In Russian, the pronoun is an independent part of speech, indicating signs, objects, quantity, but not naming them. The table describes various types of pronouns by meaning, as well as options for their relationships with other parts of speech.

Pronoun in Russian- This independent part speech, which includes groups of words that are different in meaning and grammatical features, pointing to objects, features, quantity, but not naming them. Answers the questions Who? What? Which? How many? Whose? and others. The initial form of pronouns is the form singular, nominative case.

Examples of pronouns in phrases A: he replied, you know, a few apples, each schoolboy, this house.

At school, the topic "Pronouns" is studied from the 4th grade and is included in the USE program.

What are pronouns by meaning?

There are nine categories of pronouns, depending on what meaning they express in speech. A table with examples that includes categories of pronouns in Russian will help you quickly determine which type a particular pronoun belongs to.

Ranks by value	Description	Examples
Personal	indicate an object, person, phenomenon	I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they
Possessive	indicate ownership	mine, yours, his, hers, ours, yours, theirs
Refundable	indicate the direction of the action on oneself	yourself, yourself
Interrogative	express a question	Who? What? whose? Which? How many? which?
relative	used to connect parts of a complex sentence	who, what, whose, which, how much, which
indefinite	point to unknown objects, phenomena, faces, signs, number of something	someone, several, something, someone, somebody and etc.
Negative	indicate the absence, denial of an object, person, sign	nothing, nobody, none and etc.
pointing	indicate a specific item, feature or quantity from several options	this, that, that, so many and etc.
Determinants	indicate a generalized sign	any, each, any, other and etc.

In many sources, relative and interrogative pronouns are classified into one interrogative-relative category by meaning.

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Correlation of pronouns with other parts of speech

According to the ratio of pronouns with other parts of speech, four groups of pronouns are distinguished.

Grammar features of pronouns

In Russian, pronouns have permanent and non-permanent morphological features.

Permanent grammatical features:

• Rank by value;
• Face (personal only).

Non-permanent grammatical features:

• case;
• Number.

Syntactic features of pronouns

In sentences, pronouns can act as any member of the sentence. But, as a rule, they are used as a subject, object or definition.

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The purpose of this type of linguistic analysis of the word is to identify the sound composition of the latter. In this case, it is necessary:

- determine the number of syllables;

- establish a qualitative-quantitative relationship between letters and sounds in a word;

- describe each sound.

Syllable - the minimum pronunciation unit of speech, characterized by the maximum fusion of its components. The number of syllables in a word is determined by the number of vowels, because namely the vowel is the top of the syllable: o -go -r O d-nothing.

The accent is highlighting with phonetic means one of the syllables of the word. The stressed syllable is pronounced longer, stronger and more distinctly than the others. Word stress is a mandatory feature of a word. However, there are a number of words that are adjacent to other words and do not carry independent stress (particles, prepositions, and some others).

Since the stress determines the phonetic word, in some cases its boundaries may not coincide with the morphological word, for example, before ex A me, I would O flax, r A was not (two morphological words make up one phonetic).

stress in the word one, however, if the word is long, collateral stress may appear: el e ktrost A ntion.

Russian writing is not sound, because of this, in the Russian language there are certain letter-sound ratios. The most frequent and usually causing difficulty in writing a transcription of a word, or its sound composition, include the following:

• the letter denotes several sounds (e, e, u, i at the beginning of the word, after the vowel, after the dividing b and b): yula - [yula]. In some cases, after b, two sounds can be denoted by the vowel and: streams - [brooks];
• several letters denote one sound (sch, zhch, zch \u003d [u]; ds, ts, ts \u003d [c]): in O zchik - [voshchik], d e tsky - [d'etsk'y].

In Russian, as in many others, there are two types of sounds: vowels and consonants. Depending on the nature of the syllable in which they are located, vowel sounds - and there are six of them: [a, o, e, y, s, and] - are divided into stressed and unstressed. All vowels can be stressed and unstressed, but the unstressed vowel o is found only in certain borrowed words: radio - [r A d'io]. Consonant sounds (there are 36 of them) are characterized by hardness / softness and sonority / deafness.

30 consonants form pairs according to hardness / softness: [b - b ', c - c', g - g', e - d', s - s ', k - k ', l - l ', m - m ', n – n', p – p', p – p', s – s', t – t', f – f', x – x'].

Always hard, or hard unpaired, are [g, w, c], and always soft, or soft unpaired, - [d, h, u].

Always voiced, or voiced unpaired, are [d, l, m, n, p], and always deaf, or deaf unpaired, - [x, c, h, u].

It should also be taken into account that in the flow of speech, sounds influence each other. Compare, for example, the pronunciation of the preposition to in the position before the deaf and voiced (to you - [kt'eb ' uh], to the house - [where O mu]), initial and in isolated use and in the presence of a preposition (ideal - [id'e A l], ideally - [vyd'e A l'e]).

In some cases, several pronunciation options for a particular word are allowed: meat - [m'isn O y] and [m'esn O y], (about) patience - [t’erp’ uh n'ii], [t'erp' uh n’iye], [t’irp’ uh n'ii] and [t'irp' uh niye], chain - [tsep O chka] and [chick O chka].

Scheme of phonetic parsing of a word(according to school tradition).

1. Break the word into syllables, indicate the number of syllables.

2. Put the stress in the word,

indicate the stressed syllable.

3. Write down the phonetic

word transcription.

4. Describe the sounds of the word. Vowels: percussion - unstressed, which letter is indicated; consonants: hard, soft (paired, unpaired),

voiced, deaf (paired, not

paired), which letter is indicated.

5 Specify the number of sounds and letters.

Sample parsing

bleach

o-tbe-pour 3 syllables

The 3rd syllable is stressed [adb'il'yt']

[a] - vowel, unstressed; marked with the letter "o";

[d] - consonant, solid, double (pair [d ']); voiced, paired (pair [t]); marked with the letter "t";

[b '] - consonant, soft, paired (pair [b]); voiced, paired (pair [p ']); marked with the letter "b";

[and] - vowel, unstressed; marked with the letter "e";

[l '] - consonant, soft, double (pair [l]); voiced, unpaired (pair [-]); marked with the letter "l";

[and] - vowel, shock; marked with the letter "and";

[t ‘] - consonant, soft, double (pair [t]); deaf, double (pair [d ']); marked with the letters "t", "b".

7 sounds, 8 letters

Parsing a word by composition (morphemic analysis, from the word morpheme - a significant part of a word) - one of the types of linguistic analysis, the purpose of which is to determine the composition, or structure, of a word. It plays a significant role in the formation of spelling skills.

For example, when writing adjectives formed from nouns with the suffix -at, type boardwalk - cobbled, it is important to determine to which morpheme the letter q belongs to the generating noun: if to the root (board-a), then u is written in the corresponding adjective, if to the suffix (bar-ok), then - h (after the consonant root).

It must be remembered that the analysis of the word by composition should be carried out in accordance with the norms of the modern Russian language. So, in modern Russian the word rich does not have a suffix that was once distinguished and had the same meaning as in the adjective striped, namely: the presence of a corresponding feature, object. currently an adjective striped related to the word band, i.e. motivated by it, and therefore contains the suffix -at, adjective rich lost the relation of derivativeness with the noun god, therefore its basis consists only of the root. When parsing a word by composition, one should adhere to a certain order in which its parts, or morphemes, are distinguished.

You should never begin the analysis of a word with a search for a root, no matter how "transparent" it may seem!

The main technique in parsing a word is the selection of its forms (to highlight the ending), single-structured words (to determine suffixes and prefixes) and single-root words (to find the root). It is advisable to determine its grammatical meaning when isolating a particular morpheme. At first, when mastering this type of linguistic analysis, it is even useful to write down the characteristics of each part of the word.

Ending- this is a changeable, meaningful part of a word that forms the form of a word and serves to link words in a phrase and sentence. The meaning of the ending is purely grammatical: it indicates the number and case of nouns, numerals, and personal pronouns; case, number and - only in the singular - gender of adjectives, participles and some pronouns; person and number of verbs in present and future tenses; number and gender of verbs in the past tense and conditional mood.

In the Russian language, there are a significant number of words that do not have an ending due to the fact that they do not change. This:

1. adverbs,
2. gerunds,
3. comparative degree of adjective,
4. some nouns ( coat, highway),
5. some adjectives ( beige, mini),
6. some possessive pronouns (him, her, them).

Words that have no endings should not be confused with words that have a null ending. The zero ending is opposed to the materially expressed ending: home to home. Consequently, the zero ending is such a significant, not materially expressed part of the word, which stands out in the word when compared with other forms that have materially expressed morphemes.

The main forms and classes of words in which zero endings are distinguished:

1. im.p. unit nouns m.r. - garden, snow;
2. im.p. unit nouns f.r. - joy, mouse; im.p. unit m.r. short adjectives and participles: sad, offended, withdrawn;
3. im.p. some numerals: twelve, six, one;
4. genus.p. plural some nouns: stocking (stocking-i), families, (se [m ‘th]);
5. im.p. unit m.r. possessive adjectives: Zeus (cf. Zeus), sisters (sisters), fish (fish [b ’th]).
6. unit m.r. past verbs temp. And conditional mood: walked, talked, was, would come, would get lost.

It should be noted that the soft sign at the end of words is not included in the ending, since this is a letter that, having no grammatical meaning inherent in the ending, acts only as an indicator of the softness of the preceding consonant (shadow) or a formal category identifier for the gender of nouns (cf. knife and rye).

The basis- part of a word without an ending. Therefore, inflected words consist of a stem and an ending (pain,bol[s]), and immutable - only from the base ( yesterday, highway). In personal and participle verb forms with a reflexive suffix -sya (-sya), the stem is interrupted by the ending: wanted.

Suffix- the significant part of the word, which is located after the root and usually serves to form words (the exception is the suffix -sya (-sya), which is after the end). Suffixes, as well as endings, can be materially expressed and zero.

The concept of a zero suffix is ​​not used in the school curriculum, however, in practice, when parsing words, students encounter phenomena that are difficult to explain without this concept. This is also important when interpreting such a phenomenon as non-suffix way of forming words .

The null suffix is ​​allocated in the following cases:

1. past form temp. and the conditional mood of verbs: bank^ (cf. coast-l-a), brought^by (cf. brought-l-a would);
2. zh.r. im.p. unit nouns formed from the corresponding adjectives: blue ^ (cf. blue => blue, blue => blue-ev-a);
3. im.p. unit m.r. verbal nouns: run ^ (cf. run => run ^, run => run-relative).

Suffixes of different parts of speech have their own characteristics. In nouns, they are numerous, quite specific and diverse in the meaning that they bring to the word: for example, -tel- face suffix ( reader), -To- subject suffix ( grater), -awn- abstract feature suffix ( vitality), -ny- action suffix ( combustion), -ears- suffix of subjective evaluation (category of subjective evaluation - a category expressing the attitude of the speaker to the subject of speech) ( small head).

The suffixes of nouns are characterized by the phenomenon of homonymy, for example, the suffix -To- may have a subjective value ( river) and actions ( sawing firewood).

Adjective suffixes are more abstract in their semantics than noun suffixes. You can point to the property of suffixes to determine one or another category of adjectives, for example, -living- quality adjective suffix ( patient, obnoxious),-sk- relative adjective suffix ( Pushkin(style), nautical), -oh-, -in-, -th- possessive adjective suffixes: ( fathers, petin, bovine).

Verbal suffixes, as a rule, are devoid of ambiguity; they do not create heterogeneous semantic classes within the category of the verb. In a word, verbal suffixes are easily recognized and distinguished due to their grammatical meaning, for example:

1. suffixes of temporary forms: -l-(past tense) - walking, drinking; -th-(present tense) - chita[yu]t, fly;
2. suffixes of the stem of the infinitive, or the indefinite form of the verb: -a-, -e-, -i-: drive, darken, serve;
3. aspectual suffixes -and-, -a-, -well-, -iva-, -iva-, -va-: decorate, decorate, shout, merge, read;
4. participle suffixes -usch-, -ashch-, -v-, -vsh-, -n-, -en-, -t, -om-, -em-, -im-: drowning, bought, forgotten;
5. suffixes of gerunds -a-, -learn-, -in-, -lice-: hurrying, flying, reading, crouching.

Console- a significant part of the word, located before the root and serving to form words. The prefix introduces an additional meaning into the word compared to the original ( move out, drive in, drive out, go around- an indication of the direction of movement). A word can have several prefixes ( re-disposition).

Root- the main significant part of the word, which contains the lexical meaning of the word, the common meaning of all related (single-root) words. Words with the same root are called cognate, and their relationship is established on the basis of the meaning expressed by the root (compare the homonymous root in two groups of words: water - submariner - waterman and driver - supply - drive). At the root, one can observe a phenomenon called alternation. Vowels can also alternate ( collect - I will collect, burn-burn), and consonants ( run - run, grow - grow), both at the same time ( grow - sprout, lay - lay).

As already mentioned, the root is the last morpheme that stands out in the word. This rule must be strictly followed, especially if we take into account the fact that the same root can appear in words in various types, For example: lead, lead, lead; walked, walked, came. A word can contain one ( water, forest) and more roots ( water carrier, lumberjack).

Based on the materials of the book: Konkov V.I., Starovoitova O.A. Oral exam in Russian: Tutorial in Russian for applicants to universities. - St. Petersburg: St. Petersburg State University. -2001.

Parsing order

1. Determine what part of speech the analyzed word is, in what form it is used.
2. If the word changes, highlight the formative morphemes
3. Select base.
4. At the core, highlight the root, word-formation morphemes (if any).

Sample parsing

Urban.

Urban is a masculine nominative singular adjective.

Ending - Ouch.

The basis urban-.

Root city-.

Derivational suffix - sk-.

A period is placed at the end of this declarative sentence.
2) At the end of January, fanned by the first thaw, they smell good cherry orchards (Sholokhov).

The sentence is narrative, non-exclamatory, simple, two-part, widespread, complete, complicated by a separate agreed definition, expressed by participial turnover. Grammar basis - gardens smell. The subject is expressed by a noun in the nominative case, the predicate is a simple verb, expressed by the verb in the form of the indicative mood. The subject is the agreed definition cherry expressed by an adjective. The predicate refers to the circumstance of time in the end of January, expressed by the phrase (noun + noun) in the prepositional case with a preposition V, and the circumstance of the mode of action Fine expressed in an adverb.

A period is placed at the end of this declarative sentence; separated by commas in the sentence participial, which, although it stands before the word being defined, is isolated, since it is separated from it in the sentence by other words.

Between simple sentences before conjunction A a comma is put at the end of a declarative sentence - a period.

2) But then one day, on a thaw March day, when the airfield suddenly darkened in one morning, and the porous snow settled so that the planes left deep furrows on it, Alexei took off in his fighter(Field).

The sentence is narrative, non-exclamatory, complex, complex, consists of four simple sentences, interconnected by intonation, allied word When And subordinating union What. The sentence has one main and three subordinate clauses: first and second relative clauses (refer to the word day in the main sentence and answer the question which one?), are interconnected by an adversarial union A; third clause of mode of action, measure and degree (refers to the combination of a verb-predicate with a demonstrative word So

Lexical analysis of a word involves the analysis of a word as a lexical unit of the Russian language, indicating: 1) the unambiguity-polysemy of the word; 2) type of it lexical meaning in this context; 3) synonyms; 4) antonyms; 5) the origin of the word; 6) belonging of the word to common vocabulary or vocabulary, limited in use; 7) phraseological connections of the word. Lexical analysis is an optional type of analysis for school practice. Usually it is not given as a control task.

Lexical analysis of a word should be carried out using linguistic dictionaries: explanatory dictionary, dictionary of synonyms, antonyms, homonyms; phraseological dictionary of the Russian language.

Scheme of lexical parsing of a word.

1. Determine the lexical meaning of the word in context.

2. If the word has many meanings, indicate its other meanings (if necessary, you can use explanatory dictionary Russian language).

3. Set the type of lexical meaning in this context: a) direct; b) portable.

4. If the value is portable, describe the type of portable value.

5. Build a synonymic series for the word in this meaning.

6. Choose an antonymous pair for this word.

7. Determine if given word native Russian or borrowed from another language.

8. Establish whether the analyzed word belongs to common vocabulary or vocabulary limited in use.

9. Determine if the word is obsolete.

10. Indicate whether this word is included in phraseological units.

An example of lexical parsing of a word.

Having completed their operations, the fronts, one after another, stopped at the lines reached by the spring. (K. Simonov)

1. Operation - a series of strategic actions carried out during offensive or defensive battles (military, prof.).

2. The word has many meanings: a) a surgical operation; b) trading operation; c) a financial transaction; d) postage.

3. The meaning is direct.

4. Synonyms: operation, battle, battle, military operations.

5. The word is borrowed from Latin.

6. Word of professional vocabulary (military terminology).

7. The word is not obsolete, it is included in the active dictionary of the Russian language.

Spelling analysis involves oral or written analysis of spellings in a word. When performing spelling analysis, you need to correctly write down the word given with a missing letter, or open the brackets, underline the place of the spelling in the word, name the spelling and determine the conditions for its choice. If necessary, indicate the test word and give examples for this spelling.

Word spelling scheme

1. Write out the control word.

2. Insert missing letters or open brackets.

3. Underline the place of the spelling in the word.

4. Name the spelling and explain (orally or in writing) the conditions for correct spelling.

5. Indicate a test word (if possible) and give examples of words with this spelling.

Sample spelling of a word

Skosh .. (n, nn) ​​th tr..va lies in even rivers..dams.

Beveled - spelling of participle suffixes.

1. two letters "n" are written in the suffixes of passive participles of the past tense, if the word is formed from a perfective verb (what to do? - bevel): painted, read;
2. the suffix -enn- is written in participles formed from verbs in -it, -et or verbs with a stem in a consonant: paint - painted; see - seen, save - saved.

Grass, in rows - unstressed checked vowel at the root of the word; checked by stress: grass - herbs, in rows - row; water - water, forests - forest.

Municipal educational institution average comprehensive school №2

Compiled by Zolotareva Lyudmila Nikolaevna

teacher primary school

Phonetics - a branch of the science of language that studiessounds and letters .

A

ABOUT

At

S

E

L

M

H

R

Y

B

IN

G

D

AND

W

Kommersant

I

Yo

YU

AND

E

P

F

TO

T

W

WITH

X

C

H

SCH

b

A O U Y E - indicate a hard consonant sound

I am Yeo Yu and Ye – indicate a soft consonant sound

[L] [M] [N] [R] [Y'] – unpaired voiced consonants

[X] [C] [ H’] [W’] – unpaired voiceless consonants

b b - no sound is given

[B] [C] [D] [D] [AND] [Z] - paired voiced consonants

[P] [F] [K] [T] [W] [WITH] - paired voiceless consonants

[W] [W] [C] – always hard sounds

[H '] [SCH '] [Y '] - always soft sounds

I am Ye Yu Ye

/ \ / \ / \ / \

[Y'] [A ] [Y'] [O] [Y'] [y] [Y'] [e]

I, Yo, Yu, E – give two sounds if standing:

at the beginning of a word (Ima,yoand,Yula,el)

after a vowel (lesnaI, mindYu)

after b, b (bYuha, undereh)

Parsing plan:

1. Write out the word.

2. Highlight the syllables. Specify the number of syllables.

3. Show the place of stress.

4. Write down the word using transcription.

5. Indicate the number of syllables.

6. Characterize the sounds indicated by letters in accordance with their

arrangement in a word, according to the scheme:

- vowel or consonant;

- vowel: stressed or unstressed;

- consonant: voiced or deaf, paired or unpaired (name a couple);

hard or soft, paired or unpaired (name a pair)

7. Count the number of letters and sounds.

Sample written review:

/ /

Letter – [ p'i s’mo]– 2 syllables

P -[P'] – acc., deaf., steam.[b/n], soft steam.[p / p '] ,

and - [and] - vowel, unstressed.

s- [s '] - acc., deaf. par. [s/s], soft par. [s / s ']

b - [-]

m - [m] - acc., bell. unpaired , solid steam. [mm’ ]

o - [o] - vowel, shock.

____________________________________

6 b. 5 stars

Morphemics and word formation - a branch of the science of language that studies

parts of a word and ways of their formation.

Parsing plan:

To parse any word by composition, do this:

Find an ending. To do this, change the word like this:
- if it is a noun, change by questions (who? what? whom? what? by whom? what? about whom? about what?) and by numbers (singular-plural).

If it's an adjective, change it by gender and number. (what? what? what? what?)
- if the verb - change by numbers and persons (substitute the wordsI, you, he, she, they, we, you ) , and in the past tense by birth.

Pick out the stem of the word. The stem is a part of a word without an ending (the stem does not include some suffixes, which you will learn about later).


Find the root of the word. To do this, pick up a few single-root words (try to change prefixes, suffixes and do not confuse with word forms).


Select suffix and prefix

Sample written review:

Let's break down the word: plantain

1) I am looking for the ending: plantain, plantain, plantain, plantain - zero ending. Plantain base.
plantain 2) I am looking for a root: path, road, road, roadside - rootdearer -
plantain 3) Before the root prefix-By- plantain

4) After the root and before the ending - suffix -Nick plantain

¬ console ∩ root^ suffix ending

prefixes

suffixes

immutable

changeable

noun

adj.

vb.

in- over-

about- from-

from-under-pre-you-to-for-

on-o-

re-by-pro-

without-/bes-air-/air-/sun-/sun-

from-/is-

bottom-/nis- times-/ras-, times-/roses, grew

through-/through-through/through-pre-pri-

Ost - eni - no - ak

ok, yak

Ach-ets

Tel-chik

Shchik-ist

Nick-nitz

Itz-ary

K- -sk-

Iv- -ov-

Ev- -aln-

East-n-

An--yan-

Ying--enn-

He N-

AND-

E-

A-

Well

Yva-

Willow-

Ova-

Eve-

Wa-

word is equal to the whole word: movie left

Under no circumstances is a null terminator used.

Morphology – parts of speech .

Morphological analysis of the noun inclusiveno selection of four constantssigns (proper-common, animate-inanimate, gender, declension) and two inconstant (case and number).

Order morphological analysis noun

2) Initial form ( Nominative case singular).

3) Permanent signs:

own - common noun; animate - inanimate; genus; declination.

4) Non-permanent signs:

case; number.

Example of morphological parsing of a noun

Funny dragonflies fly over the meadow.

Oral analysis

(above) the meadow is a noun. Designates an object, answers the question "what?"

2) The initial form is a meadow.

3) Permanent signs: common noun; inanimate; masculine;

2 declination.

4) Non-permanent signs: instrumental case, singular.

5) In the sentence, it is a minor member (adverbial place), explains the predicate: flies (where?) Over the meadow.

Written analysis

1) (above) the meadow - the name of the noun. (over what?), subject

2) n.f. - meadow.

3) nav., inanimate, m.r., 2nd cl.

4) in T.p., in units h.

5) circumstance: flies (where?)over the meadow.

Find the word to which the noun refers, and put a question from it.

According to the question and the preposition, determine the case.

Seagulls circled over the lake.

circling (above what? ) above lake (T.p. .)

Determine genus.

Highlight the ending of the noun in I.p. singular.

Determine the declension by gender and ending.

Reasoning pattern

Notebook - she, mine - n.,zh.r. Withb at the end;

in I.p. unit null ending;

means nounnotebook 3rd declension.

1) names of males (dandy, maestro, porter);

2) names of animals and birds (chimpanzee, cockatoo, hummingbird, kangaroo, pony, flamingo);

3) words coffee, penalty and etc.

names of females (miss, frau, lady).

names of inanimate objects (coat, scarf, neckline, depot, subway, popsicle, cafe, movie, meringue, soda, jelly, soufflé, cocoa, domino, video,

lotto).

Morphology – branch of the science of language that studiesparts of speech .

Morphological analysis of the adjective in primary school includes the selection of three non-permanent features (gender, number, case).

The order of morphological analysis of the name of the adjective

1) Part of speech. What does it mean to answer the question.

2) Initial form (nominative singular masculine).

3) Genus (in singular); case; number.

4) Syntactic role in the sentence.

Sample morphological parsing of an adjective

A motley butterfly flies over the flower.

Oral analysis

1) motley - an adjective, as it denotes a sign of an object, answers the question “what?”

2) The initial form is motley.

3) feminine, nominative, singular.

4) in the sentence is a minor member (definition), explains the subject: butterfly (what?) motley.

Written analysis

1) motley - adjective name. (what?), a sign of an object,

2) n.f. - mottled.

3) in the well. r., in I.p., in units h.

4) definition: butterfly (what?)motley.

Find the noun that the adjective refers to.

Determine the case of the noun.

According to the case of the noun, determine the case of the adjective.

The stars are shining in the blue sky. (A.S. Pushkin)

Shine (where? in what?)in the sky – P.p.

in the sky (what?)blue – P.p.

Remember!

Plural adjectives change only by case.

Plural adjectivesby birthdo not change.

The case of an adjective, both in the singular and in the plural, can be recognized by the case of the noun to which it refers:

to the houses (D.p.) (what?)new (D.p.);

behind the houses (Etc.) (what kind?)new (Etc.)

Morphology parts of speech .

The morphological analysis of the verb in elementary school includes the selection of two permanent features (kind, conjugation) and four non-permanent features (time, person, number, gender).

The order of morphological parsing of the verb

1) Part of speech. What does it mean to answer the question.

2) Initial form (indefinite form).

3) Permanent signs:

view; conjugation.

4) Non-permanent signs:

time;

person and number (if the verb is in the present or future tense);

gender and number (if the verb is in the past tense)

5) Syntactic role in the sentence.

Sample morphological parsing of a verb

Above the flower flies speckled butterfly.

Oral analysis

1) Flies - verb. Denotes the action of the subject, answers the question "what does it do?"

2) The initial form is to fly.

3) Permanent features: imperfect appearance;I conjugation.

4) Non-permanent signs: present tense, 3rd person, singular.

5) It is a predicate in a sentence: a butterfly (what does it do?) flies

Written analysis

1) Flies - ch. (what does it do?), the action of the subject

2) n.f. - fly.

3) carry. V.; I ref.

4) in n.v., in the 3rd sheet, in units. h.

5) predicate: butterfly (what does it do?)flies

Determine the tense, person and number of the verb.

name indefinite form of this verb and by the letter of the vowel sound before the suffix -be define conjugation (that yat , light it ).

Recall the ending of the verb of this conjugation in the correct person and number.

I conjugation II conjugation

Eat-eat

Et-it

Em-im

-et -ite

Ut (-yut) -at (-yat)

Exception verbs II conjugation

Verbs on–et : watch, see, offend, hate,

depend, endure, twirl;

verbs in–at : hear, breathe, hold, drive.

Exception verbs of I conjugation

Shave, lay

Syntax – branch of the science of language that studiesphrase and

offer .

Analysis of the proposal.

Define your offer:

1) According to the purpose of the statement: narrative (contains a message);

incentive (induces to action);

interrogative (contains a question);

2) By intonation: exclamatory; non-exclamatory;

3) By the presence of the main members: simple or complex;

Grammar basis:

subject (who what?);predicate (what does it do?, what did it do? etc.)

4) By the presence of secondary members:

widespread or non-common;

Secondary members of the sentence:

- addition (case questions)

- circumstance (where? how? when? from where? where?)

- definition (what? what? what? what? whose? whose? whose? whose?)

5) The presence of homogeneous members.

Underline the main parts of the sentence: subject and predicate.

Disassemble the subject group. ( Put the question from the subject to the secondary proposal members )

Disassemble the predicate group. ( Put the question from the predicate to the secondary proposal members )

Put a question from a minor member to another

secondary member of the sentence.

Indicate the parts of speech: noun, adjective, verb, pronoun, preposition, conjunction.

Write out the phrases.

Sample written review:

etc . noun ch. noun With. noun

From the rooster flew dust And fluff And.

(Narrative, non-exclamation, simple, distribution, with a homogeneous member)

flew (from whom? where?) from a rooster

pr. noun ch. adj. noun

IN shadows grew fragrant lilies of the valley. (Narrative, unexclaimed, simple, distribution)

Noun.

(who what?)

Subject

(im.p. who? what?)

Adjective .

(what? whose?)

Predicate

(what does it do? what will it do? what?)

Numeral.

(how much? what number?)

Addition

(questions of indirect cases - all except Im.p.)

Pronoun

(questions of the previous parts of speech)

Definition

(which one? whose? which number?)

Verb

(what does it do? what will it do?)

Circumstance

(where? when? where? from where? why? why? how?)

Adverb

(how? where? when?)

Note:

Subject and predicate-

main members of the proposal.

Addition, definition and circumstance – secondary members of the sentence.

The grammatical basis of the sentence is the subject and the predicate.

Pretext

(in on, at, about, by, for, etc.)

Union

(and, but, or, or, etc.)

Particle

(not, neither, would, the same, whether, etc.)

Interjection

(ah, oh, oh, uh, etc.)

DECLINE

nouns

( case change)

CONJUGATION

verbs

(change in persons and numbers)

1 declension: nounm. and f.r. . with an ending in I.p.-AND I (appleI , young manA )

I conjugation: all verbs,

–AT, -OT, -ET -UT, -YT and 2 verbs–IT

(shave, lay)

vowel E!

2 declension: nounm.r. null-terminated Andcf. with the end-Oh, -E (table , floorE )

II conjugation: all verbs

on–IT (except to shave, lay), 4 verbs per–AT

and 7 verbs–ET

(Drive, hold,

breathe and hear

watch, see,

hate,

and offend, and endure,

and depend, and twirl!)

In personal unstressed endings, these verbs havevowel I!

3 declension: nounzh.r., endingon –b

(speechb , rozhb )

– branch of the science of language that studiesmeaning of the word .

Term

Pronunciation and meaning

Example

synonyms

sound different, butclose by value

hippo hippopotamus

homonyms

sound the same, butdifferent by value

Onions (for salad) -

bow for shooting)

antonyms

different sound andopposite by value

cold-hot

So thatIf you want to plan the text, you need:

Divide the text into meaningful parts.

Determine the main idea of ​​each section.

Title each part of the text.

Subject is what the text says.

A topic combines sentences in a text.

Main idea of ​​the text - This is whatThe main thing what I wanted to say

author.

Topic and main idea are related.

Title text - this means to briefly name its topic or

main idea.

Read the text. Find out the meaning of unknown words. Determine what the text is about.

Find the words in the text that you need to check. Think about how to explain their spelling.

Learn the text by heart. Pay attention to the exact use of words in phrases.

Read the text again carefully, pronouncing each word clearly.

We list the rules that must be taken into account when parsing a word phonetically: compiling a transcription and phonetic characteristics. Consider the rules for soft and hard signs, for vowels and consonants. There are some nuances from the list of rules that are paid attention to in the middle classes and not studied in elementary school, we will give examples for them. The rules considered on this page are correct and complete only for the school curriculum.

Notation

Notations used in phonetic analysis:

1. The transcription of the word is enclosed in square brackets: family → [with "im" th "a]. Sometimes an accent mark is put in the transcription: [with "im" th "a ́];
2. Each sound in phonetic analysis is enclosed in square brackets: s - [s], and - [i], m - [m "], etc. Opposite the soft and hard signs put a dash or a dash in square brackets: b - [- ];
3. The softness of sound is marked with an apostrophe: m - [m "];
4. A long sound (long sound) is denoted through a colon: tennis → [t "en": is], loader → [grush': ik];
   instead of a colon, a long sound is also indicated by a horizontal line above the sound;
5. In most school programs, a line is drawn at the end of phonetic analysis, under which the number of letters and sounds in the word is indicated.

A detailed plan, oral and written examples of phonetic parsing are presented on the page.

Rules for b, b

1. The letters b, b do not represent sounds. They cannot be present in the transcription of a word.
2. The letter ь softens the previous consonant.
3. The letter ъ is used only as a separator character.

Vowel phonetics

1. There are no sounds [e], [e], [yu], [i]. They cannot be present in the transcription of a word.
2. The letters a, o, y, s, e make the previous consonant hard.
3. The letters i, ё, yu, and, e make the previous consonant soft. But in some foreign words, the consonant before the letter e remains solid.
   Cafe → [cafe], coupe → [coupe], hotel → [atel"].
4. The letters i, u, e, e after consonants denote the following sounds: i → [a], u → [y], e → [e], e → [o].
   Ball → [m "ah"], chalk → [m "el].
5. Letters i, e, e, o after consonants without accent denote the following sounds: i → [e] or [i], e → [i], e → [e] or [i], o → [a].
   Rowan → [r"eb"ina], spot → [n"itno], fun → [v"es"ila], cow → [karova].
6. The letter ё, i, u, e after vowels, after ъ, ь and at the beginning of the word denote the following sounds: i → [y "a], yu → [y" y], e → [y "e], yo → [ th "o] (under stress) and I → [th" and], e → [th" and] (without stress). They are called iotized. In some publications, j is written instead of y.
7. The letter and after b denotes the sound [th "and].
   Streams → [ruch "th" and] .
8. The letter and after the consonants w, w, c denotes the sound [s].

Let's summarize the rules for "transforming" vowels into sounds with a table:

	A	O	And	e	at	Yu	yo	I	uh	s
under stress	A	O	And	uh	at	at	O	A	uh	s
without accent	A	A	And	And	at	at	O	uh, and	uh, and	s
at the beginning of a word	A	O	And	th "uh	at	th "y	th "o	th "a	uh	s
after vowels	A	O	And	th "uh	at	th "y	th "o	th "a	uh	s
after b, b	A	O	th "and	th "uh	at	th "y	th "o	th "a	uh	s
after w, w, c	s	O	s	s	at	at	O	A	uh	s

Phonetics of consonants

1. In phonetic analysis, soft consonants are denoted by the apostrophe ": [l"], [s"], [h"], etc.
2. In phonetic analysis, a long sound (stretching) is indicated by a colon [g:], [c:] or a dash above the sound [g], [c].
3. The letters d, h, u always denote soft sounds: [y "], [h"], [u"]. They remain soft, even if they are followed by vowels a, o, y, s, e.
4. The letters w, c, w always denote solid sounds: [g], [c], [w]. They remain solid even if they are followed by the vowels i, e, u, i, e.
5. The letter y always denotes a voiced and soft sound [th "].
6. The letters l, m, n, p, d always denote voiced sounds and are called sonorous.
7. The letters x, c, h, u always denote deaf sounds.
8. Consonants paired in voicing / deafness at the end of a word and before a deaf consonant denote a deaf sound: b → [p], d → [t], g → [k], s → [s], c → [f]:
   pillar → [pillar], train → [sing" est].
9. The unpronounceable consonants в, d, l, t do not mean a sound at the root:
   feeling → [h "ustva], sun → [sonts" e].
10. Double consonants after a stressed vowel produce a long sound:
    group → [group:a], tennis → [ten:is].
11. Double consonants before a stressed vowel give a single consonant sound:
    million → [m "il" ion], alley → [al "hey" a].

In some cases:

1. The letter c at the beginning of a word means a voiced sound [z]:
   did → [z "d" elal].
2. The letter g before a voiceless consonant is pronounced as [k] or [x]:
   claws → [kokt "and], soft → [m" ah "k" y"]
3. Consonants between a root and a suffix before a soft consonant are pronounced softly:
   umbrella → [zone "t" ik].
4. The letter n denotes a soft sound before the consonants h, u:
   cup → [glass "h" ik], changer → [cm "en" uh "ik].
5. The combination -ch-, -th- is pronounced like [sh]:
   of course → [kan "eshna], boring → [boring], what → [what].

The combination of certain consonant letters in words gives a long or unpronounceable sound:

1. The combination of letters -zzh- denotes one sound [zh:]:
   get rid of → [izh: yt "], leave → [uizh: at"].
2. The combination of letters -ts-, -ts- denotes one sound [ts:]:
   swim → [merchant:a].
3. The combination of letters -stn- is pronounced as [sn], -stl- - [sl], -zdn- - [zn]:
   starry → [star "ozny"], stairs → [l "es" n "itsa].
4. In the endings of adjectives -th, -his, the consonant Г denotes the sound [v]:
   golden → [zalatov], blue → [sin "eva].
5. Combinations of letters -sch-, -zch-, -zhch- denote the sound [u "]:
   happy → [shch "aslivy"], cabman → [izvoshch" ik], defector → [p "ir" ib "esch" ik].

These are all the basic rules of phonetic parsing. To consolidate the topic within the framework of the school curriculum, the publication of E.I. Litnevskaya is suitable. "Russian language. A short theoretical course for schoolchildren.

Exists whole line institute program rules and in-depth study phonetics of the Russian language. The rules take into account the subtleties of modern phonetic pronunciation and phonetic features over the past centuries. Such rules are not considered in the school curriculum, so as not to complicate an already difficult topic for students to understand. So, outside the framework of the school curriculum, options are considered with soft sound[zh '], including the typical for the old Moscow pronunciation. At the root of the word in combinations -zhzh-, -zhzh- and -zhd- in the word rain instead of solid sound[zh:] there is a place to be soft [zh ':]. For example, yeast - [yeast': and]. According to another rule: the letter u before a voiced consonant receives voicing and is noted ringing sound[and':]. For example, in the word material evidence - [v'izh': doc].

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