Part of speech is a class variety of speech units of a language. In our mother tongue they are (significant) and. Sentences with service and independent parts of speech during parsing require a clear idea of how they differ from each other.
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- these are groups of words denoting objects, their properties and actions. What features do independent categories of words have and how do they differ from auxiliary ones? Their distinctive feature is the performance of syntactic functions, as well as the presence of morphological features.
Noun
Noun affects objects and phenomena (table, chair, fog, rain). Questions: Who? What?
TO permanent characteristics of a noun include gender (male - backpack, bear; female - board, diagram; cf. - cloud, tree); declination (1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th); proper name (full name, nicknames, names of countries, rivers, etc.) or common noun (they call a group of homogeneous objects - a writer, a plant); animate (all living things - a cat, a dog) or inanimate (inanimate objects - a stone, a wall).
The changing morphological features include number and case.
Attention! Some nouns are used only in singular. (honey, purity, midges) or many others. including (chess, twilight, trousers).
Nouns in syntactic constructions are subject, object, nominal predicate. Leaves fall off in autumn. Anton washed the floors. She secretary.
Adjective
Adjective defines the attribute of an object. Questions: Which one? Whose?
To permanent characteristic features category applies: qualitative (the nature of the object manifests itself in varying degrees - a big house - larger / smaller, a red beam - redder, a deep lake - deeper / shallower), relative (do not form a degree of comparison - a wooden bench, a snowball, a city square), possessive (belong to someone - fox hole, mother's bag, grandmother's scarf).
To non-permanent morph. signs include gender, number and case.
Adjectives in a sentence can be a definition, a nominal predicate or part of it. Ginger the cat is sitting on the window. My son is already big.
Numeral
The numeral determines the number objects, as well as their order in the count. Questions: How much? Which? The constant characteristics of the numeral include semantic types - quantitative (How much? - six, fifty-two) and ordinal (What is the number? - ninth, twenty-second). As well as structural types - simple (one root - one, six, forty), complex (two or more roots - fifty, six hundred) or compound (consist of two or more words - forty-eight, one hundred and seventy-nine).
TO changing features numerals include case, gender and number. The numeral as an independent category can be any member of the syntactic construction: Twelve tourists camped on the beach (subject). Two tickets were missing at the box office (addition). First Gagarin became a man in space (definition). One plus four is five(predicate). She was born in 1989 year (circumstance).
Pronoun
The pronoun indicates objects, signs and quantities, but does not define them. A view is an immutable morph. sign.
Pronouns distinguish:
- Personal (who? what?): I there was, You sat at the desk it changed etc.
- Returnable (similar to returnable suffix -sya verbs): The offender acquitted myself.
- Interrogative: Who came? What did you do? Whose drawing is this? and etc.
- Relatives coincide with interrogatives, but in a sentence with them a question mark is not put: those Who listened; to discuss what What wrote newspapers; look in the closet which stood near the door; and etc.
- Undefined: someone stole a bag hear something terrible; some types; some students; somebody did; anyone will bring; and etc.
- Negative: nobody did not write; nothing did not portend trouble; no one help; no result; and etc.
- Possessive: my house; is yours garden; your son; and etc.;
- Indicative: this path; that rule; such is plan; and etc.
- Determinants: myself remade; the whole day; any once; different happening; any Human.
Changing morph. case is a sign of pronouns, and some pronouns can change gender and number.
Pronouns can be any member of the proposal: We went for mushrooms. This it. IN their there were ten students in the class. The boss called his. I while I live you.
Verb
The verb is the action of the subject. Questions: What to do? What to do? The verb has the following constant morphs. signs: view (perfect - see, buy, play - What to do ?; imperfect - watch, buy, play - What to do?); conjugation (I and II).
Changing morphs. verb signs are expressed in tenses. In present / future temp. the verb changes persons and numbers, and in the past. temp. - numbers and gender (in singular).
It can act as any member of the proposal. Guys caught beetle. Desire (What?) study he lost. The teacher asked the class (about what?) keep quiet. The family went to the sea (why?) relax. Be in love- Means forgive.The whole task is easier than Seems part at the beginning.
Participle
The participle denotes the nature of the object according to the action. Question: Which one?
It borrows the features of a verb and an adjective. From the adjective he got gender, number and case; from the verb - time (present and past) and form (real - the object itself performs the action: a load-bearing wall, a working student giving gifts, hurrying to the bus; passive - an action is performed on the object: readable book, solved example, visible solution.
The participle can be a definition, a nominal predicate or part of it. Running the man waved his arms vigorously. The book was read. Performing rules. Participles combine the properties of an adjective and a verb.
gerund
gerund- a verb form denoting an auxiliary (not central) action with the main one. Questions: Doing what? Having done what? (surprising, meeting; recognizing, looking).
The participle has absorbed the properties of the adverb (does not change) and the verb. From the verb, the participle took the perfect (folding, taking, baking) and imperfect (knocking, knowing, smiling) form.
The participle acts as a circumstance: Back, I found only my sister at home. The gerund combines the features of an adverb and a verb.
Adverb
Adverb- the service part of speech, shows the nature of the action. Questions: How? Where? Where? How? etc. (qualitatively, close, far, quickly); An adverb, unlike the rest of the self. parts of speech, does not change by gram. signs.
In a sentence, the adverb acts as a circumstance or definition: Rain soon stopped. I boiled eggs (how?) soft-boiled.
Service parts of speech
ABOUT differ service categories of words from independent themes that do not determine the phenomena, their features, and also do not act as members of the proposal. Constructions with service parts of speech (unions) can be compound (CSP) or complex (CSP).
Service parts of speech
Pretext
Suggestions are of the following types:
- Derivatives: in the middle of the field, along the strip;
- Non-derivatives: with milk, at home, on the table.
Attention! The word between the part, in a different way, the category of speech - a preposition, is written separately from the others, and between as a prefix - together: Between heaven and earth. Between floor covering.
Union
By construction, unions are distinguished:
- Simple: don't be sad A funny; pure And invigorating water; cramped Yes not offended; modestly But with taste; and etc.
- Composite: because we decided; since we came; I went to the city in order to visit brother etc.
In terms of meaning, unions are divided into:
- Coordinating (constitute homogeneous members of the proposal and simple sentences in SSP. - and, or, either, yes, however, etc.). Masha And Kolya has been friends since childhood (homogeneous subjects). In India, cars are not popular, A hard work is done by elephants (SSP).
- Subordinating (connect simple sentences in NGN - although, when, barely, as if, etc.). When spring will come (dependent part), birds will return home from the south (main part).
Attention! The following word often causes difficulty: so the part (category) of speech is the union, has a final meaning, it is written together, and so the union with the pronoun is written separately. So we've come to the end. So went on for quite some time.
Particle
- Formatives serve to form the forms of the word: let him spend the night; for God's sake; let `s play; and etc.
- Negative: didn't drink; do not read; I won't; never;
- Modal ones bring an additional emotional coloring: whether there will be more; don't you know; did it happen; just to bypass; that's the way things are; and etc.
Interjection
Interjection- an invariable part of speech that expresses, but does not name feelings / motivations for action. In syntactic constructions, interjections are separated by a comma or an exclamation mark. Examples: Ay! Oh! Wow! Guard! Hello! Bravo! and etc.
Russian language Grade 10 18-20 week Independent and service parts of speech
Russian language grade 11. Service parts of speech: preposition, union, particle
Conclusion
When defining the category of a word, first ask a question, then carefully analyze which grammatical features parts of speech will give you a hint. Don't lose sight syntactic constructions, they will guide you on how to distinguish service parts of speech from independent ones. If you memorize the theory, you will be able to correctly and quickly apply your knowledge in practice.
Morphology - is a branch of the science of language that studies the word as a part of speech.
Parts of speech are divided into two groups - independent and service.
Independent parts of speech call objects, signs, quantity, actions of objects and are independent members of the sentence.
Service parts of speech do not name objects, signs, quantity, actions of objects, serve to connect words in a sentence and are not independent members of the sentence.
Independent parts of speech:
Noun | Names objects. Answers the questions Who? What? Examples: table, person |
Adjective | Names features of objects. Answers the questions Which? Which? Which? Which? Whose? Examples: good, kind, red, beautiful, mother |
Numeral | Names the number, quantity, order of objects when counting. Answers the questions How many? Which? Examples: two, first |
Pronoun | Indicates objects, signs, quantity, but does not name them. Examples: he, yours. |
Verb | Indicates the action of an object. Answers the questions What to do? What to do? Examples: play, learn |
Participle (a special form of the verb). It has the characteristics of a verb and an adjective. | Denotes a sign of an object by action. Answers the questions Which? Doing what? What has done? Examples: read, reading, read. |
gerund (a special form of the verb). It has the characteristics of a verb and an adverb. | Indicates an additional action; names how the action called by the verb-predicate is performed. Answers the questions What do you do? Having done what? How? and etc. Examples: reading, reading. |
Adverb | Denotes a sign of a sign or a sign of an action. Answers the questions Where? When? Where? Where? Why? For what? How? Examples: right, yesterday, forward, from afar, quickly. |
Denote the state of living beings, nature, environment. Answer questions How? What is it? Examples: sad, funny, painful, possible, impossible. |
Service parts of speech:
1. All words of the Russian language can be divided into groups called parts of speech.
Together with syntax, morphology constitutes a branch of the science of language called grammar.
2. Each part of speech has signs that can be grouped into three groups:
3. All parts of speech are divided into two groups - independent (significant) And official. Interjections occupy a special position in the system of parts of speech.
4. Independent (significant) parts of speech include words that name objects, their actions and signs. You can ask questions to independent words, and in a sentence, significant words are members of a sentence.
The independent parts of speech in Russian include the following:
| Part of speech | Questions | Examples | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Noun | Who? What? | Boy, uncle, table, wall, window. |
| 2 | Verb | what to do? what to do? | Saw, saw, know, learn. |
| 3 | Adjective | Which? whose? | Good, blue, mother's, door. |
| 4 | Numeral | How many? which? | Five, five, fifth. |
| 5 | Adverb | How? When? Where? and etc. | Fun, yesterday, close. |
| 6 | Pronoun | Who? Which? How many? How? and etc. | I, he, such, mine, so much, so, there. |
| 7 | Participle | Which? (what does he do? what did he do? etc.) | Dreaming, dreaming. |
| 8 | gerund | How? (doing what? doing what?) | Dreaming, deciding |
Notes.
1) As already noted, in linguistics there is no single point of view on the position in the system of parts of speech of participles and participles. Some researchers attribute them to independent parts of speech, others consider them to be special forms of the verb. Participle and participle really occupy an intermediate position between independent parts of speech and verb forms. In this manual, we adhere to the point of view reflected, for example, in the textbook: Babaitseva V.V., Chesnokova L.L. Russian language. Theory. 5-9 grades. M., 2001.
2) In linguistics, there is no single point of view on the composition of such a part of speech as numerals. In particular, in "academic grammar" it is customary to consider ordinal numbers as a special category of adjectives. However, school tradition classifies them as numerals. We will adhere to this position in this manual.
3) In different manuals, the composition of pronouns is characterized differently. In particular, the words there, there, nowhere and others in some school textbooks are classified as adverbs, in others - as pronouns. In this manual, we consider such words as pronouns, adhering to the point of view reflected in the "academic grammar" and in the textbook: Babaitseva V.V., Chesnokova L.L. Russian language. Theory. 5-9 grades. M., 2001.
5. Service parts of speech- these are words that do not name either objects, or actions, or signs, but express only the relationship between them.
It is impossible to put a question to official words.
Service words are not members of the sentence.
Functional words serve independent words, helping them to connect with each other as part of phrases and sentences.
The official parts of speech in Russian include the following:
pretext (in, on, about, from, because of);
union (and, but, but, however, because, in order to, if);
particle (would, whether, same, not, even, precisely, only).
6. occupy a special position among the parts of speech.
Interjections do not name objects, actions, or signs (as independent parts of speech), do not express relationships between independent words, and do not serve to connect words (as auxiliary parts of speech).
Interjections convey our feelings. To express amazement, delight, fear, etc., we use such interjections as ah, ooh, ooh; to express feelings of cold - brr, to express fear or pain - Ouch etc.
7. As noted, some words in Russian can change, others cannot.
TO immutable include all service parts of speech, interjections, as well as such significant parts of speech as:
adverbs ( forward, always);
gerunds ( leaving, leaving, taking).
Also some of them don't change:
nouns ( coat, taxi, blinds);
adjectives ( beige coat, electric blue suit);
pronouns ( then, there).
by using graduation;
Wed: sister - sisters; read - read.
by using endings and prepositions;
Sister - to the sister, with the sister, with the sister.
by using auxiliary words.
The vocabulary of an adult includes about one hundred thousand words. Dahl's dictionary contains twice as many. To avoid semantic confusion, words are usually grouped according to part-of-speech principle. For a better understanding, let's analyze what an independent part of Russian speech is.
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Principles of classification
Morphology is engaged in the study of words, where all words are defined as independent parts of speech and. They are classified according to several criteria:
- Semantic - the generalized meaning of the group. For example, to designate an object, use a noun.
- Morphological - an indicator of the modification of the word form. It can be constant or change during the transition to another genus,.
- Syntactic - the property of words to bind into a constructive sentence and be its members.
Researchers classify words differently. There is no consensus on how many parts of speech are in . The generally accepted rule is allocation of 10 speech groups.
Numerals are studied only at school. Academicians equate them with adjectives. The dispute goes around and participles. Some linguists note manifestations of verb properties in them. Others are sure that such forms should be separated into independent (significant) parts of speech.
Separate textbooks suggest referring the words "nowhere", "there", "there" to adverbs. This is due to the difference in composition. When writing the article, we were guided by the literature approved by Ministry of Education.
Groups
Let's look at the parts of speech. There are two large groups:
- Significant - giving names to objects give their characteristics or point to them. In fact, all words are concentrated in this group.
- Service - determine the relationship between significant word forms, contribute to their connection in one sentence. They do not carry a semantic load, they serve as a constructive construction of speech.
Separate the group consists of interjections. They express feelings. Imagine that a person cuts his finger while cooking. Emotions need to be released. The injured person can lament for a long time, using all known independent and auxiliary parts of speech. That is, describe the knife, the action performed, the signs that it possesses (significant); using prepositions to determine the relationship with the subject (service). Or maybe just exclaim "Ay!"
Important! You can ask a question only to significant word forms.
We have placed the characteristics of parts of speech and examples in the table.
Peculiarities
The rules state that significant words:
- Endowed with meanings that unite them into classes and distinguish them from others. So, the words side and bull have different lexical, but the same grammatical meaning.
- Name objects, signs and actions;
- In the proposal are the main or secondary members.
Depending on whether what information about the subject the words give, they are separated:
- subject is a noun. Examples: spinach, newlyweds;
- belonging, quality and property - adjective - cute, relevant;
- state category;
- the order of the arrangement of objects or the number - the numeral - twelve;
- action or state - verb (to modernize);
- additional action - gerund (breaking through);
- sign by action - participle (alluring);
- if the word does not name an object, property or sign, but points to them - this is a pronoun (why, ours);
- a sign of action, circumstances - adverb (for the first time, little, blindly).
word forms
Independent and other parts of speech used in the Russian language are divided into permanent and variable. Adjectives, nouns, pronouns, numerals are subject to declension. verb and its derivatives conjugate.
Distinguish:
- shaping - the grammatical meaning changes (table - on the table);
- word formation - the lexical meaning changes (top - top).
The significant part of speech that remains unchanged is the adverb (on the side, now, always).
Some words may belong different speech groups. The word "everything", depending on what context is in the sentence, acts as one of the four parts of speech. Let's take a look at examples of sentences:
The whole lake is covered with ice - indicates a sign, is a pronoun.
You are still learning - answers the detailed question when ?, a synonym for the adverb constantly.
Every day it gets dark earlier - it emphasizes the constancy of growth, it performs the functions of a particle.
We nevertheless lifted a heavy load - a union, a synonym nonetheless.
What part of speech a word is is sometimes determined intuitively by meaning. “Milk glass on the floor” and “broken glass was taken to the trash.” Glass in the first sentence is a verb, in the second - a noun.
Morphological analysis
Full grammatical description of the word form called morphological parsing. The belonging of the word to the group, its properties and functions in the sentence are determined. For independent parts of speech, we give examples:
Let's take the word "pillar" for analysis.
- determine belonging: ask the question what? Therefore, it is a noun;
- we examine the state: a pillar is a common name for inanimate objects. Hence, the common noun is inanimate;
- indicate the gender of the independent part of speech, according to the rules (male) and the form of declension - 2nd cl;
- show the number of items singular nominative case;
- significance in the sentence - the main or minor member.
Similarly act with words from other groups:
- Let's determine what part of speech is represented by the word "for the first time". The word form gives the concept of the time of what is happening (when?). It cannot be converted. This means that this adverb does not change, it performs the function of a circumstance. Secondary member of the proposal.
- Know (what to do?). Verb, infinitive, 1st conjugation, transitive, imperfective, indicative. Offer membership is determined by context.
We study independent parts of speech
What are the parts of speech in Russian
Conclusion
If we give a simple definition of what an independent part is, then we can say that this is a designation of a property, quality or action of an object, which loses its meaning without the use of significant words.
Absolutely everything is divided into categories in Russian. The part of speech is determined by morphological features, syntactic function and lexical meaning.
Their composition was formed all the time while the grammar of the Russian language was developing. At the present stage, independent parts of speech (full-valued) and service ones are distinguished. Interjections, modal words and onomatopoeic are considered separately.
Independent (in some sources they are also called significant) indicate objects, quantity, properties, action, quality, state. They have a grammatical meaning and a lexical one. In addition, they perform a syntactic function, acting as the main or secondary member in the sentence.
Independent parts of speech consist of seven categories of words: adjective and noun, verb, pronoun, adverb and category of state. Not all of them can change their shape through a variety of means. This ability is characteristic only for adjectives, nouns, numerals, as well as verbs and pronouns. The category of state (lack of time, pity, glad) and adverbs do not have means that form various forms. A small exception is made by qualitative adverbs, which are able to create degrees of comparison.
The category of state (or predicate) should be discussed separately, since it is not distinguished in all grammars. For the first time this was done by L. V. Shcherba. Moreover, the understanding of the predicative is narrow and wide. In the first case, only those words in the impersonal sentence (also in the one where main member expressed by the infinitive) play the syntactic role of the predicate: sunny, cold, difficult to understand, one cannot be silent, there is no time, one can agree, damp, warm. In the second case, the category of state includes all words that are not verbs, but act as a predicate: impossible, fit, must, glad, obliged, possible, ready.
Predicative: use together with a copula and the meaning of the state. In the case of a narrow understanding, the immutability of the word is added here.
There are many special literature, which quite convincingly substantiates the attribution of the category of state to parts of speech. Indeed, there are words in the language that are not verbs, but perform the syntactic function of the predicate, like verbs. Some linguists correlate the concept of the category of state with the function of non-verbal word forms in a sentence. But, nevertheless, this question is still problematic and remains open.
The accepted distribution by parts of speech cannot be considered constant, since in the language there is often a transition of lexemes from one part of speech to another. However, not all words can do this freely. Some independent parts of speech more often turn into other independent ones, less often - into service ones. For example, adverbs can go into the category of prepositions: about, around. U appears the meaning of pronouns: The case (this) was in the fall. Participles turn into prepositions and adverbs: despite, thanks, sitting, silently, standing. Often nouns become parts of complex conjunctions, particles of prepositions: is it a joke, during, while, etc.
Parts of speech in English language, just as in Russian, are divided into full-valued (significant, independent) and official. The first also include those words that have a full lexical meaning, are members of a sentence and name actions, signs and objects. English grammar refers to them adverb, verb, pronoun and adjective, noun and numeral.
