Servius Tullius and his reform

Introduction

The theme of this work was chosen by me not by chance. This topic presents the researcher with a vast and extremely interesting field of activity. It is full of "white spots", open questions and bold hypotheses. However, not only the fascination and problematic nature of the topic was the reason for writing this work, although the influence of these factors was undoubtedly great. The most important, decisive is the need to find in the darkness of centuries the origins, deep theories of the origin, formation and development of statehood and, along with it, the army, as an integral part of any state. In turn, all this has become a fundamental platform for further development forms of statehood, social structures of society and law. Besides, this work allows you to locate ancient rome in the general historical process.

This work introduces the researcher not only to the reform of Servius Tullius itself, but also to the prerequisites that preceded the reform. The work introduces social order Ancient Rome before the reform of Servius Tullius and shows its changes in the process of reform, thereby revealing the very mechanism of reform.

The reform of Servius Tullius was carried out as military reform, however, its social consequences went far beyond the limits of only military affairs, having played a decisive role in the formation of ancient Roman statehood.

The emergence of Roman statehood

Ancient Rome was originally a tribal community, which then turned into a slave-owning city-state (polis) that subjugated the entire Apennine Peninsula. Over time, Rome became a powerful power, which included a significant part of Europe, the coast of North Africa, Egypt, Asia Minor and Syria. The Roman state is the last example of a state of the slave type. In Roman slave-owning society, the contradictions of the slave-owning mode of production manifested themselves with particular force, which led to the birth of feudal relations and to the death of the once invincible Roman Empire.

The state-legal superstructure, reflecting and consolidating in the interests of the economically dominant class, the main processes that took place in the Roman slave-owning society, underwent significant changes in its development. Therefore, when studying the Roman state and law, it is necessary to distinguish the following periods:

1. The decomposition of the tribal system - military democracy - from the legendary date of the founding of Rome (753 BC) to the expulsion of the last leader - Tarquinius the Proud (509 BC). This period is characterized by a fierce class struggle between patricians and plebeians, the emergence of classes, the emergence of state authorities, which for a time coexisted with the old authorities of the tribal organization of the patricians. It is to this period that the emergence of law belongs, the main source of which was the "Laws of the XII Tables".

2. Roman Republic (III - I centuries BC). During this period of the early Republic, the process of strengthening the Roman slave state and extending its dominance, first to the entire Apennine peninsula, and then to many territories of the Mediterranean, was going on. As a result, during the late Republic, the old organs of state power proved unable to keep the exploited masses of free citizens and slaves in subjection, and also to administer the occupied territories. The period from an agricultural community with subsistence farming to the life of a maritime trading power with complex economic relations and sharp oppositions between wealth and poverty was accompanied by an unprecedented exacerbation of social contradictions and intensification of the class struggle. This led to a crisis and the collapse of the Roman Empire. Initially, Roman law applied only to Roman citizens. It had strong remnants of the primitive communal system, it was distinguished by extreme formalism in the application of its institutions. Foreigners did not enjoy legal protection. With the development of trade and commodity-money relations, the basic property rights of free foreigners (peregrines) who lived in Roman territory began to be recognized. At this time, the process of a comprehensive legal substantiation of the right to private property and a detailed development of the main relationships between ordinary commodity owners began.

3. The Roman Empire (I century BC - V century AD) is a period of deep social upheaval and the decay of Roman society. At the first stage, after the civil wars, the state system took the form of a principate (27 BC - 284). There is some stabilization of the slave-owning economy. Wars are fought only on the outskirts of the Empire. The commercial and economic life of the provinces is rapidly developing. Roman private law reached its peak. The aggravation of the class struggle, the further deepening of the crisis of the slave system led to the establishment of a military dictatorship, and in the second stage of the development of the Roman Empire, the state system became dominant (284-476). The development of trade, new phenomena in economic relations were reflected in a certain way in Roman private law. In turn, slave uprisings and civil wars demanded the establishment of harsh repressive measures to protect the class rule of the slave owners. The slave-owning state takes into its own hands the persecution for any encroachment on the foundations of the economic and political system, on the legal order established in the interests of the ruling class. During the period of the Empire, the first steps are taken, attempts to systematize legal norms.

The study of Roman law is possible in separate institutions or in chronological order, in close connection with the history of society. In this work, unlike the textbook, the presentation of Roman law is given in an inseparable manner with the military reforms of Servius Tullius.

The process of the emergence of the ancient Roman state was very long and very complex.

During the period of origin, Ancient Rome was a tribal community that settled on the banks of the Tiber in an area of ​​about 3 sq. km.

The tribal community was a kindred, economic and spiritual community of people. For a long time, such a community was also a cell of social self-government within the primitive communal system.

In the tribal community there was no power separate from the clan itself.

At the meeting of all members of the clan, cases of common interest were considered and resolved, the leader of the clan was elected. His power was based on personal authority and respect for all relatives.

The development of productive forces led to the individualization of production and the emergence of private property of individual families. The growth of commodity production and exchange increased their property inequality. Public property was intensively inferior to the steadily developing private property. Wealthy families were able to exploit their relatives and tribesmen.

The tribal community is being replaced by a rural, neighboring community, which united people not on a related, but on a territorial basis. Several clans made up a tribe. It had a common territory, had its own language, its own religious rites. The organs of the tribal system gradually began to break away from their roots in the nature of the people. This happened because property differences within the same genus turned the former community of interests into irreconcilable contradictions between members of the genus.

As F. Engels noted, the tribal system turned into its opposite: from an organization for the free regulation of its own affairs, it became an organization for robbery and oppression of neighbors, and accordingly, its organs from instruments of the people's will turn into independent organs of domination and oppression directed against their own people.

The organization of power within the framework of the primitive communal system of the era of its decomposition acts in the form of a military democracy, because. war and organization for war become regular functions of social life. The military leader is a necessary, permanent official. The tribal nobility who has chosen it forms a council under the commander. The people's assembly of this period is no longer able to ensure the equality of all members of the clan, it becomes an assembly of warriors. Women are removed from participation in the discussion and decision of public issues. Such were the organs of power that developed under the new conditions of the tribal system of the tribe of the Latins.

The legend about the founding of Rome and the first military leaders (Rexes) - the Romans are ethnological. She had the goal of explaining the emergence of the Roman community and its establishment, to connect the beginning of Rome with Ancient Greece, with one of the popular Greek tales of the Trojan War. According to this legend, a descendant of Aeneas, one of the participants in the Trojan War, Romulus founded in 753 BC. e. city ​​and gave it its name.

Regarding this legend, K. Marx wrote that the name of Romulus, as well as the names of her successors, denotes not certain persons, but epochs. Indeed, a certain era in the life of Roman society is associated with the name of the Roman Rex, which marks the gradual destruction of the tribal system. Romulus, for example, is credited with organizing the Roman community: the people were divided into 3 tribes (tribes). Each tribe included 10 curia, each curia consisted of 10 genera, each genus had 10 families. Such a harmonious organization: 3 tribes, 30 curiae, 300 genera, 3000 families bears, as F. Engels noted, the stamp of artificial education.

Each curia met at a meeting and, by majority vote, decided such issues as declaring war, choosing a rex and vesting him with supreme power, considering complaints from persons sentenced to death, approving adoptions and wills. The decision of the Roman people was considered to be the decision for which the majority of curiae expressed, and each curia had one vote.

According to tradition, it was believed that Romulus created a senate consisting of 100 senators from among the representatives of the clans. The Senate began to approve the election of the Rex, preliminary discussed issues submitted to the National Assembly, and directly manage the Delamirim community.

The successor of Romulus, Numa Pompilius, who was a Sabine, is credited with the religious structure of Ancient Rome. Priestly colleges of pontyphins, augurs and fetials were established. The Pontiffs exercised the supreme supervision of the cult, were the keepers and interpreters of ancient customs, thus being the forerunners of the ancient jurists.

During this period, the Roman community consisted of two main social groups: patricians and plebeians.

Patricians (from lat. Pater - father) - members of the Roman tribal community, who constituted the indigenous population of Ancient Rome, which was actually considered the Roman people. They jointly owned the land, and to resolve important issues of their community, they gathered in curiae. Family relations of the patricians were built on the basis of paternal law, in which the father of the family had absolute power over family members: the inheritance of the name and property went through the male line and family ties ties were recognized only through the father.

Plebeians (from Latin Plebs - common people) - this is the population of Ancient Rome, formed from the conquered inhabitants of other Latin communities, as well as from strangers who voluntarily moved to Rome. Therefore, they stood outside the tribal organization of the Roman community of patricians and could not participate in curate meetings, were not represented in the Senate, did not have access to communal land, possessing, however, small plots of private property.

In plebeian family relations long time vestiges of maternal right were preserved, in which the mother was considered the head of the family and economic property. Apparently, therefore, up to 445 BC. e. marriages between patricians and plebeians were not recognized as legal.

In the 7th century BC e. clients appeared in Rome (from lat. Clitnis - obedient). This social stratum was formed, apparently, from foreigners, freedmen and illegitimate children. The clients were in personal dependence on the patricians, who in this case were called patrons. The client received land and livestock from the patron and entered the patron's family as a junior member, participating in the clan cult and curia meetings, supporting his patron. The client was obliged to follow the patron to the war and provide him with all material support.

Slavery during this period wore a patriarchal form. It has not yet developed into a special mode of production, but was calculated to meet the needs of the patriarchal family. Therefore, the slaves did not represent an independent social force, and the tribal system was crushed as a result of the struggle between patricians and plebeians.

Considering the forms in which the state rises on the ruins of the tribal organization, F. Engels noted that in ancient Rome, the tribal society turns into a closed patrician community among a numerous plebeian standing outside it, without rights, but bearing all the duties. The victory of the plebeian blew up the old tribal system, and a state was erected on its ruins, in which both patricians and plebeians completely and clearly disappeared.

Reforms of Servius Tulia

A powerful blow to the tribal organization of the patricians was dealt in the middle of the VI century BC. e. reform of Servius Tullius, the sixth rex in Roman historical tradition. It was carried out as a military reform, but its social consequences went far beyond just military affairs, having a decisive role in the formation of the ancient Roman state.

Initially, the Roman army was predominantly patrician. The plebeians, who were outside the patrician community, were also not part of the military organization. As a result, there was a different discrepancy between the settlement of Rome and the number of soldiers exposed by him. And the aggressive policy demanded an increase in troops and spending on warfare.

The need to recruit plebeians into military service became obvious. Therefore, the entire free population of Rome - patricians and plebeians - was divided according to property (qualification) into 5 categories, each of which was obliged to put up a certain number of military units - centuries.

In addition to these centuries, there were 18 centurions of horsemen from the richest Romans, and a qualification of over 100,000 asses (six of them exclusively patrician); as well as five unarmed centuries: two artisans, two musicians and one of the poor, who were called proletarians. Thus, there were 193 centuries in total.

The centuries of each of the five categories were divided into two parts: one of them, the old one, which included Romans from 45 to 60 years old, was intended for garrison service; the other - wars from 17 to 45 years old - the youngest, was intended for military campaigns.

To assess the property of citizens, the entire territory of Rome was divided into tribes, which, however, had nothing in common, except for the name, with the former three tribal tribes. New, territorial tribes were initially created, apparently, 21: four urban and seventeen rural. Tribes recruited troops and levied a tax for military needs - Tributum.

Over time, the army, consisting of centuries, began to take part in resolving issues related not only to war and military affairs. Gradually, the centuriate assemblies passed on the solution of cases that were previously in charge of the assembly of Roman patricians for the curiae. According to tradition, the centuries gathered outside the city limits, on the Champ de Mars, and curiat meetings were held in the city.

There arose a new species popular assemblies, in which both patricians and plebeians were represented - centuriate meetings.

Each of the 193 centuries had one vote in voting. The richest Romans, mostly patricians - horsemen and centuriates of the 1st category, had 98 votes, which provided them with an advantage in resolving any issues. However, the patricians dominated the centuriate assemblies not as such, by virtue of their ancestral privileges, but as the most wealthy landowners. Therefore, the plebeians could get and have already got into these centuries. Consequently, the plebeians emerged from their isolated position in relation to the Roman community.

Thus, important social significance The reforms of Servius Tullius consisted in the fact that it laid the foundations for a new organization of Roman society, not only along clan lines, but along property and territorial lines.

However, the tribal system has not yet been completely crushed. The organization of power based on the tribal system continued to exist alongside the organization based on territorial and property characteristics. Moreover, only gradually, over the course of 200 years, it supplanted the tribal organization. This happened in a bitter struggle between the plebeians and the patricians, which became especially aggravated after the overthrow of the last rex. Military democracy as a form of organization of power in the period of the disintegration of the tribal system has outlived its usefulness irrevocably.

In the whole process of the formation of the Roman state, a significant place is occupied by wars, military organization population and the armed forces. In wars, the Roman state itself was born, all of its uncomplicated initial mechanism.

The creation by Servius Tullius of a new militia, which replaced the tribal squads, served to destroy the ancient patriarchal system and design new orders that were political in nature. Having eliminated the tribal division of the population, dividing the whole society, including the plebeians, into property categories, Servius Tullius thereby deprived the tribal nobility and tribal organization of almost all significance. At the same time, his reform served as the basis for the creation of the Roman army in the form of a slave militia. The army now consisted only of propertied citizens, weapons and character military service which depended on the size of the property.

Thus, the army of the emerging slave-owning state, as an organ embodying the main force of power, the ruling class, was the flesh of the flesh of this class.

It is important to keep in mind that the centuriate organization was also intended for political purposes, since the centuriate comitia acquired the right to resolve the most important political issues. Assemblies by centuriae gradually ousted the old curate comitia from political life.

The centuriate comitia were meetings of the army, in which 98 centuries of the first category already constituted a majority against 95 centuries of all other categories combined. The purpose of such a political organization is quite obvious. It was defined by Cicero: voting in the new comitia was to be in the power of the rich, and not the masses of the people.

Thus, in the VI - V century. V. BC e. property differentiation in Rome was reflected in its military organization in the system of comitia. The participation of one or another citizen in the protection of communal property and in the joint disposal of it depended on the size of the land plot owned by him on the basis of private ownership. A class-differentiated society needs a special public authority, the center of which is the centuriate comitia belonging to wealthy citizens.

On this stage public power was concentrated in the hands of citizens liable for military service and merged with the military organization, it "was directed not only against slaves, but also against the so-called proletarians, who were suspended from military service and deprived of weapons."

For the formation and approval of the state in Rome, the division of the population according to the reform of Servius Tullius into territorial districts - tribes was of great importance. According to the territorial tribes, a qualification was held, according to which citizens were enrolled in one or another Servian category, depending on their property status. In addition, the tribes were recruited into the army and a tax was levied on citizens for military needs. The basis and main meaning of the new division of the population was to satisfy, first of all, the military needs of the state and the organization of state unity, therefore, the territorial design of the state and the organization of state unity were essentially nothing more than a military-administrative division that met the class interests of propertied citizens.

So at the turn of the VI - V centuries. BC e. a slave-owning Roman state was created, which was characterized by a class and territorial division of the population, a special public authority and taxes necessary for its maintenance. It existed in the form of a slave republic. This political form corresponded to early slaveholding relations. Rome of this period is a city-state in which free citizens jointly owned the state land fund and had private lands. At the same time, they were an association of warriors protecting and measuring the lands. The same military organization embodies the main power of the ruling class and plays a leading role within the state.

In connection with this, the early republican state apparatus consisted, in essence, of the armed forces. Its elements were the centuriate and tributary comitia, as well as a few elected magistrates, where legislative, executive and judicial power is concentrated. The special public authority and the army almost merged during the period of the early republic. Since the army was the main one, the main trend in the development of the state apparatus was its militarization, which intensified with further social differentiation. The maintenance, pardoning of the troops, and their leadership were a matter of special concern for the ruling class in the early republican period.

The armed forces, therefore, not only served as an apparatus of "higher" and "internal" violence, but, being organized in comitia, constituted the main element of the still primitive, imperfect state mechanism in the early republican period. The army here acts as an organ of power and coercion at the same time.

The supreme command in the army was carried out by the body of the patrician nobility - the senate. The Senate played a huge role in declaring war and all matters related to the conduct of wars, distributing command among the magistrates, rewarding commanders, determining the necessary military contingent, allocating funds for waging war, etc.

The masters received the supreme command from the centuriate comitia (praetors, consuls) or from the senate (dictators). They embodied the institution of supreme command.

All the main Roman masters, according to the reform of Servius Tullius, were associated with the military department: the quaestors were in charge of military expenses; censors, conducting the qualification, determined the military and tax service of citizens.

Officers were divided into higher and lower. The lower officers were, at the direction of Servius Tullius, commanders of the centuries. They were nominated for this position from ordinary legionnaires and, as a rule, did not reach higher posts. The highest officers were military tribunes, legates, quaestors and chiefs of cavalry. The military tribunes belonged to the senatorial or equestrian class and usually began their political career with this service. Each legion had six tribunes. Legates, direct assistants to the commander-in-chief, were appointed by the senate, and were themselves senators. They commanded legions or their formations.

Citizens aged 17 to 60 who met the property qualification requirement were considered to be liable for military service. Infantrymen who had served for at least 16–20 years (participants in 16–20 campaigns) and horsemen who had served for at least 10 years were exempted from military service.

Warriors were taken into account and recruited by territorial tribes, lists were compiled indicating the property status of free citizens. Persons who owned land, but were unfit for military service, instead of military service, paid money for the maintenance of horses. By a special edict, the consul appointed the day for the appearance of those subject to conscription at the Capitol, where the required number of warriors were equally recruited from each tribe, which were distributed among the legions. Recruitment was carried out for each military campaign.

During the reform period of Servius Tullius, in the conditions of a primitive state apparatus, the army "took" upon itself the performance of a number of important functions, internal and external, economic: supplying the economy with slaves and material values. In addition, the army actively influenced the process of formation of the republican apparatus. The growth of the magistracies occurred as a result of the expansion of the territory of the state through conquest, the complication of the social structure and cash differentiation caused by the influx of wealth into Rome in the form of military booty. Thus, the complication of the state apparatus was largely due to the military factor and was carried out in close connection with the development of the military organization.

Conclusion

Thus, the important social significance of the reform of Servius Tullius consisted in the fact that it laid the foundations for a new organization of Roman society, not on a clan basis, but on a property and territorial basis. The result of the class struggle of the plebeians with the patricians was that the tribal system was blown up by division into classes and replaced by a state organization.

However, the tribal system has not yet been completely crushed. The organization of power based on the tribal system continued to exist alongside the organization based on territorial and property characteristics, and only gradually, over the course of 200 years, did it supplant the tribal organization.

The reform of Servius Tullius made it possible to create a powerful, trained army of Ancient Rome, which allowed it to pursue an aggressive policy.

Bibliographic list

1. Biryukov Yu. M. State and law of Ancient Rome. - M.: VPA, 1969. - S. 105.

2. Orlov GV History of state and law of foreign countries. Part 1. - M.: VKIMO.

3. Biryukov Yu. M. Legal monuments of the Ancient World. - M.: VPA, 1969. - S. 88.

4. Famous Romans. - M., 1968. - S. 55.

5. Kuznitsin A. A. History of Ancient Rome. - M.: Nauka, 1980. - S. 205.

6. Peretersky I.S. General history state and law. - M.: Nauka, 1981. - S. 195.

7. Struve VV Reader on the history of the Ancient World. T. 1. - M., 1950.

In the VI century BC, Servius Tullius (578 - 534 BC) was elected the sixth king of Ancient Rome after appropriate tests. There are two versions regarding its origin. According to the generally accepted tradition, he was the son of a noble woman from the Latin city of Cornicula, who was captured by the Romans (according to another version, refuted by Titus Livy, he was the son of a slave). The boy grew up in the house of Tarquinius and enjoyed the greatest love and honor not only at court, but also among the senators and the people. The king married his daughter to him. When Tarquinius was killed by the sons of Ancus Marcius, Servius Tullius, using his popularity and with the assistance of Tanakvil, the widow of the late king, seized power with the approval of the senate. According to another less common version (from the speech of Emperor Claudius in the Senate), Servius Tullius is none other than Mastarna, an Etruscan adventurer who was expelled from Etruria and settled in Rome, where he changed his name there and achieved royal power. Sometimes tradition calls the Roman god of blacksmiths Vulcan the father of Servius Tullius.

With the name of Servius Tullius, the Roman tradition connects the reforms that contributed to the establishment of the state system. The most important of them is the centuriate reform, according to which tribal tribes were replaced by territorial tribes, plebeians were introduced into the Roman community. He divided the territory of the Roman state into 4 tribes - territorial districts. Without abolishing the curate comitia, Servius Tullius introduced centuriate comitia, that is, meetings of centuriae - hundreds, the main military unit, and gave them the highest legislative, judicial and electoral power.

Further, Servius Tullius introduced a property qualification and distributed all Roman citizens into classes according to property qualification (income):
- riders (equites);
- Romans with a qualification of 100,000 asses;
- Romans with a qualification of 75,000 asses;
- Romans with a qualification of 50,000 asses;
- Romans with a qualification of 25,000 asses;
- Romans with a qualification of 11,000 asses;
- proletarians.

Thus, an aristocracy of wealth was established instead of an aristocracy by kinship. Formally, the "super-rich", that is, the horsemen, and the "super-poor", that is, the proletarians, were not included in the classes. Riders (or equites) are one of the privileged classes in Ancient Rome. Riders at various times in the history of Ancient Rome had different meaning why it is necessary to distinguish several periods here. Initially - in the tsarist era and in the early republican period - it was the patrician nobility who fought on horseback. Horsemen in the army of the Roman kings wore a tunic with a red stripe, an embroidered cloak and special red belt shoes. Over time, all this, with some amendments, became the hallmarks of belonging to patricians, senators and magistrates. IN early era there was no clear distinction between the estates of senators and equestrians. According to the reform of Servius Tullius in the 6th century BC, horsemen, allocated to 18 centuries, were part of the highest qualification category of Roman citizens. The first duty of each class was to put up a certain number of centuriae; only one centuria was required of the proletarians. The meeting began to take place on the Field of Mars, where military reviews were held. Each centuria received one vote. In order for the decision of the assembly to become law, it was required to score 98 votes in favor. The assembly adopted laws, considered appeals, and elected officials. On the basis of classes, the division of the Roman army into triarii, principes and hastati was based.

Servius Tullius waged successful wars with Veii and other Etruscan cities. He is also credited with carrying out a religious reform and building a city wall, the remains of which are preserved among the buildings of a later era. Under him, the boundaries of the city were significantly expanded (all seven hills were included in the city). After the reforms, Servius Tullius was killed as a result of a conspiracy led by his father-in-law Lucius Tarquinius the Proud (son of Tarquinius Priscus), who became king after Servius Tullius. However, the attempt at one-man, authoritarian rule was thwarted by a popular uprising in 509 BC. Lucius Tarquinius the Proud fled and a republic was proclaimed.

Servius Tullius was born on August 13 in the city of Cornicula, subsequently destroyed by Roman troops led by Tarquinius Priscus. The father of the future king, Spurius Tullius, died in battle, and his mother Okrisia, a woman of noble birth, perhaps even a queen, was captured by the Romans. There she entered the location of Tanakvil - the wife of the Roman king. The birth of Servius Tullius is surrounded by legends. According to mythological tradition, already in childhood, his divine origin manifested itself. One day, when the boy was sleeping in the atrium, a bright flame engulfed his head like a crown. The servants wanted to put out the fire, but Tanaquil saw this event as a sign and stopped them. The flame went out only when the child woke up, and did not cause him any harm. Roman annalists claim that Servius, although a slave, but a favorite in the royal house, received a good Greek education and, at a young age, supplemented it with military victories. Tarquinius Priscus gave him his second daughter in marriage. After the murder of Tarquinius Priscus by the sons of Ancus Marcius, Tanaquil managed to bring Servius Tullius, her favorite, to power.

Beginning of the reign

The beginning of the reign of Servius Tullius was marked by successful wars against the city of Veii and the Etruscans. In order to establish the dominance of Rome over the Latin cities, he built a temple of Diana on the Aventine Hill and established union holidays. The Sabines also did not wage war against Rome during the reign of Servius Tullius: according to legend, a Sabinian named Curiatius managed to raise a mighty bull. One day, a wandering prophet appeared to this cattle breeder and predicted that whoever sacrificed this bull to Diana would become the king of the Sabines. Curiatius did not hesitate to lead his bull to the new temple in Rome. There he told the Roman priest about what made him come to the altar, but the priest began to reproach Curiatius for not washing his hands before the sacrifice in the Tiber. While Curiatius ran to the river, the agile priest managed to make a sacrifice. Thus, all the consequences of this sacrifice went to Rome. The unfortunate cattle breeder was given the head of a bull, and with it he went to his city to beg his compatriots not to attack Rome.

Thus, most of the reign of Servius Tullius passed peacefully, and the king had a lot of time to carry out state reforms.

State reforms

With the name of Servius Tullius, Roman tradition associates the reforms that contributed to the establishment of the state system of Rome, the so-called. Service legislation. The most important of the reforms was the centuriate reform, in accordance with which tribal tribes were replaced by territorial ones. By this, Servius Tullius divided the entire population of Rome into 4 urban and 17 rural tribes. As a result, it turned out that 25,000 citizens capable of carrying weapons live in Rome (data on Fabius Pictor, who lived in the 3rd century BC). For a more even distribution of duties between citizens, Servius Tullius introduced the plebeians into the Roman community, and divided the entire population of Rome into 5 classes, or categories, according to the property qualification. Each class put up a certain number of military units - centuries (hundreds) and received the same number of votes in the centuriate comitia. In total, 193 such centuries were created. The most influential were 18 centuries of the 1st class and 80 centuries of the 2nd class: if they voted the same on any issue, the opinion of other centuries was not asked. Some historians believe that the proletarians and the poor under Servius Tullius were singled out in a separate, 6th class and made up 1 centuria without the right to vote and who did not serve. Thus, an aristocracy of wealth was established instead of an aristocracy by kinship. On the basis of classes, the division of the Roman army into triarii, principes and hastati was based.

According to legend, under Servius Tulia, the construction of the city wall of Rome (Servian city wall) was completed, which encircled five hills that already had their own fortifications, and also included the Quirinal and Viminal hills. Thus, Rome became a city on seven hills (Septimontium). However, archaeological excavations show that the city wall in Rome was built only 200 years later: in the first half of the 4th century BC. uh..

Servius Tullius is credited with a monetary reform (he was the first in Rome to start minting a silver coin). He contributed in every way to the growth of the welfare of society: following the example of Solon in Athens, he redeemed the poor from slavery and freed clients from patronal dependence - this procedure was called nexum. Therefore, Servius Tullius was considered the "people's" king. The plebeians especially honored his memory.

Sons of Tarquinius Priscus and the death of Servius Tullius

Servius Tullius came to power when the sons of his predecessor were still babies. Trying not to repeat the sad fate of Tarquinius Priscus, the king tried to bring his two sons closer to him: Lucius and Arun. He married his daughters to them: the meek and affectionate one for the proud Lucius, and the ambitious younger one for the indecisive Arun. However, the younger Tullia, against the will of her father, married Lucius Tarquinius, plotting and killing Arun and the elder Tullia.

The dissatisfaction of the patricians with the reforms of Servius Tullius led to the fact that the king lost the support of the senate. Lucius Tarquinius took advantage of this, convened a senate in the curia and proclaimed himself king. When Servius Tullius (by that time already a very old man) appeared in the senate in order to drive the impostor away, Tarquinius threw him off the steps onto a stone platform. Servius Tullius tried to flee, but was killed in the street by the followers of Lucius. Immediately his body was moved on a chariot by his youngest daughter Tullia. Since then, this street has been called in Rome "Disgraceful" (lat. Vicus sceleratus). Lucius Tarquinius became king of Rome and was nicknamed the Proud.

primary sources

• Titus Livy - "History from the founding of the city" - Book I, 39-48.
• Cicero - "Republic" II, 21-38.
• "Regicide", 16-17.

Origin and election to the kingdom

Servius Tullius was born in the city of Corniculum, which was subsequently destroyed by troops led by . The father of the future king, Spurius Tullius, died in battle, and his mother Okrisia, a woman of noble birth, perhaps even a queen, was captured by the Romans. There she entered into an arrangement with Tanakvile, the wife of the Roman king. Servius Tullius grew up at the royal court until a miracle happened to him: one day, when he was sleeping in, a bright flame engulfed his head with a crown. Tanakvila saw a sign in this event and advised King Tarquinius Priscus to pay attention to the boy and give him a good education. Servius Tullius really showed great abilities and became the favorite of the king and the people. Tarquinius Priscus gave him his daughter in marriage. After the murder of Tarquinius Priscus by his sons, Tanakvila managed to bring Servius Tullius, her favorite, to power.

Beginning of the reign

The beginning of the reign of Servius Tullius was marked by successful wars against the city of Veii and. In order to establish the dominance of Rome over the Latin cities, he built a temple on the Aventine Hill and established union holidays. also did not wage wars against Rome during the reign of Servius Tullius: according to legend, one Sabine named Curiatius managed to raise a mighty bull. One day, a wandering prophet appeared to this cattle breeder and predicted that whoever brought this bull in Diana would become the king of the Sabines. Curiatius did not hesitate to lead his bull to the new temple in Rome. There he told the Roman priest about what made him come to, but the priest began to reproach Curiatius for not washing his hands before the sacrifice. While Curiatius ran to the river, the agile priest managed to make a sacrifice. Thus, all the consequences of this sacrifice went to Rome. The unfortunate cattle breeder was given the head of a bull, and with it he went to his city to beg his compatriots not to attack Rome.

Thus, most of the reign of Servius Tullius passed peacefully, and the king had a lot of time to carry out state reforms.

State reforms

With the name of Servius Tullius, the Roman connects the reforms that contributed to the establishment of the political system of Rome, the so-called. Service legislation. The most important of the reforms is the reform, according to which tribal ones were replaced by territorial ones. By this, Servius Tullius divided the entire population of Rome into 4 urban and 86 rural tribes. As a result, it turned out that 25,000 citizens capable of carrying weapons live in Rome (information from). For a more even distribution of duties between citizens, Servius Tullius introduced into the Roman community, and divided the entire population of Rome into 5 classes, or categories, according to. Each class put up a certain number of military units - (hundreds) and received the same number of votes in the centuriate. In total, 193 such comitia were created. The most influential were 18 centuries of the 1st class and 20 centuries of the 2nd class: if they voted the same on any issue, the opinion of other centuries was not asked. Some historians believe that under Servius Tullius, the poor were also singled out in a separate, 6th class and made up 1 centuria without the right to vote. Thus, wealth was approved instead of the aristocracy by kinship. On the basis of classes, the division of the Roman army into, and was based.

According to legend, under Servius Tulia, the construction of the city wall of Rome was completed ( Servian city wall), which encircled five hills that already had their own fortifications, and also included the Quirinal and Viminal hills. Thus, Rome became a city on seven hills ( Septimontium). However, archaeological excavations show that the city wall in Rome was built only 200 years later: in the 1st half.

Servius Tullius is credited with reform (he was the first in Rome to start minting. He contributed in every way to the growth of the welfare of society: by example, he redeemed the poor from slavery and freed them from dependence - this procedure was called nexum. Therefore, Servius Tullius was considered the "people's" king. The plebeians especially honored his memory.

Sons of Tarquinius Priscus and the death of Servius Tullius

Servius Tullius came to power when the sons of his predecessor were still babies. Trying not to repeat the sad fate of Tarquinius Priscus, the king tried to bring his two sons closer to him: and Arun. He married his daughters to them: the meek and affectionate one for the proud Lucius, and the ambitious younger one for the indecisive Arun. However, the younger Tullia, against the will of her father, married Lucius Tarquinius. They plotted and killed Arun and the elder Tullia.

The dissatisfaction of the patricians with the reforms of Servius Tullius led to the fact that the king lost support

- BC e. Predecessor: Lucius Tarquinius Priscus Successor: Lucius Tarquinius the Proud Father: Spurius Tullius Mother: Okrisia Spouse: Tarquinia Primera

(Servius Tullius) - according to legend, the sixth of the kings of Ancient Rome, who ruled in - BC. e. He is credited with the reforms of the state system and great construction activity.

Origin and election to the kingdom

Servius Tullius was born on August 13 in the city of Cornicula, subsequently destroyed by Roman troops led by Tarquinius Priscus. The father of the future king, Spurius Tullius, died in battle, and his mother Okrisia, a woman of noble birth, perhaps even a queen, was captured by the Romans. There she entered the location of Tanakvil - the wife of the Roman king. The birth of Servius Tullius is surrounded by legends. According to mythological tradition, already in childhood, his divine origin manifested itself. One day, when the boy was sleeping in the atrium, a bright flame engulfed his head in a crown. The servants wanted to put out the fire, but Tanaquil saw this event as a sign and stopped them. The flame went out only when the child woke up, and did not cause him any harm. Roman annalists claim that Servius, although a slave, but a favorite in the royal house, received a good Greek education and, at a young age, supplemented it with military victories. Tarquinius Priscus gave him his second daughter in marriage. After the assassination of Tarquinius Priscus by the sons of Ancus Marcius, Tanaquil managed to bring Servius Tullius, her favorite, to power.

Beginning of the reign

The beginning of the reign of Servius Tullius was marked by successful wars against the city of Veii and the Etruscans. In order to establish the dominance of Rome over the Latin cities, he built a temple of Diana on the Aventine Hill and established union holidays. The Sabines also did not wage war against Rome during the reign of Servius Tullius: according to legend, a Sabinian named Curiatius managed to raise a mighty bull. One day, a wandering prophet appeared to this cattle breeder and predicted that whoever sacrificed this bull to Diana would become the king of the Sabines. Curiatius did not hesitate to lead his bull to the new temple in Rome. There he told the Roman priest about what made him come to the altar, but the priest began to reproach Curiatius for not washing his hands before the sacrifice in the Tiber. While Curiatius ran to the river, the agile priest managed to make a sacrifice. Thus, all the consequences of this sacrifice went to Rome. The unfortunate cattle breeder was given the head of a bull, and with it he went to his city to beg his compatriots not to attack Rome.

Thus, most of the reign of Servius Tullius passed peacefully, and the king had a lot of time to carry out state reforms.

State reforms

With the name of Servius Tullius, Roman tradition associates the reforms that contributed to the establishment of the state system of Rome, the so-called. Service legislation. The most important of the reforms was the centuriate reform, in accordance with which tribal tribes were replaced by territorial ones. By this, Servius Tullius divided the entire population of Rome into 4 urban and 17 rural tribes. As a result, it turned out that 25,000 citizens capable of carrying weapons live in Rome (data from Fabius Pictor, who lived in the 3rd century BC). For a more even distribution of duties between citizens, Servius Tullius introduced the plebeians into the Roman community, and divided the entire population of Rome into 5 classes, or categories, according to the property qualification. Each class put up a certain number of military units - centuries (hundreds) and received the same number of votes in centuriate comitia. In total, 193 such centuries were created. The most influential were 18 centuries of the 1st class and 80 centuries of the 2nd class: if they voted the same on any issue, the opinion of other centuries was not asked. Some historians believe that the proletarians and the poor under Servius Tullius were singled out in a separate, 6th class and made up 1 centuria without the right to vote and who did not serve. Thus, an aristocracy of wealth was established instead of an aristocracy by kinship. On the basis of classes, the division of the Roman army into triarii, principes and hastati was based.

According to legend, under Servius Tulia, the construction of the city wall of Rome was completed ( Servian city wall), which encircled five hills that already had their own fortifications, and also included the Quirinal and Viminal hills. Thus, Rome became a city on seven hills ( Septimontium). However, archaeological excavations show that the city wall in Rome was built only 200 years later: in the first half of the 4th century BC. e. .

Servius Tullius is credited with a monetary reform (he was the first in Rome to start minting a silver coin) [However, according to the materials of most articles, incl. https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbols_of_ancient_roman_money_and_weight_units, silver coins began to be minted in Rome only in the 3rd century]. He contributed in every way to the growth of the welfare of society: following the example of Solon in Athens, he redeemed the poor from slavery and freed clients from patronal dependence - this procedure was called nexum. Therefore, Servius Tullius was considered the "people's" king. The plebeians especially honored his memory.

Sons of Tarquinius Priscus and the death of Servius Tullius

Servius Tullius came to power when the sons of his predecessor were still babies. Trying not to repeat the sad fate of Tarquinius Priscus, the king tried to bring his two sons closer to him: Lucius and Arun. He gave his daughters to them: the meek and affectionate eldest - for the proud Lucius, and the ambitious younger - for the indecisive Arun. However, the younger Tullia, against the will of her father, married Lucius Tarquinius, plotting and killing Arun and the elder Tullia.

Patrician dissatisfaction with the reforms of Servius Tullius caused the king to lose the support of the senate. Lucius Tarquinius took advantage of this, convened a senate in the curia and proclaimed himself king. When Servius Tullius (by that time already a very old man) appeared in the senate in order to drive the impostor away, Tarquinius threw him off the steps onto a stone platform. Servius Tullius tried to flee, but was killed in the street by the followers of Lucius. Immediately his body was moved on a chariot by his youngest daughter Tullia. Since then, this street has been called in Rome " Disgraceful" (lat. Vicus sceleratus ). Lucius Tarquinius became the Roman king and received the nickname Proud.

primary sources

• Titus Livius - "History from the founding of the city" - Book I, 39-48.
• Cicero - "Republic" II, 21-38.
• "Regicide", 16-17.

Notes

Links

Wikimedia Foundation. 2010 .

• Tobolsk
• Vekshinskiy, Sergei Arkadievich

See what "Servius Tullius" is in other dictionaries:

SERVIUS TULLIUS- (Servius Tullius) according to ancient tradition, the sixth king Dr. Rome in 578 534/533 BC. e., he is credited with carrying out the centuriate reform, according to which the plebeians were introduced into the Roman community and the entire population of Rome was divided into 5 categories according to ... ... Big encyclopedic Dictionary

- (Servius Tullius), according to ancient tradition, the 6th king of Ancient Rome in 578 534/533 BC. e., he is credited with carrying out the centuriate reform, according to which the plebeians were introduced into the Roman community and the entire population of Rome was divided into 5 categories ... encyclopedic Dictionary

- (lat. Servius Tullius) (VI century BC) the sixth Roman king; ruled in 578,534 BC. S.T. carried out a reform of the division of Rome into territorial districts (tribes), which, as administrative divisions replaced three old generic tribes. Was… … Antique world. Dictionary reference.

- (Servius Tullius) (6th century BC), according to Roman tradition, the sixth king of Ancient Rome in 578 534/533 BC. e. With the name of S. T., the Roman tradition connects the reforms that contributed to the establishment of the state system. The most important of them…… Great Soviet Encyclopedia

The sixth Roman king (578 535 BC). Tradition says that he was the son of Okresia, the slave of Queen Tanakvili, the wife of Tarquinius Priscus, was brought up in the palace, acquired the love of Tarquinius and received the hand of his daughter. According to Emperor Claudius, S. ... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron

SERVIUS TULLIUS- (Servius Tullius) (6th century BC) according to Rome. legend, the sixth king Dr. Rome (578 534/533 BC), who owed his power to Queen Tanakvil. Some ancient authors identify S. T. with the hero of the Etruscan legends, Mastarna. S. T. Rome. tradition... Soviet historical encyclopedia

- (6th century BC) acc. Rome. legend, the sixth king Dr. Rome (578 534/533 BC), who owes his power to Queen Tanakvil. Some ancient authors otzhd. S. T. with the hero of Etruscan legends Mastarna. S. T. Rome. tradition of ascription. conducting… … Ancient world. encyclopedic Dictionary

penultimate rome. king, ruled 578–534 BC e. He is credited with the creation of the Servian city wall and the Servian legislation. According to him, Rom. citizens were divided according to property. qualification ... Dictionary of antiquity

SERVIUS TULLIUS (Servius Tullius), according to antique. legend, the sixth king Dr. Rome in 578534/533 BC. e., he is credited with carrying out the centuriate reform, for which the plebeians were introduced into Rome. communities and the entire population of Rome is divided into 5 ... Biographical Dictionary

According to ancient tradition, the sixth king of ancient Rome in 578 534/533. BC, he is credited with carrying out the centuriate reform, according to which the plebeians were introduced into the Roman community and the entire population of Rome was divided into five categories according to ... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary "World History"