A fairly simple question, although for many it causes certain difficulties. In fact, everything is much simpler than it seems at first glance.

What is this?

Before getting into the rules regarding inclinations, we need to understand what they are. This is a special grammatical pointing to the connection between action and reality. That is, it is not independent part speech, but the form of the verb, showing an already existing or possible future action.

Types and forms of moods of verbs

In linguistics, the following types of this category are distinguished:

• Indicative.
• Subjunctive.
• Imperative.
• Desirable mood (middle between subjunctive and imperative).
• Permissible.
• Proposal.
• Intentional mood (expressing intention).
• Negative-interrogative (an expression of a request that the action not be carried out).
• Surreal (characteristic of Indian and Pacific languages; it characterizes an action that has almost happened).
• Narrative (used in the Latvian language; exists for translating direct speech into indirect).

The first three of the given moods will be analyzed in more detail, because they are the verbs in the Russian language. However, since there are a whole lot of species, in the Russian language each of the existing ones has different characteristics of modality, that is, it combines several moods.

Indicative, subjunctive and imperative - features

The indicative or indicative is a category that expresses a process at any time. This type has no morphological indicator; instead, morphemes of tense and person of the verb are used.

Additional modal characteristics of this subspecies of the category are determination, readiness, threat and other intonational moments.

Imperative mood or imperative - a category responsible for expressing a request, order or inducement to action. It is also called the incentive mood. This category has no forms of time, but it is possible to distinguish the forms of 2 persons of the singular and plural and 1 person plural, that is, such a verb is combined with the pronoun "you", "you" and "we", respectively.

Additional modal characteristics of this subspecies of the category are desirability, assumption, obligation, and others.

The subjunctive or subjunctive is a category denoting a desired, supposed or possible process. This species has no forms of time, but it changes in numbers and genders. A feature of this subspecies is the presence of the particle "would", that is, the question to the verb does not sound "what (c) to do?", but "what to (c) do?". Therefore, this inclination is also called conditional.

Other modal characteristics of this given subspecies of the category are desire, advice, regret.

Table with examples

We give examples for each type of mood of verbs in the table.

Indicative (indicative)	Subjunctive (subjunctive)	imperative (imperative)
I write / wrote / will write	I would write
Do you write / wrote / will write
He / she writes / wrote (a) / will write	He/she would write
We write / have written / will write		We are writing!
you write/have written/will write		You write!
They write / have written / will write	They would write
features - none	features - no forms of time and faces	features - no time forms, not all face shapes

How to determine the mood of a verb?

Determining the grammatical category being described can be quite difficult. But the table of moods of verbs, which we bring to your attention, will help you solve this problem. You need to ask questions from the first column and find the answers in the columns on the right. You can think of this as an algorithm that explains how to determine the mood of a verb.

	indicative	Subjunctive	Imperative
What does	action that was, is or will be	action that could be	command, request, call to action
In what form is it used	all forms of person, number, tense and gender	only number and gender forms, always in the past tense	there are no forms of gender, time, only forms of 2 l. units and many others. numbers and 1 l. pl. number
An example for clarity	I eat / have eaten / will eat tonight	He would eat tonight	Eat tonight!

There is another easy way. To determine the mood of a verb, you must first ask yourself the question, does the word carry a command or an impulse? Thus, the imperative is eliminated. Next, you need to find the particle "would". If it is not there, then the subjunctive will also be removed from the possible options. In general, the indicative mood is the most frequently used among the other subspecies of the category, but sometimes this still does not interfere with checking.

As you can see, the topic of moods in Russian is far from the simplest, but not the most difficult either. To correctly determine whether a glalol belongs to this category, you just need to understand what meaning it carries and pay attention to the words surrounding the verb. Often this is what helps to draw the right conclusions.

In the lesson about the concept of the verb, you learned that an action can have the most different properties and can be thought of in completely different ways. And the verb expresses all this diversity with its forms. In this lesson, you will learn what properties of the action the verb can express using the mood.

1. Training observation

Consider different forms of verbs and try to determine when these actions are performed:

went

you walk

will walk

would go

go

So, went. What did you do? - The action takes place in the past.

you walk. Now. What are you doing? - this is the present tense. The action is taking place now, at the moment when we pronounce this word.

Will walk. He will walk in the future after we say these words. i.e. action only will take place.

I would go. When does this action take place? Would you like to visit us more often. Does this action take place at all? No! Some just want it to happen. And we can't tell the time!

walk! When is the action taking place? In present time? In the past? In future? And not in any of the times! The action is presented as a request, an order. And again, it is not known whether it will happen or not.

2. Three moods of the verb

With the help of inclination, the relation of action to reality is expressed. In Russian, the verb has three moods.

Indicative mood: the action is presented as taking place in reality in the present, past or future tense: read, read, read.

The conditional (subjunctive) mood is out of time, it denotes a desired, possible action, i.e. an action that did not happen, does not happen, but can happen under certain conditions: would read, would read, would read.

The imperative mood is also out of time, and the verbs in this mood denote an action that, in accordance with the order, wish or request of the speaker, may occur (or may not occur): read, read.

The inclination of the verb is a fickle sign.

3. Verbs in the conditional (subjunctive) mood

The formation of forms of the conditional (subjunctive) mood

I took + WOULD (B)

Conditional mood - analytical form.

Verbs in the conditional mood change by number, and in the singular by gender.

The tense and person of verbs in the subjunctive mood are not distinguished!

Shades of the values ​​of the conditional mood:

If you had come earlier, we would have done everything on time. (condition, possible action)

I would love to eat ice cream right now. (desirability)

No matter how the storm starts ... (fear, doubt)

4. Verbs in the imperative mood

The meaning of the forms of the imperative mood:

1. Order : Stay where you are!(attention: Stand!- this is not an imperative mood, but an indefinite form of the verb)

2. Request: Come visit us more often.

3. Simple urge Listen carefully to what I'm about to tell you.

4. Permission, permission: Okay, go for a walk.

5. Warning: Look, do not yawn, otherwise you will miss everything!

6. Prayer: Have mercy!

7. Ironic prompt: Hold your pocket wider!

Formation of imperative mood forms:

Suffix And+ (te): come, come, learn, learn

- Let (let), yes, let's+ present/future form: Let's We'll see, Yes hello, let comes.

The verb in the imperative mood changes in numbers and in persons and does not change in tenses and genders.

Note!

Hide

Hide

cut off

Eat

Soft sign before - those saved!

Bibliography

1. Russian language. Grade 6 / Baranov M.T. and others - M .: Education, 2008.
2. Babaitseva V.V., Chesnokova L.D. Russian language. Theory. 5-9 cells - M.: Bustard, 2008.
3. Russian language. 6 cells / Ed. MM. Razumovskaya, P.A. Lekanta. - M.: Bustard, 2010.

1. edu.glavsprav.ru ().
2. Gramma.ru ().

1. Group verbs according to moods:

tell me, I would say, throw it away, I would ask, I will give up, work, work, I will recover, I see, I would go, I will fly, I will walk, I scattered, breathe, lose weight, lie down, lie down.

2. How to change the mood of verbs without changing a single letter?

walk, hold, wear, stop.

3. Form the imperative mood of verbs:

get out, go, lie down.

4. In the name of an old children's toy, the imperative mood of the verb is written together with the particle - ka ?

5. Give examples of the use of the conditional mood in the meaning of the imperative.

That's why it's so important. This part of speech is necessary in order to correctly name and describe the action. Like other parts of speech, it has its own morphological features, which can be permanent and non-permanent. So, permanent morphological features include person, gender, time, number. Let's deal with such a concept as the inclination of a verb in Russian. How to define it? All these questions can be answered in this article.

In contact with

What is inclination?

This grammatical sign verb that helps change the word. This category is required for express process relation, which just calls this word, to reality.

Important! The verb forms are indicative, imperative and conditional.

.

Depending on how words express their attitude to those processes that actually occur, verbs have moods:

• direct;
• indirect.

By direct is meant the indicative mood, which allows you to objectively convey the action. Example: We watched a movie yesterday.

Indirect is an imperative or imperative mood. It serves to express those processes that do not coincide with reality. For example: I would read this novel tomorrow, but I will go to visit.

Thinking about the definition of a verb

Kinds

The classification is based on features and features lexical meaning verbs.

In modern times, there are three types:

1. Indicative.
2. Conditional.
3. Imperative.

The first type usually denotes the action that actually going on and could happen in the past, can happen in the present, and can happen in the future. For example: I will do my homework on Thursday.

The second type denotes an act that will be performed in the future, but already under a certain condition. For example: I would do my homework on Thursday, but I'm going to the theatre.

The third type is either an order to do something or a request. For example: Be sure to learn your lessons tomorrow.

Three types of verb mood

How to determine the mood of a verb

In order to determine this, it is necessary to understand how the action occurs and what grammatical characteristics it has. So, verbs in the indicative show a real act, so this word will change from time to time.

If the verb is in the imperative form, then it is the action will be performed by some other person. Such words usually encourage some kind of activity.

Therefore, the action will not be actually performed, but required. Most often, to get the imperative verb form, they use a specific tense, for example, the future or present, to which the suffix -i must be added. But it is possible without it. For example, catch, scream, die. If it is used in the plural, then the ending te is added respectfully to the ending of such a word. For example, catch, scream, die.

The conditional mood refers to those actions that could happen if there were all the necessary conditions. By the way, the conditional is also called the subjunctive. This form is easy to determine in the text, since it usually always has a particle would or b. For example, I would jump into the river if I had a swimsuit.

Important! Any verb word form can be used in oral and writing not only in direct meaning but also in a portable way. Usually figurative meaning completely changes the meaning of the word, so this category also changes.

indicative

The most common verbal word form in Russian is considered to be indicative, since it allows us to say that what actually happens to a person, object, or person. Only the indicative time can be determined, and how this action is performed will depend on what it is: in reality or it will be in the future.

Another feature of this form is the change in persons and numbers. If the verb is perfective, then it can change over time:

1. The present.
2. Future.
3. Past.

Every time here is formed in its own way. So, the future tense is formed using the word "to be", which is added to the verb in indefinite form. But this is a complex form of the future tense, and a simple form is. For example: I clean my apartment all day long. (present time). I cleaned my apartment all day long. (past time). I'll be cleaning the apartment all day long. (bud. vr.).

The indicative mood can be found in various types of speech, and therefore in many speech situations these verb forms are the most common.

Conditional

Words that are used in a conditional form indicate those actions that can occur, but some conditions are necessary for this. For example: I would pass this test if they helped me. To form such forms, you just need to put the verb in the past tense and attach the particle would or b. The particle can be placed anywhere in the sentence. It is necessary in order to highlight the word you need, which can be any part of speech.

The subjunctive, or conditional, has its own peculiarities of use. It allows not only to express some kind of action that could occur if special facilities were created for this, but also helps to express desires and dreams, doubts and fears.

The subjunctive mood in Russian helps to express the shades of the action condition. Examples: I would like to go to the sea if my job didn't keep me going. There would be no trouble!

imperative

Imperative verbs induce the listener to do something. Such words, diverse in emotional and grammatical design, can be both polite when they contain some kind of request, and an order. For example: Please bring a book. Bring a book!

The verb is one of the most important parts of speech. It serves to describe an action, to designate a certain process, that is, without it there will be absolutely nothing, only a meaningless name for a phenomenon that cannot manifest itself in any way, having fixed itself in a certain state. This nominative part of speech is characterized by such constant morphological features as aspect, reflexivity, transitivity and conjugation, while gender, person, number, tense and mood are non-permanent. The latter will be discussed in this article. How to determine in Russian what it affects, why is it necessary at all? Let's try to understand and, importantly, remember.

What is inclination? General view

In principle, inclination is defined by some scholars as "relation to reality." A rather abstract formulation, which does not particularly explain the meaning of this morphological feature, is worth admitting. But if you try to understand, everything becomes very clear.

In total, there are three in Russian, which indicates a real action and is used in all three tenses - it is it that is the most common and, therefore, the easiest to remember. Or the most difficult. Its existence in three tense forms allows you to conjugate verbs in all available ways, because of which you have to memorize a huge number of endings, which is not always so easy.

It is also quite common in Russian. It denotes an order, a request, some kind of instruction - any action that a person must perform not of his own free will, but at the will of the interlocutor. Imperative verbs exist in only two forms, which, of course, simplifies working with them, but at the same time creates certain difficulties for those who are not native Russian speakers and cannot intuitively choose the correct ending.

In Russian, it is also called the subjunctive, it shows an unrealistic action that is possible under certain conditions. It is called the simplest: only one form, changing only by gender, to which a particle is added - it is not difficult to determine such an element in the text.

Now that we have a basic understanding of what moods are in Russian, examples will help us understand the rule better.

Imperative mood - for what, how

So, we continue to consider in Russian. As mentioned above, it means, based on the name, a command in any of its forms: an order, a request, a polite assignment - the semantic shade depends only on intonation, there are no features in the formation of the form, depending on the motive that the speaker puts in.

The imperative mood in Russian is a rule that has been deposited in our subconscious, we apply it without even thinking. But still, it is necessary to understand why it is so, and not otherwise.

In order to use verbs in the imperative mood, you first need to determine who you need to contact. To address the request to the person to whom the speaker refers to "you", the appropriate form is used singular. To form it, you need to take away the ending from the verb in the indicative mood ( read-read-read ..., run-run-run ..., be-will-be...) and add one of the two vowels ( And or th) or soft sign (read, run, be). Fortunately, Russian speakers usually intuitively feel which ending to choose, so putting the verb in the second person singular imperative usually does not cause difficulties.

If we address a person with “you” or want to address our request to a group of people, then “te” is simply added to the singular form of the imperative mood ( read, run, be) - everything is much simpler than it seems at first glance.

Is it really that easy?

But this is the Russian language - where is it without exceptions? No one has canceled verbs in which root vowels and consonants change during conjugation, or even the root completely. For example " eat-eat-eat, go-go-go". Here, unfortunately, the rule is useless, either intuition or a banal subconscious knowledge of the required form will help - there is no other way.

The imperative mood in Russian is the simplest topic, for mastering which it is necessary to be able to form the singular form of the second person of this mood, and if necessary, simply add a “polite” ending to it.

The use of exception forms is not so frequent as to be a serious difficulty for native speakers. Foreigners, however, will have to try very hard to achieve an understanding of the imperative mood of the verb.

And a few more features

Firstly, it is necessary to take into account that it is formed only from imperfective verbs - they answer the question "What to do?" ( open-open-open), while the perfect view, respectively, - only from the perfect - with the question "What to do?" ( slightly open-slightly open-slightly open).

Another interesting thing related to the imperfect form of the verb: the presence of the suffix "va" after the roots "kna-", "da-", "sta-" (as in the words KNOW, GIVE, Rise). Usually, to form the imperative mood, the verb is put in the first person singular, corresponding to the pronoun "I" (I know, yes, I get up), that is, this suffix disappears, as in all other forms of the verb ( know, give, get). But in the imperative mood, the suffix returns ( get to know, let's get up) should never be forgotten.

And the subjunctive? Education and application

Let's move on to the subjunctive conditional. Everything is much simpler here than even in the imperative. The peculiarity of the use of this mood is that for its formation the form of the past tense is used, which changes in accordance with the gender and number of the object of the statement, that is, in order to speak about the subject in the singular, we use the singular forms of the past tense ( went and drew), and if we are talking about a group of people or someone to whom we respectfully refer to "you", the plural of the same past tense is used ( pointed out, spoken).

The second component of the subjunctive mood is the particles "by" and "b" - their choice depends on the context and is most often determined by the euphony of the phrase.

That is, when we want to show the possibility of action under any condition, we take the verb in the appropriate form of the past tense and add the necessary particle to it: I would say, I would go, they would laugh.

A little more about the features of use

This form, by the way, is used not only to express an action under a certain condition, but also in the case when we want to express dreams, desires ( would like to dream) and fears, doubts ( would not have happened). It would probably be more correct to say that all these shades are used equally, therefore the name “conditional mood” used in school textbooks is very conditional (a funny pun turns out), it is better to use the term “subjunctive mood”.

And now again and briefly

In principle, the whole theory is outlined above according to the simple rule of inclination in Russian. The table will help to fix it.

Practice, practice, and more practice!

To finally consolidate the learned material, try to put the following verbs in different moods.

• Indicative: draw, laugh, take away, rustle, answer, hate, go out, refuse, put, be proud, tear off, order, purr, hope, scratch.
• In imperative: go, renounce, scream, call, get, dream, achieve, turn off, give, blossom, overcook, curse, boast, imagine, realize.
• into the subjunctive: paint, visit, appear, command, destroy, warm up, breathe, freeze, buy, ask, reduce, break off, do, congratulate, think.

Summing up

indicative, subjunctive and imperative mood- this is one of those basic rules that does not require much memorization and is applied for the most part automatically, according to the sense of the language that each native speaker has. But at the same time, in no case can we deny the need to study at least a basic theory: without knowing the rules, you will never be able to understand certain features of a linguistic phenomenon.

In any case, practice is sometimes a much more effective teacher than dry theory. A huge plus in this particular case is that we apply this rule every day, so it will not be difficult to learn it.

The concept of the category of inclination. The facts of reality and their connections, being the content of the statement, can be thought of by the speaker as a reality, as a possibility or desirability, as an obligation or a necessity. The speaker's assessment of his statement from the point of view of the relation of the reported to reality is called modality. Modality is expressed in Russian by mood forms, intonation, and also by lexical means - modal words and particles.

Mood category- this is the GC in the verb system, which determines the modality of the action, i.e. denoting the relation of action to reality. Expresses the relation of action to reality established by the speaker. There are three moods in Russian: indicative, subjunctive and imperative.

Indicative expresses an action conceived by the speaker as quite real, actually taking place in time (present, past and future): Ural goodserves, servedAndwill serveour Motherland. The expression of modality by the indicative mood can also be carried out by combining its form with modal words and particles: as if stepped, as if changed. The indicative mood differs from other moods in that it has the forms of time.

Subjunctive mood expresses the action of the verb, which the speaker thinks is desirable or possible, but dependent on some condition: I am without youwould not getto the city andwould freezeon road(P.). This mood is formed by combining the past tense of the verb with the particle would. Particle would can take a different place in the sentence. The morphological feature of the subjunctive mood is the absence of tense and person forms. However, a person can be expressed by adding personal pronouns. The verb in the subjunctive mood in singular. h. varies by birth ( would go, would go, would go) and has one plural form ( would go). The most common and typical meanings of this mood are the conditionality and the desirability of the action.

Imperative mood expresses the will of the speaker - a request, an order or an incentive to perform an action indicated by a verb, and is characterized by a special imperative intonation: Dear friend, dear friend,come, come: I'm your husband!(P.). The main meaning of the imperative mood - the motivation to perform an action - usually refers to the interlocutor, so the main form of this mood is the form of the 2nd person singular or plural.

The imperative form is formed from the basis of the present tense and has the following three varieties:

a) with a final j after vowels (pure stem): build, come on, don't spit;

b) with the end -And after consonants: carry, shear, repeat;

c) with a final soft consonant, as well as with a hard and And w(pure base): leave, save, provide, smear, eat.

Verbs drink, beat, pour, vu form forms drink, bay, lei, wei; verb lie down has an imperative form lie down, lie down, and the verb eat - eat, eat; with a verb food imperative forms are used go - go. The imperative form of the 2nd person plural is formed by adding the affix -te to the singular form: build, carry, leave. Reflexive verbs attach affixes to the indicated formations of the imperative form -sya(after a consonant and th) And -ss(after -And And -those):do not be stubborn, build, cut your hair, cut your hair.

In addition to the basic form of the 2nd person singular and plural, the imperative mood has forms that express the action of the 3rd person and the 1st person of the plural. 3rd person forms are expressed (analytically) by a combination of particles let, let, yes with the 3rd person singular and plural present tense and future simple: Let it burnface like dawn in the morning(Ring.); Let it serve and pullwebbing(P.); Long live the muses, long liveintelligence!(P.). The 1st person plural imperative is expressed in the 1st person plural of the present tense or, more often, the future simple, pronounced with a special intonation of the invitation: Let's start, perhaps(P.). Attaching to this form of affix -those expresses an appeal to many people or gives the statement a touch of politeness: Already you, my brothers, blood friends,kissYeshugfor the last parting(L.).

Some verbs, for semantic reasons, do not form the imperative form of the 2nd person, such as impersonal verbs, individual verbs with the meaning of perception ( see, hear), with a state value ( to rot, to rot).

In the designation of persons, the imperative form is different great variety. This form is characterized by a generalized personal meaning, especially in proverbs and sayings: Spin, don't twist(pogov.). In the presence of different shades of modality, it is combined with all faces of both numbers: Lost my cart(pogov.); If they had come early, nothing would have happened.

Depending on the context, as well as the addition of pronouns and particles, the imperative form receives an additional expressive coloring: Don't take awayyou are my will, dear(A. Ostr.); Don't break, Look(T.); Go, old woman, daughter-in-law to visit(Nick.).

present tense shows that the action expressed by the verb coincides with the moment of speech: From here Iseestreams of birth(P.) - visual perception of flows ( see) occurs at the very time when the poet speaks of it.

Past tense denotes an action that preceded the moment of speech: I ran for many hours...(L.) - verb form fled expresses an action that was performed by the speaker before the speech about it began.

Future expresses an action that will take place after the moment of speech: It seemed to me ... that she would soon die(M. G.).

Time expressed in verb forms in relation to the moment of speech is called absolute time.Relative time the verb form is called time, which is determined in this form not by the moment of speech, but by the ratio with the time of another action, for example: wrote that it works(the present tense of the verb works indicates the coincidence of the time of the action not with the moment of speech, but with the time of the action expressed by the verb wrote).

Meanings and use of forms of time . present tense. The forms of the present tense have the following varieties of meaning and use: a) the meaning of a specific action that is carried out at the moment of speech and has a limited duration: Out the masonspavestreet(A.N. T.); b) the meaning of an action of indefinite duration, constantly taking place:

Verbshide, and nounsbow down, or actions of the usual, characteristic of a person or object - ...Poetsings, scientistthinks, painter, sculptor, architectcreateAndare building, craftsmanworks(P.). The present tense form is used for a picturesque depiction of past events, as well as in all cases where expressive speech techniques are used. This form of the present tense corresponds to both the past imperfective form and the past perfect form and is called the present historical: get acquaintedthey, thenmake friends, then they can'tbreake downand wholecarry outtogether days(Cr.). The present tense form of verbs of motion sometimes expresses an action in the near future: we're leavingtomorrow at sea.

Past tense. The features of the meaning of past tense forms are related to their belonging to the perfect or imperfect form. The past tense of imperfective verbs expresses an action as a fact of the past and is used to describe: Throughout the first half of Maywalkedrains(Garsh.). The past tense of perfective verbs has several meanings that are not strictly delimited: a) the completion of the action in the past: perishedPoet! - slave of honor -fell, slandered by rumor(L.); b) the sequence of completed actions, the replacement of one such action by another: Prince Bagrationsuspendedhis horse, recognizing Prince Andrei,noddedhis head(L. T.); c) saving in the present the result of the completed action: Look - what a haze in the depths of the valleyslay down(Polonsky).

Special cases of expressing the past tense include: a) the repetition of an action with a hint of prescription ("long past tense"): And here is the fireplace; here the master sat alone. Here with himdinedin winter, the late Lensky, our neighbor(P.); b) repetition of action: used towrotewith blood she is in the albums of tender maidens...(P.); c) started but interrupted action: Here he iswas outbut stopped at the door...(P.); d) sudden-instant action, expressed by interjectional verbs (such as sniff, snatch, slap and etc.): Lighter shadows Tatianajumpto other canopies(P.); e) instant-random action: I put him on the table so that he could have an operation, and hetakeAnddieI have chloroform(Ch.).

Future. The forms of the future tense differ both in education and in meaning. The future tense of imperfective verbs is formed by combining the future tense forms of the auxiliary verb be and the indefinite form of the conjugated verb ( I will wear) and is called future complex. The future tense of perfective verbs has the same endings with the present tense and is called the future simple ( I will carry).

The future compound is homogeneous in meaning: it always denotes an action that will take place after the moment of speech: HowmanageYouyou willunder the stormput outrebellion,entangletreason?(P.).

The future simple has a variety of meanings. The main meaning of the future simple is the designation of the result of the action, regardless of the moment of speech: So if this unknown tramp crosses the Lithuanian borderwill pass, to him a crowd of madmenwill attractDemetrius resurrected name(P.). In this resultative meaning, the future tense is used in proverbs and sayings: get hungryand get some breadguess(pogov.). In addition to the main meaning, the future simple can denote an action related to the present or past tense. The synonymy of the future simple forms of the present tense is more often observed in descriptions, when a number of forms of the present and future tenses are used: Storm in the haze of the skyhides, twisting snow whirlwinds. The way the beast she ishowl, Thatwill crylike a child(P.). To refer to actions that took place in the past, the future simple is used in combination with the past tense of imperfective verbs: Gerasimlooked, looked, but howwill laughall of a sudden(T.), and also happened with a particle and a particle like (in an exclamatory sentence): And my mother used towill coverblue eyes yeswill leadsong to great heights(M. G.); Like a queenjump backyes like a penwill wave, yes, like a mirrorslam, heels something likestomp(P.).

History of past tense forms in RY.

In the DNR, past tense forms were divided into simple (aorist, imperfect) and compound (perfect and pluperfect). The existence of 4 forms was explained by the presence of differences in the system of these forms.

Meanings: Aorist - action in the past. The imperfect is a long repeated action in the past (emphasis on the circumstances of the action). Perfect - past in the present (result. Very different from all tenses - indicates a state). Pluperfect - long past.

Simple forms were formed from the base of the infinitive + connecting vowel + suffix + connecting vowel + ending.

The imperfect and aorist were lost (first the imperfect). The remains of the aorist are considered: a particle by, chu, some forms in phraseological units. The loss of forms was accompanied by their confusion, semantic indistinguishability. The loss of the imperfect led to the development of new verb forms with the meaning of multiplicity: from the 14th century. - say a hoot; from the 16th century - said.

The perfect was formed with the help of the verb BE in the present tense + el participle. In the written period, the perfect became the only form of the past tense with the meaning CB / HB. Lost connection with the present tense due to the spread of personal pronouns in the role of the subject. The participle became a personal verb form, which lost its generic distinctions in the plural. The perfect was preserved by dialects.