Zaraysk- a city in Russia, a city of regional subordination, the administrative center of the Zaraisky district of the Moscow region. It is located 145 km southeast of Moscow, on the right (mostly) bank of the Osetr River (a tributary of the Oka). The final railway station on a non-electrified line from the city of Lukhovitsy (without passenger traffic).
The city is located in the center of the European part of Russia, on the northeastern slope of the Central Russian Upland, 162 km from Moscow. The area of the city is 2046 hectares, the Osetr River flows through its territory. The city is also cut by small tributaries of the Osetra - Monastyrka, Osetrik and Astabenka - flowing in deep ravines.
Name
IN historical documents contains over thirty variants of city names, including Sturgeon(1146, 1541 years), Red(1225) Zarazsk(1225) Novgorodok-on-Sturgeon(1387) Zarazesk(XV century), Zaraevsk(1501), Nikola Zarazskaya-on-Sturgeon(1531), Nikola-on-Sturgeon(1532) Nikola Zarazsky(1610) Zoraisk(1660), Zarask(1681), Zaraysk(XVII century), Zarazskaya(first half of the 18th century). Since the 19th century, the modern name was finally established Zaraysk. There are several versions about the origin of the name:
- The name of the city comes from old Russian word"zaraz", meaning "cliff of the river bank".
- The name "Zaraisk" comes from the word "cassock" (swamp): the city, relative to Ryazan, was behind swamps, or "behind duckweeds".
- The name comes from a place in the city where the dead were buried during epidemics of cholera and plague.
- According to the historian M.N. Tikhomirov, the name of the city comes from the word "infection" (impenetrable, protected forest).
- The name of the city comes from the word "infect" in its old Russian meaning "to kill, strike to death." According to legend, in 1237 Evpraksia, the wife of Prince Fyodor Yuryevich, in order to avoid the Tatar captivity, threw herself from her tower and, thus, killed herself, that is, she became “infected”.
Story
Foundation of the city
For the first time Zaraysk is mentioned in Nikonovskaya (as hail Sturgeon) and Ipatievskaya (under the name Sturgeon) chronicles in 1146. The location of this sturgeon mentioned in the chronicle was confirmed by archaeological excavations conducted in the 1980s under the leadership of B. A. Rybakov. Subsequently, the town, apparently, was burned by nomads. The next mention of the newly rebuilt city refers to 1225 in the "Tale of the Bringing of the Icon of St. Nicholas of Zarazsky from Korsun", where the future Zaraysk is named red. This year, the miraculous image of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker (Korsunsky) was transferred from Korsun (Chersonese) to Krasny. Soon a wooden temple was built in honor of this saint. Later, in this temple, the cycle of "Tales of Nikol Zarazsky" was created, which includes, in particular, the Tale of the devastation of Ryazan by Batu. The first known appanage prince of the city was Fyodor Yurievich, the son of the Ryazan prince Yuri Igorevich. Under him, a wooden prison was erected in the city, surrounded by ramparts and ditches with water.
In 1237, Red was burned by Batu, who was advancing on Rus'. According to the cycle "Tales of Nikola Zarazsky", Prince Fyodor Yuryevich was killed by Batu on the Voronezh River, and the prince's wife, Princess Evpraksia, not wanting to be captured by the Tatars, together with her young son Ivan, threw herself out of her tower and "infected" (hit) up to of death. After that, the icon of St. Nicholas of Korsun began to be called the icon of St. Nicholas of Zarazsky. During this period, Zaraysk was called the city Saint Nicholas of Korsun And Zarazskiy. Then, until the XIV century, Zaraysk was not mentioned in historical sources. The city, which reappeared in the 14th century, began to bear the name Novgorodok-on-Sturgeon.
16th century
In 1521, together with the Ryazan principality, the city was annexed to the Moscow principality. Zaraysk became an outpost near the southern borders of the principality, which were subjected to raids by the Crimean Tatars throughout the 16th century. In the years 1528-1531, by order of Vasily III, inside the Ostrog was built stone kremlin:58 with seven towers; the thickness of the walls of the new fortress reached three meters, the height - nine. The fortress was a powerful fortification; Natural barriers were also an obstacle for the enemy - the steep bank of the Osetra River near the western walls of the fortress and the deep ravine of the Monastyrka River to the south of the Kremlin. It is possible that Italian architects who worked in Rus' at that time took part in the construction.
The city became an important point of defense on the southern approaches to Moscow as part of the Great Security Line being created. Already in 1533, the Kremlin was subjected to the first attack of the Crimean Tatars under the leadership of Islyam I Giray and Safa Giray. Simultaneously with the Kremlin in 1528, instead of the wooden St. Nicholas Church, a stone one was laid. During this period the city was called Nikolo-Zarazskoy-on-Sturgeon, Nikola-on-sturgeon. In 1541, the city was besieged by the Crimean Khan Sahib I Giray, who could not take the Kremlin and was defeated by the governor N. Glebov. The Crimeans also attacked the city in 1542, 1570, 1573, 1591.
In March 1533 the city was visited by Grand Duke Moscow Vasily III, and in 1550, 1555, 1556 and 1571 - his son, Ivan IV the Terrible. In 1550, at his command, the Church of St. John the Baptist was erected in the Kremlin. In 1551, Prince Andrey Kurbsky was serving in the military in Zaraysk.
Even during the reign of Vasily III, a new prison with log walls adjoining the Kremlin from the northeast was rebuilt. Wooden bridges were thrown across the ditches surrounding the fortress. Posadas were located inside the prison. Outside the walls of the prison along the ravines and rivers, settlements began to form; trade developed - from the walls of the Zaraisky Kremlin began important roads to Ryazan, Kolomna and Kashira. In the 16th century, in addition to merchants and archers, the population of Zaraysk was also "arable" (peasants) and "craftsmen" (artisans) people. The largest building in the city was the St. Nicholas Church in the Kremlin with the icon of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker kept in it. Administrative buildings were also located within the prison: Duty hut, city treasury, city government; on the site of the modern Gostiny Dvor, shopping arcades arose.
Time of Troubles
In February-March 1607, clashes took place between the detachments of Ivan Bolotnikov and the troops of Vasily Shuisky in the vicinity of Zaraysk. On March 30, 1608, the detachments of False Dmitry II (namely, the Poles of Colonel Alexander Lisovsky) defeated the Ryazan-Arzamas militia in Zaraysk and occupied the city. The city was liberated on June 1, 1609 by detachments of the Ryazan militia under the leadership of Prokopy Lyapunov. In 1610-1611, Prince D. M. Pozharsky was the governor of Zaraisk. Pozharsky suppressed a revolt of supporters of False Dmitry II in the city, expelled the "thieves" detachment of the Ryazan governor Isaac Sumbulov, who went over to the service of the Poles, who captured the city in December 1610, and at the beginning of 1611, having joined the First Militia, Pozharsky set out with his Zaraysk detachment to Moscow. Over three hundred soldiers who fell near the walls of the city were buried in a mound near the city; this mound, called Lisovsky, is preserved to this day. In the 18th century, a stone church was built near the mound.
XVII-XVIII centuries
In the 17th century, the name Zaraysk was finally assigned to the city.
Under 1625, the Ascension (Round) Monastery with a wooden church, located in the settlement to the west of the Kremlin, is mentioned in the cadastral books. Life-Giving Trinity. The monastery was abolished in 1764, and the Trinity Church became a parish church and, after a fire in 1774, was rebuilt in stone.
In 1669, the first Russian warship Oryol was launched in the Zaraysk village of Dedinovo.
In 1673, the last attack of the Crimean Tatars on Zaraysk took place, and since the end of the 17th century the city has been losing its defensive significance, becoming a significant center of crafts and trade on the Astrakhan highway. Zaraysk turned into a center of grain trade, transit trade also developed - cattle were driven through the city from the southern regions to Moscow, and meat was supplied. In 1681 Zaraysk survived a devastating fire. In the same year, by decree of Tsar Fyodor Alekseevich, instead of a dilapidated stone church, a brick Nikolsky church was built. In the 18th century, stone and wooden construction developed in the city.
In 1778, by decree of Catherine II, Zaraysk received the status of a county town of the Ryazan governorship (since 1796 - the Ryazan province). A year later, the coat of arms was approved, and then the regular plan of the city. To the east of the Kremlin, on a relatively flat area, an orthogonal grid of quarters was formed (the latter are mostly 130x260 m in size); building front. Township churches, around which to XVIII century formed large areas, turned out to be, according to the master plan, at the intersection of the main streets of Zaraysk. The Kremlin remained the main compositional and spatial core of Zaraysk, to the north-east of it there were shopping malls (Gostiny Dvor) rebuilt in stone in the 18th century, which until the 1930s had the shape of a closed square with a courtyard. The main planning axes were the Great Moscow Road (now Karl Marx Street) and the road to Pereyaslavl-Ryazansky (now Soviet street). Ensembles of squares were formed: Bazarnaya (now Revolution Square), Sennaya (now Pozharsky Square), Oblupinskaya (now Sovetskaya Square), Spasskaya (built up in late XIX century). Stone buildings were erected along the streets connecting the main squares - religious, residential and public buildings. On the main roads near the borders of the city, customs outposts were built - stone paired pillars crowned with double-headed eagles and premises for the guard (cordegaria). In total, 4 outposts were built - Moscow (road to Moscow), Kashirsko-Venevskaya (road to Kashira and Venev), Mikhailovskaya (road to Mikhailov) and Ryazanskaya (road to Ryazan). By 1798 general plan in terms of the planning of city blocks was largely implemented.
19th century
Zaraysk met the 19th century, being major center trade. At that time, there were over five hundred merchants and 136 shops in the city. Zaraisk fairs were regularly held, where Moscow merchants brought fabrics and foodstuffs and where local products were actively traded. Up to 2,000 horses were brought to the annual horse fairs. Zaraysk was a city not only of merchants, but also of artisans: tanners, shoemakers, potters, butchers, tailors, bakers, etc. The products of Zaraysk blacksmiths were very popular at fairs. Small industries operated in the city (woodworking, dyeing, leather, oil milling, flour-grinding, brick, wool-beating, production of agricultural implements).
The new Ryazan road, laid in 1847, bypassed Zaraysk, and the importance of the city as a trading center was significantly reduced. In 1860, the central part of the city was badly damaged by a massive fire. The Moscow-Ryazan railway, built in 1864, also did not pass through Zaraysk (a 27-kilometer branch was built from it to Zaraysk in 1870), which negatively affected economic development cities. Despite this, by the end of the XIX century. industry develops in the city. In 1858, the German entrepreneur August Reders founded a feather-and-down factory in Zaraysk (now Peropukh OJSC), and later a shoe factory (now Zaraisk-Obuv LLC). In 1881, a large steam mill owned by the city was launched; in 1883, 2 brick factories owned by A. S. Morozov began work (at the beginning of the 20th century there were already 3 brick factories). In the 1880s, an iron foundry and a peat plant of the German entrepreneur Lipgart also appeared. In 1900, two more large enterprises were founded in the city: a spinning and weaving factory (now the Krasny Vostok factory, the Zaraysk branch of Textil-Prom LLC) and the spinning mill of the Swiss Anonymous Society. Despite the decline of Zaraysk trade in the middle of the 19th century, many objects related to trade remained in the city (for example, in 1890 there were 243 small shops, 6 hotels, 22 taverns, 51 wine shops and 2 wine warehouses). Fairs continued to be held (at the beginning of the 20th century - three times a year), reoriented to the trade in food and livestock. There were also numerous objects of social infrastructure. In the course of the reforms of Alexander II in 1865, the Zaraysk Zemstvo was formed, the main efforts of which were aimed at solving social problems. Already at the beginning of the 19th century, there was a hospital in Zaraysk, originally located in a house rented from the merchant Goretnin; in 1888 the hospital received its own building. In addition to the hospital, 28 schools and 3 paramedical stations were opened in the Zaraisk district at the expense of the zemstvo. By the end of the 19th century, the city had parish, district, real and religious school, a women's gymnasium, a merchant's assembly and a noble club, a bank. There was a hospital and an almshouse. The industrialist Reders laid out on Natalinskaya Street (now Pervomaiskaya Street) a city park with a rose garden, greenhouses, ornamental shrubs and artificial ruins of a medieval castle; the park had a bowling alley and a tennis court.
20th century and modern period
At the beginning of the 20th century, the development of industry and the social infrastructure of the city continued. In 1910, a stone building of the zemstvo was built, in 1914 the operation of the water tower that has survived to this day began, in the same 1914, a new building of the city hospital, built at the expense of A. A. Bakhrushin, was opened. A stone prison building with a church built at the expense of the merchant I. I. Yartsev appeared in the city. The newspaper "Good Way" was published in the city. Thanks to the efforts of the zemstvo, the first library readers were accepted: the public library named after A.S. Pushkin, the library under the zemstvo council, the library of guardianship of people's sobriety. On the eve of the revolution of 1917, there were 14 places of worship in Zaraysk: 2 cathedrals, 8 stone churches and 2 wooden ones, 2 chapels. There were 800 residential buildings, 10 factories and one factory in the city.
b (19) November 1917, the Zemstvo district congress in Zaraysk proclaimed Soviet power. The zemstvo council was abolished; soon began the nationalization of enterprises and the confiscation of landed estates. In the Zaraisk district, over two hundred landowners' estates were liquidated, many of them were destroyed and plundered (especially actively after the I district congress of the RCP (b) held on August 3-5, 1918, which called on the organized committees of the poor to create detachments for "implementing the dictatorship of the poorest over the rich" ). Some valuables (in particular, from the estates of the Komarovskys, Perle, Bazins, Dostoevskys, Selivanovs, Konoplins) were saved from looting and transported to Zaraisky local history museum. Volunteer detachments of the Red Army were formed in the city. On September 29, 1918, the 1st Moscow (Zaraisk) school of military pilots of the RKKVF was created in Zaraysk, which existed until March 1922, then transferred to the village of Kacha in the Crimea. In the early 1920s, in some volosts adjacent to Zaraisk (Bulyginskaya, Grigorievskaya, Ilyitsynskaya), uprisings of peasants dissatisfied with the policy of war communism broke out, which were quickly suppressed by detachments of the Red Army and the county Cheka.
In 1929, the city became the regional center of the Ryazan District within the Moscow Region, and in 1937, after the formation of the Tula and Ryazan Regions, it was transferred directly to the Moscow Region. In the 1930s, some churches were destroyed, the bell tower of the Cathedral of John the Baptist was blown up, and the dismantling of the Gostiny Dvor buildings began. The development of urban infrastructure continued; Sewerage, telegraph and telephone appeared in Zaraysk. In 1935 a cinema was equipped and the hospital was overhauled. To ensure public utility construction in 1936, a brick factory was put into operation with a capacity of 3.5 million bricks per year. The products of the new plant were used for the construction of the buildings of the City Council, a maternity hospital, kindergarten, residential buildings and a veterinary clinic. A shoe factory also developed - the former enterprise of Reders; in 1929, the FZU was opened with her. In 1928, a machine and tractor workshop was opened in the city center, later transformed into a mechanical plant.
During the Great Patriotic War, when in mid-November 1941 the German troops launched a second general offensive against Moscow, the Zaraisk combat site was created in the Zaraisk region Western Front. In Zaraysk, a people's militia and the 58th Zaraisk fighter battalion were formed. The work of industrial enterprises was reorganized in accordance with the requirements of wartime; so, at the mechanical plant, the production of grenade cases and pistons for tank engines began, and the Krasny Vostok spinning and weaving factory produced tunic fabric; workshops for the repair of tanks were established in the city. At the end of November, units of the 2nd Panzer Army of the German Army Group Center entered the Zaraisk region, advancing on Moscow from the south. Zaraysk was bombed; a state of siege was declared in the city, a defense committee was created. There were barricades in the streets. The equipment of the shoe and feather-down factories was evacuated to Siberia, and the equipment of the Krasny Vostok factory was partially dismantled. Near Zaraisk, the 10th Army of the Western Front was deployed, which on December 6 went on the offensive and drove the Germans back. After the retreat of the front line, the restoration of the urban economy began; enterprises continued to supply the front with products - for example, 5 million sets of soldier's uniforms were produced from fabrics produced at the Krasny Vostok factory. During the years of the Great Patriotic War, 5.4 thousand Zaraytsy died at the front.
In 1949, the construction of the Zaraisk-Lukhovitsy highway was completed, which made it possible to open a bus service along the Zaraysk-Moscow and Zaraysk-Kolomna routes. In the second half of the 20th century, 4-5-storey buildings were built in the eastern part. residential buildings, and in the northern part of Zaraysk, along Moskovskaya Street, a new industrial zone is being formed; plant included building materials, a dairy plant (launched in 1949) and an offset plate plant (founded in 1972). In 1980, the Zaraisk site began to be explored. In 1980-1984, the shoe factory was reconstructed and expanded, which received a large four-story building on Meretskova Street.
Located on the banks of the Osetr River, 136 kilometers southeast of Moscow. The area of the settlement is 20.5 square kilometers.
General data and historical facts
The first mention of the city of Sturgeon and Ipatievskaya is dated 1146. In the 14th century, Zaraysk was mentioned as a city with the name Novgorodok-on-Osetra.
In 1521 locality was included in the Moscow principality.
In 1531, by decision of Grand Duke Vasily III, a stone Kremlin was built in the prison.
In 1608, the troops of False Dmitry II took the city by force. In 1611, Prince D. M. Pozharsky expelled supporters of False Dmitry II from Zaraysk.
In 1681, a major fire occurred in Zaraysk, which almost completely destroyed the city.
In 1778, by decree of Empress Catherine II, the settlement received the status of a county town of the Ryazan governorship.
In the second half of the 19th century, a feather-down factory, a large steam mill, two brick factories, an iron foundry and a peat factory were built in Zaraysk.
In 1900, a spinning and weaving factory and a paper-spinning factory were put into operation in the city.
In 1917, Soviet power was proclaimed in Zaraysk.
In 1929 the city received the status of the regional center of the Ryazan district of the Moscow region.
During the Great Patriotic War, the 58th Zaraisk fighter battalion and people's militia units were formed in Zaraysk. The mechanical plant produced piston grenade cases for tank engines.
In the post-war years, 4-5-storey residential buildings, a building materials plant, a dairy plant and an offset plate plant were built in Zaraysk.
In 2012, a new master plan for the development of the city was approved.
The telephone code of Zaraysk is 49666. The postal code is 140600.
Time
Climate and weather
Zaraysk has a temperate continental climate. Winters are long and moderately cold. The coldest month is January with an average temperature of -7.2 degrees.
Summers are warm and short. The warmest month is July with an average temperature of +18.5 degrees.
The average annual rainfall is 615 mm.
The total population of Zaraysk for 2018-2019
Population data obtained from the State Statistics Service. Graph of changes in the number of citizens over the past 10 years.
The total number of inhabitants for 2018 was 23.1 thousand people.
The data from the graph shows a steady decline in the population from 25,900 people in 2006 to 23,120 people in 2018.
As of January 2018, in terms of the number of inhabitants, Zaraysk ranked 607 out of 1113 cities of the Russian Federation.
Attractions
1.Zaraisk Kremlin- this architectural monument was built in Zaraysk in 1528.
2.Zaraisk shopping malls- The ensemble of shopping arcades represented by the Gostiny Dvor and the Trinity Church was built in the 18th century.
3.Water tower- the technical structure was built according to the project of civil engineer A.I. Filippov in 1916.
Transport
Public transport is represented by one bus route and fixed-route taxis.
Buses leave regularly from the city's bus station.
. Serpukhov
History of Zaraysk
The city of Zaraysk was founded in 1224.
The foundation of Zaraysk is the construction of the church of St. Nicholas and the transfer of his miraculous icon from Korsun to it. In 1237, the city was destroyed by Batu, in 1528 it was restored by the Moscow prince Vasily III. In 1606 the city went over to the side of Ivan Bolotnikov.
Since 1778, the county town of the Ryazan province.
Many legends are associated with the founding of the city of Zaraysk. It is reliably known that earlier on the site of the city there was the princely village of Krasnoe, built at the church in the name of St. Nicholas. The church itself was built in honor of the miraculous icon of St. Nicholas, transferred here from Korsun in 1224. The name of the city Zaraysk (earlier Zarazsk) appeared later, from the old Russian word "zarazy" - sheer steeps, cliffs, which abounded in the vicinity of the city. There is another explanation. The word "infect" meant "to be killed", "to be killed". A legend about the wife of Prince Fyodor Yuryevich, the beautiful Eupraxia, is associated with him. During the invasion of Batu Khan on the Ryazan lands in 1287, Prince Fedor died while defending the lands. The wife, having learned about the death of her husband, and not wanting to become a Polonyanka of the khan, rushed out of the window of the high tower together with her young son.
In memory of this event, the city, according to legend, began to be called Zarazsk.
The story about this is contained in "The Tale of the Devastation of Ryazan by Batu", and that the village of Krasnoye existed in pre-Mongolian times, tells the "Tale of the Transfer of the Miraculous Image of Nikola to the Ryazan Land".
There is no other information about Zaraysk. The name Zaraysk itself is not found in sources until the 14th century. Probably, the city was devastated during the Mongol-Tatar invasion and did not recover for a long time.
By the end of the 14th century, on a high hill, between the Osetra and Mereya rivers, a city reappeared, and by the beginning of the 16th century, Zaraysk was increasingly mentioned in the official chronicle. Under 1528, the chronicle says: "Lay Prince Vasily on Osetra a stone city, and in it the stone church of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker of Zaraisky." Three years later, a Kremlin was built in the city. A powerful fortress in Zaraysk was erected according to the plan of Grand Duke Vasily III, who strengthened the borders of the state. According to the plan, the city entered the line of fortifications on the southern borders of Rus'. The walls of the Zaraisky Kremlin were built of brick and lined with white stone for two-thirds of the height. The seven towers of the Kremlin had two tiers of fighting: four towers were located in the corners, and the other three had passage gates. In addition to the Kremlin, the fortification zone of Zaraysk included a prison, the approaches to which were hampered by natural water barriers. Where there were none, deep ditches were dug. The prison was an earthen rampart with a wooden fortress on the ridge. The fortress had 12 towers. Throw bridges led to the travel towers across the moat. The fortress itself was constantly garrisoned by archers and Cossacks.
Very soon, the new fortress was tested in battles with Crimean Tatars, who in 1535 and 1541 tried to take it by storm, but failed.
Zaraysk stood at the intersection of land roads to Kolomna and Moscow, Tula and Ryazan. The advantageous location and powerful fortifications contributed to a significant increase in the population of the city by the end of the 16th century. In addition to service people, many artisans and merchants lived in it. Part of the yards of the townspeople was located outside the lands of the Round Monastery and Nikolsky Cathedral. In addition to taxes to the state, people had to pay a special part also to the "St. Nicholas Archpriest". Double taxation ruined the townspeople. Only during the reign of Boris Godunov, the Zaraysk settlement was taken away from the power of the cathedral, but only for a short time. In addition, trade in Zaraysk had only a local significance: "only bread, rolls and any meat product" were sold here. All this determined the attitude of the townspeople to the war that began in 1606. peasant war under the leadership of Ivan Bolotnikov. In the autumn of 1606, Zaraysk went over to the side of the rebels. The Zaraisk governor Izmailov was captured and taken to the Bolotnikov camp in Putivl, where he was executed. During the years of the Polish intervention, a bloody battle took place near the walls of Zaraysk between the Polish detachments of Colonel Lisovsky and the Ryazan army led by Zakhary Lyapunov. During the battle, in which more than 300 Ryazanians were killed, the Poles were forced to retreat.
In the XVIII-XIX centuries, trade in Zaraysk continued to develop actively. Remaining at the crossroads of trade routes, the city began to engage in transit trade and driving herds of cattle from the southern regions of the capital of Russia. The regional reform of 1778 made Zaraysk a county town of the Ryazan province. However, this county town was superior both in number and wealth to the provincial town and therefore was considered a "primary town". In the same year, 1778, Zaraysk was given a coat of arms. Soon its new development began according to the regular plan. In those years, the Ryazan archbishops were called Ryazan and Zaraisk - this confirms the significance of Zaraysk at that time.
The trading city of Zaraysk began to decline from the middle of the 19th century, when the construction of the new Ryazan tract was completed, passing away from the city. Inns, hotels, crafts associated with the maintenance of the old road, became unprofitable. many residents left Zaraysk. Only three annual fairs continued to attract merchants to Zaraysk. The main fair was Nikolskaya, which took place in early May, where many horses were brought for sale.
By the end of the 19th century, trade in Zaraysk revived. Its population is actively developing gardening and horticulture, and after the opening of the railway line connecting Zaraysk with Lukhovitsy, these activities begin to bring reliable income to the townspeople. By the beginning of the 20th century, Zaraysk became the economic center of a vast agricultural region. Iron foundry enterprises engaged in the repair and manufacture of agricultural machinery, a steam mill, a brick factory, and a paper mill appeared in it. The population of Zaraysk also increased: by the beginning of the 20th century, more than eight thousand people already lived in the city.
Despite the expansion of urban development, Zaraysk continued to be a small county town. Of the 900 houses, only 76 were stone and a little more than a hundred "mixed", that is, the first floor was stone, the second was wooden. There was no running water, no telephone, no telegraph at the beginning of the 20th century in Zaraysk. True, the Good Way newspaper was published here, and institutions charged from three rubles a year to five kopecks a day for the use of funds.
Zaraysk, the administrative center of the Zaraysk district of the Moscow region with a population of 24 thousand people, has its own unique face and character. Zaraysk is a unique corner of the Moscow region, where it was possible to preserve a calm way of life, the original charm of ancient architecture, excellent ecology, a rich historical and cultural heritage, and traditions of cordial hospitality.
Zaraysk, the administrative center of the Zaraysk district of the Moscow region with a population of 24 thousand people, has its own unique face and character. Zaraysk is a unique corner of the Moscow region, where it was possible to preserve a calm way of life, the original charm of ancient architecture, excellent ecology, a rich historical and cultural heritage, and traditions of cordial hospitality.
The city of Zaraysk is located 145 km southeast of Moscow, on the right bank of the Osetr River (a tributary of the Oka).
Zaraysk was first mentioned in Nikonovskaya (as the city of Sturgeon) and Ipatievskaya (under the name of Sturgeon) chronicles in 1146. Subsequently, he, apparently, was burned by nomads. The next mention of the newly rebuilt city dates back to 1225: in the “Tale of the Bringing of the Icon of St. Nicholas of Zarazsky from Korsun”, the future Zaraysk is called Krasny. This year, the miraculous image of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker (Korsunsky) was transferred from Korsun (Kherson) to Krasny. Soon a wooden temple was built in honor of this saint. Later, in this temple, the cycle of "Tales of Nikol Zarazsky" was created, which includes, in particular, "The Tale of the Devastation of Ryazan by Batu".
Some historians associate the name of the city with the legend of the tragedy that took place here in 1237. In those days, the city was called Krasny, and it was owned by Prince Fedor, the son of the Ryazan prince Yuri. At the time of the capture of the city by the Tatars, the wife of Fyodor Evpraksia, not wanting to be captured, grabbed her little son, threw herself out of the window of her high tower and killed herself to death - she “got infected”. Since then, allegedly, this place began to bear the name Zarazsk, which eventually transformed into a more harmonious Zaraysk.
Then, until the XIV century, Zaraysk was not mentioned in historical sources. The city that arose again in the 14th century began to bear the name Novgorodok-on-Osetra.
In 1521, together with the Ryazan principality, the city was annexed to the Moscow principality. Along with other cities of the Great Zasechnaya line, stretching from Pereyaslavl Ryazansky to Kozelsk and Belev, Zaraysk was called upon to protect Moscow from numerous Tatar raids. At this time, the city was fortified with ramparts, ditches and wooden walls with five travel and seven deaf towers, which received the name Ostrog.
In 1528-1531, on the orders of Vasily III, a stone Kremlin was built inside Ostrog. It is possible that Italian architects who worked in Rus' at that time took part in the construction.
Zaraisk Kremlin from a bird's eye view
Several times Zaraysk repulsed the raids of the Tatars. During the Time of Troubles, the city supported the Bolotnikov uprising, as a result of which it was destroyed. Later, in 1610, Prince Dmitry Pozharsky was appointed governor of Zaraysk, who was able to repel the advancing troops of False Dmitry.
In the 17th century, the name Zaraysk was finally assigned to the city.
In 1669, the first Russian warship Oryol was launched in the Zaraysk village of Dedinovo.
From the end of the 17th century, the city lost its defensive significance and became a significant center of crafts and trade on the Astrakhan highway. The city is turning into a market aimed at supplying Moscow with all kinds of food.
View of Zaraysk. Early 20th century
In 1778, by decree of Catherine II, Zaraysk received three royal gifts at once - the status of a county town of the Ryazan governorate (later a province), a coat of arms and a new, “regular” urban development plan.
The commercial prosperity of Zaraysk in the 18th and the first half of the 19th centuries determined the active urban development. Already by 1798, the "regular" plan was put into practice. In addition to the Kremlin, there were 29 stone buildings in the city, of which 10 were cult and 10 civil government and public buildings. The formation of a new urban environment was almost completed by the middle of the 19th century, but a devastating fire in 1860 destroyed the best part of the city and all wooden buildings.
In addition, the importance of the city began to decline after 1847, when a new Astrakhan tract (now the Ryazan highway) was laid, and Zaraysk found itself aloof from the established trade routes. In the second half of the 19th century, construction railway to Ryazan, which also did not pass through Zaraysk, exacerbated the relatively disadvantageous position of the city.
A noticeable growth of industry in Zaraysk occurred at the end of the 19th century, but it was not as rapid as in other cities of the Moscow region. By this time, the largest enterprises in Zaraysk were shoe, feather-down and textile factories. By the beginning of the 20th century, three brick factories were operating in Zaraysk.
At the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th centuries, the city received a number of important infrastructure facilities: a water tower (1914), a prison with a church attached to it, a hospital with a hospital chapel and a zemstvo building (1910) - the only example of late modern architecture in Zaraysk.
In 1929, the city became the regional center of the Ryazan District within the Moscow Region, and in 1937, after the formation of the Tula and Ryazan Regions, it was transferred directly to the Moscow Region.
During the Great Patriotic War, the territory of the Zaraisk region was partially occupied by Nazi troops, but the city itself was not captured. In early December 1941, the 10th Army of the Western Front was deployed in the Zaraysk region, which went on the offensive on December 6 and drove the Germans back.
In 1949, the construction of the Zaraisk-Lukhovitsy highway was completed, which made it possible to open a bus service along the Zaraysk-Moscow and Zaraysk-Kolomna routes.
Recent history has greatly contributed to the preservation of the appearance of a charming provincial town. All transit highways lie aside from the city, and residential and industrial quarters of the 20th century intrude into the historical center a little. In addition, due to the considerable distance from Moscow, the surroundings of Zaraysk are not yet as actively developed by numerous summer residents as most other places in the Moscow region.
The architectural and spatial structure of the historical part of the city has been preserved almost intact. This structure is a single complex that includes the natural landscape of the city and its surroundings: the ensemble of the Kremlin with cathedrals (XVII-XX centuries), church buildings of the XIX-XX centuries; square of the Trade Rows (XVIII century), buildings of civil and industrial architecture (XVIII-XX centuries).
Trading lines. 18th century
Today, these monuments are in varying degrees of preservation and value, but for a holistic perception of the city, both undeniably outstanding and not of particular artistic significance are important. Moreover, the latter create the main flavor of the old Zaraysk, which, unfortunately, was lost by many ancient Russian cities, and which made it possible to add Zaraysk to the number of historical cities of the Moscow region (1970).
Zaraisk Kremlin, built in 1528-1531 and well preserved to our time, is, of course, the main decoration of the city. The Kremlin stands on a plateau at the confluence of the Monastyrka River with the Sturgeon.
Of all the Russian fortresses that have come down to us, the Zaraisk Kremlin is one of the most compact structures (its area is only 2.3 hectares). The plan of the Kremlin is a clear rectangle precisely oriented to the cardinal points.
There are 4 multifaceted towers in the corners, in the center of each side, minus the eastern side, 3 quadrangular travel towers. In the eastern wall, for the convenience of communication with the city, in 1789 additional gates were broken. The fortress is built of brick and lined with white stone from the outside. The thickness of the fortress walls reaches 3 m, height - 9 m.
The spiritual potential, laid down in the mists of time, flourished brightly in Zaraysk in the 19th century. This is the time of significant, even great names of national culture.
In 1831, the father of the writer F.M. Dostoevsky, the head physician of the Mariinsky hospital in Moscow, M.A. Dostoevsky acquired the small village of Darovoye, and in 1833 the neighboring village of Cheremoshnya. Every year from 1832 to 1838 the Dostoevsky family traveled here for the summer. The writer again visited Darovoye in 1877, almost 40 years later. Subsequently, he wrote: "This small and wonderful place left the deepest and strongest impression on me for the rest of my life."
In Darovoe, the parish church of the Dostoevsky family - the Descent of the Holy Spirit (1863) has been preserved. Next to the restored wing there is a monument to F.M. Dostoevsky (sculptor Yu.F. Ivanov), on which the words are inscribed: “Prophet - Fatherland”.
Darovoye. Dostoevsky's estate
The years of childhood, adolescence and youth of Natalya Nikolaevna Goncharova, the wife of A.S. Pushkin, are connected with the ancient Zaraysk village of Ilyitsino.
The manor's house has not been preserved to this day, but the territory of the estate, which includes the stone Church of the Transfiguration of the Savior (1786), fragments of a park with linden and spruce alleys, ponds, gives an idea of the area where the first beauty of Russia was brought up. The Zaraisk Museum carefully preserves estate items - stove tiles, several pieces of furniture, porcelain, oil painting, graphics, church utensils, copies of archival documents.
Zaraysk is the birthplace of the outstanding sculptor A.S. Golubkina (1864-1927). In a house of provincial architecture early XIX century, where she was born, is now a memorial museum. The museum collection consists of personal items, photographs, letters and works of Anna Semyonovna.
House-Museum of A.S. Golubkina in Zaraysk
In 1999, a monument to A.S. Golubkina (Yu.F. Ivanov) was erected on the territory of the museum. It depicts the great sculptor with his latest work "Birch" in his arms.
The names of other representatives of Russian culture are also associated with Zaraisk in the 19th - early 20th centuries: writers A.I. Polezhaev, D.V. Venevitinov, L.A. Mey, G.A. Selivanov, linguist V.V. Vinogradov, artist P.A. Radimov, actors N.P. Kireev, A.R. Artem, V.A. Sperantova.
In Russia, there are many springs and springs called saints. People living near these wells keep legends, according to which springs appeared in places where charitable significant phenomena and events took place. Miraculous healings took place here, numerous pilgrims came here from time immemorial, their flow does not diminish even today.
One of these places is the "White Well", the holy spring of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker on the northwestern outskirts of the city of Zaraysk, on the right bank of the Osetr River.
The Tale of Nicholas of Zarazsky says that in 1224 in the city of Korsun (Chersonesos), Nicholas the Wonderworker appeared to his servant Eustathius in a dream and ordered him to take the icon (“my miraculous image”) and go to Ryazan land (“I want to abide, and work miracles, and glorify that place). Priest Eustathius with his wife Theodosia and son Eustathius, later an outstanding scribe Ancient Rus', fulfilling the will of the saint, set off on a journey to the Ryazan land. After a long journey, which was accompanied by miracles performed by the icon, Eustathius and his companions finally reached the Ryazan region.
Meanwhile, they were already waiting for him with the icon. Nicholas the Wonderworker the day before appeared in a dream to the young prince Fyodor Yuryevich and ordered him to go out to meet the miraculous image from Korsun. Awakening from his sleep, Prince Fyodor immediately set off to meet the icon. And from afar, under a steep slope descending to the Sturgeon River, I saw its radiance.
Now the meeting place of the icon is called "White Well". There is a holy spring with wonderful healing water. It appeared, as local legend assures, immediately after the image of Nicholas the Wonderworker arrived here - on July 19, 1225.
However, as many researchers believe, the source was here before. Even if we proceed from the Tale, it turns out that for some reason Nikola decided to come to this beautiful place and work miracles in it. Is it because the place itself initially possesses miraculous properties?
Ethnographers and historians point out that the places where such springs and founts exist, even in pre-Christian Rus', were associated with the veneration and cult of the deity of the earth, who gives people life and wealth. In different places he was called differently - Veles, the Great Serpent, etc. With the advent of Christianity, he became in folk tradition be identified with Nicholas the Wonderworker, with Nicholas. Elsewhere, he continued to be worshiped under the name of Blasius or some other Christian saint. In any case, the echoes of the pagan cult can be observed at the "White Well" today.
The branches of trees and shrubs near the source are decorated with ribbons - a kind of offerings from pilgrims. This custom is alien to Christianity, but extremely common among the pagans of Russia.
For almost eight centuries, Zaraysk lived and developed under the spiritual patronage of Nikola Zarazskiy. To bow to the Miraculous icon and drink water from the "White Well" came and came from all over Russia and Russia: peasants and artisans, merchants and soldiers, cultural and art figures, as well as the Great Moscow princes and tsars - Ivan III, Vasily III, Ivan IV the Terrible , Alexander II and many other famous people of the country.
The miraculous icon of Nikola Zarazsky in 1996 was taken to Moscow to the Central Museum of Ancient Russian Culture and Art. Andrei Rublev for restoration, and is still there. The community of Zaraisk tirelessly fussed about the return of the shrine to its historical homeland.
white well
The source "White Well" was abandoned for some time. Then it was restored and it was reopened on August 1, 2002. A concrete staircase with a handrail was led to the source. Above the "White Well" was erected over the well the St. Nicholas Chapel. The water from the spring flows along an artificial channel made of limestone, passes through the bath and flows into the Osetr River. The holy spring "White Well" was consecrated by Metropolitan Juvenaly of Krutitsy and Kolomna.
You can get to Zaraysk by different routes. From Moscow from the Vykhino metro station by direct bus - about 16 flights a day, 2.5 - 3 hours on the way. From Kolomna from the station "Golutvin" by direct bus - about 20 flights a day, about an hour on the way. From Ryazan - 3-4 bus trips a day. Zaraysk is also connected by bus to Lukhovitsy, Lakes and Silver Ponds.
Vitaly Loskov
