The concept and factors of speech etiquette

In a broad sense, speech etiquette performs a regulatory function in the process of communication (for example, communication by age status, youth or professional standards).

IN narrow sense, speech etiquette is a semantic field of the functional type of a polite behavior model in the following acts of communication: appeal, acquaintance, gratitude, request, apology, etc.

The richness of the synonymic rows of units of speech etiquette is due to the contact of communicants with different social characteristics in different social interactions.

Factors taken into account in speech etiquette:

• Pragmatic, a unit of etiquette, in which a speech act takes into account the principle of politeness and cooperation;
• Linguistic, differentiates the unit of etiquette as a word, phrase, correctly pronounced from the point of view of the language;
• The stylistic factor delimits the forms of communication among the public, generations, partners, etc.;
• Culturological, considers speech etiquette as an integral part of folk culture and norms of behavior inherent in a given territorial community.

Rules and requirements of speech etiquette

There are two types of communication rules:

• Forbidding - rules of conduct in a closed system of communication (in an organization, in a family, in a team, etc.);
• Advisory - rules speech communication in an open system of communication (in society, at cultural events, etc.).

At the same time, requirements, prohibitions and recommendations are formed for the culture of speech behavior.

Speech requirements include:

1. Correctness and purity of pronunciation in accordance with the literary norms of the language;
2. Accuracy of speech in terminology and professionalism;
3. Relevance of speech in the choice of tone and style of communication;
4. Communication and expediency avoiding rudeness, tactlessness and unclear pronunciation;
5. The ethics of communication, taking into account the rules of treatment, consent and praise.

Speech prohibitions to avoid conflict situation and improve communication comfort include:

1. The ban on tonality (neglect, lisping);
2. Prohibition of expressions (rude, insulting);
3. Prohibition of gestures (intimidation, resentment);
4. Voice ban (stuttering, illegibility).

Commandments of communication and special cases

The main commandments of successful and productive communication, the main provisions of speech etiquette:

• Avoid verbosity and speech monotony;
• Speak simply, clearly, accessible;
• Know why and what to talk about;
• Know how to find mutual language with every person;
• Politeness is the basis of success in any sphere of human life;
• Learn to listen.

Special cases of applying the rules of etiquette:

1. Establishing contact is associated with ethical and kind treatment of others. The main word in this case should be “hello”, “greeting”, “good afternoon / morning / evening”. To attract attention, the use of phrases is allowed: “let me turn”, “sorry”, etc.
2. Appeal to the opponent. It is now considered more appropriate to address by name and patronymic, the position held. It is not allowed to indicate the personal characteristics of the communicant - his gender, age, faith, and others;
3. Completion of the contact should leave a positive impression of the narrator. It is considered important not only to politely say goodbye, but also to leave words of gratitude, a warm atmosphere for further cooperation or dialogue.

- I'm sorry!

Unfortunately, we often hear this form of address. Speech etiquette and communication culture- not very popular concepts in modern world. One will consider them too decorative or old-fashioned, the other will find it completely difficult to answer the question of what forms of speech etiquette are found in his speech. Everyday life.

Meanwhile, the etiquette of speech communication plays a crucial role for the successful activity of a person in society, his personal and, building strong family and friendships.

The concept of speech etiquette

Speech etiquette is a system of requirements (rules, norms) that explain to us how to establish, maintain and break contact with another person in a certain situation. Norms of speech etiquette very diverse, each country has its own characteristics of the culture of communication.

• speech etiquette - a system of rules

It may seem strange why you need to develop special rules of communication, and then stick to them or break them. And yet, speech etiquette is closely related to the practice of communication, its elements are present in every conversation. Compliance with the rules of speech etiquette will help you correctly convey your thoughts to the interlocutor, quickly reach mutual understanding with him.

Mastery speech etiquette requires knowledge in the field of various humanitarian disciplines: linguistics, psychology, cultural history and many others. For a more successful mastering of the skills of a culture of communication, such a concept is used as speech etiquette formulas.

Speech etiquette formulas

The basic formulas of speech etiquette are learned in early age when parents teach a child to say hello, say thank you, ask for forgiveness for tricks. With age, a person learns more and more subtleties in communication, masters various styles of speech and behavior. The ability to correctly assess the situation, start and maintain a conversation with a stranger, correctly express one’s thoughts, distinguishes a person high culture, educated and intelligent.

Speech etiquette formulas- these are certain words, phrases and set expressions used for the three stages of conversation:

• start a conversation (greeting/introduction)
• main part
• final part of the conversation

Starting a conversation and ending it

Any conversation, as a rule, begins with a greeting, it can be verbal and non-verbal. The sequence of greeting also matters, the younger one greets the elder first, the man - the woman, the young girl - the adult man, the junior - the senior. We list in the table the main forms of greeting the interlocutor:

IN end of conversation use formulas for ending communication, parting. These formulas are expressed in the form of wishes (all the best, all the best, goodbye), hopes for further meetings (see you tomorrow, I hope to see you soon, we'll call you), or doubts about further meetings (goodbye, do not remember dashingly).

The main part of the conversation

After the greeting, the conversation begins. Speech etiquette provides for three main types of situations in which various speech formulas of communication are used: solemn, mournful and working situation. The first phrases uttered after the greeting are called the beginning of the conversation. It is not uncommon for situations where the main part of the conversation consists only of the beginning and the end of the conversation following it.

• speech etiquette formulas - set expressions

Solemn atmosphere, approach important event suggest the use of speech turns in the form of an invitation or congratulations. At the same time, the situation can be both official and informal, and it depends on the situation which formulas of speech etiquette will be used in the conversation.

The mournful atmosphere in connection with the events that bring grief suggests condolences expressed emotionally, not on duty or dryly. In addition to condolences, the interlocutor often needs consolation or sympathy. Sympathy and consolation can take the form of empathy, confidence in a successful outcome, accompanied by advice.

In everyday life, the work environment also requires the use of speech etiquette formulas. Brilliant or, conversely, improper performance of assigned tasks can be a reason for or censure. When following orders, an employee may need advice, for which it will be necessary to ask a colleague. It also becomes necessary to approve someone else's proposal, give permission for execution or a reasoned refusal.

The request should be extremely polite in form (but without fawning) and understandable to the addressee, the request should be delicate. When making a request, it is advisable to avoid the negative form, use the affirmative one. Advice must be given non-categorically; addressing advice will be an incentive to action if it is given in a neutral, delicate form.

For the fulfillment of a request, the provision of a service, helpful advice it is customary to express gratitude to the interlocutor. Also an important element in speech etiquette is compliment. It can be used at the beginning, middle and end of a conversation. Tactful and timely said, he lifts the mood of the interlocutor, disposes to a more open conversation. A compliment is useful and pleasant, but only if it is a sincere compliment, said with a natural emotional coloring.

Situations of speech etiquette

The key role in the culture of speech etiquette is played by the concept situation. Indeed, depending on the situation, our conversation can change significantly. In this case, communication situations can be characterized by a variety of circumstances, for example:

• personalities of interlocutors
• place
• time
• motive

The personalities of the interlocutors. Speech etiquette is focused primarily on the addressee - the person being addressed, but the personality of the speaker is also taken into account. Accounting for the personality of the interlocutors is implemented on the principle of two forms of address - to You and to You. The first form indicates the informal nature of communication, the second - respect and great formality in conversation.

Place of communication. Communication in a certain place may require the participant to have specific rules of speech etiquette established for this place. Such places can be: a business meeting, a social dinner, a theater, a youth party, a restroom, etc.

In the same way, depending on the topic of conversation, time, motive or purpose of communication, we use different conversational techniques. The topic of conversation can be joyful or sad events, the time of communication can be conducive to being brief or to a detailed conversation. Motives and goals are manifested in the need to show a sign of respect, express a benevolent attitude or gratitude to the interlocutor, make an offer, ask for a request or advice.

Any national speech etiquette imposes certain requirements on the representatives of their culture, and has its own characteristics. The very appearance of the concept of speech etiquette is associated with an ancient period in the history of languages, when each word was given special meaning, and there was a strong belief in the effect of the word on the surrounding reality. And the emergence of certain norms of speech etiquette is due to the desire of people to bring certain events to life.

But for speech etiquette different peoples some common features are also characteristic, with a difference only in the forms of implementation of speech norms of etiquette. In each cultural and linguistic group there are formulas of greeting and farewell, respectful appeal to elders by age or position. In a closed society, a representative of a foreign culture, not familiar with the characteristics national speech etiquette, appears to be an uneducated, ill-mannered person. In a more open society, people are prepared for differences in the speech etiquette of different peoples; in such a society, imitation of a foreign culture of speech communication is often practiced.

Speech etiquette of modernity

In the modern world, and even more so in the urban culture of the post-industrial and information society, the concept of a culture of speech communication is changing radically. The speed of changes taking place in modern times threatens the very traditional foundations of speech etiquette, based on ideas about the inviolability of the social hierarchy, religious and mythological beliefs.

Studying the norms speech etiquette in the modern world turns into practical purpose, focused on achieving success in a particular act of communication: if necessary, draw attention to yourself, show respect, inspire confidence in the addressee, his sympathy, create favorable climate for communication. However, the role of national speech etiquette remains important - knowledge of the characteristics of a foreign speech culture is a mandatory sign of fluency in a foreign language.

Russian speech etiquette in circulation

Main feature Russian speech etiquette can be called its heterogeneous development throughout the existence of Russian statehood. Serious changes in the norms of Russian language etiquette took place at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. The former monarchical system was distinguished by the division of society into estates from nobles to peasants, which determined the specifics of treatment in relation to the privileged estates - master, sir, gentleman. At the same time, there was no single appeal to representatives of the lower classes.

As a result of the revolution, the former estates were abolished. All appeals of the old system were replaced by two - a citizen and a comrade. The appeal of a citizen has acquired a negative connotation, it has become the norm in the use of prisoners, convicted persons, detainees in relation to representatives of law enforcement agencies. The address comrade, on the contrary, was fixed in the meaning of “friend”.

In the days of communism, only two types of address (and in fact, only one - comrade), formed a kind of cultural and speech vacuum, which was informally filled with such addresses as man, woman, uncle, aunt, boy, girl, etc. They remained and after the collapse of the USSR, but in modern society are perceived as familiarity, and indicate a low level of culture of the one who uses them.

In post-communist society, the old types of address gradually began to reappear: gentlemen, madam, mister, etc. As for the address comrade, it is legally fixed as an official address in power structures, the armed forces, communist organizations, in collectives of factories and factories.

In preparing the article, materials from the Online Encyclopedia Around the World and the RGIU Library were used.

In any place, wherever a person is, it is always customary to politely address the interlocutor. Every day we greet, thank, apologize, offer, ask for something, say goodbye. Speech etiquette is the ability to politely communicate with the interlocutor. Using etiquette in everyday communication will help you build good and trusting relationships with people.

Peculiarities

human communication and human speech since ancient times have played a huge role in the life and culture of mankind. Speech culture is reflected in languages various countries and peoples. Thanks to linguistic traditions, we have an idea of ​​the culture of countries, their national values ​​and worldview.

Human speech is the most important sign by which one can understand the level of development and literacy of a person. Do not underestimate the importance of etiquette in the life of any person, since it is he who often acts as a connecting element in work and social life.

Speech etiquette implies a set of norms, thanks to which a person understands how to communicate, maintain relationships with other people in different life situations. The rules of etiquette are very diverse, there is no common single "formula" of communication. Any country is rich in its cultural subtleties of communication.

This type of etiquette interacts very strongly with the very practice of communication, its components are present in any conversation. If you correctly follow the rules of speech etiquette, then you can competently and clearly convey to a person what you want from him. Mutual understanding and sympathy are also achieved much faster.

Speech etiquette borders on others humanities- linguistics (as well as its subsections - morphology, lexicology, stylistics, phonetics, phraseology, etymology and others), psychology, and, of course, the cultural characteristics of other countries.

To successfully master the skills of cultural conversation, you should apply the formulas of speech etiquette.

Starting formulas are instilled in a child from childhood. This is what parents teach us - how to properly greet a person, say goodbye, express gratitude, apologize. Growing older, each person adopts new features in communication, learns various types speech.

It is important to note that the ability to politely maintain a conversation with an opponent, to correctly express your thoughts, shows you as a polite interlocutor.

So, etiquette formulas are a set of generally recognized words and expressions that are used in conversation. They are applied in three stages of the conversation:

• Starting a conversation (greeting). The phrases that are selected for greetings depend on your interlocutor. It is important to take into account his gender, age, social status. There are no rigid frames. The standard greeting is "Hello! or "Good morning! ". Such an appeal is universal and suitable for everyone - both for your friends and relatives, and for superiors.
• Main part of the conversation. Here the formulas depend on the purpose of the conversation.
• Conclusion. According to the general rules, it is customary to say goodbye or arrange a subsequent meeting. You can use universal options: “Goodbye! " or "All the best."

A bit of history

As noted above, etiquette is some rules of conduct that are instilled in a person from childhood. The concept of the foundations of this definition is based on cultural values. Compliance with these norms helps to build good relationships with people. Today's norms of etiquette were not invented intentionally. Words, phrases and various conversational techniques have been formed over many centuries in the process of communication between people.

The word "etiquette" itself is of Greek origin. It means "order". In the future, the word took root tightly in France. It began to be used at the end of the 17th century, during the reign of Louis XIV. The word "Etiquette" denoted a card on which the norms of behavior at the king's table were indicated.

The rules of speech etiquette were formed in ancient times, when a person was just beginning to learn how to build relationships with his interlocutor. Already in those days, certain norms of behavior began to form, helping to gain understanding and make a favorable impression on the interlocutor.

The norms of correct behavior can be found in the manuscripts of the inhabitants Ancient Greece And ancient egypt. In those days, these norms were a kind of ritual, with the help of which people could understand that they did not pose a threat to each other, they thought “on the same wavelength”.

Functions

The basic purpose of speech etiquette is to form a connection and contact between groups of people. Compliance with general rules and norms makes the interlocutor more understandable to other people. We understand what can be expected from him, as we begin to trust the communication skills we know.

This feature arose in ancient times, when danger lay in wait for man everywhere. At that time, the observance of ritual communication was very important. When another person, who is also the interlocutor, performed familiar and understandable actions, called the necessary and understandable words, this greatly simplified the interaction, softening distrust.

Now we understand at the gene level that a person who observes these norms can be trusted. Norms create a favorable atmosphere, provide positive influence to the person you are talking to.

With the help of etiquette, we demonstrate our respect and reverence to our opponent. Etiquette emphasizes the status of a person.

In general, we can say that the use of the simplest norms of speech etiquette avoids the occurrence of many conflict situations.

Kinds

It is important to note that written and oral etiquette is quite different. Written ethics is strictly regulated, has a stricter framework, it is important to observe its norms. Conversational ethics is freer in its manifestation, words and phrases can be replaced by actions, and sometimes omissions of words are allowed. An example is a greeting - instead of the usual “Good afternoon / evening! ” You can slightly nod your head or replace it with a small bow. In some situations, this is dictated by ethical rules of conduct.

Etiquette is divided into the following types:

• Business. It is also called official. Normalizes the behavior of a person when he performs his duties. Characteristic for official documentation, negotiation, public speech. It can also be used for discutive-polemical speech.
• Everyday. It is characterized by great freedom of action. As the name implies, it is actively used by us in everyday life.

The application of etiquette in different settings may vary. For example, you can switch from a formal setting to an informal one if there has been a change in the address to the interlocutor from the official “You” to the more familiar “You”.

Proper application of types of etiquette will help improve your communication skills.

Principles

All norms of behavior are initially based on generally accepted moral principles. Elements of speech etiquette are no exception.

The main principle can be characterized by the correct attitude towards the interlocutor. In any conversation, it is important to put yourself in the place of the interlocutor. This will help smooth out sharp corners and avoid unwanted conflicts.

Language etiquette consists of principles that can be called "basic terms":

• brevity;
• Relevance;
• Literacy;
• Accuracy.

It is important to choose phrases that are suitable for a particular situation, taking into account the status of a person, as well as the degree of your acquaintance with him. The speech should be short but to the point. It is important not to lose the meaning of the conversation.

The interlocutor must be treated with respect, showing the necessary share of respect.

The most fundamental principles of etiquette can be called goodwill and mutual cooperation. It is these principles that generate productive and mutually beneficial communication.

General rules

Cultural speech cannot exist without observing the general norms of communication between people:

• When addressing another person, it is important to take into account gender, social status, and, of course, the age of the interlocutor. Phrases and words that you can say to a friend may not be acceptable to a stranger, your boss or a person of age.
• The use of "you" and "you". On "you" it is customary to refer to family members, friends, close relatives and some acquaintances. To an interlocutor who is younger than you in age, such an appeal is also acceptable. "You" is considered to be a neutral polite address to a stranger, a person who has a higher position, to the older generation. Violation of the boundaries between "you" and "you" is considered to be familiar and rude, discourteous.
• Rudeness, contemptuous tone and insults should not be in your speech. If, due to circumstances, it is not possible to be kind to the interlocutor, then it is better to use a neutral, respectful tone.
• Terribly ugly and disrespectful when communicating with a person is considered yawning, a manifestation of boredom, constant interruption.

If words and phrases can be called verbal means of communication, then gestures and facial expressions are non-verbal methods of influencing people. It is important to follow facial expressions and gestures. Excessive gesticulation is usually unacceptable. Following these simple rules will help you become a good conversationalist.

Various situations

Human behavior in various situations is based on etiquette. So, these include:

• Establishing contact (greeting);
• Acquaintance;
• Appeal;
• Advice;
• Offer;
• Expression of gratitude;
• Consent or refusal;
• Congratulation;
• Compliments and more.

For various situations, there are standard speech formulas. Let's take a closer look at some situations.

Establishing contact

In this case, etiquette formulas are aimed at establishing contact with the interlocutor. This is a greeting to the interlocutor. The most universal and frequently used word is the word "Hello". At given word there are many synonyms, from the simple "Hello" in close relationships to the standard polite "Good day" and "Hello." The use of greeting synonyms is determined by many factors - the degree of acquaintance, age, proximity of the opponent, and, in the end, your field of work.

When establishing contact, greeting is an important point. The words “I’m sorry” or “I’m sorry” or “I can contact you” can attract the attention of a person. It is worth adding an explanatory phrase to them why you turned to a person: a request, an offer or an idea.

The situation of address is the most difficult etiquette situation, since it is not always easy to find the appropriate appeal to a person.

At times Soviet Union the standard address was the generic word "Comrade". It was used in relation to all people, regardless of their gender. Currently, the address "Mr." or "Madam" is used.

It is considered polite to address the interlocutor using his first and middle name. The appeal "Woman" or "Girl", "Young man" are inappropriate and rude. In the performance of official duties, it is allowed to refer to the title of the position: “Mr. Deputy Director”.

When addressing a person, one should not indicate any of his personal characteristics (gender, nationality, social status, age, religion).

End contact

This stage is important in that the interlocutor will make a final impression of you. When saying goodbye, you can use standard phrases: "See you", "Goodbye", "All the best." With closer contact or a longer acquaintance, you can use an informal farewell in the form of the word "Bye".

It is reasonable to include gratitude for the time allotted for communication and for the work done in the final stage of contact. You can express a wish for further cooperation. At the end of the conversation, it is important to make a good impression. In the future, this will help to find long-term and mutually beneficial cooperation.

Consider also the dating situation. It is important to pay attention to handling here. As mentioned above, it is customary to use “You” to refer to familiar people with whom you are in a close or friendly relationship. In other cases, it is preferable to use the appeal "you".

If you introduce people to each other, then you can use the following phrases: “Let me introduce you”, “Let me introduce you”. The person presenting must give a small general characteristics presented, for the convenience of the interlocutor. Usually they call the surname, name and patronymic, position and some important detail. Acquaintance interlocutors usually utter words that they are glad to meet you.

Congratulations and gratitude

A fairly large number of speech formulas are used to express gratitude. These include the phrases “Thank you”, “Thank you”, “Very grateful” and so on.

There are also many phrases for congratulations. In addition to the usual "Congratulations", it is customary to come up with individual congratulations, various holiday poems.

invitation and offer

When inviting an interlocutor to various events, it is important to observe certain norms of behavior. The elements of the invitation and the offer are somewhat similar, they usually emphasize the special significance of a person.

Fixed phrases for an invitation: “We invite you ...”, “Please visit ...”, “Please come ...”. When inviting, it is appropriate to indicate that you are waiting for an interlocutor. This can be done with the phrase "We will be glad to see you."

The request is characterized by the use of stable expressions “We ask you”, “Could you please”.

Any request or suggestion must be accepted or denied. Consent is expressed briefly and concisely. It is best to issue a refusal with a softening motivation that explains the reason for the refusal.

Condolence, sympathy and apology

In the life of any person there are tragic moments when you have to use speech etiquette with condolences or sympathy. The main rule is that this must be done as tactfully as possible so as not to aggravate the situation.

It is important that your words sound sincere, it is recommended to use encouraging words. When expressing condolences, it is appropriate to offer your help. For example, you can say: "Please accept my sincere condolences in connection ... You can count on my help if necessary."

Compliments and praise

Compliments are one of the important components of any relationship between people. With their help, you can significantly strengthen relationships. But you should be careful. From compliments to flattery, there is a very thin line, they are distinguished only by the degree of exaggeration.

According to the general rules of etiquette, compliments should refer directly to a person, and not to things. Let's consider a specific situation. How to compliment a woman in a beautiful dress? According to the general rules of etiquette, it would be wrong to say “This dress suits you so much! ". Correct use of the phrase “You are so good in this dress! ".

A slight rearrangement of words emphasizes the beauty of a person, not a dress.

In today's world it is very important to use praise. You can praise the interlocutor for his character, for special skills, for work and even for feelings.

National traits

Speech etiquette takes its base on generally accepted human principles of morality. The essence of etiquette is identical in many cultures of different countries. This includes literacy, politeness in communication, restraint and the ability to use generally accepted formulas of speech that will correspond to a particular situation.

But there are still some cultural differences in the speech etiquette of countries. In Russia, for example, etiquette involves maintaining a conversation, including with unfamiliar (unfamiliar) people. A similar situation can occur in a confined space - an elevator, a train compartment, a bus interior.

In other countries (especially Asian countries - Japan, China, South Korea), people tend to avoid talking to strangers. They try not to make eye contact with the interlocutor, do not pay attention to him, look at the phone. If the conversation cannot be avoided, then they talk on the most abstract and neutral topics (for example, about the weather).

Consider the difference in speech etiquette in different countries on the example of Japan. Relations between people in this country are based on traditions and have some conventions. In this country, any greeting is accompanied by an indispensable bow, which is called "ojigi".

Interesting relationships between people different ages. If a person is older, then his position in society is higher than the position of a younger interlocutor. This rule is followed even in the family circle. The girl does not address her older brother by name, but uses the phrase “nii-san”, which means “elder brother”, the young man will address his older sister “onee-san” (translation - older sister).

If we compare the position of a man and a woman, then the man is a superior person. The same principle applies to father and mother. Although a woman may be the head of the family, her social status is lower.

In a work area where positions are strictly prescribed, a person with a lower rank will bow lower to a higher colleague.

A special place in Japan is given to greetings, an important place is occupied by bows. Residents of Japan bow to other people several times a day. Bowing when greeting helps create a favorable environment for communication. By this you have the interlocutor to yourself, showing such an important respect.

Any words of greeting must be expressed with due respect for the interlocutor. In no case should you allow manifestations of arrogance and familiarity. Do not cross the allowed level of trust in you.

For us, these features of behavior (bows, for example) may seem strange, including from an aesthetic point of view, yet it is worth respecting foreign cultures and traditions. Therefore, when talking with a foreigner, one should have at least a small idea of ​​the stylistic communication and etiquette culture of his country. This will be a good basis for further communication with each other.

For the basics of speech etiquette and the rules of conversation, see the following video.

"Good morning" - this is how we usually greet colleagues when we come to work, and without knowing it, we follow the rules of speech in communication. They are quite diverse and, at first glance, boring and only interfere with the normal flow of the conversation. But in fact, without such restrictions, it would be impossible to make the conversation understandable for each of its participants.

The concept of modern speech etiquette

Any conversation is conducted according to its own rules, and they are so stable that we follow them without thinking at all about the sequence of actions. It would never occur to anyone to start a conversation with a farewell formula? Compliance with the rules of speech etiquette contributes to a friendly conversation, but neglecting them can even become a prerequisite for conflict. For example, addressing a stranger to “you” is allowed only on the Internet; in a “live” conversation, this will cause bewilderment, and if the person is older, then indignation. Communication etiquette regulates behavior in various situations, and the phrases used provide information about the degree of acquaintance of the interlocutors, their social status, age, communication environment. Despite their stability, speech formulas are subject to historical change, for example, the address "ma'am" today looks hopelessly outdated.

It is curious that these rules are based not only on moral norms, but also on cultural and national traditions. That is, getting acquainted with the rules of speech etiquette, we can get some idea of ​​the culture of the country or region with whose representatives we will need to communicate. It should be borne in mind that these rules are heterogeneous, that is, in addition to national differences, there are differences of a social nature. For example, formulas used in a conversation with a child will be inappropriate when communicating with an adult. This is common among kindergarten teachers and teachers. primary school, having got used to the same norms of communication, it can be difficult for them to reorganize, so it seems to others that they are being treated like children. It is in such nuances that the complexity of the concept of “speech etiquette” lies, whether you arrange negotiations with business partners or gather for friendly gatherings, go get a passport or go to a beauty salon - each type of yours will obey its own rules.

Signs of modern speech etiquette

As mentioned above, the rules that govern communication are so entrenched that we use them unconsciously. To better understand this phenomenon, it is worth knowing about its main features.

Speech etiquette regulates not only the ways of addressing and saying goodbye, but also the conduct of a conversation. So, it is required to ensure that the topic of the conversation is interesting to all participants in the conversation, to maintain the interest of the listener and to avoid being categorical. In fact, there are many more rules, but compliance with these is decisive for a successful conversation.

In the life of every person, etiquette communication plays a key role. We are forced to observe rituals and put into practice etiquette rules. Speech, gestures, facial expressions - all this forms our behavior, which varies depending on who the dialogue is with, what goal is pursued, what kind of relationship we have with the interlocutor, etc. It is unacceptable to make mistakes in the process of communication. Behavior rules and good manners are instilled in childhood, at the moment of active comprehension of the world. In youth, their observance seems to be an unnecessary formality, and only with age comes the realization of how important it is for modern man communication etiquette.

Every person moving in society must be able to use their native language. But you need to do it correctly, observing behavior rules and culture of speech etiquette. We do not always have to communicate with people who adhere to these rules. Depending on the conditions of communication and the goals pursued by opponents, the type of speech may change. Usually such a "switch" occurs unconsciously and is dictated by the peculiarities of human relationships. For example, the liberties that we can take in the presence of loved ones are unacceptable in the company of strangers. And the manner of communicating with children is markedly different from how we build a conversation with people of our own age. Below are examples of how you can break through the use of certain words and modulation.

Examples of violation of speech etiquette

Anyone can encounter problems related to the culture of speech. People are not used to thinking about what they say and how it looks from the outside, so quite often they make mistakes in speech. The most common violations of speech etiquette are:

• non-compliance with the rules of the ritual of speech etiquette in a particular situation (did not greet, did not apologize, forgot to thank);
• choosing expressions that are inappropriate under the circumstances and in relation to the partner.

• phrases with “thieves” words and jargon inserted into them (“finally”, “in kind”, “people”, “freaky”, “I can’t get it”);
• foul language.

Sometimes a shade of sarcasm can be carried by phrases in which the addressee's name and patronymic are used too often: “Hello, Ivan Ivanovich. I heard you went to England, Ivan Ivanovich. When else are you going there, Ivan Ivanovich?

Thanks to the use by a person in his speech of certain formulas of speech etiquette, you can learn a lot about his character, level of education, position in society, place of residence (whether he is a city dweller or a villager), professional position, attitude towards the interlocutor, etc. Moreover, it is possible to obtain valuable information without even knowing the person personally. It is enough to turn to several works of art to understand who literary heroes are in life. The characters of stories, short stories, novels also often make mistakes in communicating with others and do not observe behavior rules : an arrogant commanding tone, rudeness, a demonstration of power form a human image not from the best side.

One of the clearest examples of impolite behavior is Chekhov's story "The triumph of the winner." One of the heroes, Aleksey Ivanych Kazulin, likes to use orders (“! Eat this very piece of bread with pepper!”), which is humiliating for the opponent and emphasizes the difference in social roles.

Rudeness, ignorance, inability to empathize is demonstrated by another Chekhov hero, Khirin, a character in the play "Jubilee". The remarks of this gentleman (“Do you have a head on your shoulders or what?”, “Well, damn me at all, I have no time to talk to you! I’m busy”) emphasize his indifference to others and speak of low speech culture.

Rules of speech etiquette - examples

Any communication is built through the use of various rules that help the persons participating in the conversation to conduct a cultural, intelligent, competent dialogue. Depending on the situation, it is customary to be guided by certain formulas. But this is not so simple, because the main difficulty of speech etiquette lies in the ability of a person to apply the necessary formulas. That is why it is so important during a conversation not only to be as polite as possible, but also to skillfully apply : examples, most clearly reflecting the diversity of human contacts, can be taken from everyday life, because the culture of communication begins at home. For example, before going to bed, it is customary to wish everyone Good night and after waking up, good morning. For a delicious dinner, you should thank the hostess, even if it is a mother or spouse. Coming to work, we greet colleagues and superiors, leaving workplace- we say goodbye. Thank you for the service you provided, and we apologize for the inconvenience. Everyone follows the rules of speech etiquette, even without knowing it. Today it is even difficult to imagine what speech would be like without these rules. It is unlikely that the participants in the conversation would be pleasant to each other if such restrictions did not exist.

In various etiquette situations, it is customary to use predetermined phrases, expressions and words that form : examples this kind of "blanks" are known to everyone, and they are used in 3 cases: at the beginning of the conversation, in the main part of the conversation and in the final part (at the moment of farewell).

So, an acquaintance or greeting begins with the use of greeting formulas that allow you to continue the conversation in a given direction. The choice of formulas depends on the interlocutors (their age, gender, status). You can focus on the emotional component (“Hello! How glad I am to see you!”), Use a democratic form of greeting (“Hello!”) Or phrases-wish (“Good day!”).

During the main conversation, it is important to achieve the location of the interlocutor and earn a reputation good man. For this, it is worth observing Golden Rule- Express your ideas clearly and concisely.

In the final part of the conversation, it is customary to use the generally accepted form "Goodbye!" (if it is necessary to end the conversation with an official note) or “Bye!” (if the interlocutors are connected by friendly or family relations). It’s also a good idea to use health wish formulas (“Be healthy!”, “Don’t get sick!”) Or use the general phrase “All the best!”.

Speech etiquette - examples

From how well a person owns oratory how skillfully he uses words as tools of thought and persuasion, success in society depends. In the modern world, it is important not only to be able to build one's own speech, but also to defend one's position, observing the rules of etiquette, and adequately respond to the statements of opponents. In order to perfectly master the art of practical verbal influence, it is important to study from childhood speech etiquette: examples , which are given in works of art or are given from life, will help in mastering and consolidating the rules of speech communication.

Speech etiquette - examples from the literature

The most vivid reflection of speech etiquette found in Russian literature. Today, the old system of speech etiquette is practically destroyed. The words sir, gentleman, father, dove, Your Excellency, dear sir, mother, came out of the speech circulation. Rarely do our contemporaries utter such literary sayings as “Peace to your home”, “I have the honor to bow”, “Your most humble servant”, “You bothered me”, “My darling”, “Be healthy!” (in the meaning of "bye"), "If you please ask."

Meanwhile, the heroes of Russian works of art are most often endowed with rich inner moral qualities, as well as great attention give compliments as a form of speech etiquette. This emphasizes the spirituality of Russian culture. Literary works are dominated by general evaluation compliments that can be used in almost any situation: “How good she was!” (P. Aleshkin "Russian tragedy"), "... I love like you, pretty" (A. Kuprin "Pit"), "Tanyukha is a woman, a real woman ..." (A. Komarov "Zebra").

Acquaintance with the works of Russian classics is a great opportunity to enrich and diversify your speech. But the main task is not so much in replenishing the vocabulary with new words, but in acquiring the ability to competently build one's speech and select words that can be used in various situations, as literary heroes do. , which are given in books, will help to master verbal speech.

Speech etiquette - examples from life

Every day we are faced with different life situations requiring us to comply with etiquette rules. So, meeting someone (even an unfamiliar person) on the street or in public places, it is customary to say hello. At the same time, it is appropriate to greet even strangers with whom you had to ride in an elevator or climb stairs. When leaving public transport, you should ask those in front if they are going to get off. In the case of a negative answer, you should correctly ask people to let you through to the exit. When overtaking someone on the stairs or making your way to the exit through the line at the cash register, you should tactfully apologize. When talking on the phone, it is important to monitor your intonation, to be extremely polite. During a speech of a person in front of an audience (a lecturer, a colleague who presents a project), it is tactless to interrupt or correct him. It is better to wait until the end of the speech or pause and speak out, trying not to offend or hurt his self-esteem. During a conversation with others, it is forbidden to focus on social differences. The position in society and the degree of material security play important role, but it is not necessary to emphasize this at all. There are a lot of etiquette situations that require us to observe the rules of decency and a polite attitude towards people, each case is individual and requires a special approach.

Speech etiquette - examples of communication

The manner of communication of a person reflects not only the degree of his culture and level of education. Speech can tell a lot about each of us - about ideology, class, political views. The speech etiquette of each country has its own national specifics. owns it and : examples reflecting its features are as follows:

• application of the "you" form to a single person;
• the use of the name and patronymic when referring to the interlocutor;
• lack of neutral social status personal appeals and the use of impersonal forms of constructing phrases (sorry, do not tell me, I'm sorry);
• construction of phrases according to the principle of inflection - by agreeing words by changing the endings (while the construction of sentences in European languages occurs due to the addition of articles, auxiliary verbs, prepositions);
• the assumption of almost any order of words in a sentence (unlike many other languages, where the structure of sentences is rigidly fixed);
• the possibility of using words in figurative meaning, allegories, metaphors (the meaning of the phrases "wolfish appetite", "golden hands", etc. is difficult to explain to foreigners).

Words of speech etiquette - examples

The leading role in the composition of speech etiquette is played by individual words(phrases) that are usually used during a conversation. Such appeals are a reflection of the relationship that is established between the interlocutors in the process of communication. In addition, they are able to classify the participants in the conversation. We are talking about the use of stable, stereotypical formulas. Below are , examples, often used in Russian speech, are given in brackets:

• words of appeal (you / you, master, girl, young man);
• words of request (please, allow);
• words of apology (I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry);
• words of wishes (have a good day / mood, good luck, good luck);
• words of invitation (I invite, let me invite);
• words of gratitude (thank you, thank you, express gratitude);
• words of congratulations (congratulations, congratulations);
• words of greeting (hello, hello, good to see you);
• words of condolence (I offer sincere condolences, I share your grief);
• words of consolation / sympathy (sincerely understand / sympathize, do not worry, everything will be fine);
• words of consent / refusal (will be done / unable to help, do not mind / have to refuse).