Do you want to know how to make money online?
Download the free book by Vladislav Chelpachenko
=>> "10 steps to the first million in the infobusiness"

It's no secret that people have four channels of perception of information, which must be taken into account when organizing and compiling your speech or presentation, and even during personal contacts in business. Earlier we learned the principles of compilation.

Of course, one of the channels of perception of information prevails in a person, but it would be ridiculous to believe that he completely lacks other components of perception. He just uses one most often, but others also play an important role in communication and assimilation of information.

You probably noticed at an institute or school that some students write almost nothing in the abstract, try to listen without being distracted or even record on a dictaphone, others write everything down in detail, accompanying their notes with a huge number of illustrations, and still others try to systematize information in the form of tables and formulas.

Here they are auditory, visual, kinesthetic and digital.

Ways of perception of information by a person. Audials, visuals, kinesthetics and digitals

To better understand how they differ from each other and how to take advantage of their personality, I will give a colorful example from the well-known cartoon about Winnie the Pooh.

So, a rabbit is a typical visual, Winnie the Pooh is a kinesthetic, an owl is an auditory and, finally, a donkey is a digital. Represented? For clarity, you can remember from the pictures.

Now for some theory.

Types of information by way of perception

• Words

The main words of the visual will be the words: apparently, in my opinion, bright, review, view, beautiful.

The kinesthetic will use the words: feel, grasp, touch, firm, soft, calm.
The auditory will emphasize the words: I heard, loud, sound, heard, sounds like, muffled.
Digital words are: reasonable, logical, in my opinion, to understand, the language of numbers, functional.

• Pose

Let's pay attention to what position the interlocutor is in. The visual is straight, the shoulders are straightened, the head is raised, remember our rabbit. The body can be both thin and full.

The kinesthetic posture is relaxed, the head and shoulders are lowered, the body is tilted forward, the body is often plump, rounded, soft, just like Winnie the Pooh.

The audial has a head on one side, as if he is talking or listening on the phone, the landing is straight. Isn't it like a cartoon owl? The digital often crosses his arms, the posture is straight, the head is raised, the body is often soft and full, we imagine the donkey Eeyore.

• movements

The movements of the visual are inactive, clamped and constrained. In a kinesthetic, on the contrary, they are flexible, free, the lower part of the body takes part in the movement. But in the auditory movement, sometimes constrained, sometimes free, the middle part of the body is involved. And what about digital? Their movements are devoid of smoothness, they seem to be motionless.

• Lips

Let's pay attention to the shape of the lips. In the auditory, the lips are more often in the form of strings, thin, in the kinesthetic, the lips are thick, in the auditory, they can be different in shape, in the kinesthetic, they are compressed.

• Breath

Breathing in the auditory is full, chest, in the kinesthetic is low, abdominal, in the auditory in full, in the digital may be limited.

• Voice

And even in the voice we will find character traits some type of personality. In the auditory it will most likely be high, rhythmic, loud. The kinesthetic is low, slow, hoarse. The auditory is melodic, rhythmic, changing. The digital is monophonic, inconsistent, with pauses.

• Sight

Let's talk about direction. The auditory will look at the interlocutor, the kinesthetic will look at the interlocutor, the auditory will look down, or he will lead them back and forth. And digital generally looks above the public.
The easiest way to find out who is in front of you is possible when communicating. The visual during the conversation will carefully look at the interlocutor, and even if you ask him about it, he can say that when he looks, he hears better.

But kinesthetic, rather touch than look. The auditory will most likely turn your ear to you, according to the principle, in order to hear, it is not necessary to look. With a kinesthetic there will be no eye contact at all.

• Distance

Pay attention to how far you are from the person. There must be a large distance with the visual in order to see everything and they do not like to be touched.

It is important for kinesthetics to touch, which means it will be located close to you. The auditory will be close, but will refrain from touching. Digital would be better off.

• Main features

And now the characteristic features of the types under consideration. Audials do not want to be lower than the interlocutor, kinesthetics get out of stress, taking the blame on themselves.

Audials are verbose, but they will never ask rhetorical questions. Digitals become over-rational when stressed.
So, from all of the above, we will select the main words for our types.

• Visual - COLORFUL.
• Kinesthetic - COMFORTABLE.
• Auditory - LOUD.
• Digital is FUNCTIONAL.

Thus, when preparing for any speech or creating a presentation, it is necessary to take into account all the features of the channels of perception.

For example, for the visual we will reflect our information in beautiful illustrations and clear large text, for the auditory to the smallest detail, including the timbre of the voice, volume and pauses.

We will create conditions for the kinesthetic student so that he is comfortable at your performance. For digital, we will reflect the essence of the report in formulas and graphs.

Video about the perception of information by a person (visual, kinesthetic, auditory, digital)

Watch a video about human perception of information.

Sales of products for different people should be different, because we are all different. For audios - one thing, for visuals - another.

Do you want to know what mistakes beginners make?


99% of beginners make these mistakes and fail in business and making money on the Internet! See to it that you don't repeat these mistakes - “3 + 1 BEGINNER MISTAKES THAT KILL THE RESULTS”.

Do you urgently need money?


Download for free: TOP - 5 ways to make money on the Internet”. 5 better ways earnings on the Internet, which are guaranteed to bring you results from 1,000 rubles per day or more.

Here is a ready-made solution for your business!


And for those who are used to taking ready-made solutions, there are "Project ready-made solutions to start making money on the Internet”. Learn how to start your online business, even for the greenest newbie, without technical knowledge, and even without expertise.

>>Perception and presentation of information

The main topics of the paragraph:

• perception of information;
• information and writing;
• natural and formal languages;
• forms of presentation of information.

Perception of information

A person perceives from the surrounding world with the help of his senses; there are five of them: sight, hearing, taste, smell, touch.

Most information comes to us through sight and hearing. But smells and tastes and tactile sensations also carry information. For example, when you smell a burning smell, you find out that a lunch that you forgot about burned down in the kitchen. You can easily recognize familiar food by taste, estimate the amount of sugar or salt in a dish. By touch, i.e. through contact with the skin, you recognize familiar objects even in the dark, you estimate the temperature of external objects. Thus, there are different perceptions of information by a person associated with different sense organs through which it enters:

Through vision we receive information in the form of an image;
information is perceived through hearing in sound form;
through the sense of smell, information is perceived in the form of smells;
through taste - information from taste sensations;
through touch - information in the form of tactile sensations.

We can say that the sense organs are informational channels between the outside world and man. With the loss of one of these channels (for example, vision or hearing), the informational role of other sense organs is enhanced. It is known that blind people hear more sharply, for them the importance of touch increases.

Information and writing

A person can remember or write down the information received, as well as transfer it to another person. What form does this take?

Most often, people communicate with each other orally or in writing, that is, they talk, write letters, notes, articles, books, etc. Written text consists of letters, numbers, brackets, dots, commas and other signs. Oral speech is also made up of signs. Only these signs are not written, but sound. Linguists call them phonemes. Words are made up of phonemes, and phrases are made up of words. There is a direct connection between written signs and sounds. After all, speech first appeared, and only then - writing. For this, writing is needed to fix it on paper. human speech. Separate letters or combinations of letters indicate the sounds of speech, and punctuation marks - pauses, intonation.

Very interesting history of writing! The writing that we and most European countries use is called sound writing. What was said above applies to sound writing. But Chinese writing is called ideographic. In it, one icon (often called a hieroglyph) denotes a word or a significant part of a word (Fig. 1.1). Japanese writing is called syllabary. There, one icon stands for a syllable.

The most ancient form of writing, which comes from primitive people, is called pictographic. One pictogram is a picture that denotes a concept or even an entire message (Fig. 1.2). Pictographic symbolism is often used today. For example, all of you familiar road signs are pictograms.

Languages ​​natural and formal

Human speech and writing are closely related to the concept of "language". Of course, this does not mean the organ of speech, but the way of communication between people. Spoken languages ​​have national character. There are Russian, English, Chinese, French and other languages. Linguists call them natural languages. Natural languages ​​have oral and written forms.

In addition to spoken (natural) languages, there are formal languages. As a rule, these are some languages professions or area of ​​expertise. For example, mathematical symbolism can be called the formal language of mathematics; musical notation - the formal language of music.

Language is a symbolic way of representing information. Communication in languages ​​is the process of transmitting information in sign form.

Forms of presentation of information

So, a person presents information using different languages. It is possible to give examples of different ways of symbolic representation of information that replace speech. For example, deaf and dumb people replace speech with gestures. The conductor's gestures convey information to the musicians. The referee on the sports ground uses a certain sign language that is understandable to the players.

Another common form of information presentation is a graphical form. These are drawings, diagrams, drawings, maps, graphs, diagrams. When studying many school subjects, you actively use such graphic information. The visibility of graphic information facilitates the understanding of its content.

Let's summarize the conversation about the forms of information presentation.

Forms of presentation of information by a person:

Text in natural language in oral or written form;
graphic form: drawings, diagrams, drawings, maps, graphs, diagrams;
formal language symbols: numbers, mathematical formulas, notes, chemical formulas, road signs, etc.

Briefly about the main

The person receives information from outside world through all your senses. The sense organs are information channels that connect a person with the outside world.

Language is a symbolic form of information representation. Languages ​​are natural and formal.

A person stores information or exchanges it with other people in natural languages, formal languages, in graphic form.

Writing is the most important way of preserving and transmitting information. In the history of mankind, the following forms of writing were formed: sound, syllabic, ideographic, pictographic.

Questions and tasks

1. What role do the sense organs play in human information activity? List all the human senses.
2. Why can the perception of tastes and smells be called the reception of information?
3. How do blind people read? What sense organs are involved in this?
4. What is the difference between reading music and listening to music in terms of the form of information received?
5. A competent musician is able to record the music he hears with notes. What transformation of the form of a musical work does it produce? Describe the situation of the inverse transformation.
6. What role do languages ​​play in human information activity?
7. What are natural languages, formal languages?
8. What are the forms of writing?
9. Try to explain such a phenomenon from an informational point of view: a person's sensation of tastes and smells in a dream.

I. Semakin, L. Zalogova, S. Rusakov, L. Shestakova, Informatics, Grade 8
Submitted by readers from Internet sites

The largest library of essays, planning computer science lessons, materials for preparing for computer science lessons, answers to tests, study computer science 8th grade for free

Lesson content lesson summary support frame lesson presentation accelerative methods interactive technologies Practice tasks and exercises self-examination workshops, trainings, cases, quests homework discussion questions rhetorical questions from students Illustrations audio, video clips and multimedia photographs, pictures graphics, tables, schemes humor, anecdotes, jokes, comics parables, sayings, crossword puzzles, quotes Add-ons abstracts articles chips for inquisitive cheat sheets textbooks basic and additional glossary of terms other Improving textbooks and lessonscorrecting errors in the textbook updating a fragment in the textbook elements of innovation in the lesson replacing obsolete knowledge with new ones Only for teachers perfect lessons calendar plan for a year guidelines discussion programs Integrated Lessons

Perception of information by a person

04.04.2015

Snezhana Ivanova

Perception is the process of reflection in the consciousness of the personality of phenomena and objects in the sum of their properties, states, components.

Life modern man hard to imagine without information. The media is literally replete with all sorts of events that may interest a person. To date, there is no lack of information in any area; on the contrary, there is an overabundance of it. People often get confused about the same concepts because information about the same subject can be contradictory. Therefore, in order to understand a complex issue, sometimes you have to study a bunch of different positions.

Perception- this is the process of reflection in the consciousness of the personality of phenomena and objects in the sum of their properties, states, components. This process is closely connected with the sense organs, since we receive any information through the participation of visual, auditory and other sensations.

The process of perception of information is a highly organized internal work in which all mental processes: attention, imagination, memory, thinking. In order for the information entering the brain to be better assimilated, it must be realized or comprehended. Perception just performs the function of a kind of conductor between new information and its awareness.

Human perception of information occurs at several levels. All of them, one way or another, affect the senses and are associated with cognitive processes.

Channels of perception of information

Under channels of perception understand the predominant orientation towards one sense organ, which ensures better assimilation of incoming information. It is worth considering the fact that each person has his own individual focus. For someone to master, it is enough to read the material once, for another it is necessary to listen to a lecturer on the same topic, etc.

• visual channel. It is aimed at assimilation of information by focusing more on visual images. A person who is dominated by this channel of perception has a high ability to absorb information through reading. In this case, it is enough for a person to read the material, and the information will be firmly “fixed” in the brain. There is no need to retell what you read or share with others. If the information itself is controversial, raises additional questions, provokes a dispute, then the individual may need to get acquainted in detail with different opinions in order to form his point of view.
• audio channel. It is aimed at assimilation of information by concentrating mainly on auditory images. If this channel of perception prevails, a person has a high ability to memorize through listening to the desired material. Students who are dominated by the auditory channel perfectly assimilate the information offered during the lecture and may not learn anything at home - everything has settled down so easily in the head, so there are no extra questions left! If difficult moments arise, the material is complex and incomprehensible, such a person usually seeks to immediately clarify important details and sort it out on the spot by asking the lecturer the appropriate questions.
• kinesthetic channel. It is aimed at assimilation of information by focusing mainly on physical sensations. Kinesthetic perception is closely related to the organs of touch, so such a person must touch the interlocutor during a conversation. Smell, taste are also of paramount importance for this person - she is most attentive to details and own feelings. If you ask a person what is happening to him, he will be able to describe his emotions in colors, recognize their true manifestations.
• digital channel. It is aimed at the assimilation of information by concentrating on abstract - logical images. Such a person is inclined to look for meaning in everything, to lay out his knowledge “on the shelves”. It is extremely important for a digital to know for what purpose he performs this or that action and what will follow from this. He has the ability to predict the situation, and therefore is prone to planning and in-depth analysis of current events. Most often, digitals are engaged in scientific activities in life.

The listed channels of perception are leading, but besides them there are others: gustatory, olfactory, semantic, etc. In accordance with the presented features of each of the channels in psychology, the following types of information perception are distinguished: visual, auditory, tactile, verbal. Each of the listed types is fully correlated with the above indicated channels of information perception.

Perceptual Properties

• Objectivity. It is characterized by a focus on the outside world. A person always focuses his attention on such things that are reflected in the surrounding space. These may not necessarily be objects and phenomena, but also abstract concepts. In any case, there is a deep mental concentration on one or another subject: everyday, artistic or scientific.
• Integrity. Unlike sensation, which reflects the individual properties of objects and phenomena of the surrounding world, perception constitutes its general image. It consists of a combination of various sensations and forms a holistic view of a particular subject.
• Structurality. It should be noted that the perception of a person is arranged in such a way that it has the ability to systematize the material in a certain order, that is, from the general flow of incoming information, select only that which will be useful in this case.
• Constancy. This property refers to the relative constancy of perceived information under various conditions. So, for example, the shapes of objects, their size, color appear to a person the same under different living conditions.
• Meaningfulness. A person does not just perceive objects and phenomena, he does it meaningfully, purposefully, foreseeing a certain result and striving for it. So, for example, students listen to a lecture in order to more successfully pass a test or exam, attend classes in artistic culture for self-education. In each of his actions, a person strives to act meaningfully, because otherwise no activity can be performed.

Complex forms of perception of information

Under the forms of perception of information understand some categories that are based on reflection and focus on the search for truth.

• Perception of space. Each of us has a very individual approach to the perception of space. If we are transferred to another place, we will not be able to immediately orient ourselves until we develop tactics of behavior and understand how best to behave. One person is able to navigate in changing conditions differently than another, and each has his own perception.
• Perception of time. Each of us has a biological clock that reminds us to take certain actions. There is a common theory about "owls" and "larks". It is difficult for some to wake up in the morning, they can stay awake during the day, others need to get up early and also go to bed early. If you turn to a person on the street with the question "What time is it?", most will immediately begin to look for a watch to answer you. Meanwhile, inside everyone knows roughly what time it is at the moment. That is why the process of planning any business, forecasting becomes possible. various situations even before they actually happen.
• Perception of movement. Impressions of movement are created purely individually. It is enough for someone to tilt their head forward, take the appropriate position of the body, in order to create the illusion that there is a movement in space. The perception of movement is fixed by the brain and is realized by the individual through the vestibular apparatus and his own thoughts, subjective moods.
• Perception is intentional and unintentional. These forms differ from each other by the participation of consciousness in the perception of any objects. Otherwise, they can still be called involuntary and arbitrary. In the first case, perception is carried out due to external circumstances that attracted the attention of a person, and in the second, consciousness guides it. Intentional perception is characterized by a clear goal, designated tasks, a clear structure and consistency in the implementation of all necessary steps.

Features of perception of information

Each person approaches the perception of the same events and phenomena very individually. After all, one will see a blessing in what is happening for himself, and the other will consider punishment for himself in the given circumstances. In addition, people also differ in the leading channels of information perception. If someone needs to read the material being studied, then it is very important for another to listen to it by ear.

For visual it is extremely important that all information is in his field of vision. It is great if you have the opportunity to get acquainted with the material through reading. Only when the visual sees what it looks like what he needs to remember, he is able to truly perceive.

For auditory It is always better to hear the material once than to read it several times. This is the type of perception when a live spoken word acquires colossal significance. It is always easier for people who have a leading auditory perception channel to absorb information in lectures or participate in seminars.

A distinctive feature of kinesthetics is the natural need to touch everything with your hands. Otherwise, the process of holistic perception cannot go on. Only with the help of emotions, reinforced by interaction with people or objects, they learn the surrounding reality. As a rule, such people are very emotional and prone to various directions activities. There are a lot of artists, musicians, sculptors among them, that is, they include those who are able to live a whole life in contact with objects and even create their own reality.

Digital prone to an in-depth analysis of current events. These are essentially real thinkers and philosophers. For them, new information must necessarily be a subject in the abstract - analytical thinking, the fruit of serious inner work associated with the logical alignment complex structures. Knowing the truth is their main goal.

Thus, there are various ways of perceiving information. All together they create a harmonious and holistic picture of the world, in which the fullness of diversity is welcomed. It is necessary to develop all channels of perception, but do it based on the leading view. Then any human activity will be successful, will lead him to new discoveries and achievements.

Most information comes to us through sight and hearing. But smells, and taste and touch sensations also carry information. For example, when you smell a burning smell, you find out that a lunch that you forgot about burned down in the kitchen. You can easily recognize familiar food by taste, estimate the amount of sugar or salt in a dish. By touch, i.e. through contact with the skin, you recognize familiar objects even in the dark, you estimate the temperature of external objects. Thus, there are different ways of perceiving information by a person, associated with different sense organs through which it enters:

• - through vision we receive information in the form of an image;
• - information is perceived through the ear in sound form;
• - through the sense of smell, information is perceived in the form of smells;
• - through taste - information from taste sensations;
• - through touch - information in the form of tactile sensations.

A person perceives information from the surrounding world with the help of his senses; there are five of them: sight, hearing, taste, smell, touch.

Most information comes to us through sight and hearing. But smells, and taste and touch sensations also carry information.

For example, when you smell a burning smell, you find out that a lunch that you forgot about burned down in the kitchen.

You can easily recognize familiar food by taste, estimate the amount of sugar or salt in a dish. By touch, i.e. through contact with the skin, you recognize familiar objects even in the dark, you estimate the temperature of external objects. Thus, there are different ways of perceiving information by a person, associated with different sense organs through which it enters:

through vision we receive information in the form of an image;

information is perceived through hearing in sound form;

through the sense of smell, information is perceived in the form of smells;

through taste - information from taste sensations; through touch - information in the form of tactile sensations.

We can say that the sense organs are information channels between the outside world and man. With the loss of one of these channels (for example, vision or hearing), the informational role of other sense organs is enhanced. It is known that blind people hear more sharply, for them the importance of touch increases.

A person can remember or write down the information received, as well as transfer it to another person. What form does this take?

Most often, people communicate with each other orally or in writing, that is, they talk, write letters, notes, articles, books, etc. Written text consists of letters, numbers, brackets, dots, commas and other characters, Oral speech is also made up of symbols. Only these signs are not written, but sound. Linguists call them phonemes. Phonemes make words, words make phrases. There is a direct connection between written signs and sounds. After all, speech first appeared, and only then - writing. For this, writing is needed to fix human speech on paper. Separate letters or combinations of letters indicate the sounds of speech, and punctuation marks - pauses, intonation.

Very interesting history of writing! The writing that we and most European countries use is called sound writing. What was said above applies to sound writing. But Chinese writing is called ideographic. In it, one icon (it is often called a hieroglyph) denotes a word or a significant part of a word. And Japanese writing is called syllabic. There, one icon stands for a syllable.

The most ancient form of writing, which comes from primitive people, is called pictographic. One pictogram is a picture that represents a concept or even an entire message Pictographic symbols are often used today. For example, all of you familiar road signs are pictograms.

Languages ​​natural and formal

Human speech and writing are closely related to the concept of "language". Of course, this does not mean the organ of speech, but the way of communication between people. Spoken languages ​​have a national character. There are Russian, English, Chinese, French and other languages. Linguists call them natural languages. Natural languages ​​have oral and written forms.

In addition to spoken (natural) languages, there are formal languages. As a rule, these are the languages ​​of some profession or field of knowledge. For example, mathematical symbolism can be called the formal language of mathematics; musical notation is the formal language of music.

Language is a symbolic way of representing information. Communication in languages ​​is the process of transmitting information in sign form.

So, a person presents information using different languages. It is possible to give examples of different ways of symbolic representation of information that replace speech. For example, deaf and dumb people replace speech with gestures. The conductor's gestures convey information to the musicians. The referee on the sports ground uses a certain sign language that is understandable to the players.

Another common form of information presentation is a graphical form. These are drawings, diagrams, drawings, maps, graphs, diagrams. When studying many school subjects, you actively use such graphic information. The visibility of graphic information facilitates the understanding of its content. Let's summarize the forms of information presentation.

Forms of presentation of information by a person:

• - natural language text in oral or written form;
• - graphic form: drawings, diagrams, drawings, maps, graphs, diagrams;
• - formal language symbols: numbers,

mathematical formulas, notes, chemical formulas, road signs, etc.,

A person perceives information from the outside world with the help of all his senses. The sense organs are "information channels" connecting a person with the outside world.

Language is a symbolic form of information representation. Languages ​​are natural and formal.

A person stores information or exchanges it with other people in natural languages, formal languages, in graphic form.

Writing is the most important way of preserving and transmitting information. In the history of mankind, the following forms of writing were formed: sound, syllabic, ideographic, pictographic.

Types of information. Representation of information.

According to the way of perception information by a person, one can distinguish visual (visual), auditory (sound), olfactory (smells), gustatory, tactile (tactile), vestibular and muscle information (Fig. 3).

Rice. 3. Types of information according to the way of perception

visual People perceive information through their eyes. A person can see an object or phenomenon, a letter or a number, a picture or a film, a diagram or a map, a gesture or a dance. auditory People perceive information through their ears. A person can hear arbitrary sounds, noise, music, singing and speech. Olfactory information, or smells, a person perceives with the help of the nose. The smell can be described as tart or spicy, pleasant or unpleasant, heavy or light. Taste people perceive information through language. The taste can be bitter or sweet, sour or salty. Tactile a person perceives information through the skin. By touching an object, you can determine its temperature (cold or hot) and the type of surface (smooth or rough, wet or dry). vestibular a person perceives information with the help of the vestibular apparatus, which tracks the position of the human body in three-dimensional space. Flying in an airplane and not seeing the horizon, a person can determine where and how he is moving: up or down, right or left, accelerated or slowed down. Muscular people perceive information with the help of muscles. Closing his eyes, a person will not carry a spoon with soup past his mouth, he can touch his nose with his index finger, compare the mass of weights that are the same to the touch.

Not only people can perceive information, but also animals and plants. However, unlike people, the perception of information by animals and plants has its own characteristics. For example, elephants are able to perceive sounds that humans cannot hear, dogs have the best developed sense of smell, bats have the best hearing, and plants can receive information using roots and leaves. Despite these features, in wildlife, as well as in the world of people, information plays important role in providing life processes. A person seeks to express the information perceived with the help of the senses in such a way that it is understandable to others. The same information, depending on the purpose of the activity, can be expressed different ways and present in different forms.

According to the form of presentation it is customary to distinguish numerical, textual, graphic, sound and combined information (Fig. 4).

Rice. 4. Types of information according to the form of presentation

For example, if a person wants to learn the words of a song by heart, then most likely he will write down the verses using letters. In this case, the information will be presented intextual form. To memorize the melody of a song will allow you to listen to this song performed by a singer or musician. In this case, the information will be presented insound form. An image inspired by poetry or a melody can be depicted ingraphic form with a drawing.

In order to find out the number of fans of the song performer, it is necessary to count them and present the result innumerical form. Each of these forms of information presentation has its own characteristics.Graphic Informationthe most accessible, as it conveys a visual image to the slice.

WITH using text And sound informationfull explanations can be provided.Numeric Informationmakes it possible to carry out various comparisons and calculations. Therefore, most information is presented incombined form. A special case of combined information ismultimedia informationwhen textual and numerical information is combined with sound and graphic information, withvideo image.

To represent information, a person uses various signs. The same sign can have different meanings. If a person gave a signmeaning, this sign is calledsymbol

For example, a drawn oval can mean either the letter "O", or the number zero, or the chemical element oxygen, or a geometric figure. In our example, the drawn oval is a sign. Letter, number and designation chemical element are symbols.

In order to understand the meaning of information presented with the help of symbols, a person needs to know not only the symbols, but also the rules for composing messages from these symbols. In other words, one needs to know language. The language may be colloquial, drawing language, facial expressions And gestures, the language of science Andart.

There are natural (spoken) and artificial languages ​​(Fig. 5).

natural languages historically formed in the process of development of human civilization. Natural languages ​​include Russian, English, Chinese and many other languages. There are more than 10 thousand different languages, dialects and adverbs in the world.

Rice. 5. Types of languages

Constructed languages specially designed for professional use in any area of ​​human activity. Some artificial languages ​​have developed over a long historical period, such as the language of mathematical notation. From this point of view, they differ little from natural languages. Examples of artificial languages ​​are Esperanto, programming languages, the language of mathematics, the language of chemistry, the language of logic, the language of flags in the Navy, the language of traffic signs.

Some natural languages ​​have artificially created alphabets. So, for example, the authors of the Russian language are Cyril and Methodius.

The representation of information using a particular language is always associated with an alphabet. The alphabet contains a finite set of characters from which you can make as many words as you like. All characters in the alphabet are ordered.

The number of characters in the alphabet is called the power of the alphabet.

For example, text can be represented using letters of the Russian or English alphabet, and a number can be represented using the alphabet of decimal digits. In each of these alphabets, letters and numbers are arranged in a certain order.The power of the Russian alphabet is 33 letters, power of the english alphabet – 26 letters, A power of the decimal alphabet - 10 digits.

The presented information can be converted from one sequence of characters to another without thinking about the meaning of the message. This process of message transformation is called coding. The reverse process of encoding is the process decoding. In order to perform encoding or decoding, you need to know the rules for translating some characters into other characters. In other words, you need to know code or cipher.

As the means developed, various ways of encoding information appeared. For example, encoding using the Morse code (long signal - dash, short signal - dot, no signal - pause), using a binary code (no signal - 0, there is a signal - 1). Encoding is used to present information in a form that is most convenient for a person or technical device to work with. For example, a person is comfortable and accustomed to working with decimal numbers, but a computer is configured to work with binary numbers. That's why decimal number, entered using the computer keyboard, is encoded into a binary number. When a number is displayed on the monitor screen, it is decoded from a binary number to a decimal number. Coding information is necessary not only for its rational presentation, but also for its effective protection. Not coincidentally, another example of a code is a cell phone or bank card pin, as well as a code used as a key to a travel bag's digital lock.