Question 1. Why do you think Alexander II tried so hard to get the request for the abolition of serfdom to come from the landowners?

Answer. Alexander II was very afraid of opposition from the nobility. Traditionally, the nobility was the backbone of imperial power in Russia, and their resistance could mean the collapse of the regime. It is significant that the emperor personally read out the manifesto adopted as a result only to the most loyal troops. That is why it was important that the landowners themselves asked for the release of the peasants, then there was less fear that they would be outraged. The same measure made it possible to understand exactly how their owners wanted to free the peasants, and thus, again, to avoid indignation on their part.

Question 2. Under what conditions did the emperor stop the abolition of serfdom? Why do you think these conditions were defined?

Answer. Alexander II tried to take into account the interests of the landowners as much as possible, but at the same time serfdom, nevertheless, it was necessary to cancel, because the conditions turned out to be compromise, according to the apt expression of Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov, "The great chain broke, it broke - it jumped, one end along the master, the other along the peasant!" These conditions were as follows:

1) peasants received personal freedom;

2) the landowners handed over to the peasants the land on which their houses with outbuildings stood;

3) peasants had to buy the rest of the land from the landlords;

4) the peasants could redeem the land in accordance with the norm determined by the government, the land that exceeded these norms was “cut off” in favor of the landowner, therefore the peasant lands constantly alternated with the landowners, and most importantly, the peasants had less land to use;

5) the state paid the landowners the amount of land redemption immediately;

6) the peasants repaid this debt to the state for 49 years, and 6% was added to the balance of the debt every year;

7) at the time of payments, the peasants were considered temporarily obliged, not much different from the serfs;

8) not every individual peasant received land, but peasant communities, the land was in common use with their members;

9) the peasants, who did not cultivate the land before the reform, that is, the peasants, did not receive it as a result of the reform, automatically turning into civilian employees (although they usually continued to serve the same master).

Question 3. What do you see the pros and cons of the peasant reform?

Answer. Pros:

1) serfdom was abolished, the age-old dream of the liberals came true;

2) entrepreneurship received an impulse at the expense of the peasants, who were freed from temporary dependence ahead of time;

3) the peasants received civil rights, which, together with other reforms, democratized society;

4) managed to avoid serious indignation on the part of the landlords in the course of the reform.

1) the peasants had less land, which, together with their large number of children, relatively quickly began to ruin them;

2) the landowners lost their main source of income, many of them became impoverished because of this, even despite the redemption payments;

3) the peasants from serfs became temporarily liable, because the labor market was still replenished at the beginning not significantly;

4) the peasants remained part of the communities, because the most enterprising of them could not start their own commercial enterprises.

1. For the first time, Alexander II spoke about the need to abolish serfdom in a short speech, which he delivered on March 30, 1856 to representatives

a) the Moscow nobility; b) Petersburg nobility;

c) Moscow merchants; d) Russian clergy.

2. To prepare for the abolition of serfdom, Alexander II formed a special government body on January 3, 1857

a) the Peasants' Committee; b) Special Presence;

c) the Peasant Committee of the ruling Senate; d) Secret Committee.

3. Initially, the government of Alexander II prepared preparations for the abolition of serfdom

a) publicly; b) secretly; c) widely discussed in the press; d) actively attracting Russian landowners.

4. To prepare for the abolition of serfdom, special bodies were established in 46 provinces

a) provincial committees; b) noble committees;

c) land committees; d) peasant committees.

5. To consider materials on the preparation of the abolition of serfdom, developed in the provinces by the landlords in St. Petersburg, editorial commissions were formed, which were headed by General

a) Kankrin; b) Kiselev; c) Rostovtsev; d) Kavelin.

6. In the autumn of 1860, the peasant reform project was ready. He was approved

a) the State Duma; b) State Council; c) the Imperial Council; d) Imperial family.

7. On February 19, 1861, Alexander II signed the manifesto “On the most merciful granting to serfs of the rights of the state of free rural inhabitants and on the organization of their life” and “Regulations on peasants who have emerged from serfdom”. In accordance with these documents, the peasants, receiving freedom, were endowed with land

a) free of charge; b) partly for free and partly for a ransom; c) at the expense of the state; d) for ransom.

8. Segments are

a) the land that the peasants lost under the reform of 1861;

b) a transitional period for peasants from serfdom to freedom;

c) the remains of feudal duties; d) redemption payments for land;

9. Peasants were considered temporarily liable until

a) reaching the age of 40; b) within 5 years after the reform;

c) before the redemption of their land plots;

d) within 7 years after the reform;

10. The legal status of temporarily liable peasants was determined

a) redemption payments; b) Regulations on the abolition of serfdom; c) Manifesto on the abolition of serfdom; d) Statutory letters.

11. The owner of peasant allotments, after the abolition of serfdom was

a) the peasant himself; b) a peasant community; c) a peasant family; d) landowner.

12. Overseeing the implementation of the reform on the ground were to

a) mediators; b) landlords; c) clerks and clerks; d) zemstvo chiefs.

13. In the past, a Decembrist. On the eve of the uprising on December 14, 1825, he informed Nicholas I about the upcoming performance. Into the reign

Alexander II did a lot to free the peasants

a) Ants; b) Pestel; c) Rostovtsev; d) Lunin.

14. February 19, Alexander II chose to sign the most important documents on the peasant reform, as this

a) his birthday b) the day of his coronation; c) the day of his accession to the throne;

d) the day was chosen arbitrarily.

15. According to the reform of 1861, the peasants of each estate united

a) in the parish; b) to the county; c) in rural society; d) a peasant community.

Key to the test.

Task No. 1. The intentions of Alexander II to abolish serfdom were supported by an insignificant part of the landlords, whose farms were involved in market relations. In 1855-1857. they came up with projects for the abolition of serfdom, which provided for various conditions for the liberation of the peasants. Read summary three such projects and determine which of them reflected the interests:

a) the landlords of the black earth zone, where corvée farming, designed for the market, prevailed, and where the land was especially highly valued for its fertility

b) landlords of non-chernozem provinces, where quitrent prevailed and non-agricultural peasant crafts were developed: gathering. fishing, cattle breeding

c) the landlords of the steppe zone, sparsely populated, with a predominance of large-scale landlord farming: agriculture, manufacturing

1. A. M. Unkovsky proposed to free the peasants with land without any kind of “transitional state”, that is, immediately, but with remuneration for the landowners both for the land provided to the peasants and “for the liberated peasants themselves”

2. Yu. F. Samarin provided for a gradual 10-12-year transfer of peasants from serfdom to a free state. During this time, the peasants had to work out the obligatory corvée as payment for the land provided to them.

3. MP Posen proposed to leave the lion's share of the land to the landowners, and to give the peasants a minimum amount of it, and only so that the peasants would not rush to the city, but remain in the countryside, since the landowners needed working hands

Task number 2. Give written answers to questions

1. Why was it decided to release the peasants from the land?

2. Why was it decided to release the peasants for ransom?

1. It was important to leave the peasants in the village, tying them to the ground

2. To compensate landowners for economic losses from the loss of peasant duties

Task number 3. Solve the problem

Before the abolition of serfdom, the peasant paid the landowner a quitrent equal to 12 rubles. What will be the redemption amount? How much should a peasant pay a landowner to be considered free?

12 × 100: 6=200 (rubles)

Task number 4. Choose the correct answer

1. Which peasants were considered temporarily liable:

a) peasants who did not conclude redemption deals with their landowners after the announcement of the reform

b) peasants who signed up for the people's militia

c) state peasants?

2. Temporarily liable peasants had to:

a) pay dues or serve corvee in favor of its former owner

b) work for the state for free 2 times a week

c) take part in public works in your county

3. What are segments:

a) the land that was allocated to the peasants under the reform of 1861.

b) land that was cut off from the landowners in favor of the peasants

c) part of the peasant allotment, which turned out to be “superfluous” in comparison with the norm established in 1861

4. Who is a conciliator:

a) a representative of the landowners participating in the development of the peasant reform

b) a representative of the peasant community involved in resolving disputes between the landowner and the peasants

c) a representative of the nobility, called upon to monitor the implementation of the peasant reform in the field

Task number 5. Based on the data below, formulate and write down conclusions about the nature of the peasant reform

1. The average allotment of a peasant before the reform was 4.4 acres, after the reform - 3.6 acres

2. In the Moscow province, a peasant family, on average, had to pay 500 rubles for land. At the same time, the hut cost 30-40 rubles, the horse 15-20 rubles

3. Cost peasant land was estimated at 500 million rubles, but the peasants paid 1.5 billion rubles

The reform was predatory in relation to the peasantry and was carried out with the condition of causing the least harm to the landowners at the expense of the peasants. In fact, only the name “serfs” was changed to “temporarily liable”. Having received "freedom", the peasants remained tied to a small plot of land, for the use of which the former duties were preserved, and at the same time they also turned out to be debtors

Task number 6. Many peasants did not want to believe what was written in the tsar's manifesto. Among the peasants, people appeared who convinced them that the tsar's manifesto had been replaced by officials, and offered their own interpretations of this document. Read the "Manifesto of Freedom" compiled by the peasants of Lebedinsky Uyezd Kharkov province in April 1861. Opposite the articles of the peasant manifesto, write down what measures were provided for on these problems in the government version

Peasant Manifesto	Royal Manifesto
Article 2	Corvee for men was 40 days, for women - 30
Article 3	Before the redemption of land plots, peasants must pay dues or serve corvee
Article 4	The peasants were in a temporarily obligated state until the conclusion of a redemption deal
Article V	The peasants still cultivate the lands of the landlords, and the amount of duties of the peasants is determined by the Charter
Article 7. The pan must build a hut with outbuildings for the yard servants of each family, give a horse, a cow, a plow, a harrow, and all household items, and 100 rubles each. ser. for each, and if he does not fulfill this, then all his property and buildings will be sold and distributed to the world	Yard peasants were freed without land and estates and over the next two years had to remain completely dependent on the landowner.
Article 8	The peasants were allocated plots not exceeding the norm established by law, and the surplus was "cut off" in favor of the landlords, who retained most of the land

Reforms of the 60-70s

		Meaning
	Zemstvos - elected representative institutions involved in solving economic issues on the ground (in provinces, counties)	Zemstvos played a significant role in solving local economic and cultural problems: the organization of medical and veterinary care, the emergence of educational institutions
Judicial	Senate - considered political affairs; supreme appeal system. District Court with jurors. Magistrate's Court - Tried small civil suits and misdemeanors, no jurors with one judge.	The court became classless, public, adversarial, independent of the administration
	Compulsory military service for men from 20 years of age. The term of service depended on the level of education of the conscript. Rearmament of the army. New military schools.	Improving the combat capability of the Russian army due to the possibility of replenishing it during the war with a reserve trained in military affairs.

1). Local government reforms.

January 1, 1864 The imperial decree introduced the "Regulations on provincial and district zemstvo institutions." Elective bodies of local self-government were created in the counties - zemstvos. Only men had the right to vote. The material basis for the activities of the zemstvos was a special tax, which was imposed on real estate: land, houses, factories and trade establishments.

*** Filling in the table: first line: Zemstvo reform.

***Find in the text the liberal nature of the reform and the limitations of the reform. (page 132)

liberal nature of the reform

limited reform

electivity; all-estate. The reform contributed to the involvement of broad sections of the population in solving management issues. An energetic, democratic-minded intelligentsia was grouped around the Zemstvos. Zemstvos raised the level of education and public health, improved the road network, and provided agronomic and veterinary assistance to the peasants. The activities of the zemstvos were aimed at improving the situation of the broad masses of the people.

The principle of all estates is inconsistently sustained. Elections were actually built on a class basis. The nobles had a significant advantage. The range of issues addressed by the zemstvos was limited.

IN 1870 year, according to the type of zemstvo, was held urban reform. It replaced the former estate city dumas with all-class elective institutions. The city self-government was in charge of solving economic issues: the improvement of the city, the development of local trade and industry, health care and public education, the maintenance of the police, prisons, etc. the urban reform contributed to the involvement of the general population in solving management issues, which served as a prerequisite for the formation of civil society and the rule of law in Russia.

2). Judicial reform.

In November 1864. new statutes were adopted.

*** Filling in the table: second line: Judicial reform.

In accordance with the judicial reform, the court was built on the principles of bourgeois law:

 equality of all estates before the law;

 no estate - representatives of all estates are judged by one court;

 publicity of the court – court hearings are open to everyone;

 adversarial - there are two parties in the process: the accuser - the prosecutor and the defender - the lawyer "compete"; interest in advocacy arose in society - the lawyer F.N. Plevako, Prince A.I. Urusov;

 independent of the administration, ie. a judge could not be fired for passing a sentence that was not pleasing to the authorities.

According to the new judicial statutes, two types of courts were created - world and general.

3) Military reforms.

Military charter approved on January 1 1874 The author of the reform is the Minister of War, Count D.A. Milyutin.

*** Filling in the table: third line: Military reform.

The main provisions of the reform:

 Recruitment was cancelled;

 introduced universal military service for all classes from the age of 20;

 reduced service life (6-7 years);

There was a rearmament of the army and navy. All soldiers during the service were taught to read and write. As a result of the reform, Russia received mass army modern type.

4) Reforms in the field of education. 1864

 Regulations on primary public schools: created primary schools various types - state, parochial, Sunday. The juice of training was 3 years.

 Gymnasiums have become the main type of educational institutions middle step. They were divided into real and classical.

Real Prepared for classes various industries industry and trade". Training - 7 years. The main attention was paid to the study of mathematics, natural science, technical subjects. Access to universities for graduates of real gymnasiums was closed. They could continue their studies in technical universities

Classic A large place was given to the ancient languages ​​- Latin and ancient Greek. They prepared young people for university entrance. The term of study since 1871 is 8 years. The gymnasium accepted children "of all classes, without distinction of rank and religion." But the tuition fees were very high.

 A new charter for universities was approved, which restored the autonomy of these institutions.

 Women's education was developed - women's gymnasiums, higher courses for women.

5) Constitutional throwing. "Dictatorship of the Heart"

Many innovations that appeared in Russia as a result of the reforms came into conflict with the principles of autocracy. Alexander II was convinced that autocratic power was the most acceptable form of government for the multinational and huge Russian Empire. He declared "that he opposes the establishment of a constitution, not because he values ​​his power, but because he is convinced that this would be a misfortune for Russia and would lead to its disintegration."

Nevertheless, Alexander II was forced to make concessions to the supporters of constitutional government. The reason was terror against senior officials and constant attempts to assassinate the emperor himself by revolutionary organizations.

After the second assassination attempt on Alexander II in April 1879, the tsar appointed popular commanders, Generals I.V. Gurko, E.I. Totleben, M.T. Loris-Melikov as governor-general in order to calm the population and cool the heads of the revolutionaries.

In February 1880, a new attempt was made to assassinate the emperor in the Winter Palace. Alexander II established the Supreme Administrative Commission and appointed Kharkiv Governor-General M.T. Loris-Melikova.

Activities of M.T. Loris-Melikova:

 All security agencies were concentrated in the Ministry of Internal Affairs - the number of assassination attempts began to decline.

 Relaxed censorship.

 Insisted on the dismissal of the Minister of Public Education Count D.A. Tolstoy.

"Dictatorship of the heart": the number of terrorist attacks has decreased, the situation in the country has become more calm.

Project "Constitution of Loris-Melikov":

1. To develop laws, it is necessary to create two temporary commissions from representatives of zemstvos and cities - administrative and economic and financial.

2. He proposed to send draft laws for discussion to the General Commission, composed of elected representatives of the zemstvo and city self-government.

3. After the approval of the General Commission, the bill would go to the State Council, which would also be attended by 10-15 elected members who worked in the General Commission.

On the morning of March 1, 1881, Alexander II approved the Loris-Melikov project and scheduled a meeting of the Council of Ministers for March 4 for its final approval. But a few hours later the emperor was killed by terrorists.

Fill in the table.

	The liberal nature of the reform	Limitations of reform
Urban
Judicial

Test on the topic "Abolition of serfdom"

1. For the first time about the need to abolish serfdom Alexander II officially declared wa) March 1856. b) February 1861 c) March 1861 d) April 1864
2. Chairman of the Drafting Commission for the development of a draft reform to abolish serfdom was a) N.A. Milyutin b) Y.I. Rostovtsev c) Y.F. Samarin d) Y.A. Solovyov
3. The crisis of the feudal-serf system of the economy manifested itselfa) in the presence of estatesb) in the existence of a monarchical form of governmentc) in the existence of a peasant communityd) in reaching the highest limit of corvée and dues
4. The reform to abolish serfdom was carried out in the interests ofa) local nobility b) the peasantry c) the emperor d) residents of national outskirts
5. What was the deadline for making redemption payments for land by peasants a) 10 years b) 25 years c) 49 years d) 70 years
6. The temporary state of the peasants could last for a) 6 years b) 7 years c) 8 years d) 9 years
7. According to the reform, it was planned to resolve the issue with the land as followsa) give the land to the peasants for ransomb) to divide the land among the peasants equallyc) peasants to rent land from landlordsd) give land to the peasants free of charge

8. In the course of the reform, the land purchased from the landowner became a) the personal property of the peasant b) the property of the peasant community c) the property of the state d) property of the emperor
9. Peasant reform of 1861 a) strengthened autocratic power b) worsened the situation of the peasants c) created the conditions for the establishment of the capitalist structure in the economy d) solved the agrarian question in Russia
10. Match Date to Event

Event

11. Match the term with its definition

Term

1) transformation, change;2) part of the lands used by the peasants, cut off after the peasant reform of 1861 in favor of the landlords;3) former serfs, released according to the "Regulations of February 19, 1861", but not transferred for redemption;4) one of the duties of dependent peasants, which consists in paying tribute to the landowner in food or money; 5) annual repayments by peasants of 1/49 of the amount of money paid by the government for the redemption of peasant allotments in the course of the reform of 1861;6) the most severe form of dependence of the peasants on the landlords, whose power extended to the person, labor and property of the peasants who belonged to them; 7) the amount of tax or fee not paid on time; 8) labor, work by serfs and temporarily liable peasants in favor of the feudal lord; 9) official position since 1859 in Russian Empire to settle land relations between landowners and peasants and to supervise peasant institutions; 10) offering a tenth of the proceeds to the church. For each position of the first column, select the corresponding position of the second and write it down in the table with the selected numbers under the corresponding letters.
12. Arrange events in chronological orderA) the assassination of Alexander II B) cancellation of redemption paymentsB) Alexander's Manifesto II on the liberation of the peasants D) Alexander's statement II on the need to abolish serfdom D) the beginning of the reign of Alexander II E) establishment of editorial commissions 13. Name the central and local institutions of Russia involved in the preparation of the peasant reform 1) II Department of His Imperial Majesty's Own Chancellery 2) Editorial committees3) Main Committee for Peasant Affairs4) Secret Committee on Peasant Affairs5) Ministry of the Interior6) State Council7) State Duma8) Provincial noble committees for improving the life of landlord peasants9) Governing Senate Answer: _________________
14. Name the rights and freedoms granted to the peasants by the Manifesto of 18611) the right to engage in entrepreneurship2) the right to leave the peasant community3) elected peasant self-government4) voting rights5) personal freedom6) the right to move to other estates 7) freedom of speech 8) the right to engage in trading operations9) the right to meetings and strikes Answer: _________________
15. Mark the provisions that are the reasons for the abolition of serfdom1) the crisis of the feudal-serf system of management2) the desire to turn Russia from an agrarian into an industrial country3) military-technical backwardness of Russia4) growth peasant uprisings, the possibility of a new "Pugachevism" in Russia5) pressure from conservative forces6) solve the problem of land shortage of peasants Answer: _________________

ANSWERS:
1. a 2. b 3. d 4. a 5. c 6 d 7. a 8. b 9. c
10.

11.
12.
13. 2,3,4,6,8
14. 1,3,5,6,8
15. 1,3,4