On April 5, 1242, 770 years ago, the Russian prince Alexander Nevsky defeated the knights of the Livonian Order on the ice of Lake Peipus, preventing them from carrying out the “drang nach osten”.
If it were not for the prince, who was not tolerant of foreign cultures and customs, then for 700 years they would have eaten sausages with beer.
Raising swords of Russian steel,
Bending the spear shafts,
They flew out of the forest with a cry
New York regiments.
Leaning towards shaggy manes;
And the first on a huge horse
The prince got into the German system ...
History and reconstruction of the Battle of the Ice. Video - texts - 3D-pictures in assortment.
Konstantin Simonov, poem "Battle on the Ice"
On blue and wet
Chudsky cracked ice
At six thousand seven hundred and fifty
From Creation,
Saturday, April 5th
Raw dawn time
advanced considered
Marching Germans dark system.
On caps are feathers of cheerful birds,
Helmets have pony tails.
Above them on heavy poles
Black crosses swayed.
Squires behind proudly
They carried family shields,
Bear muzzles on them,
Weapons, towers and flowers.
Everything was so damn beautiful
As if these gentlemen
Already broken our strength
Went here to play.
Well, let's bring the shelves to the shelves,
We have had enough embassies, betrayals,
Oshyu us Raven Stone
And at our right hand Uzmen.
Below us is ice, above us is the sky,
Our cities are behind us,
No forest, no land, no bread
Never take you again.
All night, crackling with pitch, they burned
Behind us are red bonfires.
We warmed our hands before the fight,
So that the axes do not slip.
Angle forward, especially from everyone,
Dressed in fur coats, in Armenians,
Stood dark with malice
Pskov foot regiments.
The Germans pestered them with iron,
They stole their children and wives,
Their yard is plundered, cattle is slaughtered,
The crops are trampled down, the house is burned down.
The prince put them in the middle,
To be the first to take the pressure, -
Reliable in the dark
Man's forged ax!
Prince in front of the Russian regiments
He turned the horse around,
With steel-clad hands
Under the clouds angrily poked.
"Let God judge us with the Germans
Without delay here on the ice
We have swords with us, and come what may,
Let's help God's judgment!"
The prince galloped to the coastal rocks,
Climbing on them with difficulty,
He found a high ledge,
From where you can see everything around.
And looked back. Somewhere behind
Between trees and stones
His regiments are in ambush,
Keeping horses on a leash.
And ahead, on the ringing ice floes
Thundering with heavy scales,
The Livonians are riding in a formidable wedge -
Pig iron head.
The first onslaught of the Germans was terrible.
In the Russian infantry corner,
Two rows of horse towers
They crashed through.
Like angry lambs in a storm,
Among the German cones
Flashing white shirts
Men's lamb hats.
In washed underwear shirts,
Throwing sheepskin coats on the ground,
They rushed into mortal combat,
Gate wide open.
So it's easier to hit the enemy with a swing,
And when you have to die
It's better to have a clean shirt
Dirty with your own blood.
They are open-eyed
They marched against the Germans with their bare chest,
Cutting fingers to the bone
Bowed spears to the ground.
And where the spears bent down,
They are in desperate slaughter
They cut through the German system
Shoulder to shoulder, back to back.
Ontsyfor made his way deep into the ranks,
With a crumpled neck and rib,
Spinning and jumping, chopped
Large heavy axe.
Seven times his ax was raised,
Armor warped seven times,
Seven times the Livonian bowed
And with a clang collapsed from the horse.
With the eighth, the last by vow,
Ontsyfror became face to face,
When its ninth on the side
Sword struck on the sacrum.
Ontsyfor silently turned around,
With difficulty, he mustered the rest of his strength,
I rushed at the red-haired German
And cut it down with an axe.
They fell to the ground next to
And they fought for a long time.
Ontsyfor with a clouded look
I noticed a gap in his armor.
Peeling the skin from the palm of your hand,
He climbed all five
Where the helmet is German edge
It was loosely linked to the armor.
And at the last breath
He is in the fingers, hard and thin,
Deadly squeezed goodbye
Fleshy knight's apple.
Already mixed people, horses,
Swords, axes, axes,
And the prince is still calm
Watching the battle from the mountain.
The face is frozen, as if on purpose,
He fastened his helmet to the bridle
And a hat with a wolf trim
He pulled it over his forehead and ears.
His companions were bored
Horses trampled, the fire smoldered.
The old boyars grumbled:
"Is the prince's sword not sharp?
Not so fought fathers and grandfathers
For your destiny, for your city,
Rushed into battle, looking for victory,
Risking the prince's head!
The prince silently listened to the conversations,
Frowning on a horse, he sat;
Today he did not save the city,
Not a fiefdom, not your lot.
Today by the power of the people
He closed the way for the Livonians,
And the one who risked today -
He risked all Russia.
Let the boyars lie together -
He saw everything, he knew for sure
When the ambush regiments need
Give the agreed signal.
And, only after waiting for the Livonians,
Having mixed ranks, they were drawn into battle,
He, blazing with a sword in the sun,
He led his squad.
Raising swords of Russian steel,
Bending the spear shafts,
They flew out of the forest with a cry
New York regiments.
They flew over the ice with a clang, with thunder,
Leaning towards shaggy manes;
And the first on a huge horse
The prince got into the German system.
And, retreating before the prince,
Throwing spears and shields
The Germans fell from their horses to the ground,
Lifting iron fingers.
The bay horses got excited,
Ashes rose from under the hooves,
Bodies dragged through the snow
Stuck in narrow stirrups.
There was a big mess
Iron, blood and water.
In place of the knights
There were bloody footprints.
Some lay choking
In bloody ice water
Others rushed away, crouched,
Cowardly spurring horses.
Under them the horses drowned,
Under them, the ice stood on end,
Their stirrups pulled to the bottom,
The shell did not let them swim.
Brelo under sideways glances
A lot of captured gentlemen,
For the first time with bare heels
Slapping diligently on the ice.
And the prince, barely cooled down from the landfill,
Already watched from under the arm
Like a pitiful remnant of fugitives
He went to the Livonian lands.
Why did the poet not only describe the feat of Lieutenant Petrov, but also talk about Lenka's childhood, about his friendship with Major Deev?
The "Son of the Artilleryman" describes the feat not just of Lieutenant Petrov, but, above all, the feat of the son of an artilleryman. Therefore, the story of friendship with Major Deev is so important.
Why does the major send Lenka on such a responsible and dangerous task?
With this decision, he shows both the degree of importance of the task, and at the same time his sense of military duty. The son of an artilleryman can and must perform a responsible task.
Re-read the place where Deev's condition is described after Lenka's departure ("The major remained in the dugout ..."). Try in your reading aloud to convey the experiences, anxiety of the major.
As you can see, the major's anxiety can only be conveyed by intonation - he is a reserved person and did not want others to feel his feelings in words or actions, especially for Lenka to understand this.
Read an excerpt from the military correspondence of K. Simonov: “On the crest of snow-covered rocks, where we got tired of getting almost crawling for a good two hours, Commander Skrobov sits at his observation post day and night.
This place looks like an eagle's nest, and Skrobov's observers look like large white birds, motionlessly crouched in their wide white coats against the crest of the rock.
Constant, continuous, furious, cutting wind. Here, at the top, it blows a minute, an hour, a day, a week, a month, a year. It always blows. The observers have wind-chapped lips and red, burnt eyes. But from here, from this rock open to all four winds, all roads and paths are visible ...
The wires go forward to the second observation point - it is only five hundred meters from the Germans, however, once, when it was necessary, it was not five hundred meters from the Germans, but five hundred meters behind the Germans. Artilleryman Lieutenant Loskutov with a radio transmitter crawled to the rear of the Germans and corrected the fire from there for three days.
How do you imagine the process of creating a poem from such military correspondence?
Before us are two works of art - an essay and a poem. They have the same author, the same plot, and the same characters. But poetic lines increase the emotional impact on the reader and the images of the characters are given in more detail (we will learn much more about them). It is difficult to imagine the process of creating a work, but the difference between genres helps to understand some aspects of this process.
What other poems about the Great Patriotic war did you read?
Many works have been created about the Great Patriotic War: poems by K. M. Simonov "A boy on a gun carriage", A. T. Tvardovsky "I was killed near Rzhev ...", R. G. Gamzatov "Cranes", A. A. Akhmatova "Courage" ... Many poems about the war have become songs. These are "My Moscow" by M. Lisyansky, and "In the fields behind the Vistula sleepy ..." by E. Vinokurov ... Each generation adds new songs to this list.
We need to remember our history and go our own way.
Currently, we use the dating of the years from the birth of Christ and the Gregorian calendar. The Julian calendar, the so-called "old style", is not forgotten either. Every year in January, we remember him when we celebrate the "old" New Year. Also, the media carefully reminds of the change of years according to the Chinese, Japanese, Thai and other calendars. It certainly broadens our horizons.
Let's expand our horizons. But, in order to make our horizons even wider, let's touch on the ancient tradition of the chronology of the Slavic peoples - the Daaryan Krugolet of Chislobog, according to which our Ancestors lived not so long ago. Now this calendar is used only by the Old Believers - representatives of the most ancient Slavic-Aryan Faith - Ynglism. The widespread use of our ancient calendar ceased a little over 300 years ago, when Tsar Peter 1 introduced a foreign calendar on the territory of Rus' by his Decree and ordered on the night of January 1 to celebrate the coming of the year 1700 from the birth of Jesus Christ.
The calendar reform has stolen (at least) 5,500 years of our history. And in Rus' at that time it was Summer 7208 from the Creation of the World in the Star Temple. It is generally accepted that this innovation of Peter 1 was a progress for Russia, introducing it to the "European culture". But it does not say at all that the emperor did not just change the calendar, he actually “stole”, at least (!). five and a half thousand years of our true history. Indeed, under the event from which the counting of years was conducted - the Creation of the World in the Star Temple (5508, BC), it was not meant at all the creation of the universe by the biblical god, but literally; the signing of a peace treaty in the year of the Star Temple on the Circle of Chislobog after the victory of the Power of the Great Race (in modern understanding- Russia) over the empire of the Great Dragon (in modern - China). By the way, the symbolic image of a rider on a white horse slaying a dragon, known in Christian tradition as George the Victorious, actually symbolizes just this victory. That is why this symbol has long been so widespread and revered in Rus' among the Slavic-Aryan peoples.
From what events was the reckoning?
A natural question arises: what event was the reckoning from before the Creation of the World in the Star Temple? The answer is obvious - from an earlier significant event. Moreover, counting of years from different events could be carried out in parallel. That is how, with the mention of several time periods, the ancient chronicles began. For example, let's give several dates of the current year 2004 from RX: - Summer 7512 from the Creation of the World in the Star Temple - Summer 13012 from the Great Cooling - Summer 44548 from the Creation of the Great Kolo Rasseniya - Summer 106782 from the Foundation of Asgard of Iria - Summer 111810 from the Great Migration from Daaria - Summer 142994 from the period of Three Moons - Summer 153370 from Assa Dei - Summer 185770 from the Time of Thule - Summer 604378 from the Time of Three Suns, etc. Obviously, in the context of the modern "official" chronology, these dates look simply fantastic, but for an independently thinking person interested in ancient cultural heritage peoples of the Earth, such "an abyss of years" do not look so frightening. After all, not only in the Slavic-Aryan Vedas, but also in quite a few written monuments that have come down to us throughout the Earth, even much longer periods of historical time are mentioned. Unbiased archaeological and paleo-astronomical studies also point to these facts. It will also be very interesting to remember that in pre-Petrine times in Rus', not numbers were used to designate numerical values, as is now customary, but titled letters, i.e. Slavic letters with service symbols.
What did Cyril and Methodius “fix”?
And since the calendar is a written tradition (try to orally maintain and pass on such a complex and dynamic array of information from generation to generation), it is obvious that before the time of Peter I, writing in Rus' already existed, at least (!) Seven over a thousand years. However, it is believed that writing was “invented” especially for us, “illiterates”, by two Greek monks Cyril and Methodius, who only added a few Greek letters to our alphabet instead of diphthongs they did not understand. And, modestly speaking, the ever-increasing pomposity during the annual "Cyril and Methodius" and "birthdays" of "Slavic" writing is surprising. At the present time, since we use the modern calendar (from AD), it would be more correct to use it only for the events of the last three hundred years. And more ancient events, for a clear understanding of their essence, must be dated in the system of chronology that was used before 1700. Otherwise, a misinterpretation of our history, culture, traditions and customs is possible. The dating of the pre-Peter the Great events in modern textbooks is sincerely regrettable. For example, 1242 is called the year of the Battle on the Ice on Lake Peipsi, and at that time it was 6750 in Rus'. Or, for example, the year 988 from the birth of Jesus Christ is considered the year of the baptism of Kyiv. But in Kyiv then they celebrated Summer 6496 from the Creation of the World in the Star Temple.
Brothers and sisters, let's remember our past, look for it if evil minds hide it from us on purpose.
Many generations of historians are perplexed by a brief note in one of the most authoritative sources - the Ipatiev Chronicle: "In the summer of 6750, do not be nothing." That is, this year there was no noteworthy event worthy of entering the annals of history. But the summer of 6750 is the year 1242! This spring, on April 5, Alexander Nevsky defeated the army of the Teutonic Order on the ice of Lake Peipus. This battle, known to every schoolchild as the Battle of the Ice, is considered one of the most significant events in history. medieval Rus'. Why did the chronicler know nothing about her? Let's try to shed some light on this mystery.
Official version
Our compatriots mainly judge the Battle of the Ice by the famous film by Sergei Eisenstein "Alexander Nevsky" - a brilliant picture, but, unfortunately, very far from historical truth. However, when filming, the director relied on the classic version of the battle on Lake Peipsi, adopted by the official national historiography. This version dominates to this day.
So, in August 1240, the Teutonic Order, which had established itself in the lands of the Baltic states, began a campaign against Rus'. This army was made up of the Teutonic knights with their servants, the militia of the Bishop of Derpt Herman, the squad of the Pskov prince Yaroslav Vladimirovich, who went over to the enemies, the army of the Estonians and the army of some king, mentioned in the Livonian rhymed chronicle (either Danish or Swedish). The crusaders took Izborsk and defeated the Pskov army that came out to meet them. In the battle, 800 Pskovians were killed, including the governor Gavrila Gorislavovich - the one who allegedly soon opened the gates of Pskov to the Germans after a seven-day siege. The Livonian invasion did not prevent the Novgorod freemen from expelling Prince Alexander Nevsky to Pereslavl-Zalessky. And only when the Germans captured the fortress of Koporye and were 30 miles from Novgorod, the Novgorodians changed their minds and called the prince back.
Returning to Novgorod in 1241, Nevsky went to Koporye, took the fortress by storm, released some of the captured knights (presumably for a good ransom), and hung all the Chud from the Koporye garrison. In March 1242, Alexander, together with his brother Andrei, who came to the rescue at the head of the Vladimir army, took Pskov. After that, the war moved into the possession of the order.
On April 5, 1242, the opposing armies converged on the ice of Lake Peipus. The German-Chukhon army was built in a closed phalanx in the form of a wedge, such a system was also called the "iron pig". This wedge, at the top of which the best knights of the order fought, broke through the center of the Russian army, individual warriors fled. Having waited for the moment when the crusaders were bogged down deep enough in the Russian army, Prince Alexander struck with his best forces from the flanks and took the enemy in pincers. Unable to withstand the onslaught, the Germans began a retreat, which turned into a stampede. The Russians drove them across the lake for seven miles, but not all of them reached the opposite Sobolitsky shore. In a number of places, the ice broke under the crowded Germans, many of them ended up in the water and drowned.
There were no drowners
Many books have been written about the Battle of the Ice, which provide the most detailed details of the battle, maps, diagrams ... But an inquisitive researcher still has many questions. For example, it is not clear in what specific place this battle took place, how many soldiers participated in it, what were the losses of the opposing sides, etc.
By official version, in the Russian army there were 15-17 thousand people, in the Order - 10-12 thousand. But so many people at that time could not be recruited in any case. By the end of the 30s of the XIII century, the entire population of Novgorod, including women, children and the elderly, amounted to a little more than 14 thousand people. Therefore, the Novgorod militia could not have been more than two thousand people. And even if we add to them a certain number of militias from other parts of the Novgorod land, as well as Pskov, the princely squads of Alexander and Andrei, we still get an army with a maximum of 3-4 thousand warriors.
What about the enemy army? The rhyming chronicle says that there were 60 Russians for every order warrior in the battle. But this is a clear exaggeration. In fact, the German-Chukhonian forces amounted to 1200-1800 people. And given that the entire Teutonic Order, together with the Livonian that joined it, numbered less than three hundred brother-knights, most of whom at that time fought for the Holy Sepulcher in Palestine, no more than fifty of them could go to battle with the Russians; the bulk of the army was Chud - the ancestors of today's Estonians.
Our chronicles are shyly silent about Russian losses. But on the other hand, it is said about the Germans that 500 knights died on the ice of Lake Peipus, fifty were taken prisoner, and Chuds were beaten "without number". And the Livonian rhymed chronicle believes that only 20 knights were killed in the battle and six were taken prisoner. Of course, in all wars, one's own losses are underestimated, while those of the enemy are exaggerated, but here the discrepancy in numbers is too great.
Moreover, Russian sources claim that the main losses of the Teutons are due to the fact that the spring ice could not withstand the weight of the armor of the knights huddled together and many of them drowned. A legitimate question arises: why didn’t the Russian knights fail?
The modern historian Anatoly Bakhtin claims that all chronicle information about the battle was a falsification: “There was no mind-blowing pandemonium of the warring parties there, there was also no mass exodus of people under the ice. In those days, the armor of the Teutons was comparable in weight to the weapons of Russian warriors. The same chain mail, shield, sword. Only instead of the traditional Slavic shishak, the head of the knight brothers was protected by a bucket-shaped helmet. There were no plate horses in those days. In none of the existing chronicles is it possible to find a story about cracked ice on Lake Peipsi, about the participants in the battle who went under water.
The triumph of propaganda
Summing up the above, we have to admit: great battle, comparable in scale to the Grunwald, simply did not exist. There was a border skirmish between two detachments - at that time, however, quite significant. And to epic proportions, this victory was inflated by the Novgorod "image makers" on the direct instructions of Alexander Nevsky. Thus, his name was forever inscribed in the history of Russia. Is this not the greatest triumph of propaganda?
Isn’t that why the Ipatiev Chronicle says: “In the summer of 6750 you weren’t nothing”? Either the chronicler was not sufficiently informed, or he did not consider it necessary to translate the expensive parchment to such an insignificant event. Of course, historians still do not know exactly where this chronicle was kept. But certainly not in Novgorod land. And the affairs of the neighbors at that time of civil strife were of little interest to anyone. Nevertheless, if the battle on Lake Peipsi had such an epoch-making significance as domestic historians attribute to it, it would have found a much broader reflection in the documents of that time.
And in the "Chronicle of the Land of Prussia" by Peter from Dusburg, the Battle on the Ice is also not mentioned. And even in the Laurentian Chronicle, which is based on the Grand Duke's set of 1281, compiled under the son of Alexander Nevsky, Prince Dmitry, it is said sparingly: “In the summer of 6750, Alexander Yaroslavich went from Novgorod to Nemtsi and fought with them on the Chudsky Ezero ou Voronia stone. And defeat Alexander and drive 7 miles across the ice and cut them.
The modern historian and writer Andrey Balabukha writes: “But gradually, through the efforts of associates (like Metropolitan Kirill - the same one who in 1263 after the death of Alexander said, addressing the inhabitants of the capital city of Vladimir:“ My dear children! Know that the sun of the Russian land has set! ") and princely descendants, the propaganda myth completely prevailed over historical facts. And this position is public opinion, V fiction, in school and university textbooks, finally - is preserved to this day.
Let's leave ideology and propaganda aside and ask ourselves the only question: if the formidable sword of Alexander Nevsky really stopped the invasion of the order, why did his distant descendant Ivan IV the Terrible three centuries later have to wage the infamous Livonian War with this same order?
Valery NIKOLAEV
- Why did the poet not only describe the feat of Lieutenant Petrov, but also talk about Lenka's childhood, about his friendship with Major Deev?
- Why does the major send Lenka on such a responsible and dangerous mission?
- Re-read the place where Deev's condition is described after Lenka's departure (“The major remained in the dugout ...”). Try in your reading aloud to convey the experiences, anxiety of the major.
- Read an excerpt from the military correspondence of K. Simonov: “On the crest of snow-covered rocks, where we had to get almost crawling for a good two hours, commander Skrobov sits at his observation post day and night.
- What other poems about the Great Patriotic War have you read?
The "Son of the Artilleryman" describes the feat of not just Lieutenant Petrov, but, above all, the feat of the son of an artilleryman. That is why the story of friendship with Major Deev is so important.
With this decision, he shows both the degree of importance of the task, and at the same time his sense of military duty. The son of an artilleryman can and must perform a responsible task.
As you can see, the major’s anxiety can only be conveyed by intonation - he is a reserved person and did not want his feelings in words or actions to be felt by those around him, especially for Lenka to understand this.
This place looks like an eagle's nest, and Skrobov's observers look like large white birds, motionlessly crouched in their wide white robes against the crest of the rock.
Constant, continuous, furious, cutting wind. Here, at the top, it blows a minute, an hour, a day, a week, a month, a year. It always blows. The observers have wind-chapped lips and red, burnt eyes. But from here, from this rock open to all four winds, all roads and paths are visible ...
The wires go forward to the second observation post - it is only five hundred meters from the Germans, however, once, when it was necessary, it was not five hundred meters from the Germans, but five hundred meters behind the Germans. Artilleryman Lieutenant Loskutov with a radio transmitter crawled to the rear of the Germans and corrected the fire from there for three days.
How do you imagine the process of creating a poem from such military correspondence?
Before us are two works of art - an essay and a poem. They have the same author, the same plot, and the same characters. But poetic lines increase the emotional impact on the reader and the images of the characters are given in more detail (we will learn much more about them). The very process of creating a work is difficult to imagine, but the difference between genres helps to understand some aspects of this process. material from the site
Many works have been created about the Great Patriotic War: poems by K. M. Simonov “A boy on a gun carriage”, A. T. Tvardovsky “I was killed under Rzhev ...”, R. G. Gamzatov “Cranes”, A. A. Akhmatova "Courage" ... Many poems about the war have become songs. These are “My Moscow” by M. Lisyansky, and “In the fields beyond the Vistula sleepy ...” by E. Vinokurova ... Each generation adds new songs to this list.
