normative, suffix – lice – colloquial. It is forbidden: Having read the book. Only: Reading the book.

Violation of grammatical norms is often associated with the use of prepositions. So, the difference in semantic and stylistic shades between synonymous constructions with prepositions is not always taken into account. because of And thanks to. Pretext thanks to retains its original lexical meaning associated with the verb thank, therefore it is used to indicate the cause that produces the desired result: thanks to the help of comrades, thanks to the right treatment. With a sharp contradiction between the original lexical meaning of the preposition thanks to and indicating a negative reason, the use of this preposition is undesirable: did not come to work due to illness. In this case, it is correct to say - because of illness.

Prepositions thanks to, in spite of, according to, towards according to modern standards, they are used only with the dative case. With the name of the islands, peninsulas, the preposition is used on: in Kamchatka, on Dikson, on Capri.
Pretext on used with the names of avenues, boulevards, squares, streets; pretext V- with the names of lanes, driveways: on Vernadsky Boulevard, on Victory Square, on Suvorov Street.

If the names of mountainous areas are singular, then the preposition is used on if the plural form is a preposition V.: in the Caucasus, on Elbrus, on Pamar and in the Alps, in the Himalayas,

Prepositions V And on in some constructions antonymous with prepositions from And c: wentVStavropol - returned from Stavropol, went to the Caucasus- came from the Caucasus.

The literary norm of the modern Russian language: in Ukraine, from Ukraine.

“In 1993, at the request of the Government of Ukraine, the variants to Ukraine(and correspondingly from Ukraine). Thus, according to the Government of Ukraine, the etymological connection of constructions that did not suit him was broken. to Ukraine And to the outskirts. Ukraine, as it were, received linguistic confirmation of its status as a sovereign state, since the names of states, not regions, are formalized in the Russian tradition with the help of prepositions V (in) And from... "(Graudina L. K., Itskovich V. A., Katlinskaya L. P. Grammatical correctness of Russian speech. M .: Nauka, 2001. P. 69).

Since no one uses the phrase on the state or in the country , then there is no reason to use the phrase in Ukraine. Thus, always when it comes to the state of Ukraine, one should write and speak only in Ukraine.

Proponents of writing in Ukraine often cite such examples: in Cuba, in Malta, in Cyprus. Please note that in all cases we are talking about island states, i.e. in this case, the word island fell out of context: on the island of Cuba, on the island of Malta, on the island of Cyprus. So, for example, in English language the division when using toponyms in different contexts is quite clear: on Cuba (in Cuba) - if we are talking about an island, in Cuba (in Cuba) - if we are talking about a state.

However, the literary norm of the Russian language, according to which one should speak and write in Ukraine, - result historical development language for several centuries. Compatibility of prepositions V And on with certain words is explained exclusively by tradition. Wed: at school, at the institute, at the pharmacy, at the department, But: at the factory, at the post office, at the resort, at the warehouse etc. The literary norm cannot change overnight due to any political processes.

With verbs of feeling ( grieve, cry, grieve, yearn, be bored, bored, etc.) pretext By used with the dative case, for example: grieve for your son, cry for your father, grieve for your husband, yearn for your native village, miss Mikhailovsky. But personal pronouns of the 1st and 2nd person with these verbs are more often put in the prepositional case, for example: cries for you, mourns for us.

It is erroneous to use the preposition after the marked verbs behind with instrumental case, for example: “He misses you”, “She misses you”.

After verbs of motion ( walk, walk, run, move, climb, roam, etc.) the preposition by is used with the dative case: walked through the meadow (through the meadows), walked through the forest (through the forests), ran along the shore (along the banks), wandered through the field (through the fields), etc.

Pretext By with the prepositional case is used with the meaning "after something", for example: upon expiration of the term, upon arrival at the place, upon graduation from school, upon arrival in the city.

After preposition By pronouns How many And some put in the dative case, for example: How many notebooks were given to each student? Haven't been home for a few days.

Thus, in this lecture, we got acquainted with the concept of " morphological norm” and found out how to form the forms of words belonging to different parts of speech. In case of difficulty, it is recommended to refer to grammar dictionaries.

Topic 2.9. Syntactic norms of the Russian language.

1. Norms of coordination. Agreement of the predicate with the subject

2. Norms of management

3. The use of participial turnover

4. Errors in the construction of complex sentences

Order of words in a sentence. Agreement of the predicate with the subject. Harmonization of definitions and applications. Management standards. The cases of nominal and verbal control are more difficult - control with homogeneous members sentences, "stringing" cases, subordinate clauses with the same conjunctions, choosing the correct case and preposition. Converting direct speech to indirect. The use of separate structures.

Syntactic norms reflect the peculiarities of the construction of phrases and sentences in the Russian language.

The most difficult things usually cause the following points:

Selecting a controlled form in a phrase;

Agreement of subject and predicate;

The use of participial and adverbial phrases;

Construction of some types of complex sentences.

1. Norms of approval

Coordination of the definition with the word being defined

1. If the definition refers to a noun that depends on numerals two three four , the following matching rules are recommended:

2. If the definition is before the numeral, then it is put in the form of the nominative case, regardless of the gender of the nouns: first two years, recent two weeks, upper two windows.

Agreement of the predicate with the subject

When agreeing the predicate with the subject, the following rules must be observed.

1. If the subject is expressed by a collective noun ( row, majority, minority, part, etc..), countable turnover (quantitative numeral or other countable word, for example, some) in combination with the genitive plural, then the predicate is usually put:	1) in the plural when it comes to animate objects: Most of the students are good passed the exams. The award was received by seven employees. Several people were silent. 2) in the singular, when the subject denotes inanimate objects: A row of new houses stood at the end streets. One hundred and forty hectares have been sown.
2. With numerals two three four the predicate is usually in the plural.	Four students entered the auditorium. There are three textbooks on the table.
3. With compound numbers ending in one, the predicate is put in the singular	Institute graduated two hundred and one student. Forty are participating in the competition. one athlete.
4. With numbered nouns ( pair, three, ten, hundred, thousand, million, billion), as well as the words mass, lot, heap, abyss, flow and others, the predicate is usually put in the singular and agrees in gender with the subject.	Hundreds of skiers took to the track. A thousand books have already been viewed by us. The stream of cars rolled along the narrow bridge.
5. With nouns years, months, days, hours etc. the predicate is usually put in the singular.	Two months have passed. It struck seven o'clock.
6. If there are words in the counting turnover all these, then the predicate is put only in the plural.	All three riders rode in silence.
7. If the subject contains a numeral floor-, then the predicate is put in the singular.	Half the house burned down. Half the village came running to watch to this spectacle.
8. At the words a lot, a little, a little, a lot, a lot the predicate is put in the singular.	Many suitcases and boxes stood near the conveyor. How many different feelings overcomes us at the moment of parting!
9. With complex names consisting of two words of different grammatical gender, the predicate is consistent with the one that expresses a broader concept or a specific designation of an object.	The library-museum was opened, the romance song became popular, the van stood outside the store, the alarm clock stopped, the reference book was very useful, the chair-bed was in the corner, etc.
10. In a compound word (abbreviation), the predicate is consistent with the leading word of the combination.	Moscow State University (Moscow State university) announced a competition. Gorono (city department of folk Education) sent instructions.
11. The presence of the subject expressed by the pronoun does not affect the form of agreement of the predicate nobody, connecting structures, comparative turns, etc.	Nobody even the best specialists could not initially make a correct diagnosis of the disease.
12. If the predicate refers to several subjects, not connected by a union or connected by a connecting union, then the following forms of agreement apply.	1) The predicate, standing after homogeneous subjects, is usually put in the plural: Industry and Agriculture in Russia are steadily developing. 2) The predicate preceding the homogeneous subject usually agrees with the nearest of them: A whisper came from the room and illegible words.

Management norms

The management standards are right choice preposition in the phrase and the correct choice of the case form of the noun, pronoun.

When choosing a preposition, one should take into account the shades of meaning inherent in it. So, to express causal relationship used synonymous prepositions due to, due to, due to, in connection with, due to and etc.

It should say:

Correct option	Wrong option
In view of the imminent departure, due to past rains, thanks to the measures taken ( speech is about the causes desired result), due to fire (great losses incurred)	Due to the upcoming departure (the departure has not yet taken place and has no consequences yet), due to the past rains (the phenomenon refers to the past), due to the measures taken (the preposition “because of” indicates the reasons causing an undesirable result), due to fire (great losses incurred)
Remember:
Thanks, according to (what?) (dat. p.), despite	Due to efforts, according to the order, contrary to the instructions
As a result, in case (what?) (genus p.), due to	Due to drought, in case of bad weather, due to illness
Due (with what?) (tv.p.)	In connection with the elections

It is necessary to distinguish constructions with words that are close in meaning or have the same root, but require different management (different cases). For example: worry about someone, but worry about someone. The error may arise due to the fact that both verbs have the meaning of "to worry." Another example: confidence in something, but belief in something. In this case, the error may be generated by a common root.

Distinguish:

Worry (about someone), identical (to something), put on (something, on something, on someone), rejoice (something), pay attention (to something), review ( about something), account for (something), be based (on something), superiority (over something), warn (against something), prevent (something), reconcile (with something) anything), distinguish (what and what), get angry (at something), confidence (in something), be surprised (something), pay (for something), reproach (something)

To worry (for someone), similar (to something), dress (someone, something), delighted (something), pay attention (something), review (on something) , make a report (about something), justify (something), advantage (over something), warn (about something), slow down (something), reconcile (before something), distinguish ( what from what), angry (something), faith (in something), surprised (something), pay (something), blame (for something)

Some verbs can have control in different cases depending on different semantic shades.

Distinguish:

Remember management:

alternative (to what?), similar (to what? and with what?), analogy (with what? and between what?), annotation (on what? and what?), announcement (about what?), appeal (to whom? and why?), worry (about whom? and about what?), in relation to (whom? and what?), dominate (over whom? and what?), object (against what?), talk (about whom?, about what? and about whom?, about what?), vote (for whom?), be proud (of whom? and what?), explain (what?), describe (what?), pay (what? and for what?), pay (what?), stop (on what?), mark (what?), treat (to whom? and what?), account (for what?), report (in what? and about what?), in relation to (to whom? and why?), emphasize (what?), understand (what?), advantage (over whom?), claim (to whom?, for what? and for what?), to award (whom - to what and to whom - what?), to contradict (what?), equal in rights (who is with whom?), equivalent (for whom? and what?), rejoice (to whom? and what?), leader (of what?), guidance (what ? and what?),

discuss (about what?), manage (manager) (what?), think (over what? and about what?), pay (to whom? and for what?), deserve (what?, not what), deserve (what? , not what), command (commander) (what?), comment (to what?), supervise (whom? and what?), hope (on whom? and what?), boss (what?) unacceptable (for whom and for what?), irreconcilable (to whom? and to what?), to declare (what? and about what?), evidence (of what?, if the dependent word is a noun, and to what?, if the dependent word is demonstrative pronoun), testify (what? and about what?) characteristic (to whom?, not for whom?), respectively (what? and with what?), correspondence (what?, between what? and with what?), longing (for whom ?), demand (what? and what?), worry (for whom?), confidence (in what?), pay attention (what?), be surprised (what?), honored (what?), indicate (what?, on whom? and for what?), pay (for what? and for whom?), manage (manager) (what?), characteristic (for whom?), characteristic (of whom?), intercede (for whom? and about what ?)

The use of adverbial turnover

gerund- a form of the verb denoting an additional action performed by the subject (subject) and related only to him. Therefore, the adverbial turnover cannot be used:

Examples of errors in the use of adverbial turnover:

1. Flying over the raging ocean, the strength of the swift has dried up(instead of: Flying over the raging ocean, the swift became exhausted. Or: When the swift flew over the raging ocean, its strength dried up). Here it turns out that forces fly by.

2. Out on the outskirts of the city, an amazing panorama opened before them.(instead of: When they came to the outskirts of the city, they saw an amazing panorama. Or: When they went to the outskirts of the city, they saw an amazing panorama). Here it turns out that the panorama came out.

3. After running a few steps, a brilliant thought dawned on him.(instead of: As he ran a few steps, a brilliant thought struck him.) In this case, the proposal participle turnover it is impossible to build, because it turns out that the thought ran through.

Mistakes in building complex sentences

There are 3 types of compound sentences:

- Associative compound sentence – I was very surprised: classmates gave me a real holiday.

- Compound sentence – Life is given once, and you want to live it cheerfully, meaningfully, beautifully(A. Chekhov). Thinking would not be necessary if there were ready-made truths(A. Herzen); He remains lonely who is looking for a friend without flaws(Last).

All types can be synonymous complex sentence:

SPP: The work was credited because I handed it in on time. / The work was credited because I handed it in on time.

SSP: I handed in my work on time and it was credited.

BSP: The work was credited: I handed it in on time. / I handed in the work on time - it was credited.

Errors:

1. The diversity of parts of a complex sentence is manifested:

a) when as homogeneous structures are used subordinate clause and member simple sentence, For example: “At the production meeting, issues of further improving the quality of products were discussed and whether it is possible to reduce the cost”(follows: ... issues of further improvement of the quality of products and the possibility of reducing its cost were discussed).

b) with a common subordinating part, a two-part sentence and a one-part impersonal sentence act as homogeneous syntactic elements, for example: “The speaker put forward two propositions: 1) the accelerated privatization of state property is becoming increasingly important; 2) it is necessary to increase the role of labor collectives in this process”;

c) when using (without proper reason) a different word order in subordinate subordinate clauses, for example: “The shortcomings of the teaching staff of the school include the fact that educational work is not carried out enough in it, extracurricular work is conducted poorly, student performance is declining”(in the second and third subordinate clauses, the reverse word order should also be used).

2. The displacement of the construction can find its expression in the fact that the main clause is "broken" by the subordinate clause located inside it, for example : "The main thing that needs to be paid attention to is the genre side of the work"(follows: The main thing to pay attention to is the genre side of the work

A construction shift can occur if the subordinate clause is “broken” by the main one, for example: “But these quotes are unknown where the author borrowed them from”(instead of: It is not known where the author borrowed these quotes from). Such constructions are colloquial in nature.

3. Incorrect use of unions and allied words with:

a) choosing a union or allied word that is not suitable for a given context, for example: “It was possible to agree only with those provisions of the report, which did not contain any internal contradictions

1. List of words with the normative ending -Ы (-И) in the nominative plural:

Them. p. units h.	Them. n. pl. h.
accountant	accountants
age	ages
rebuke	reprimands
lead	leads
dispatcher	dispatchers
treaty	treaties
driver	drivers
engineer	engineers
Instructor	instructors
inspector	inspectors
compressor	compressors
constructor	constructors
container	containers
corrector	correctors
doctor	healers
month	months
player	players
policy	policies
port	ports
handwriting	handwriting
spotlight	spotlights
poodle	poodles
editor	editors
rector	rectors
sweater	sweaters
stock	warehouses
locksmith	locksmiths
syllable	syllables
sniper	snipers
carpenter	carpenters
report card	report cards
turner	turners
cake	cakes
tractor	tractors
trainer	coaches
outbuilding	wings
front	fronts
chauffeur	drivers

2. List of words with the normative ending -А (-Я) in the nominative plural

Them. p. units h.	Them. n. pl. h.
address	addresses
bill of exchange	bills
heap	heap
director	directors
doctor	the doctors
boat	boats
tunic	tunic
bell	bells
body	body
dome	domes
coachman	coachmen
ham	ham
county	districts
order	orders
passport	passports
cook	cooks
cellar	cellars
Professor	professors
belt	belts
grade	varieties
stack	haystacks
watchman	watchman
tenor	tenor
tower	tower
poplar	poplars
paramedic	paramedic
vane	weather vane
farm	farms
stack	stacks
stamp	stamp
anchor	anchors

Note:

1) It is necessary to remember the following forms:

BODIES (trunks) - BODIES (buildings)

CAMPS (political groups) - CAMPS (tourist)

HUSBANDS (state) - HUSBANDS (in families)

TEETH (in humans, animals) - TEETH (in a saw)

PASSES (spaces) - PASSES (documents)

ORDERS (knightly, monastic) - ORDERS (awards)

IMAGES (artistic) - IMAGES (icons)

TONES (sounds) - TONES (shades of color)

BREAD (food) - BREAD (cereals)

BOTTOM - DONYA

CHICKEN - HENS

PERSON PEOPLE

CHILDREN

LOG - LOG

SHIP - SHIPS

The noun NEDRA (earth) is used only in the plural and with the ending -A in the nominative case.

The following rhymes help me remember normative education nominative plural forms of a number of nouns:

Our kids know

The university has a professor A!

Negotiated -

We signed contracts.

2, Normative formation of the forms of the GENITAL PLURAL of some NOUNS

1. Nouns denoting the name of vegetables and fruits, mostly in the form of the genitive plural, have the ending -OB:

APRICOTS	ABRIKOSOV
PINEAPPLES	PINEAPPLE
ORANGE	ORANGE
eggplant	BAKLAZHANOV
bananas	bananas
Grenade	Pomegranates
LEMONS	LIMONOV
MANDARINS	TANGERINS
PATISSONS	PATISSONOV
TOMATOES	TOMATOES
TOMATOES	TOMATOV

2. Nouns denoting the names of paired objects, mainly in the form of the genitive plural, have a zero ending:

Nominative plural	Genitive plural
SHOES (shoes)	SHIELD
BOOTS	BOOT
CLIPS	BUTS
TROUSERS	PANTS
FELT BOOTS	VALENOK
GAITERS	GAIT
PANTS	PANTS
CASTANETS	CASTANET
SNEAKERS	SNEAKER
LOCASSINS	MOCCASIN
TROUSERS	PANTALON
epaulettes	Shoulder strap
BOOTS	BOOT
SLIPPERS	Slippers
SHOES	SHOES
STOCKINGS	STOCKING
TROUSERS	SHAROVAR
SHORTS	SHORT
EPAULTES	EPAULET

Note:

To memorize the correct formation of the genitive plural form of nouns SOCKS and STOCKINGS allows the following mnemonic - a method of facilitated memorization:

SOCKS are short, but in the genitive plural we use the long word SOCKS;

STOCKINGS are long, but in the genitive plural we use the short word (with a zero ending) STOCKING.

In other words, the shorter, the longer, that is, the shorter the object, the longer the word: a pair of SOCKS - a pair of STOCKINGS.

If you are in doubt about how to correctly form the genitive plural from nouns SOCKS, STOCKINGS, then remember the following quatrain:

I left her inpledge

A couple of trendystocking

And went straight toPskov

With a box of coloredsocks .

3. Nouns denoting the name of nationalities, mostly in the form of the genitive plural, have a zero ending:

Nominative plural	Genitive plural
ARMENIANS	ARMENIANS
BASHKIRS	BASHKIR
BULGARIANS	BULGAR
BURYATS	BURYAT
GEORGIANS	GEORGIAN
LEZGINS	LEZGIN
OSSETIANS	OSSETIAN
ROMANIANS	ROMANIAN
TATARS	Tatar
TURKS	TURK
TURKMEN	TURKMEN
gypsies	GYPSY

4. Nouns of the neuter gender ending in the nominative singular in -CE, in the genitive plural, as a rule, end in -EC:

5. Nouns denoting the name of a group of people by occupation, most often have a zero ending:

6. Nouns of the neuter gender, ending in the nominative singular in -ЬЕ without stress, and feminine in -ЬЯ without stress, have the ending -II in the genitive plural:

Nominative singular (-е; -ЬЯ without stress)	Genitive plural (-II)
RUNNER	RUNNER
NESTING	NESTING
WRIST	WRIST
FOOD	EATING
tombstone	TOMBSTONE
NECKLACE	NECKLACES
FRITTER	OLADIY
SPIRIT	OTRODIUS
COOKIE	COOKIES
DANCER	DANCER
COAST	COASTS
BELIEVE	BELIEVE
DUNGEON	DUNGEONS
SEAT	SEAT
PICKLE	PICKLES
INJURY	INJURY
GORGE	Gorges

7. Nouns of the neuter gender, ending in the nominative singular in -ЁЁ, as well as feminine and common gender in -ЬЯ under stress, in the genitive plural have the ending -EY:

9. The following nouns in the genitive plural have the ending -EY:

10. The following nouns in the genitive plural have a zero ending:

BARGES	BARG
FABLE	BASEN
TOWER	TOWERS
SPRAY	SPLASH
WAFER	WAFEL
CASE	many affairs
KOPNA	KOPYON or KOPN
POKER	KOCHERYOG
KITCHEN	KITCHENS
PASTA	MACARON
CUFF	CUFF
NANNY	NIAN
A LOOP	LOOP
SABER	SABEL
EARRING	EARRINGS
GOSSIP	gossip
SHOES	SHOES
HERON	TSAPEL
SPRATS	sprat
APPLE TREE	APPLE TREE

11. The following nouns have the ending -OB in the genitive plural:

BRONCHI	BRONCH
dahlias	GEORGINOV
DEBATE	DEBATE
FROST	ZAMOROZKOV
CANNED FOOD	CANNED FOOD
NERVES	NERVES

Note:

Remember the normative formation of the genitive plural of the following nouns.