IN modern historiography the title "princes of Kyiv" is used to designate a number of rulers of the Kyiv principality and the Old Russian state. The classical period of their reign began in 912 with the reign of Igor Rurikovich, who was the first to bear the title of "Grand Duke of Kyiv", and lasted until about the middle of the 12th century, when the collapse of the Old Russian state began. Let's take a brief look at the most prominent rulers during this period.

Oleg the Prophet (882-912)

Igor Rurikovich (912-945) - the first ruler of Kyiv, called the "Grand Duke of Kyiv." During his reign, he conducted a number of military campaigns, both against neighboring tribes (Pechenegs and Drevlyans), and against the Byzantine kingdom. The Pechenegs and the Drevlyans recognized the supremacy of Igor, but the Byzantines, militarily better equipped, put up stubborn resistance. In 944, Igor was forced to sign a peace treaty with Byzantium. At the same time, the terms of the agreement were beneficial for Igor, since Byzantium paid a significant tribute. A year later, he decided to attack the Drevlyans again, despite the fact that they had already recognized his authority and paid tribute to him. Igor's warriors, in turn, got the opportunity to cash in on the robberies of the local population. The Drevlyans ambushed in 945 and, having captured Igor, executed him.

Olga (945-964)- The widow of Prince Rurik, who was killed in 945 by the Drevlyane tribe. She headed the state until her son, Svyatoslav Igorevich, became an adult. It is not known exactly when she transferred power to her son. Olga was the first of the rulers of Rus' to accept Christianity, while the whole country, the army and even her son were still pagans. Important facts of her reign were the subjugation of the Drevlyans who killed her husband Igor Rurikovich. Olga established the exact amount of taxes that the lands subject to Kyiv had to pay, systematized the frequency of their payment and the timing. An administrative reform was carried out, dividing the lands subordinate to Kyiv into clearly defined units, each of which was headed by a princely official "tiun". Under Olga, the first stone buildings appeared in Kyiv, Olga's tower and the city palace.

Svyatoslav (964-972)- the son of Igor Rurik and Princess Olga. characteristic feature reign was that Olga actually ruled most of his time, first due to the minority of Svyatoslav, and then because of his constant military campaigns and absence in Kyiv. Assumed power around 950. He did not follow the example of his mother, and did not accept Christianity, which was then unpopular among the secular and military nobility. The reign of Svyatoslav Igorevich was marked by a series of continuous conquest campaigns that he carried out against neighboring tribes and state formations. The Khazars, Vyatichi, the Bulgarian kingdom (968-969) and Byzantium (970-971) were attacked. The war with Byzantium brought heavy losses to both sides, and ended, in fact, in a draw. Returning from this campaign, Svyatoslav was ambushed by the Pechenegs and was killed.

Yaropolk (972-978)

Vladimir the Saint (978-1015)- Kiev prince, best known for the baptism of Rus'. Was prince of novgorod from 970 to 978, when he seized the throne of Kiev. During his reign, he continuously conducted campaigns against neighboring tribes and states. He conquered and annexed to his state the tribes of the Vyatichi, Yatvyag, Radimichi and Pechenegs. Spent a number government reforms aimed at strengthening the power of the prince. In particular, he began minting a single state coin, replacing the previously used Arab and Byzantine money. With the help of invited Bulgarian and Byzantine teachers, he began to spread literacy in Rus', forcibly sending children to study. He founded the cities of Pereyaslavl and Belgorod. The main achievement is the baptism of Rus', carried out in 988. The introduction of Christianity as the state religion also contributed to the centralization of the Old Russian state. The resistance of various pagan cults, then widespread in Rus', weakened the power of the Kyiv throne and was brutally suppressed. Prince Vladimir died in 1015 during another military campaign against the Pechenegs.

SvyatopolkCursed (1015-1016)

Yaroslav the Wise (1016-1054) is the son of Vladimir. He feuded with his father and seized power in Kyiv in 1016, driving his brother Svyatopolk away. The reign of Yaroslav is represented in history by traditional raids on neighboring states and internecine wars with numerous relatives who claimed the throne. For this reason, Yaroslav was forced to temporarily leave the throne of Kiev. He built the churches of Hagia Sophia in Novgorod and Kyiv. It is to her that the main temple in Constantinople is dedicated, therefore the fact of such a construction spoke of the equality of the Russian church with the Byzantine one. As part of the confrontation with the Byzantine Church, he independently appointed the first Russian Metropolitan Hilarion in 1051. Yaroslav also founded the first Russian monasteries: the Kiev Caves Monastery in Kyiv and the Yuryev Monastery in Novgorod. For the first time he codified feudal law by issuing a code of laws "Russian Truth" and a church charter. He did a great job of translating Greek and Byzantine books into Old Russian and Church Slavonic, constantly spending large sums on the correspondence of new books. He founded a large school in Novgorod, in which the children of elders and priests learned to read and write. He strengthened diplomatic and military ties with the Varangians, thus securing northern borders states. He died in Vyshgorod in February 1054.

SvyatopolkCursed (1018-1019)- secondary interim rule

Izyaslav (1054-1068)- son of Yaroslav the Wise. According to his father's will, he sat on the throne of Kyiv in 1054. Throughout almost the entire reign, he was at enmity with his younger brothers Svyatoslav and Vsevolod, who sought to seize the prestigious Kiev throne. In 1068, the troops of Izyaslav were defeated by the Polovtsians in a battle on the Alta River. This led to the Kyiv uprising in 1068. At the veche meeting, the remnants of the defeated militia demanded that they be given weapons in order to continue the fight against the Polovtsy, but Izyaslav refused to do this, which forced the people of Kiev to revolt. Izyaslav was forced to flee to the Polish king, his nephew. With the military help of the Poles, Izyaslav regained the throne for the period 1069-1073, was again overthrown, and ruled for the last time from 1077 to 1078.

Vseslav Charodey (1068-1069)

Svyatoslav (1073-1076)

Vsevolod (1076-1077)

Svyatopolk (1093-1113)- the son of Izyaslav Yaroslavich, before taking the throne of Kyiv, he periodically headed the Novgorod and Turov principalities. The beginning of the Kyiv principality of Svyatopolk was marked by the invasion of the Polovtsy, who inflicted a serious defeat on the troops of Svyatopolk in the battle near the Stugna River. This was followed by several more battles, the outcome of which is not known for certain, but in the end, peace was concluded with the Polovtsy, and Svyatopolk took the daughter of Khan Tugorkan as his wife. The subsequent reign of Svyatopolk was overshadowed by the continuous struggle between Vladimir Monomakh and Oleg Svyatoslavich, in which Svyatopolk usually supported Monomakh. Svyatopolk also repelled the constant raids of the Polovtsians led by the khans Tugorkan and Bonyak. He died suddenly in the spring of 1113, possibly by poisoning.

Vladimir Monomakh (1113-1125) was a prince of Chernigov when his father died. He had the right to the Kiev throne, but gave it to his cousin Svyatopolk, because he did not want war at that time. In 1113, the people of Kiev raised an uprising, and, having thrown Svyatopolk, they invited Vladimir to the kingdom. For this reason, he was forced to accept the so-called "Charter of Vladimir Monomakh", which alleviates the situation of the city's lower classes. The law did not affect the foundations of the feudal system, but regulated the conditions of enslavement and limited the profits of usurers. Under Monomakh, Rus' reached the peak of its power. The Minsk principality was conquered, and the Polovtsy were forced to migrate east of the Russian borders. With the help of an impostor who pretended to be the son of the previously killed Byzantine emperor, Monomakh organized an adventure aimed at placing him on the Byzantine throne. Several Danubian cities were conquered, but success could not be further developed. The campaign ended in 1123 with the signing of peace. Monomakh organized the publication of improved editions of The Tale of Bygone Years, which have survived in this form to this day. Monomakh also created several works on his own: the autobiographical Ways and Fishes, the code of laws “the charter of Vladimir Vsevolodovich” and “Instructions of Vladimir Monomakh”.

Mstislav the Great (1125-1132)- son of Monomakh, formerly former prince Belgorod. He ascended the throne of Kyiv in 1125 without resistance from the other brothers. Among the most outstanding deeds of Mstislav, one can name a campaign against the Polovtsians in 1127 and the sacking of the cities of Izyaslav, Strezhev and Lagozhsk. After a similar campaign in 1129, the Principality of Polotsk was finally annexed to the possessions of Mstislav. In order to collect tribute, several campaigns were made in the Baltic states, against the Chud tribe, but they ended in failure. In April 1132, Mstislav died suddenly, but managed to transfer the throne to Yaropolk, his brother.

Yaropolk (1132-1139)- Being the son of Monomakh, he inherited the throne when his brother Mstislav died. At the time of coming to power, he was 49 years old. In fact, he controlled only Kyiv and its environs. By his natural inclinations he was a good warrior, but he did not possess diplomatic and political abilities. Immediately after the assumption of the throne, the traditional civil strife began, connected with the succession to the throne in the Principality of Pereyaslavl. Yuri and Andrei Vladimirovich expelled Vsevolod Mstislavich from Pereyaslavl, who was imprisoned there by Yaropolk. Also, the situation in the country was complicated by the frequent raids of the Polovtsy, who, together with the allied Chernigov, plundered the outskirts of Kyiv. The indecisive policy of Yaropolk led to a military defeat in the battle on the Supoy River with the troops of Vsevolod Olgovich. The cities of Kursk and Posemye were also lost during the reign of Yaropolk. This development of events further weakened his authority, which was used by the Novgorodians, who announced their separation in 1136. The result of the reign of Yaropolk was the actual collapse of the Old Russian state. Formally, only the Principality of Rostov-Suzdal retained submission to Kyiv.

Vyacheslav (1139, 1150, 1151-1154)

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Rurik (862-879)

Rurik Prince of Novgorod, nicknamed the Varangian, as he was called to reign by the Novgorodians because of the Varangian Sea. Rurik is the founder of the Rurik dynasty. He was married to a woman named Efanda, with whom he had a son named Igor. He also raised his daughter and stepson Askold. After his two brothers died, he became the sole ruler of the country. He gave all the surrounding villages and settlements to the management of his close associates, where they had the right to independently create a court. Around this time, Askold and Dir, two brothers who had nothing to do with Rurik family ties, occupied the city of Kyiv and began to rule the meadows.

Oleg (879 - 912)

Kyiv prince, nicknamed the Prophet. Being a relative of Prince Rurik, he was the guardian of his son Igor. According to legend, he died, stung in the leg by a snake. Prince Oleg became famous for his intelligence and military prowess. With a huge army for those times, the prince went along the Dnieper. On the way, he conquered Smolensk, then Lyubech, and then took Kyiv, making it the capital. Askold and Dir were killed, and Oleg showed the glades the little son of Rurik - Igor as their prince. He went on a military campaign to Greece and, with a brilliant victory, provided the Russians with preferential rights to free trade in Constantinople.

Igor (912 - 945)

Following the example of Prince Oleg, Igor Rurikovich conquered all the neighboring tribes and forced them to pay tribute, successfully repulsed the Pecheneg raids and also undertook a campaign in Greece, which, however, was not as successful as the campaign of Prince Oleg. As a result, Igor was killed by the neighboring subjugated tribes of the Drevlyans for his irrepressible greed in extortions.

Olga (945 - 957)

Olga was the wife of Prince Igor. She, according to the customs of that time, very cruelly took revenge on the Drevlyans for the murder of her husband, and also conquered the main city of the Drevlyans - Korosten. Olga was distinguished by very good ability to rule, as well as a brilliant, sharp mind. Already at the end of her life, she accepted Christianity in Constantinople, for which she was later canonized as a saint and named Equal-to-the-Apostles.

Svyatoslav Igorevich (after 964 - spring 972)

The son of Prince Igor and Princess Olga, who, after the death of her husband, took the reins of government into her own hands, while her son grew up, learning the wisdom of the art of war. In 967, he managed to defeat the army of the Bulgarian king, which greatly alarmed the emperor of Byzantium, John, who, in collusion with the Pechenegs, persuaded them to attack Kiev. In 970, together with the Bulgarians and Hungarians, after the death of Princess Olga, Svyatoslav went on a campaign against Byzantium. The forces were not equal, and Svyatoslav was forced to sign a peace treaty with the empire. After his return to Kyiv, he was brutally killed by the Pechenegs, and then the skull of Svyatoslav was decorated with gold and made from it a bowl for pies.

Yaropolk Svyatoslavovich (972 - 978 or 980)

After the death of his father, Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich, he made an attempt to unite Rus' under his rule, defeating his brothers: Oleg Drevlyansky and Vladimir Novgorodsky, forcing them to leave the country, and then annexed their lands to the Kiev principality. He managed to conclude a new agreement with the Byzantine Empire, and also to attract the horde of the Pecheneg Khan Ildea to his service. Tried to establish diplomatic relations with Rome. Under him, as the Joachim manuscript testifies, Christians were given a lot of freedom in Rus', which caused displeasure of the pagans. Vladimir Novgorodsky immediately took advantage of this displeasure and, having agreed with the Varangians, recaptured Novgorod, then Polotsk, and then laid siege to Kyiv. Yaropolk was forced to flee to Roden. He tried to make peace with his brother, for which he went to Kyiv, where he was a Varangian. Chronicles characterize this prince as a peace-loving and meek ruler.

Vladimir Svyatoslavovich (978 or 980 - 1015)

Vladimir Svyatoslavovich Vladimir was the youngest son of Prince Svyatoslav. He was Prince of Novgorod since 968. Became Prince of Kyiv in 980. He was distinguished by a very warlike disposition, which allowed him to conquer the Radimichi, Vyatichi and Yotvingians. Vladimir also waged wars with the Pechenegs, with the Volga Bulgaria, with the Byzantine Empire and Poland. It was during the reign of Prince Vladimir in Rus' that defensive structures were built at the borders of the rivers: Desna, Trubezh, Sturgeon, Sula and others. Vladimir also did not forget about his capital city. It was under him that Kyiv was rebuilt with stone buildings. But Vladimir Svyatoslavovich became famous and remained in history due to the fact that in 988 - 989. made Christianity the state religion Kievan Rus which immediately strengthened the country's prestige in the international arena. Under him, the state of Kievan Rus entered the period of its greatest prosperity. Prince Vladimir Svyatoslavovich became an epic character, in which he is referred to only as "Vladimir the Red Sun." Canonized by the Russian Orthodox Church, named Prince Equal to the Apostles.

Svyatopolk Vladimirovich (1015 - 1019)

Vladimir Svyatoslavovich, during his lifetime, divided his lands between his sons: Svyatopolk, Izyaslav, Yaroslav, Mstislav, Svyatoslav, Boris and Gleb. After Prince Vladimir died, Svyatopolk Vladimirovich occupied Kyiv and decided to get rid of his rival brothers. He gave the order to kill Gleb, Boris and Svyatoslav. However, this did not help him establish himself on the throne. Soon, Prince Yaroslav of Novgorod expelled him from Kyiv. Then Svyatopolk turned to his father-in-law, the King of Poland, Boleslav, for help. With the support of the Polish king, Svyatopolk again took possession of Kiev, but soon circumstances developed in such a way that he was again forced to flee the capital. On the way, Prince Svyatopolk committed suicide. This prince was popularly nicknamed the Accursed because he took the life of his brothers.

Yaroslav Vladimirovich the Wise (1019 - 1054)

Yaroslav Vladimirovich, after the death of Mstislav Tmutarakansky and after the expulsion of the Holy Regiment, became the sole ruler of the Russian land. Yaroslav was distinguished by a sharp mind, for which, in fact, he received his nickname - the Wise. He tried to take care of the needs of his people, built the cities of Yaroslavl and Yuryev. He also built churches (St. Sophia in Kyiv and Novgorod), realizing the importance of spreading and establishing a new faith. It was Yaroslav the Wise who published the first code of laws in Rus' called "Russian Truth". He divided the allotments of the Russian land between his sons: Izyaslav, Svyatoslav, Vsevolod, Igor and Vyacheslav, bequeathing them to live in peace with each other.

Izyaslav Yaroslavich the First (1054 - 1078)

Izyaslav was the eldest son of Yaroslav the Wise. After the death of his father, the throne of Kievan Rus passed to him. But after his campaign against the Polovtsy, which ended in failure, he was driven out by the people of Kiev themselves. Then his brother Svyatoslav became the Grand Duke. Only after the death of Svyatoslav, Izyaslav again returned to the capital city of Kyiv. Vsevolod the First (1078 - 1093) It is possible that Prince Vsevolod could well have been a useful ruler, thanks to his peaceful disposition, piety and truthfulness. Being himself an educated person, knowing five languages, he actively contributed to education in his principality. But, alas. Constant, incessant raids of the Polovtsy, pestilence, famine did not favor the rule of this prince. He held onto the throne thanks to the efforts of his son Vladimir, who would later be called Monomakh.

Svyatopolk II (1093 - 1113)

Svyatopolk was the son of Izyaslav the First. It was he who inherited the throne of Kiev after Vsevolod the First. This prince was distinguished by a rare spinelessness, which is why he failed to calm the internecine friction between the princes for power in the cities. In 1097, a congress of princes took place in the city of Lubicz, at which each ruler, kissing the cross, pledged to own only his father's land. But this shaky peace treaty was not allowed to materialize. Prince Davyd Igorevich blinded Prince Vasilko. Then the princes, at a new congress (1100), deprived Prince Davyd of the right to own Volhynia. Then, in 1103, the princes unanimously accepted Vladimir Monomakh's proposal for a joint campaign against the Polovtsy, which was done. The campaign ended with the victory of the Russians in 1111.

Vladimir Monomakh (1113 - 1125)

Regardless of the right of seniority of the Svyatoslavichs, when Prince Svyatopolk II died, Vladimir Monomakh was elected Prince of Kyiv, who wanted the unification of the Russian land. Grand Duke Vladimir Monomakh was brave, tireless and favorably distinguished himself from the rest by his remarkable mental abilities. He managed to humble the princes with meekness, and he fought successfully with the Polovtsians. Vladimir Monoma is a vivid example of the prince's service not to his personal ambitions, but to his people, which he bequeathed to his children.

Mstislav the First (1125 - 1132)

The son of Vladimir Monomakh, Mstislav the First, was very much like his legendary father, demonstrating the same remarkable qualities of a ruler. All the recalcitrant princes showed him respect, fearing to anger the Grand Duke and share the fate of the Polovtsian princes, whom Mstislav expelled to Greece for disobedience, and sent his son to reign in their place.

Yaropolk (1132 - 1139)

Yaropolk was the son of Vladimir Monomakh and, accordingly, the brother of Mstislav the First. During his reign, he came up with the idea to transfer the throne not to his brother Vyacheslav, but to his nephew, which caused confusion in the country. It was because of these strife that the Monomakhovichi lost the throne of Kiev, which was occupied by the descendants of Oleg Svyatoslavovich, that is, the Olegovichi.

Vsevolod II (1139 - 1146)

Having become the Grand Duke, Vsevolod II desired to secure the throne of Kiev for his family. For this reason, he handed over the throne to Igor Olegovich, his brother. But Igor was not accepted by the people as a prince. He was forced to take the veil as a monk, but even the monastic attire did not protect him from the wrath of the people. Igor was killed.

Izyaslav the Second (1146 - 1154)

Izyaslav II fell in love with the people of Kiev to a greater extent because with his mind, temper, affability and courage he very much reminded them of Vladimir Monomakh, the grandfather of Izyaslav II. After Izyaslav ascended the throne of Kiev, the concept of seniority, adopted for centuries, was violated in Rus', that is, for example, while his uncle was alive, his nephew could not be a Grand Duke. A stubborn struggle began between Izyaslav II and Prince Yuri Vladimirovich of Rostov. Izyaslav was twice expelled from Kyiv in his life, but this prince still managed to retain the throne until his death.

Yuri Dolgoruky (1154 - 1157)

It was the death of Izyaslav II that paved the way to the throne of Kyiv Yuri, whom the people later called Dolgoruky. Yuri became the Grand Duke, but he did not have a chance to reign for long, only three years later, after which he died.

Mstislav II (1157 - 1169)

After the death of Yuri Dolgoruky between the princes, as usual, internecine strife for the throne of Kiev began, as a result of which Mstislav II Izyaslavovich became the Grand Duke. Mstislav was expelled from the throne of Kyiv by Prince Andrei Yurievich, nicknamed Bogolyubsky. Before the expulsion of Prince Mstislav, Bogolyubsky literally ruined Kyiv.

Andrei Bogolyubsky (1169 - 1174)

The first thing that Andrei Bogolyubsky did, becoming the Grand Duke, was to transfer the capital from Kyiv to Vladimir. He ruled Russia autocratically, without squads and vecha, pursued all those dissatisfied with this state of affairs, but, in the end, he was killed by them as a result of a conspiracy.

Vsevolod III (1176 - 1212)

The death of Andrei Bogolyubsky caused strife between the ancient cities (Suzdal, Rostov) and new ones (Pereslavl, Vladimir). As a result of these confrontations, Andrei Bogolyubsky's brother Vsevolod the Third, nicknamed the Big Nest, began to reign in Vladimir. Despite the fact that this prince did not rule and did not live in Kiev, nevertheless, he was called the Grand Duke and was the first to make him swear allegiance not only to himself, but also to his children.

Constantine the First (1212 - 1219)

The title of Grand Duke Vsevolod the Third, contrary to expectations, was transferred not to his eldest son Konstantin, but to Yuri, as a result of which strife arose. The decision of the father to approve the Grand Duke Yuri was also supported by the third son of Vsevolod the Big Nest - Yaroslav. And Konstantin in his claims to the throne was supported by Mstislav Udaloy. Together they won the Battle of Lipetsk (1216) and Konstantin nevertheless became the Grand Duke. Only after his death, the throne passed to Yuri.

Yuri II (1219 - 1238)

Yuri successfully fought with the Volga Bulgarians and Mordovians. On the Volga, on the very border of Russian possessions, Prince Yuri built Nizhny Novgorod. It was during his reign that the Mongol-Tatars appeared in Rus', who in 1224 in the Battle of Kalka first defeated the Polovtsy, and then the troops of the Russian princes who came to support the Polovtsy. After this battle, the Mongols left, but thirteen years later they returned under the leadership of Batu Khan. The hordes of the Mongols ravaged the Suzdal and Ryazan principalities, and also, in the battle of the City, they defeated the army of the Grand Duke Yuri II. In this battle, Yuri died. Two years after his death, the hordes of the Mongols plundered the south of Rus' and Kyiv, after which all the Russian princes were forced to admit that from now on they all and their lands were under the rule of the Tatar yoke. The Mongols on the Volga made the city of Saray the capital of the horde.

Yaroslav II (1238 - 1252)

The Khan of the Golden Horde appointed Prince Yaroslav Vsevolodovich of Novgorod as Grand Duke. This prince during his reign was engaged in restoring Rus' devastated by the Mongol army.

Alexander Nevsky (1252 - 1263)

Being at first the Prince of Novgorod, Alexander Yaroslavovich defeated the Swedes on the Neva River in 1240, for which, in fact, he was named Nevsky. Then, two years later, he defeated the Germans in the famous Battle of the Ice. Among other things, Alexander fought very successfully with the Chud and Lithuania. From the Horde, he received a label for the Great reign and became a great intercessor for the entire Russian people, as he traveled to the Golden Horde four times with rich gifts and bows. Alexander Nevsky was later canonized as a saint.

Yaroslav III (1264 - 1272)

After Alexander Nevsky died, two of his brothers began to fight for the title of Grand Duke: Vasily and Yaroslav, but the Khan of the Golden Horde decided to give the label to reign to Yaroslav. Nevertheless, Yaroslav failed to get along with the Novgorodians, he treacherously called on even the Tatars against his own people. The Metropolitan reconciled Prince Yaroslav III with the people, after which the prince again swore an oath on the cross to rule honestly and fairly.

Basil the First (1272 - 1276)

Vasily the First was the prince of Kostroma, but he claimed the throne of Novgorod, where the son of Alexander Nevsky, Dmitry, reigned. And soon Vasily the First achieved his goal, thereby strengthening his principality, previously weakened by division into destinies.

Dmitry the First (1276 - 1294)

The entire reign of Dmitry the First proceeded in a continuous struggle for the rights of the great reign with his brother Andrei Alexandrovich. Andrei Alexandrovich was supported by the Tatar regiments, from which Dmitry managed to escape three times. After his third escape, Dmitry nevertheless decided to ask Andrei for peace and, thus, received the right to reign in Pereslavl.

Andrew II (1294 - 1304)

Andrei II pursued a policy of expanding his principality through the armed seizure of other principalities. In particular, he claimed the principality in Pereslavl, which caused civil strife with Tver and Moscow, which, even after the death of Andrei II, were not stopped.

Saint Michael (1304 - 1319)

Prince Mikhail Yaroslavovich of Tver, having paid a large tribute to the khan, received from the Horde a label for a great reign, while bypassing the Moscow prince Yuri Danilovich. But then, while Mikhail was at war with Novgorod, Yuri, conspiring with the Horde ambassador Kavgady, slandered Mikhail before the khan. As a result, the khan summoned Michael to the Horde, where he was brutally killed.

Yuri III (1320 - 1326)

Yuri the Third, married the daughter of Khan Konchaka, who in Orthodoxy took the name Agafya. It was her untimely death that Yuri Mikhail Yaroslavovich of Tverskoy treacherously accused, for which he suffered an unjust and cruel death at the hands of the Horde Khan. So Yuri received a label for reigning, but the son of the murdered Mikhail, Dmitry, also claimed the throne. As a result, Dmitry at the first meeting killed Yuri, avenging the death of his father.

Dmitry II (1326)

For the murder of Yuri the Third, he was sentenced to death by the Horde Khan for arbitrariness.

Alexander of Tverskoy (1326 - 1338)

The brother of Dmitry II - Alexander - received from the khan a label to the throne of the Grand Duke. Prince Alexander of Tverskoy was distinguished by justice and kindness, but he literally ruined himself by allowing the people of Tver to kill Shchelkan, the khan's ambassador hated by all. Khan sent a 50,000-strong army against Alexander. The prince was forced to flee first to Pskov and then to Lithuania. Only 10 years later, Alexander received the forgiveness of the khan and was able to return, but, at the same time, he did not get along with the prince of Moscow - Ivan Kalita - after which Kalita slandered Alexander of Tverskoy in front of the khan. Khan urgently summoned A. Tverskoy to his Horde, where he was executed.

John the First Kalita (1320 - 1341)

John Danilovich, nicknamed "Kalita" (Kalita - wallet) for his stinginess, was very cautious and cunning. With the support of the Tatars, he devastated the principality of Tver. It was he who took upon himself the responsibility of accepting tribute for the Tatars from all over Rus', which contributed to his personal enrichment. With this money, John bought entire cities from the specific princes. Through the efforts of Kalita, the metropolis was also transferred from Vladimir to Moscow in 1326. He laid the Assumption Cathedral in Moscow. Since the time of John Kalita, Moscow has become the permanent residence of the Metropolitan of All Rus' and becomes the Russian center.

Simeon the Proud (1341 - 1353)

The Khan gave Simeon Ioannovich not only a label to the Grand Duchy, but also ordered all the other princes to obey only him, so Simeon began to be called the prince of all Rus'. The prince died, leaving no heir from a pestilence.

John II (1353 - 1359)

Brother of Simeon the Proud. He had a meek and peaceful disposition, he obeyed the advice of Metropolitan Alexei in all matters, and Metropolitan Alexei, in turn, was highly respected in the Horde. During the reign of this prince, relations between the Tatars and Moscow improved significantly.

Dmitry the Third Donskoy (1363 - 1389)

After the death of John the Second, his son Dmitry was still small, therefore the khan gave the label for the great reign to the Suzdal prince Dmitry Konstantinovich (1359 - 1363). However, the Moscow boyars benefited from the policy of strengthening the Moscow prince, and they managed to achieve a great reign for Dmitry Ioannovich. The Suzdal prince was forced to submit and, together with the rest of the princes of northeastern Rus', swore allegiance to Dmitry Ioannovich. The attitude of Rus' towards the Tatars also changed. Due to civil strife in the horde itself, Dmitry and the rest of the princes took the opportunity not to pay the usual dues. Then Khan Mamai entered into an alliance with the Lithuanian prince Jagiello and moved with a large army to Rus'. Dmitry and other princes met the army of Mamai on the Kulikovo field, (near the river Don) and at the cost of huge losses on September 8, 1380, Rus' defeated the army of Mamai and Jagello. For this victory they called Dmitry Ioannovich Donskoy. Until the end of his life, he took care of strengthening Moscow.

Basil the First (1389 - 1425)

Vasily ascended the princely throne, already having experience of government, since even during the life of his father he shared the reign with him. Expanded the Moscow principality. Refused to pay tribute to the Tatars. In 1395, Khan Timur threatened Rus' with an invasion, but it was not he who attacked Moscow, but Edigey, the Tatar Murza (1408). But he lifted the siege from Moscow, receiving a ransom of 3,000 rubles. Under Basil the First, the Ugra River was designated as the border with the Lithuanian principality.

Vasily II (Dark) (1425 - 1462)

Vasily II Dark Yuri Dmitrievich Galitsky decided to take advantage of the minority of Prince Vasily and claimed his rights to the Grand Duke's throne, but the Khan decided the dispute in favor of the young Vasily II, which was greatly facilitated by the Moscow boyar Vasily Vsevolozhsky, hoping in the future to marry his daughter to Vasily, but these expectations were not was destined to come true. Then he left Moscow and assisted Yuri Dmitrievich, and soon he took possession of the throne, on which he died in 1434. His son Vasily Kosoy began to claim the throne, but all the princes of Rus' rebelled against this. Vasily II captured Vasily Kosoy and blinded him. Then the brother of Vasily Kosoy Dmitry Shemyaka captured Vasily II and also blinded him, after which he took the throne of Moscow. But soon he was forced to give the throne to Vasily II. Under Vasily II, all metropolitans in Rus' began to be recruited from Russians, and not from Greeks, as before. The reason for this was the adoption of the Florentine Union in 1439 by Metropolitan Isidore, who was from the Greeks. For this, Vasily II gave the order to take Metropolitan Isidore into custody and instead appointed Bishop John of Ryazan.

John the Third (1462 -1505)

Under him, the core of the state apparatus began to form and, as a result, the state of Rus'. He annexed Yaroslavl, Perm, Vyatka, Tver, Novgorod to the Moscow principality. In 1480 he overthrew Tatar-Mongol yoke(Standing on the Ugra). In 1497, the Sudebnik was compiled. John the Third launched a large construction in Moscow, strengthened international position Rus'. It was under him that the title "Prince of All Rus'" was born.

Basil the Third (1505 - 1533)

"The last collector of Russian lands" Vasily the Third was the son of John the Third and Sophia Paleolog. He had a very impregnable and proud disposition. Having annexed Pskov, he destroyed the specific system. He fought twice with Lithuania on the advice of Mikhail Glinsky, a Lithuanian nobleman, whom he kept in his service. In 1514, he finally took Smolensk from the Lithuanians. Fought with the Crimea and Kazan. As a result, he managed to punish Kazan. He withdrew all trade from the city, ordering from now on to trade at the Makariev Fair, which was then transferred to Nizhny Novgorod. Vasily the Third, wishing to marry Elena Glinskaya, divorced his wife Solomonia, which turned the boyars against him even more. From the marriage with Elena, Vasily III had a son, John.

Elena Glinskaya (1533 - 1538)

She was appointed to rule by Vasily III himself until the age of their son John. Elena Glinskaya, having barely ascended the throne, very severely dealt with all the rebellious and dissatisfied boyars, after which she made peace with Lithuania. Then she decided to repulse the Crimean Tatars, who boldly attacked the Russian lands, however, these plans of hers could not be realized, since Elena suddenly died.

John the Fourth (Terrible) (1538 - 1584)

John the Fourth, Prince of All Rus' became in 1547 the first Russian Tsar. From the end of the forties he ruled the country with the participation of the Chosen Rada. During his reign, the convocation of all Zemsky Sobors began. In 1550, a new Sudebnik was drawn up, and reforms of the court and administration (Zemskaya and Gubnaya reforms) were also carried out. John Vasilyevich conquered the Kazan Khanate in 1552, and the Astrakhan Khanate in 1556. In 1565, the oprichnina was introduced to strengthen the autocracy. Under John the Fourth, trade relations with England were established in 1553, and the first printing house in Moscow was opened. From 1558 to 1583 the Livonian War for access to the Baltic Sea continued. In 1581, the annexation of Siberia began. The entire domestic policy of the country under Tsar John was accompanied by disgrace and executions, for which he was nicknamed the Terrible by the people. The enslavement of the peasants increased considerably.

Fedor Ioannovich (1584 - 1598)

He was the second son of John the Fourth. He was very sickly and weak, did not differ in sharpness of mind. That is why very quickly the actual control of the state passed into the hands of the boyar Boris Godunov, the brother-in-law of the tsar. Boris Godunov, surrounding himself exclusively devoted people became the absolute ruler. He built cities, strengthened relations with the countries of Western Europe, built the Arkhangelsk Harbor on the White Sea. By order and instigation of Godunov, an all-Russian independent patriarchate was approved, and the peasants were finally attached to the land. It was he who in 1591 ordered the assassination of Tsarevich Dmitry, who was the brother of the childless Tsar Fedor, and was his direct heir. 6 years after this murder, Tsar Fedor himself died.

Boris Godunov (1598 - 1605)

The sister of Boris Godunov and the wife of the late Tsar Fedor abdicated the throne. Patriarch Job recommended that Godunov's supporters convene a Zemsky Sobor, at which Boris was elected tsar. Godunov, having become king, was afraid of conspiracies on the part of the boyars and, in general, was distinguished by excessive suspicion, which naturally caused disgrace and exile. At the same time, the boyar Fyodor Nikitich Romanov was forced to take tonsure, and he became a monk Filaret, and his young son Mikhail was sent into exile at Beloozero. But not only the boyars were angry with Boris Godunov. A three-year crop failure and the pestilence that followed it, which hit the Muscovite kingdom, forced the people to see this as the fault of Tsar B. Godunov. The king tried his best to alleviate the plight of the starving. He increased the earnings of people employed in government buildings (for example, during the construction of the Ivan the Great Bell Tower), generously distributed alms, but people still grumbled and willingly believed the rumors that the legitimate Tsar Dmitry was not killed at all and would soon take the throne. In the midst of preparations for the fight against False Dmitry, Boris Godunov died suddenly, while having managed to bequeath the throne to his son Fyodor.

False Dmitry (1605 - 1606)

The fugitive monk Grigory Otrepiev, who was supported by the Poles, declared himself Tsar Dmitry, who miraculously managed to escape from the murderers in Uglich. He entered Russia with several thousand men. The army came out to meet him, but it also went over to the side of False Dmitry, recognizing him as the legitimate king, after which Fyodor Godunov was killed. False Dmitry was a very good-natured man, but with a sharp mind, he diligently engaged in all state affairs, but caused displeasure of the clergy and boyars, because, in their opinion, he did not honor the old Russian customs enough, and neglected many. Together with Vasily Shuisky, the boyars entered into a conspiracy against False Dmitry, spread a rumor that he was an impostor, and then, without hesitation, they killed the fake tsar.

Vasily Shuisky (1606 - 1610)

The boyars and townspeople elected the old and inept Shuisky as king, while limiting his power. In Russia, rumors arose again about the salvation of False Dmitry, in connection with which new unrest began in the state, intensified by the rebellion of a serf named Ivan Bolotnikov and the appearance of False Dmitry II in Tushino (“Tushinsky thief”). Poland went to war against Moscow and defeated the Russian troops. After this, Tsar Vasily was forcibly tonsured a monk, and a troubled time of interregnum came to Russia, lasting three years.

Mikhail Fedorovich (1613 - 1645)

The diplomas of the Trinity Lavra, sent all over Russia and calling for the defense of the Orthodox faith and the fatherland, did their job: Prince Dmitry Pozharsky, with the participation of the zemstvo headman of Nizhny Novgorod Kozma Minin (Sukhoroky), gathered a large militia and moved to Moscow in order to clear the capital of rebels and Poles, which was done after painful efforts. On February 21, 1613, the Great Zemstvo Duma gathered, at which Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov was elected Tsar, who, after long rejections, nevertheless ascended the throne, where the first thing he undertook was to pacify both external and internal enemies.

He concluded the so-called pillar agreement with the Kingdom of Sweden, in 1618 he signed the Treaty of Deulinsky with Poland, according to which Filaret, who was the parent of the king, was returned to Russia after a long captivity. Upon his return, he was immediately elevated to the rank of patriarch. Patriarch Filaret was an adviser to his son and a reliable co-ruler. Thanks to them, by the end of the reign of Mikhail Fedorovich, Russia began to enter into friendly relations with various Western states, having practically recovered from the horror of the Time of Troubles.

Alexei Mikhailovich (The Quietest) (1645 - 1676)

Alexei Mikhailovich Tsar Alexei is considered one of the best people of ancient Russia. He had a meek, humble disposition, and was very pious. He could not stand quarrels at all, and if they happened, he suffered greatly and tried in every possible way to reconcile with the enemy. In the first years of his reign, his closest adviser was his uncle, boyar Morozov. In the fifties, Patriarch Nikon became his adviser, who decided to unite Rus' with the rest of the Orthodox world and ordered everyone to be baptized in the Greek manner from now on - with three fingers, which caused a split among the Orthodox in Rus'. (The most famous schismatics are the Old Believers, who do not want to deviate from the true faith and be baptized with a “fig”, as ordered by the patriarch, noblewoman Morozova and archpriest Avvakum).

During the reign of Alexei Mikhailovich, riots broke out in different cities, which they managed to suppress, and the decision of Little Russia to voluntarily join the Muscovite state provoked two wars with Poland. But the state survived thanks to the unity and concentration of power. After the death of his first wife, Maria Miloslavskaya, in whose marriage the tsar had two sons (Fyodor and John) and many daughters, he remarried the girl Natalia Naryshkina, who bore him a son, Peter.

Fedor Alekseevich (1676 - 1682)

During the reign of this tsar, the issue of Little Russia was finally resolved: its western part went to Turkey, and the East and Zaporozhye - to Moscow. Patriarch Nikon was returned from exile. They also abolished localism - the ancient boyar custom to take into account the service of ancestors when occupying state and military positions. Tsar Fedor died without leaving an heir.

Ivan Alekseevich (1682 - 1689)

Ivan Alekseevich, together with his brother Peter Alekseevich, was elected king thanks to the Streltsy rebellion. But Tsarevich Alexei, suffering from dementia, did not take any part in public affairs. He died in 1689 during the reign of Princess Sophia.

Sophia (1682 - 1689)

Sophia remained in history as the ruler of an extraordinary mind and possessed all the necessary qualities of a real queen. She managed to calm the unrest of the dissenters, curb the archers, conclude an "eternal peace" with Poland, which is very beneficial for Russia, as well as the Nerchinsk Treaty with distant China. The princess undertook campaigns against Crimean Tatars but fell victim to her own lust for power. Tsarevich Peter, however, having guessed her plans, imprisoned her half-sister in the Novodevichy Convent, where Sophia died in 1704.

Peter the Great (Great) (1682 - 1725)

The greatest tsar, and since 1721 the first Russian emperor, statesman, cultural and military figure. He made revolutionary reforms in the country: collegiums, the Senate, bodies of political investigation and state control were created. He made divisions in Russia into provinces, and also subordinated the church to the state. built new capital- Saint Petersburg. The main dream of Peter was the elimination of Russia's backwardness in development compared to European countries. Taking advantage of Western experience, Petr Alekseevich tirelessly created manufactories, factories, shipyards.

To facilitate trade and for access to the Baltic Sea, he won the Northern War, lasting 21 years, from Sweden, thereby “cutting through” a “window to Europe”. He built a huge fleet for Russia. Thanks to his efforts, the Academy of Sciences was opened in Russia and the civil alphabet was adopted. All reforms were carried out with the most cruel methods and caused multiple uprisings in the country (Streletsky in 1698, Astrakhan from 1705 to 1706, Bulavinsky from 1707 to 1709), which, however, were also mercilessly suppressed.

Catherine the First (1725 - 1727)

Peter the Great died without leaving a will. So, the throne passed to his wife Catherine. Catherine became famous for equipping Bering in trip around the world, and also established the Supreme Privy Council at the instigation of a friend and colleague of her late husband Peter the Great - Prince Menshikov. Thus, Menshikov concentrated virtually all state power in his hands. He persuaded Catherine to appoint the son of Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich, who was still sentenced to death by his father, Peter the Great, for being disgusted with reforms, Peter Alekseevich, as the heir to the throne, and also to agree to his marriage with Menshikov's daughter Maria. Until the age of Peter Alekseevich, Prince Menshikov was appointed ruler of Russia.

Peter II (1727 - 1730)

Peter II ruled for a short time. Having barely got rid of the imperious Menshikov, he immediately fell under the influence of the Dolgoruky, who, in every possible way distracting the emperors from state affairs with fun, actually ruled the country. They wished to marry the emperor to Princess E. A. Dolgoruky, but Pyotr Alekseevich suddenly died of smallpox and the wedding did not take place.

Anna Ioannovna (1730 - 1740)

The Supreme Privy Council decided to somewhat limit the autocracy, therefore they chose Anna Ioannovna, Dowager Duchess of Courland, daughter of John Alekseevich, as empress. But she was crowned Russian throne autocratic empress and, first of all, having entered into rights, destroyed the Supreme Privy Council. She replaced it with the Cabinet and, instead of the Russian nobles, gave positions to the Germans Ostern and Munnich, as well as to the Courlander Biron. The cruel and unjust rule was later called "Bironism".

Russia's intervention in the internal affairs of Poland in 1733 cost the country dearly: the lands conquered by Peter the Great had to be returned to Persia. Before her death, the empress appointed the son of her niece Anna Leopoldovna as her heir, and appointed Biron as regent for the baby. However, Biron was soon overthrown, and Anna Leopoldovna became the empress, whose reign cannot be called long and glorious. The guards staged a coup and proclaimed Empress Elizabeth Petrovna, daughter of Peter the Great.

Elizaveta Petrovna (1741 - 1761)

Elizabeth destroyed the Cabinet, established by Anna Ioannovna, and returned the Senate. Issued a decree abolishing the death penalty in 1744. In 1954, she established the first loan banks in Russia, which became a great boon for merchants and nobles. At the request of Lomonosov, she opened the first university in Moscow and in 1756 opened the first theater. During her reign, Russia waged two wars: with Sweden and the so-called "seven-year war", in which Prussia, Austria and France took part. Thanks to the peace with Sweden, part of Finland went to Russia. The death of Empress Elizabeth put an end to the Seven Years' War.

Peter the Third (1761 - 1762)

He was absolutely unsuitable for governing the state, but his temper was complacent. But this young emperor managed to turn absolutely all layers of Russian society against him, since he, to the detriment of Russian interests, showed a craving for everything German. Peter the Third, not only did he make a lot of concessions in relation to the Prussian Emperor Frederick II, he also reformed the army according to the same Prussian model, dear to his heart. He issued decrees on the destruction of the secret office and the free nobility, which, however, did not differ in certainty. As a result of the coup, due to his relationship with the empress, he quickly signed the abdication and soon died.

Catherine II (1762 - 1796)

The time of her reign was one of the greatest after the reign of Peter the Great. Empress Catherine ruled harshly, suppressed peasant uprising Pugacheva, won two Turkish wars, the result of which was the recognition of the independence of the Crimea by Turkey, as well as Russia moved the coast Sea of ​​Azov. Russia has got Black Sea Fleet, and in Novorossia, active construction of cities began. Catherine II established the colleges of education and medicine. Cadet corps were opened, and for the education of girls - the Smolny Institute. Catherine the Second, herself possessing literary abilities, patronized literature.

Pavel the First (1796 - 1801)

He did not support the transformations that his mother, Empress Catherine, started in the state system. Of the achievements of his reign, a very significant relief of the life of serfs should be noted (only three-day corvee), the opening of a university in Dorpat, as well as the emergence of new women's institutes.

Alexander the First (Blessed) (1801 - 1825)

The grandson of Catherine II, assuming the throne, vowed to govern the country "according to the law and heart" of his crowned grandmother, who, in fact, was engaged in his upbringing. At the very beginning he took whole line various liberation measures aimed at different sections of society, which caused the undoubted respect and love of people. But external political problems distracted Alexander from internal reforms. Russia, in alliance with Austria, was forced to fight against Napoleon, the Russian troops were defeated at Austerlitz.

Napoleon forced Russia to abandon trade with England. As a result, in 1812, Napoleon nevertheless, having violated the agreement with Russia, went to war against the country. And in the same year, 1812, Russian troops defeated Napoleon's army. Alexander the First established a state council in 1800, ministries and a cabinet of ministers. In St. Petersburg, Kazan and Kharkov, he opened universities, as well as many institutes and gymnasiums, the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum. It greatly facilitated the life of the peasants.

Nicholas the First (1825 - 1855)

He continued the policy of improving peasant life. He founded the Institute of St. Vladimir in Kyiv. Published a 45-volume complete collection of laws of the Russian Empire. Under Nicholas I in 1839, the Uniates were reunited with Orthodoxy. This reunification was a consequence of the suppression of the uprising in Poland and the complete destruction of the Polish constitution. There was a war with the Turks, who oppressed Greece, as a result of the victory of Russia, Greece gained independence. After the rupture of relations with Turkey, on the side of which England, Sardinia and France sided, Russia had to join a new struggle.

The emperor died suddenly during the defense of Sevastopol. During the reign of Nicholas I, the Nikolaev and Tsarskoye Selo railways were built, great Russian writers and poets lived and worked: Lermontov, Pushkin, Krylov, Griboedov, Belinsky, Zhukovsky, Gogol, Karamzin.

Alexander II (Liberator) (1855 - 1881)

The Turkish war had to be ended by Alexander II. The Paris peace was concluded on very unfavorable terms for Russia. In 1858, according to an agreement with China, Russia acquired the Amur Territory, and later Usuriysk. In 1864, the Caucasus finally became part of Russia. The most important state transformation of Alexander II was the decision to free the peasants. Killed by an assassin in 1881.

Alexander the Third (1881 - 1894)

Nicholas II - the last of the Romanovs, ruled until 1917. This ends a huge period of development of the state, when the kings were in power.

After October revolution a new political order appears - the republic.

Russia during the Soviet era and after its collapse The first few years after the revolution were difficult. Among the rulers of this period, Alexander Fedorovich Kerensky can be distinguished.

After the legal registration of the USSR as a state and until 1924, Vladimir Lenin led the country.

Nikita Khrushchev was First Secretary of the CPSU after Stalin's death until 1964;
- Leonid Brezhnev (1964-1982);

Yuri Andropov (1982-1984);

Konstantin Chernenko, General Secretary of the CPSU (1984-1985); After the betrayal of Gorbachev, the USSR collapsed:

Mikhail Gorbachev, the first President of the USSR (1985-1991); After the drunkard Yeltsin, independent Russia was on the verge of collapse:

Boris Yeltsin, leader of independent Russia (1991-1999);

The current head of state, Vladimir Putin, has been the President of Russia since 2000 (with a break for 4 years, when Dmitry Medvedev was in charge of the state) Who are the rulers of Russia? All the rulers of Russia from Rurik to Putin, who have been in power over the entire more than a thousand-year history of the state, are patriots who wished the flourishing of all the lands of a vast country. Most of the rulers were not random people in this difficult field and each made his own contribution to the development and formation of Russia.

Of course, all the rulers of Russia wanted goodness and prosperity for their subjects: the main forces were always directed to strengthening borders, expanding trade, and strengthening defense capabilities.

1st century, list of events
The country and population of ancient Rus' before the beginning of the state
On the vast East European plain, irrigated by great rivers, the Slavic peoples, our ancestors, have long lived. When they arrived here is unknown. They settled in different places of this vast but desert country, and mainly along the great waterway: From the Varangian (Baltic) sea, Lake Nevo (Ladoga), the Volkhov River, the Ilmen Lake, the Lovat River, the Dnieper River to the Russian Sea (black) . From the place of settlement, for the most part, the Slavs took their name: They built Novgorod; along the Dnieper there lived a glade who had their own city of Kyiv; those who settled in the forests, not far from the glades, were called Drevlyans; many other Slavic tribes with different names settled near Russian rivers and lakes. But not only the Slavs lived in present-day Russia. Foreign peoples also lived here: To the north and northeast - the Finnish tribes (Chud, all, Merya, Muroma, Cheremis, Mordvins, etc.), to the west - Lithuania, to the south and southeast - the Turks (Khazars, Pechenegs, Cumans). The Slavs were mostly engaged in agriculture. They were ruled by the ancestors, but there was no peace between the tribes, and besides, their neighbors offended them. Then they themselves sent across the Baltic Sea to one of the tribe of the Varangians, which was called Rus (from where we all began to be called Russians), ambassadors, saying: "Our whole land is great and plentiful, but there is no outfit (i.e. Order) in it , come to reign and rule over us, "three princes (brothers Rurik, Sineus, Truvor) from this tribe came with their squads, among which there were many Slavs, and took places in Novgorod, on Beloozero and in Izborsk. This happened in 862. From this year begins the hard work of the Russian people on the organization of their state.
Rurik (862-879)
Rurik's brothers died two years later, Rurik became the sole ruler of the country. He handed out the surrounding cities and villages to the management of his close associates, who themselves carried out judgment and reprisals. At the same time, two brothers, not from the Rurik family, Askold and Dir, occupied Kyiv and began to manage the glades.
Oleg (879-912)
After the death of Rurik, for the infancy of his son Igor, Oleg began to rule. He glorified himself with intelligence and militancy, with a large army he went down the Dnieper, took Smolensk, Lyubech, Kyiv and made the latter his capital city. Askold and Dir were killed, and Oleg showed little Igor to the glades: "Here is the son of Rurik - your prince." Remarkable is Oleg's campaign against Greece, which ended in Oleg's complete victory and provided the Russians with preferential free trade rights in Constantinople. Oleg brought with him a lot of gold, expensive fabrics, wine and all kinds of wealth from the campaign. Rus' marveled at his exploits and nicknamed him "prophetic Oleg".
Igor (912-945)
Igor Rurikovich, following the example of Oleg, conquered the neighboring tribes, forced them to pay tribute, repelled the attack of the Pechenegs and undertook a campaign in Greece, but not as successful as Oleg's campaign was. Igor was immoderate in his demands for conquered tribes. The Drevlyans said: "The wolf will get into the sheep, so it will endure the whole herd. Let's kill him." And they killed Igor and his squad that was with him ..."
Olga (945-957)
Olga, Igor's wife, according to the custom of that time, cruelly avenged the Drevlyans for the death of her husband and took their main city of Korosten. She was distinguished by a rare mind and great abilities for government. In her declining years, she accepted Christianity and was canonized as a saint. Christianity adopted by Olga was the first ray of true light, which was to warm the hearts of the Russian people.
general characteristics 1st century
With the calling of the princes, order begins in the Russian state. The Grand Duke sits in Kyiv: He creates court here, rides for tribute (cart, polyudye). In subordinate areas, he appoints posadniks, with the right to have their own squad and collect tribute in their favor. The main concern of the first princes is the fight against restless nomads: At that time, the entire south was occupied by the Pechenegs, the Slavs paid tribute to the Khazars. In order to give space and freedom to Russian trade, Russian princes undertake campaigns in Byzantium (Tsargrad). The religion of the Russian Slavs was at first pagan: they worshiped thunder and lightning (Perun), the sun under different names, fire, wind, etc. But military and trade relations with Byzantium introduced the Russians to Christianity. So, there are indications of the baptism of Askold. Under Igor, there was already a Christian church in Kyiv, Princess Olga was baptized in Constantinople (Constantinople). But, despite the cares and activities of the rulers of the princes, in the general course of the Russian people, there is a turmoil due to the need to fight with neighboring tribes (self-defense) and the still instability of order within the country.

2nd century, list of events
Vladimir St. Equal-to-the-Apostles (980-1015)
The internecine wars of Yaropolk, Oleg and Vladimir, the sons of Svyatoslav, who had distributed his lands to them during his lifetime, ended with the death of Yaropolk and Oleg and the triumph of Vladimir. Vladimir took away the pure Rus' from the Poles, fought against the Bulgarians and the Pechenegs. He did not spare his rich booty for his squad and for the decoration of numerous idols. Christianity, accepted by Olga, had already managed to penetrate into Kyiv, where the church of St. Ilya. Greek preachers managed to persuade the prince himself to accept Christianity. The baptism of Vladimir and his entourage, and then all the people of Kiev, took place in 988. The Greek emperors, Basil and Constantine, married Vladimir to his sister Anna. Christianity was actively spread by the princely retinue and priests in all areas of the principality. The people loved Vladimir for his meek disposition and rare love for his neighbors. Vladimir built cities and churches, and at churches, for literacy, schools. Under him, the monastery building in Rus' began. In folk songs and the past (epics), the affectionate prince, Vladimir the Red Sun, is often mentioned, the Russian church calls him the equal-to-the-apostles prince.
Svyatopolk (1015-1019)
Saint Vladimir, during his lifetime, divided the lands to his sons: Svyatopolk, Izyaslav, Yaroslav, Mstislav, Svyatoslav, Boris and Gleb. After the death of Vladimir, Svyatopolk took possession of Kiev and decided to get rid of all his brothers, for which he ordered the death of Boris, Gleb and Svyatoslav, but was soon expelled from Kyiv by Yaroslav of Novgorod. With the help of his father-in-law, the Polish king Bolesław the Brave, Svyatopolk captured Kiev for the second time, but had to flee from there again and took his own life on the way. In folk songs, he, as the killer of his brothers, is called "cursed."
Yaroslav the Wise (1019-1054)
After the expulsion of the Holy Regiment and with the death of Mstislav Tmutarakansky, Prince Yaroslav became the sole ruler of the Russian land. Distinguished by his great mind, he skillfully ruled Russia: he cared a lot about the needs of the country, built cities (Yaroslav and Yuryev), erected churches (St. Sophia in Kiev and Novgorod), established schools and promoted writing in Rus'. He also has the merit of publishing the first set of legal customs, known as "Russian Truth". To his sons: Izyaslav, Svyatoslav, Vsevolod, Igor, Vyacheslav, he gave the allotments of the Russian land and advised to live peacefully, amicably and in love among themselves, the people called Yaroslav "wise".
Izyaslav (1054-1078)
The eldest son of Yaroslav, Izyaslav - I, after the death of his father, took the throne of Kiev, but after an unsuccessful campaign against the Polovtsy, he was driven out by the people of Kiev, and his brother Svyatoslav became the Grand Duke. After the death of the latter, Izyaslav returned to Kyiv again.
Svyatoslav (957-972)
The son of Igor and Olga, Svyatoslav, tempered himself in campaigns and wars and was distinguished by a harsh character, honesty and directness. He went to the enemies with a warning: "I'm coming to you." Svyatoslav joined the Vyatichi, defeated the Khazars, took the Tmutarakan region and, despite the small squad, successfully fought on the Danube with the Bulgarians. After that, Svyatoslav went to the Greeks - he conquered, among other things, Andrianopol and threatened Constantinople, but the Greeks went to peace. "Do not go to the city - they said - take whatever tribute you want." On the way back, Svyatoslav did not take precautions and was killed by the Pechenegs at the rapids of the Dnieper.
General characteristics of the 2nd century
The brothers of the Grand Duke receive control over separate parts (destinies) of the state, of which the most significant are: the principality of Kiev (the largest and strongest), Chernigov, Rostov-Suzdal, Galicia-Volyn, Novgorod. Despite this division, the Russian land is still considered one. Yaroslav the Wise expands its borders to the Ros River (a tributary of the Dnieper). Under St. Vladimir, Christianity spread in Rus', and with it enlightenment with a strong Byzantine influence. The Metropolitan of Kiev, who was subordinate to the Patriarch of Constantinople, became the head of the Russian Church. Representatives of the church, mostly Greeks, brought with them not only a new religion, but also new state concepts (about the rights and duties of a prince and subjects) and a new enlightenment. The princes acted in accordance with the church. They built temples, encouraged monasteries, started schooling. Of the monasteries, the most famous is the Kiev Caves, founded by St. Anthony and arranged by St. Theodosius. At this time, the ancient Russian historian also appears, recording events over the years, the chronicler monk Nestor and many other ancient Russian writers of that time, mainly preachers. There were no printed books yet, but everything was copied, and the copying itself was considered charitable. Thus, the general way of life is established under the influence of the Byzantine, although the people's life is distracted from the direct path by the constant struggle between the rulers-princes and the need to protect native land from neighbor raids. The most important features of this century: The beginning of the development of writing, but at the same time the struggle of princes, the struggle with neighboring tribes, from which, according to the expression "the words about Igor's regiment" - "the Russian land will freeze." Also an important feature was the beginning of the development of the idea of ​​love and peace, the idea of ​​Christianity, the beginning of enlightening ideas under the cover of the church.

3rd century, list of events
Vsevolod - I (1078-1093)
Vsevolod - I could be a useful ruler. This prince was pious, truthful, very fond of education and knew five languages, but the raids of the Polovtsians, famine, pestilence and troubles in the country did not favor his principality. He stayed on the throne only thanks to his son Vladimir, nicknamed Monomakh.
Svyatopolk - II (1093-1113)
The son of Izyaslav-I, Svyatopolk-II, who inherited the throne of Kiev after Vsevolod-I, was characterized by spinelessness and was not able to pacify the civil strife of the princes because of the possession of cities. At the congress in Lyubich, Pereslavl in 1097, the princes kissed the cross "to each own his father's land", but soon Prince David Igorevich blinded Prince Vasilko. The princes gathered again for a congress in Vyatichenia in 1100, and deprived David of Volhynia; at the suggestion of Vladimir Monomakh, they decided at the Dolobsky congress, in 1103, to undertake a joint campaign against the Polovtsy, the Russians defeated the Polovtsy on the Sala River (in 1111) and took a multitude of people: Cattle, sheep, horses, etc. Some Polovtsian princes killed up to 20 people . The fame of this victory spread far among the Greeks, Hungarians and other Slavs. Russian lands.
Vladimir Monomakh (1113-1125)
Despite the seniority of the Svyatopolk II, after the death of Svyatopolk II, Vladimir Monomakh was elected to the throne of Kiev, who, according to the chronicle, "wished well the brethren and the whole Russian land." He stood out for his great abilities, rare intelligence, courage and tirelessness. He was happy in campaigns against the Polovtsians. He humbled the princes with his severity. Remarkably left by him is the "teaching to children", in which he gives a purely Christian moral teaching and a high example of the service of the prince to his homeland.
Mstislav - I (1125-1132)
Resembling his father Monomakh, the son of Monomakh, Mstislav I, lived in harmony with his brothers in mind and character, inspiring respect and fear in recalcitrant princes. So, he expelled the Polovtsian princes who disobeyed him to Greece, and instead of them in the city of Polotsk he planted his son to rule.
Yaropolk (1132-1139)
Mstislav's brother, Yaropolk, the son of Monomakh, decided to transfer the inheritance not to his brother Vyacheslav, but to his nephew. Thanks to the strife that arose from here, the "Monomakhovichi" lost the throne of Kiev, which passed to the descendants of Oleg Svyatoslavovich - the "Olegovichi".
Vsevolod - II (1139-1146)
Having achieved the great reign, Vsevolod wanted to secure the throne of Kiev in his own way and handed it over to his brother Igor Olegovich. But not recognized by the people of Kiev and tonsured a monk, Igor was soon killed.
Izyaslav - II (1146-1154)
The people of Kiev recognized Izyaslav II Mstislavovich, who, with his intelligence, brilliant talents, courage and friendliness, vividly resembled his famous grandfather Monomakh. With the accession to the throne of Izyaslav II, the concept of seniority, which was rooted in ancient Rus', was violated: In one way, a nephew during the life of his uncle could not be a Grand Duke. Between Yuri Vladimirovich, Prince of Rostov-Suzdal, and Izyaslav-II, a stubborn struggle begins. Izyaslav was twice expelled from Kyiv, but still retained the throne until his death.
Yuri Dolgoruky (1154-1157)
The death of Izyaslav II opens Yuri, later named Dolgoruky by the people, access to the throne of Kyiv, on which, three years later, he dies as a Grand Duke.
Mstislav - II (1157-1169)
After long strife between the princes, Mstislav II Izyaslavovich is approved for the throne of Kiev. He is expelled from there by Andrei Yurievich, nicknamed Bogolyubsky. At the same time, Andrei ruined Kyiv (1169).
Andrei Bogolyubsky (1169-1174)
Having taken the grand ducal title, Andrey Yuryevich transferred the throne to Vladimir on the Klyazma, and since then Kyiv began to lose its leading position. Severe and strict Andrey wanted to be autocratic, that is, to rule Russia without a vecha and retinues. Andrei Bogolyubsky mercilessly pursued the disgruntled boyars, they plotted on Andrei's life and killed him.
General characteristics of the 3rd century
After the death of Yaroslav the Wise, the Russian land was divided among his sons according to their relative seniority and according to the relative profitability of the regions: The older the prince was, the better and richer the region was given to him. When someone from the princely family died, the younger relatives who followed the deceased moved from volost to volost. This redistribution of land in the 12th century was replaced by destinies, when one princely line was established in a certain area. But the usual order of princely possession was often violated by the disastrous quarrels of the princes, all the more disastrous because at that time the Black Sea steppe was occupied by the Polovtsy instead of the Pechenegs. However, if not in the south, then the Slavic colonization (mainly Novgorod) rises to the east and northeast of Rus'. The head of the region was still the prince, who consulted with the boyars from the combatants. Legislative power belonged to the veche of the townspeople. The veche in Novgorod was especially important and for a long time. The region was divided into districts (vereyas, churchyards), ruled by persons appointed by the prince. The court was created by princely judges (tiuns) according to a collection of customary law, i.e., on the basis of folk customs of "Russian truth". The church, which was in charge of family, religious and moral order, took a wide part in worldly affairs. Preachers Hilarion, Cyril, hegumen Daniel were famous at that time, visited the holy land and left a pious description of his pilgrimage.
Thus, in this century, under the influence of the church, religious faith, family life and moral foundations develop, the Slavic tribes are colonized, the judiciary is organized, for which the collection of laws "Russian Truth" serves as a guide, but the fragmentation of the Russian land into appanages and the resulting strife and wars, do not allow the establishment of a general state order, and entail the weakening of the people's forces and bring on the enslavers-Tatars, only the preaching of humility, humility and love supports and approves the people in bearing all the burdens of life.

4th century, list of events
Vsevolod - III (1176-1212)
After the struggle and strife that arose after the death of Andrei Bogolyubsky between the ancient (Rostov, Suzdal) and new (Vladimir, Pereslavl) cities of the Suzdal region, Andrei's brother, Vsevolod III "Big Nest" (father of a large family) established himself in Vladimir. The prince was far-sighted and firm, having reached a great degree of courage - he, not living in Kyiv, however, bore the title of Grand Duke and was the first of the Russian princes to make him swear allegiance "to himself and his children."
Constantine - I (1212-1219)
The Grand Duke's throne was transferred Vsevolod -III not to the eldest son Konstantin, with whom he was dissatisfied, but to the second son Yuri. In the strife that arose from here, the third son of Vsevolod, Yaroslav, also held the side of Yuri, but Mstislav Udaloy took the side of Konstantin. Konstantin and Mstislav won (the battle of Lipetsk in 1216) and Konstantin took the grand throne. After his death, the throne passed to Yuri.
Yuri - II (1219-1238)
Yuri waged successful wars with the Mordovians and the Volga Bulgarians. At the very extreme point of Russian possessions on the Volga, he built Nizhny Novgorod. In his great reign in the southeast of Europe from Central Asia the Mongols appeared in 1224 at Kalka (now within the borders of Yekaterinoslav), the Mongols inflicted a terrible defeat first on the Polovtsy, who roamed the southern Russian steppes, and then on the Russian princes who came to the aid of the Polovtsy. The Mongols put the captive princes under the boards and sat down to feast on them. After the battle of Kalka, the Mongols left for Central Asia and returned only 13 years later under the leadership of Batu, they ruined the principality of Ryazan, Suzdal, defeated the great army of the Grand Duke at the City River, with which Yuri fell here, smashed southern Rus' for two years and destroyed Kiev. All Russian principalities had to recognize the heavy Tatar yoke over themselves, the city of Saray on the Volga River became the capital of the horde.
Yaroslav - II (1238-1252)
Yaroslav Vsevolodovich, Prince of Novgorod, by the grace of the Khan of the Golden Horde, sat on the throne of the Grand Duke. He actively took care of the restoration of Rus' devastated by the Mongols.
Alexander Nevsky (1252-1263)
Alexander Yaroslavovich, was at first a prince of Novgorod. In 1240, he defeated the Swedes on the Neva and was nicknamed Neva for this victory: They say that Alexander Nevsky himself beat many Swedes and "impressed the face of the leader Birger with his sharp spear." Two years later, Alexander destroyed the German army in the "battle on the ice" : In addition, he successfully waged wars with Lithuania and the Chud. Having received the khan's label for a great reign, Alexander became an "intercessor and intercessor" for the Russian land. Four times he went to the horde with a bow, taking a lot of silver and gold to the khans. Alexander Nevsky was canonized, and Peter the Great transferred his relics to St. Petersburg to the Alexander Nevsky Lavra.
Daniel - I (1229-1264)
While in the north-east of Rus' acted Grand Duke Alexander Nevsky, in the south-west of Rus', reigned Daniil Romanovich. Clever, brave and noble Daniil Romanovich Galitsky, after the invasion of the Tatars, again brought his possessions to a flourishing state. The crusade against the Tatars promised to him by the Pope did not take place, and Daniel had to put up with the Mongols in order to protect southwestern Rus' from the heavy yoke. Upon the termination of his family, the Polish king Casimir III, in 1340, took possession of Galicia.
General characteristics of the 4th century
During this period, the importance of southwestern Rus' gradually decreases. Princely strife, heavy taxation of the lower classes of the population, the continuous attack on Rus' by the steppe nomads of the Polovtsy - all this drives the people from the Dnieper region, on the one hand, to the region of the river. Vistula, on the other hand - to the northeast, beyond the river. Ugra in the interfluve of the Oka and Volga. Thanks to this, the Vladimir-Suzdal land in the northeast is growing stronger, cities are being built, trade and industry are being revived, and a Great Russian people is taking shape. Andrei Bogolyubsky puts forward the idea of ​​a strong individual princely power. Vladimir on the Klyazma is gradually becoming the new political center of Rus'. The process of new development is delayed by the Tatar invasion. The Tatars, having devastated Rus', imposed another tribute on it (at first it was collected by the khan's officials "Baskaki", and then the princes themselves). Fortunately, the Tatars were far away and did not interfere in the internal administration of Rus' and did not hamper the Orthodox Church. But nevertheless, the influence of the Tatar yoke was heavy: No wonder the proverbs were formed: “Worse than the evil Tatar”, “the guest is not fit, worse than the Tatar”, etc. there is a lot of rudeness in our life (corporal punishment, seclusion of women, cunning and deceptions of oppression of the weak). Only faith and piety continue to support the Russian people in the difficult times of the Tatar region. Exhausted by material and spiritual needs, Russian people found solace in prayer in monasteries, churches, and parishes.

5th century, list of events
Yaroslav - III (1264-1272)
After the death of Alexander Nevsky, the dispute between Vasily and Yaroslav, Alexander's brothers, because of the grand prince's throne, was resolved by the khan in favor of Yaroslav, in addition, he had previously been invited by the Novgorodians to reign, but could not get along with them, called on them even the Tatars . The metropolitan reconciled the prince with the Novgorodians, and the prince was again "led by them to the cross."
Basil - I (1272-1276)
Vasily I, of Kostroma, having received the grand prince's throne in the old order, revealed his claims to Novgorod, where Dmitry, the son of Alexander Nevsky, already reigned. He soon achieved his goal. The desire of each Grand Duke to take possession of Novgorod was explained by the desire to strengthen his own principality, weakened by division into appanages.
Dmitry - I (1276-1294)
The great reign of Dmitry I of Pereslavl flowed almost entirely in the struggle with his brother Andrei Alexandrovich because of the grand prince's rights. Dmitry escaped three times from his brother and the Tatar regiments accompanying him, but returning, thanks to his allies, he again asserted himself on the throne. After the third flight, he finally asked Andrei for peace and received his Pereslavl principality.
Andrew - II (1294-1304)
Pursuing the greatest possible expansion of his possessions at the expense of other principalities, Andrei Alexandrovich decided to take possession of Pereslavl, in which Prince Ivan Dmitrievich died childless. Hence, civil strife arose between Tver and Moscow, this dispute continued even after Andrei's death.
Saint Michael (1304-1319)
Mikhail Yaroslavovich of Tver, having given more output (tribute) to the khan, received a label for the great reign mainly before Yuri Danilovich, the prince of Moscow. But while he was at war with Novgorod, Yuri, with the help of the treacherous Khan's ambassador Kavgady, managed to slander Mikhail before Khan Uzbek. The Uzbek summoned Mikhail to the horde, where he tortured him for a long time, and then gave him into the hands of the killers. At the same time, Michael, in order not to bring misfortune on the heads of his neighbors, did not agree to take advantage of the opportunity to escape.
Yuri - III (1320-1326)
Having married the sister of Khan Konchak, in Orthodoxy Agafya, Yuri gained great strength and help in the person of the Tatars who were related to him. But soon, thanks to the claims of Prince Dmitry, the son of Mikhail, who was tortured by Khan, he had to appear for a report to the horde. Here, at the first meeting with Dmitry, Yuri was killed by him, in revenge for the death of his father and for the violation of morality (marrying a Tatar). Content
Dmitry - II (1326)
Dmitry Mikhailovich, nicknamed "terrible eyes" for the murder of Yuri III, was executed by the Khan for arbitrariness.
Alexander of Tver (1326-1338)
The brother of Dmitry II, who was executed in the horde, Alexander Mikhailovich was approved by the khan on the grand prince's throne. He was distinguished by his kindness and was loved by the people, but he ruined himself by allowing the Tverichians to kill the hated Khan's ambassador Shchelkan. Khan sent 50,000 Tatar troops against Alexander. Alexander fled from the Khan's wrath to Pskov, and from there to Lithuania. Ten years later, Alexander of Tver returned and was forgiven by the khan. Not getting along, however, with the prince of Moscow, John Kalita, Alexander was slandered by him before the khan, the khan summoned him to the horde and executed him.
John I Kalita (1320-1341)
John -I Danilovich, the cautious and cunning prince, nicknamed Kalita (money purse) for his thrift, devastated the Tver principality with the help of the Tatars, taking advantage of the violence of the indignant Tverichans against the Tatars. He took upon himself the collection of tribute from all over Rus' for the Tatars, and having greatly enriched himself thanks to this, he bought cities from the specific princes. In 1326, thanks to the efforts of Kalita, the metropolis from Vladimir was transferred to Moscow, and here, according to Metropolitan Peter, the Assumption Cathedral was laid. Since then, Moscow, as the seat of the Metropolitan of All Rus', has acquired the significance of the Russian center.
Simeon the Proud (1341-1353)
To Simeon Ioannovich, who inherited the throne of the Grand Duke after John I, the Tatar Khan “gave all the Russian princes under his hand,” calling himself the prince of all Rus'. Simeon treated other Russian princes as his henchmen, he died childless from a pestilence.
John - II (1353-1359)
According to the will of brother Simeon the Proud, John II Ivanovich, the meek and peaceful prince, followed the advice of Metropolitan Alexei, who was of great importance in the Horde, in everything. During this time, relations between Moscow and the Tatars have improved significantly.
General characteristics of the 5th century
Thanks to many favorable conditions, the importance of Moscow is growing. Convenient geographical position between southwestern and northeastern Russia and protection from external enemies attracts more and more people here. Clever and practical princes of Moscow take advantage of increasing incomes to expand their destinies. Great importance had the fact that the metropolitan moved to Moscow. Moscow's ecclesiastical significance also strengthened its political role. Simultaneously with the gathering of northeastern Rus' near Moscow, a Lithuanian state was formed in the southwest.
Thus, the suffering and misfortune of the people, the humiliation of princely power under the influence of the heavy oppression of the Tatar khans, little by little, causes the consciousness of the need to unite power. The center of the association is revealed - Moscow. All that is needed is strength and energy in order for the association to grow stronger and it would be possible to overthrow the oppressor - the Tatars. Not a small role is played in this association by representatives of the church, who, with their word, influence both the princes and the people.

6th century, list of events
Dmitry - III of the Don (1363-1389)
When John II died, his son Dmitry was still underage, so the Khan gave the great reign to Dmitry Konstantinovich of Suzdal (1359-1363). But the Moscow boyars, who benefited from the strengthening of the Moscow prince, achieved a great reign for Dmitry Ioannovich. Dmitry Konstantinovich submitted to power, and other princes of northeastern Rus' also submitted to Dmitry Ioannovich. Meanwhile, the attitude of Rus' towards the Tatars has changed significantly. Civil strife in the horde gave Dmitry not to pay tribute to the Tatars at all. Khan Mamai decided to remind Rus' of the times of Batu and, in alliance with Jagiello, the prince of Lithuania, moved a huge army to Russian soil. Prince Dmitry, with the princes subject to Moscow, went to meet Mamai, having previously received a blessing from St. Sergius at the Trinity Monastery. The battle of Dmitry with Mamai on the Kulikovo field, near the Don River, on September 8, 1380, ended in the triumph of the Russians, although, according to the chronicle, due to losses, "the whole Russian land was completely impoverished by governors and all sorts of troops." The need for unity in order to repulse the enemy has now become especially recognized in Rus'. Dmitry, nicknamed Donskoy for the Battle of Kulikovo, until the end of his days did not stop caring about the strengthening of Moscow.
Basil - I (1389-1425)
Sharing with the father of the reign, Vasily I ascended the throne as an experienced prince and, following the example of his predecessors, actively expands the boundaries of the Moscow principality: he acquired Nizhny Novgorod and other cities. In 1395, Rus' was threatened by the danger of an invasion by Timur, a formidable Tatar Khan. Meanwhile, Vasily did not pay tribute to the Tatars, but collected it in the grand ducal treasury. In 1408, the Tatar Murza Edigey attacked Moscow, but having received a ransom of 3,000 rubles, he lifted the siege from it. In the same year, after long disputes between Vasily I and Lithuanian prince Vitovt, both cautious and cunning, the Ugra River was appointed extreme boundary Lithuanian possessions from Rus'.
Basil - II Dark (1425-1462)
Vasily II's infancy was taken advantage of by Yuri Dmitrievich Galitsky, who declared his claims to seniority. But at the trial in the horde, the khan bowed in favor of Vasily, thanks to the efforts of the smart Moscow boyar Ivan Vsevolozhsky. The boyar hoped to marry his daughter to Vasily, but was deceived in his hopes: Offended, he left Moscow to Yuri Dmitrievich and assisted him in mastering the grand throne, on which Yuri died in 1434, when Yuri's son Vasily oblique decided to inherit his father's power, then all the princes rebelled against him. Vasily II captured him and blinded him: Then Dmitry Shemyaka, brother of Vasily Kosoy, by cunning captured Vasily II, blinded him and took the Moscow throne. Soon, however, Shemyaka had to give the throne to Vasily II. During the reign of Vasily II, the Greek metropolitan Isidore accepted the Florentine union (1439), for which Vasily II put Isidore in custody, and Ryazan Bishop John was appointed metropolitan. Thus, from now on, Russian metropolitans are supplied by a council of Russian bishops. Behind last years grand duchy, the internal structure of the grand duchy was the subject of the main concerns of Vasily II.
General characteristics of the 6th century
The process of unification of Rus' around Moscow continued. Rivalry with Lithuania begins as a result of the desire of Moscow and Lithuania to unite the entire Russian people under their rule. The chances of both were more or less the same, until the Lithuanian prince Jagiello married the Polish queen Jadwiga and thus began the Polish influence in Rus'. Such a strengthening of Lithuania made many reach out to Moscow as the all-Russian center. With the gradual rise of Moscow, the great princes of Moscow sought to destroy the dominion of the Tatar khans, which is favored by the falling away from the golden horde of two khanates - Crimean and Kazan. And so, the desire for unification grows stronger, favorable circumstances come to light: On the one hand, the rise of Moscow, on the other, the weakening of the Tatars, the disintegration of their formidable power. The attempts of the princes to overthrow the yoke begin to acquire more chances of success, and a new road shines before Russia.

7th century, list of events
John - III (1462-1505)
Adopted by his father as a co-ruler, John III Vasilievich ascended the throne as the full owner of Rus'. At first, he severely punished the Novgorodians who decided to become a subject of Lithuania, and in 1478 "for a new offense" he finally subdued them. During this veche, the Novgorodians lost their self-government, and the Novgorod posadnitsa Maria and the veche bell were sent to the camp of John. In 1485, after the final conquest of other appanages more or less dependent on the Moscow principality, John finally annexed the Tver principality to Moscow. By this time, the Tatars were divided into three independent hordes: Golden, Kazan and Crimean. They were at enmity with each other and were no longer afraid of the Russians. Having secured himself from the Kazan Tatars and entered into an alliance with the Crimean Khan Mengli-Girey, John III in 1480 tore the Khan's basma, ordered the Khan's ambassadors to be taken to execution, and then, without bloodshed, overthrew the Tatar yoke. John also emerged victorious in the fight against Lithuania, Alexander of Lithuania ceded the northern region to John. Widowed back in 1467, John III entered into marriage with Sophia Palaiologos, the last Byzantine princess, and combined the coat of arms of the Moscow principality, depicting George the Victorious, with the double-headed eagle of the Byzantine Empire. From that time on, John surrounds himself with splendor and luxury, enters into intercourse with Western Europe, in relation to the boyars is already showing more independence. He cared a lot about the external decoration of the capital, erected cathedrals in Moscow: Assumption, Arkhangelsk, Annunciation, built a stone palace, the Palace of Facets and several towers of the Moscow Kremlin. In 1497, John published a collection of laws called "Sudebnik". Since the time of John III, the right to mint coins belongs only to the Grand Duke of Moscow.
Basil - III (1505-1533)
The son of John -III from his marriage with Sophia Paleologus Vasily -III was distinguished by pride and impregnability, punished the descendants of appanage princes and boyars subject to him, who dared to rebuke him. He is "the last collector of the Russian land." Having annexed the last appanages (Pskov, the northern principality), he completely destroyed the appanage system. He fought twice with Lithuania, on the teaching of the Lithuanian nobleman Mikhail Glinsky, who entered his service, and, finally, in 1514, he took Smolensk from the Lithuanians. The war with Kazan and the Crimea was difficult for Vasily, but ended in the punishment of Kazan: Trade was diverted from there to the Makaryev fair, which was later transferred to Nizhny. Vasily divorced his wife Solomonia and married Princess Elena Glinskaya, the more he aroused the boyars dissatisfied with him. From this marriage, Vasily had a son, John.
Elena Glinskaya (1533-1538)
Appointed Basil -III the ruler of the state, the mother of the three-year-old John, Elena Glinskaya, immediately took drastic measures against the boyars who were dissatisfied with her. She made peace with Lithuania and decided to fight the Crimean Tatars, who boldly attacked Russian possessions, but in the midst of preparing for a desperate struggle, she died suddenly.
John - IV the Terrible (1538-1584)
Left at the age of 8 in the hands of the boyars, the intelligent and talented Ivan Vasilievich grew up among the struggle of parties over the rule of the state, among violence, secret murders and incessant exile. He himself often endured oppression from the boyars, he learned to hate them, and the cruelty, violence and rudeness that surrounded him contributed to the hardening of his heart. In 1547, John was married to the kingdom and was the first of the Russian sovereigns to take the title of "Tsar of Moscow and All Rus'." The marriage of John to Anastasia Romanova, thanks to the wonderful spiritual qualities of the latter, had a beneficial effect on him. At the same time, unrest and disasters that began in the capital and terrible fires had a strong effect on the impressionable John. He brought the honest and kind advisers Sylvester and Adashev closer to him and took up internal affairs. In 1550, the tsar summoned elected officials to the first zemstvo council, which approved the first tsar's judicial code; the following year, a conciliar decree was issued for the clergy, called Stoglav. In 1552, Kazan, which dominated the entire Volga region, was conquered by John, and in 1556 the kingdom of Astrakhan was annexed to the Moscow state. The desire to establish himself on the shores of the Baltic Sea forced John to start the Livonian War, which brought him into conflict with Poland and Sweden. The war began quite successfully, but ended in the most unfavorable truce for John with Poland and Sweden: John not only did not establish himself on the shores of the Baltic, but also lost the coast of the Gulf of Finland, after the removal of Sylvester and Adashev, who had fallen out of favor, and with the death of meek Empress Anastasia, in character John there was a significant change for the worse, while the flight of Prince Andrei Kurbsky to Poland aroused the suspicion of John in the loyalty of all his boyars. The sad era of "search", disgrace and executions began. John left Moscow, went with his entourage to Aleksandrovskaya Sloboda and here he surrounded himself with guardsmen, whom John opposed to the rest of the land, the Zemstvo. Oprichniki greatly abused their extensive rights. At this time, the holy Metropolitan Philip died, denouncing the king of iniquity. In 1570, John defeated Novgorod, which was reported as if he had entered into secret agreements with Poland. In 1582, the Don Cossacks under the command of Yermak conquered the vast Siberian kingdom to the Muscovite state. Three years before his death, John, in a fit of anger, hit his son John on the head with a rod, and his son died from this blow. John IV received the nickname of the Terrible among the people.
General characteristics of the 7th century
The "gathering" of Rus' is already becoming a conscious and persistent task of the Moscow princes. The last destinies are falling.
The state borders coincide with the ethnographic borders of the Great Russian people. Politics from local, Moscow, turns into national Great Russian. In accordance with this, the importance of the prince also increases: He takes the title of sovereign, and soon the king of all Rus' and the autocrat. The eldest son receives all the advantages over the younger ones. The struggle that arose between the tsar and the boyars (its causes are especially sharply clarified in the correspondence of Tsar Ivan the Terrible with the boyar Andrei Kurbsky) ends in favor of the tsar. The hereditary nobility, the boyars, are pushed aside by the veteran nobles. In the middle of the 16th century, book printing began in Rus'. The first book was printed "Acts and Epistles of the Apostles" (1564). After the overthrow of the Tatar yoke, we again become face to face with Western Europe. Its influence also penetrates to us through southwestern Rus', which has already been drawn into Polish education (culture), especially after the Union of Lublin in 1569. In the 16th century, the Russian Church was also freed from subjugation to the Greek Church. Metropolitans are supplied in Rus' by local bishops at the direction of the Grand Dukes. The clergy and the church continue to act in accordance with the princes. The Trinity-Sergius Lavra and the Joseph-Volokolamsky Monastery provide great support to the latter. Thus, the dawn of a new life lights up: The development of educational influence begins, although internal turmoil, like a legacy that has passed from the specific princes to the formed upper class of the boyars, interferes with the proper development of both state and people's life. The internecine strife of the princes ended - the internecine strife (disputes, parochialism, envy) of the boyars began.

8th century, list of events
Fedor Ioannovich (1584-1598)
The second son of John IV, Fedor, was distinguished by morbidity and weak mental abilities, which is why the government of the state soon passed into the hands of the tsar's brother-in-law, the intelligent and far-sighted boyar Boris Godunov. Having removed all his opponents by disgrace and exile, Godunov surrounded himself with devoted people and became the sovereign ruler of the state. He maintains relations with Western states, builds cities and fortifications on the borders of Rus', and arranged the Arkhangelsk harbor on the White Sea. According to his own idea, an independent all-Russian patriarchate was approved and the peasants were finally attached to the land. In 1591, Tsarevich Dmitry, the brother of the childless Tsar Fedor and his heir, was killed, and Fedor himself died six years later.
Boris Godunov (1598-1605)
After the abdication of the throne of Tsarina Irina, the wife of Tsar Fedor and Godunov's sister, Boris's adherents, at the insistence of Patriarch Job, convened a Zemsky Sobor, which elected Boris Godunov. The suspicion of the tsar and the fear of intrigues on the part of the boyars caused disgrace and exile, and the boyar Fyodor Nikitich Romanov was trimmed under the name of the monk Filaret, and his young son Mikhail was exiled to Beloozero. The boyars became embittered against Boris, and the national disasters that befell the Moscow kingdom - a three-year crop failure and pestilence - prompted the people to blame Tsar Boris for everything. The tsar tried to help the starving, added earnings on government buildings (the bell tower of Ivan the Great), distributed alms, but the people kept murmuring, willingly believing the rumors about the appearance of the legitimate tsar Dmitry. In the midst of preparations for the fight against False Dmitry, Godunov died suddenly, having bequeathed his throne to his son Fyodor.
False Dmitry (1605-1606)
Grigory Otrepyev, said to be a fugitive monk supported by the Poles, declared himself Tsarevich Dmitry, who allegedly escaped the assassins in Uglich. With several thousand people he entered Russia. The army sent to the meeting went over to the side of False Dmitry, who was recognized by them as king, and Fyodor Godunov was killed. False Dmitry was a very developed person, distinguished by intelligence and good nature, diligently engaged in state affairs, but aroused the displeasure of the people and the clergy with disrespect for the old Russian customs. The boyars, having spread the rumor about the impostor of the tsar, led by Vasily Shuisky, plotted and killed False Dmitry.
Vasily Shuisky (1606-1610)
The old, indecisive and inept Vasily Shuisky was elected king by the boyars and townspeople, and his power was limited. Thanks to the rumors about the rescue of the murdered False Dmitry, new troubles began in Russia, which were intensified by the rebellion of the serf Ivan Bolotnikov and the appearance in Tushino of False Dmitry II, the "Tushino thief". The Polish king went to war against Moscow, and his generals scattered the Russian troops. Then Tsar Vasily was "brought down" from the throne and forcibly tonsured a monk. A troubled time of interregnum has begun in Russia.
Mikhail Fedorovich (1613-1645)
Thanks to the letters sent by the Trinity Lavra, calling for the defense of the fatherland and Orthodoxy, a large militia led by Prince Dmitry Pozharsky, with the active participation of the Nizhny Novgorod Zemstvo elder Kozma Minin Sukhoruky, headed for Moscow and, after much effort, liberated the capital from Poles and rebels. On February 21, 1613, the Great Zemstvo Duma elected Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov to the tsar, after much persuasion he ascended the throne and set about pacifying internal and external enemies. Mikhail concluded the Stolbovsky agreement with Sweden, the Deulinsky agreement (1618) - with Poland. According to this last treaty, after a long captivity, Filaret, the father of the king, was returned to Russia and was immediately elevated to the rank of patriarch. Filaret became co-ruler and reliable adviser to his son. By the end of the reign of Mikhail Fedorovich, Russia had already significantly recovered from the horrors of the Time of Troubles and began to enter into friendly relations with Western states.
Alexei Mikhailovich (1645-1676)
Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich was one of the best people of ancient Rus'. He not only performed fasts and church rites, but also possessed an ecclesiastical feeling. He was gentle and "much quiet" in character, having offended someone in a short anger, he could not calm down for a long time and sought reconciliation. The closest advisers to the king in the early years were his uncle b. I. Morozov, in the 50s, Patriarch Nikon, at the end of the boyar a. S. Matveev. Taxes unbearable for the people, the injustice of clerks, echoes of the old turmoil, caused a number of popular riots in different cities (Moscow, Solvychegodsk, Ustyug, Novgorod, Pskov, the rebellion of Razin, Bryukhovetsky, etc.) And in different time. The voluntary annexation of Little Russia to the Muscovite state caused two wars between Russia and Poland. Russia managed to endure these heavy blows only thanks to the concentration of power, unity, correctness and continuity in orders. Of the internal orders under Alexander Mikhailovich, the most significant are: the Cathedral Code of 1649 and, as an addition, its new trade charter and new decree articles on robbery and murderous cases and on estates. New central institutions were founded: orders of secret affairs, grain, reitarsky, counting affairs, Little Russian, monastic. Tax classes are finally attached to the place of residence. In the church, Patriarch Nikon undertook the necessaryreform - the correction of liturgical books, which caused a split, however, ie falling away from the Russian church. Russian colonialists in Siberia became famous: A. Bulygin, O. Stepanov, E. Khabarov, and others. New cities appeared: Nerchinsk, Irkutsk, Selenginsk. The best people in Moscow already at that time they created a need for science and reforms. Such are the persons as boyars: A.L. Ordyn-Nashchekin, A.S. Matveev, Prince V. Golitsin. After the death of Tsar Alexei, children remained from his first marriage with Maria Milaslavskaya, two sons: Fedor and John and several daughters, from a second marriage to Natalya Naryshkina, son Peter was born in 1672.
General characteristics of the 8th century
Most of this period is occupied by "distemper in the Muscovite state." The impetus and pretext was the termination of the dynasty, the real reason was the egoism and injustice of the boyars, the ignorance of the people, who had lost the habit of respecting the honor and property of their neighbor during the Tatar yoke, the Cossacks and other "walking" people, and finally, the Poles. Rus' was saved by strong national and religious ties, but having driven the Poles away, the Russians did not completely stop the turmoil, its echoes can be seen in the riots of the time of Alexei Mikhailovich. The supreme power of the XVI-XVII centuries has become so strong that it does not need protection. The rights of the service class are being strengthened and developed; it has taken over a huge amount of land. Peasants are attached to the land in economic interests. The representative of the Russian Church, in accordance with the new order, receives the title of patriarch. The government and the patriarch are busy correcting liturgical books, in which many errors have crept in due to the ignorance and illiteracy of scribes and sometimes translators. This correction was completed under Patriarch Nikon. Many did not recognize correction and fell away from the Orthodox Church.

9th century, list of events
Fedor Alekseevich (1676-1682)
Under Tsar Fyodor Alekseevich, the so-called Little Russian question ended: Eastern Little Russia and Zaporozhye remained with Moscow, and the western part went to Turkey. Under him, parochialism was abolished - the custom of the Moscow boyars to be considered the service of their ancestors when taking a place in the military and civil service, in court ceremonies and at the royal table. At the insistence of the king, Nikon and Matveev were returned from exile. Tsar Fedor Alekseevich died childless.
Ivan Alekseevich (1682-1689)
Thanks to the Streltsy rebellion, Ivan Alekseevich, frail and weak-minded, was recognized as tsar along with the unanimously elected Peter Alekseevich, but Tsarevich Ivan did not take any part in state affairs, he died in 1696. The rulers of Russia at this time were Princess Sophia.
Sophia - ruler (1682-1689)
According to the general opinion, Sofia Alekseevna was "of a great mind and the most tender insights, a maiden full of a man's mind." She stopped the unrest of the dissenters, curbed the rebellious archers, concluded an "eternal peace" beneficial for Russia with the Poles and the Nerchinsk Treaty with China, and undertook campaigns against the Crimean Tatars. Sophia fell victim to her love of power. Peter got into her plans and imprisoned her in the Novodevichy Convent, where she died in 1704.
Peter the Great (1682-1725)
Tsar Peter Veliky Alekseevich belongs to the group of geniuses. His spiritual powers were extraordinary: Quick, high-embracing mind, iron will and unceasing work. Until the age of 10, Peter goes through an old Russian, almost church school, from the age of 10 he becomes a witness to the bloody events of the streltsy rebellion: The intrigues of Sophia the ruler drive him out of the Kremlin palace: palace villages. Peter completes his education abroad. He saw a lot, learned a lot and developed in himself an extraordinary quick wit and efficiency. He demanded the same from others. Giving all of himself to the service of Russia, Peter believed "in her great future." He patronized foreigners not for their own sake, but for the sake of developing the sciences, arts, factories and trade in the country. Even before traveling abroad, Peter took the fortress of Azov from the Turks. In 1700, in alliance with Denmark and Poland, Peter launched the northern war against Sweden. The first military operations of the Russians against the Swedes, who fought under the command of their young but gifted King Charles XII, were unsuccessful and ended in a major defeat for the Russian troops near Narva: But soon, thanks to Peter's tireless training of new regiments to fight the enemy, the Swedes began to suffer from the Russians defeat. Peter took the Swedish fortress Noteburg, an ancient nutlet, in Ingria, renamed it Shlisselburg and in 1703 founded the new capital St. Petersburg on the banks of the Neva, and laid the fortress of Kronstadt on Kotlin Island. With the founding of St. Petersburg, Peter created a strong fortress that provided Russia with access to the Baltic Sea, a convenient port to which many trade routes were drawn from the Russian north and from the center, and finally, a new capital that facilitated our relations with Western Europe. Meanwhile, Charles XII, having conquered Poland and using the help of the traitor Mazepa, the Little Russian hetman, quickly moved to Little Russia and here in 1709 laid siege to the city of Poltava. The Poltava battle ended in the complete triumph of Peter, Charles XII fled to Turkey and caused the Prut campaign, which was unsuccessful for Russia. Russia had to abandon Azov, for which the ongoing northern war was happy and ended with the Nishtad peace, according to which Sweden abandoned Livonia, Estonia, Ingria and part of Finland with the city of Vyborg. Peter was given the title of emperor of all Russia. Of Peter's internal transformations, the most remarkable are: The destruction of the patriarchate in 1700 and the transfer of management of all church affairs into the hands of the "locum tenens of the patriarchal throne", and since 1721 the most holy synod, the establishment of the governing senate, in 1711, instead of the former boyar duma, - instead of the collegium "orders", for each individual industry government controlled, the transformation of estates, the division of the state into 12 provinces and the establishment of court courts in the most important cities, the organization special schools and schools and the creation of a regular army. Everywhere, directly involved in everything, the sovereign reformer cared about the development of Russian trade and industry, about stopping the seclusion of women, about softening the morals of society, about improving the life of the lower strata of the people and had a remarkable ability to choose his associates, among whom are known: Menshikov, Sheremetiev, Dolgoruky , the brothers Golitsyn, Kurakin, Matveev, Shafirov, Yaguzhinsky and foreigners - Osterman, Bruce, Minich and others. Peter's son from his divorced wife Lopukhina, Tsarevich Alexei, for his obvious disgust at his father's transformations, was put on trial by Peter. The prince was sentenced to death, but the prince died before the execution of the sentence. From Peter's second marriage to Ekaterina Alekseevna, two daughters were born: Anna and Elizaveta. Peter died of a cold while rescuing drowning soldiers during the great flood and was named the Great in posterity.
Catherine - I (1725-1727)
Peter the Great did not leave a will. The throne passed to his wife Catherine not without a struggle between different parties. Catherine I opened the Academy of Sciences in 1726, sent Bering on a trip around the world and, at the request of Menshikov and her other supporters, established a Supreme Privy Council, Menshikov seized government power and persuaded the Empress to appoint Tsarevich Peter Alekseevich, son of Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich, as the heir , and allow him, upon reaching the age of majority, to marry Menshikov's daughter, Princess Maria. At the time of the infancy of Tsarevich Peter, Menshikov was appointed ruler of the state.
Peter - II (1727-1730)
Peter II was not king for a long time and, moreover, all the time under the influence of others. The greedy and autocratic Menshikov fell, but long-handed ones advanced. To strengthen their influence, they tried in every possible way to distract the emperor from doing business with fun and entertainment, they decided to marry him to Princess E. A. Dolgoruky. This intention was prevented by the early death of Peter from smallpox.
Anna Ioannovna (1730-1740)
The Supreme Privy Council decided to limit the autocracy and chose the daughter of Tsar John Alekseevich, the Dowager Duchess of Courland Anna Ioannovna, but she was crowned autocratic empress. The Supreme Privy Council was destroyed, it was replaced by an equal Cabinet. The Russian nobles gave way to the Courlander Biron and the Germans Munnich and Ostern. Management was cruel and disastrous for Russia: At the slightest displeasure, "word and deed" was heard, and those who grumbled were tortured, executed or exiled. In 1733, Russia intervened in the affairs of Poland, and this war cost great sacrifices: Persia was returned and the areas conquered under Peter I. Of the internal orders of Anna Ioannovna, the most worthy of attention are: Limiting the service life of the nobles to 25 years, the destruction of the law on uniform inheritance, the foundation of the cadet corps in St. Petersburg, the increase in the guard by Izmailovsky and horse regiments. Anna Ioannovna, before her death, appointed the infant Ivan Antonovich, the son of her niece Anna Leopoldovna, as the heir to the throne, and confirmed Biron as regent of the state. However, Biron was soon overthrown, and Anna Leopoldovna, who was completely incapable of governing the state, was declared the ruler.
Elizaveta Petrovna (1741-1761)
Many were dissatisfied with the reign of Anna Leopoldovna. The guards made a coup and proclaimed the daughter of Peter the Great, Tsarina Elizabeth, the empress. Anna Petrovna's son, Pyotr Fedorovich, was appointed her heir in order to strengthen the throne. Under Elizabeth, Russia waged two wars: the Swedish and the so-called seven years. The war with Sweden ended with peace in Abo in 1743, according to which a part of Finland was annexed to Russia up to the Kyumeni River. Taking part in the seven-year (Austria and France with Prussia) war, Elizaveta Petrovna, in the person of her generals, greatly constrained the Prussian King Frederick II, but the death of the Empress served to stop further hostilities against Prussia. Of the internal measures of Empress Elizabeth Petrovna, the destruction of the Cabinet is the most important. The Empress returned the senate to its former importance. She restored the former magistrate. In 1744, a decree was issued abolishing the death penalty for criminal offenses. Divided Russia into five recruiting districts, established order in recruitment. In 1754, the establishment of the first loan banks in Russia for nobles and merchants was beneficial, the opening in 1755, according to the plan of Lomonosov, of the first university in Moscow and the foundation in 1756 of the first theater. The zealous associates of the Empress in carrying out reasonable reforms were Counts Peter and Ivan Shuvalov.
Peter - III (1761-1762)
Good-natured, but incapable of governing the vast Russian state Peter III aroused all sections of Russian society against him by his attraction to everything German, to the detriment of Russian interests. He reformed the troops according to the Prussian model, he made a lot of concessions to Frederick II. The decrees of Peter III on the liberty of the nobility and on the destruction of the secret office were not distinguished by sufficient certainty. The attitude towards the empress pushed her to a coup, on June 28, 1762, Peter III abdicated the throne and soon died alone, abandoned by everyone.
General characteristics of the 9th century
The most important issue of the foreign policy of the Muscovite state during this time is the attitude towards Poland, which captured southwestern Rus'. The annexation of Little Russia to Moscow in 1654 and, in general, Moscow's support for the Russian people and the Orthodox faith in the southwest caused a series of wars with Poland. The time of Peter the Great, being a continuation of the foreign and domestic policy of the state of the 17th century, was marked by special energy in carrying out the reforms outlined by life. In education, Russia is subject to Western European influence. Writers assimilate the Western European literary form and are active assistants to the government in protecting and spreading education (Fyodor Prokopovich, Stefan Yavorsky, Pososhkov, Tatishchev, Kantemir, Lomonosov, Sumarokov).

10th century, list of events
Catherine - II (1762-1796)
The reign of Catherine II is one of the most remarkable after Peter the Great. By nature, Catherine had a great mind and character. Self-education and observation expanded her horizons. With the help of skillfully chosen associates, the empress created a brilliant period in Russian history. In her reign there were two wars with Turkey. In the first, Rumyantsev Zadunaisky and Orlov Chesmensky especially distinguished themselves. Thanks to their victories, Russia acquired the shores of the Sea of ​​\u200b\u200bAzov, and Turkey recognized the independence of Crimea. At the insistence of Potemkin, the Crimea was occupied by the Russians. Cities began to appear in Novorossiya. The Russian Black Sea Fleet appears. Türkiye declares a second war. It became famous: Suvorov, the capture of the fortress of Izmail and the victories at Fokshanach and Rymnik. Türkiye recognized all the northern shores of the Black Sea as Russian possessions. At the very beginning of her reign, Catherine had to intervene in Polish affairs. Unrest in the Polish state and oppression of dissidents (non-Catholics) was the cause of the Polish Partitions. Under the first section, Russia received most of Livonia and Belarus up to the Dvina, Druch and Dnieper, under the second section the rest of Belarus, Ukraine, Podolia and the eastern part of Polissya and Volhynia, under the third section - Lithuania. The wars with Sweden and Persia were fruitless. The appearance of the plague in Moscow in 1771 and the Pugachev rebellion in 1773-1775 can be attributed to national disasters. More than one external struggle occupied the empress. Its internal transformations are also quite remarkable. First of all, Catherine contributes to the development of estates. She gives a charter to the nobility, a prenatal position. In connection with the estate reforms, there was a convening of a "commission for drafting a new code", something like a Zemsky Sobor. For the leadership of this commission, Catherine herself wrote a "mandate", but the goal was not completely achieved and the commission was soon disbanded. Regarding the provinces, the empress adhered to a policy of centralization. In 1775, Russia was divided into 50 provinces by the establishment of provinces, with increased power of governors. From an economic point of view, the following are important: The transfer of church property to the management of the savings college, the establishment of a state bank, the introduction of a paying system. Numerous concerns of Catherine II about public health, medical board, smallpox vaccination and education. In St. Petersburg, cadet corps (engineering and artillery), the Smolny Institute for girls, educational houses in Moscow were established, a general charter for public schools was developed, and a Russian academy was opened for the scientific processing of the national language. Catherine II, gifted with literary talent, patronized literature and herself took an active part in it. In her comedies, fairy tales and other articles, she served the cause of education no less than with her laws. In her reign, besides Lomonosov, the most famous were the writers Derzhavin, Fonvizin and Novikov.
Paul - I (1796-1801)
Emperor Paul -I did not approve of the transformations of his sovereign mother and in many respects retreated from her plans and views on the rule of the state. Upon accession to the throne, he wanted to deal exclusively with state affairs and stop preparations for war with France. He was soon forced to come to the aid of European states in the fight against France. He summoned Suvorov out of disgrace and sent him to "save the tsars." The Russians inflicted a number of defeats on the French and made an unprecedented crossing over the Alps (Devil's Bridge), but the allies prevented the end of the matter and Paul I withdrew his troops to Russia. Of the internal transformations of Emperor Paul I, the following are remarkable: "Institutions about the imperial family", about the order of succession to the throne, a significant relief of serfs (3-day corvee), the establishment of new women's institutions and the opening of a university in Derpt.
Alexander - I Blessed (1801-1825)
Raised by his grandmother, the Empress Catherine -II and having received a thorough education, Alexander-I Pavlovich, upon accession to the throne, he declared that he would rule "according to the laws and according to the heart" of Catherine II, march on her wise intentions. The first years of the reign of the young emperor were filled with the brightest hopes. A number of liberation measures of various kinds aroused enthusiasm in society. But the complicated external relations diverted attention from internal tasks. Alexander-I was forced to fight Napoleon in the beginning in alliance with Austria, while the Russians were defeated at Austerlitz: Then in alliance with Prussia. After the defeat of the Russians at Friedland, Alexander concluded the peace of Tilsin. Russia adopted the Napoleonic continental system, i.e., pledged not to trade with England. The burden of this system for Russia, the violation of his promises by Napoleon led to a break and the war of 1812. Napoleon, at the head of a huge army, invaded Russia: The Russians began to retreat inland: Generals Barclay de Tolly and Kutuzov (council in Fili) kept such tactics. A bloody battle took place on the Borodino field, but to no avail. Napoleon occupied Moscow, but it was burned by the inhabitants: The French experienced cold and hunger: Then Napoleon moved south: On the way he was defeated at Maloyaroslavets: His army still suffered from a lack of provisions and severe frosts: When crossing the Berezina River, they were almost destroyed the very remains great army. On December 25, 1812, Russia celebrated the liberation of the Russian land from the invasion of "twelve languages". Continuing the fight against Napoleon outside Russia in alliance with Prussia, Austria and Sweden, Alexander I in 1814, after a series of brilliant victories at Kulm, Leipzig and Fer-Champenoise, solemnly entered Paris. In 1815, at the "Congress of Vienna", the Duchy of Warsaw joined Russia and a "holy alliance" was concluded between Russia, Prussia and Austria. Of the reforms of Emperor Alexander I, the most remarkable are: the establishment of the State Council (1800), ministries (1802) and a committee of ministers, the foundation of Kazan, Kharkov and St. Petersburg universities, as well as pedagogical institutes and gymnasiums. Tsarsko-selskoye lyceums and corps, taking measures to organize the peasant class, in order to facilitate their significant life. The most significant associates of the emperor were: At the beginning of Novosiltsev, Stroganov, Kochubey, then Speransky and at the end of the reign of the Arakcheevs. At the end of his reign, the mood of the emperor was felt tired and disappointed. The ardent dreams of youth remained unfulfilled. The reason for this lay in the vagueness of the dreams themselves, the inability to find practical means for their implementation, partly in the absence of employees. Alexander-I entrusted himself to Arakcheev, but Arakcheev aroused dissatisfaction among the people with his military settlements. Emperor Alexander-I died childless.
Nicholas (1825-1855)
As a result of the abdication of Konstantin Pavlovich, brother of Emperor Alexander I, his younger brother Emperor Nicholas I ascended the throne. In the war with Persia, in 1828, he acquired the khanates of Erivan and Nakhichevan in the Turkmenchay world and received a large indemnity. Turkey's war over Greece, which she oppressed, after a series of Russian victories over the Turks, ended with the peace of Andrianopol, according to which the independence of Greece was recognized, the Prut and Danube rivers were defined by the borders of Russia, and the possibility of the safe existence of Serbia was ensured. The Polish uprising after a series of battles was crushed in 1832, the constitution in Poland was destroyed. In 1839, the reunification of the Uniates with the Orthodox Church followed. As a result of a new break with Turkey, to which England, France and Sardinia came to the rescue, Emperor Nicholas I had to endure a stubborn struggle with the strongest enemy. They concentrated in Sevastopol, heroically defended by Russian troops. In 1853, the entire Turkish fleet was destroyed in the battle of Sinop. During the defense of Sevastopol, Emperor Nicholas I suddenly fell ill and died. fruitful activity Emperor Nicholas I on the internal structure of Russia was marked by: The publication in 1830 of the "complete collection of laws Russian empire", 45 volumes (this business was led by Speransky and was generously awarded by the emperor, he was elevated to the dignity of a count and received the Order of St. Andrew the First-Called). By taking measures to improve the life of the peasants, the foundation of the Kiev University of St. Vladimir, technological and pedagogical institutes, military academy, law school and cadet corps, holding the Nikolaev and Tsarsko-Rural railways. In the reign of Emperor Nicholas I, the great writers of the Russian land showed themselves: Karamzin, Zhukovsky, both actually related to the previous reign, Krylov, Griboyedov, Pushkin, Lermontov, Gogol, Belinsky. Content
General characteristics of the 10th century
State life is getting more complicated. In foreign policy issues are resolved: Polish, Turkish or Eastern. Having gone through several stages from the most favorable in 1829-1833 to the Sevastopol catastrophe, the Eastern question becomes a pan-European one. Russia is drawn into European politics (the fight against Napoleon, the fight against the European revolution). Internally, the central and regional administrations are being reformed. The productive forces of the country are developing, education is gaining national character especially in the field of art.

11th century, list of events
Alexander - II Liberator (1855-1881)
Alexander II completed a difficult eastern war the Parisian world on very painful conditions for Russia. Russia ceded to Turkey the mouth of the Danube, part of Bessarabia, Kars and pledged not to start a fleet on the Black Sea. Under the Aigun treaty with China in 1858, Russia acquired the vast Amur region, and in 1860 the Ussuri region. In 1864, the Caucasus was finally annexed to Russia, and the leader of the Caucasian highlanders Shamil was captured and sent to Russia. In 1863, the Polish rebellion was pacified, the need to protect the eastern border of Russia from nomadic raids caused our conquest in Central Asia (Turkestan, Khiva). Thanks to some changes in Western Europe, Russia freed itself in 1871 from the harsh conditions of the Paris Treaty: Our right to have a navy on the Black Sea was restored. In 1877, the violence of the Turks against the Orthodox subjects of the Sultan in Bosnia and Herzegovina and the unequal struggle of the Slavic principalities of Serbia and Montenegro with Turkey prompted Emperor Alexander II to take upon himself the protection of the oppressed Christians. The war was fought with varying fortunes against the strongest enemy, and the capture of Kars in 1877 and Plevna with the capture of the Turkish commander-in-chief Osman Pasha were especially remarkable. This war showed the courage and indefatigability of the Russian troops (winter crossing through the Balkans). She ended in 1878. Peace of Sanstefan, which secured the independence of Serbia and Montenegro and established the Bulgarian principality. The Treaty of Sanstephan was amended somewhat at the Congress of Berlin in the same year. The emperor's reign was marked by a number of "great reforms" that significantly advanced Russian life. Of these transformations, the most important are: the liberation of the peasants, in 1861 and the publication of the "regulations on the organization of the peasants", the granting to subjects in 1864 of a public, right, speedy, gracious and native court for all, zemstvo and city self-government, the publication in 1874 of the charter on military compulsory for all classes of the state, the establishment of Novorossiysk universities in Odessa and Warsaw, the foundation of philological institutes in St. Petersburg and Nizhyn "there used to be a legal lyceum" and teachers' seminaries and institutes, the opening of women's gymnasiums and progymnasiums, improving communications. Alexander II died on March 1, 1881 at the hands of assassins. Behind him remains in the offspring the name "liberator".
Emperor Alexander - III (1881-1894)
Experienced in state affairs, already upon accession to the throne, Emperor Alexander III showed a lot of firmness and self-control in government. Emperor Alexander III cared a lot about the needs of the peasant class: He gave him new power in the person of "zemstvo chiefs", established parochial schools, in the interests of improving National economy The Ministry of Agriculture was established. The construction of new railways, of which the most remarkable are Siberian and Central Asian, contributed to the rise of Russian trade and industry. Vigorously concerned about strengthening the military position of Russia and for this purpose strengthening the borders of Russia both from land and from the sea, the emperor adhered to a wise policy of non-interference in European affairs. In 1892, Emperor Alexander III entered into friendly relations with France, which for the first time marked the arrival of the French squadron in Kronstadt. The emperor, after a serious illness, died in Livadia on October 20, 1894. The voice of the people gave him the title of "Tsar-Peacemaker".
Sovereign Emperor Nikolai Alexandrovich
The now prosperously reigning Emperor Nikolai Alexandrovich, the eldest son of the deceased Emperor Alexander III, with his peace-loving policy and cordial responsiveness, immediately attracted the hearts of both his loyal subjects and the people of the whole world. Remaining faithful to the state traditions of his sovereign father, Tsar Nikolai Alexandrovich, in vigilant concern for the welfare of the people, expressed his love not only for his subjects, but for humanity in general, in a number of manifestos. In this case, the imperial manifesto of August 12, 1898, with a proposal to the powers on general disarmament, is remarkable. A conference of representatives of the powers convened in The Hague to discuss this proposal worked out a number of measures aimed at preventing a bloody clash of peoples.
General characteristics of the 11th century
The grandiose movement of Russia to the east, the protection of peace to the west and south, the "great reforms", the broad development of education. Russian literature and art in general, imbued with a high humane feeling and bright faith in the future of the Russian people, are the subject of our pride and European surprise. Goncharov, Turgenev, Dostoevsky, L. Tolstoy, our artists are known no less in Europe than here.

4. Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev (04/17/1894-09/11/1971)

Soviet state and party leader. First Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR from 1958 to 1964. Hero Soviet Union, Three times Hero of Socialist Labor. The first laureate of the Shevchenko Prize, years of government 07.09.1. (Moscow city).

Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev was born in 1894 in the village of Kalinovka, Kursk province, in the family of miner Sergei Nikanorovich Khrushchev and Xenia Ivanovna Khrushcheva. In 1908, having moved with his family to the Uspensky mine near Yuzovka, Khrushchev became an apprentice fitter at a factory, then worked as a fitter at a mine and, as a miner, was not taken to the front in 1914. In the early 1920s, he worked in the mines, studied at the working faculty of the Donetsk Industrial Institute. Later he was engaged in economic and party work in the Donbass and Kyiv. From January 1931 he was at party work in Moscow, in the years he was the first secretary of the Moscow regional and city committees of the party - the Moscow Committee and the Moscow City Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks. In January 1938 he was appointed First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Ukraine. In the same year he became a candidate, and in 1939 - a member of the Politburo.

During the Second World War, Khrushchev served as a political commissar of the highest rank (a member of the military councils of a number of fronts) and in 1943 received the rank of lieutenant general; supervised partisan movement behind the front line. In the first post-war years, he headed the government in Ukraine. In December 1947, Khrushchev again headed the Communist Party of Ukraine, becoming the first secretary of the Central Committee of the CP (b) of Ukraine; he held this post until his move to Moscow in December 1949, where he became the first secretary of the Moscow Party Committee and secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU (b). Khrushchev initiated the consolidation of collective farms (collective farms). After Stalin's death, when the chairman of the council of ministers left the post of secretary of the Central Committee, Khrushchev became the "master" of the party apparatus, although until September 1953 he did not have the title of first secretary. Between March and June 1953, he attempted to seize power. In order to eliminate Beria, Khrushchev entered into an alliance with Malenkov. In September 1953, he took the post of First Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU. In June 1953, a struggle for power began between Malenkov and Khrushchev, in which Khrushchev won. In early 1954, he announced the start of a grandiose program for the development of virgin lands in order to increase grain production, and in October of that year he headed the Soviet delegation in Beijing.

The most striking event in Khrushchev's career was the 20th Congress of the CPSU, held in 1956. At a closed meeting, Khrushchev condemned Stalin, accusing him of mass extermination of people and an erroneous policy that almost ended in the liquidation of the USSR in the war with Nazi Germany. The result of this report was unrest in the countries of the Eastern bloc - Poland (October 1956) and Hungary (October and November 1956). In June 1957, the Presidium (formerly the Politburo) of the Central Committee of the CPSU organized a conspiracy to remove Khrushchev from the post of First Secretary of the Party. After his return from Finland, he was invited to a meeting of the Presidium, which, by seven votes to four, demanded his resignation. Khrushchev convened a Plenum of the Central Committee, which overturned the decision of the Presidium and dismissed the "anti-Party group" of Molotov, Malenkov and Kaganovich. He strengthened the Presidium with his supporters, and in March 1958 he took the post of Chairman of the Council of Ministers, taking all the main levers of power into his own hands. In September 1960, Khrushchev visited the United States as head of the Soviet delegation to the UN General Assembly. During the assembly, he managed to hold large-scale negotiations with the heads of governments of a number of countries. His report to the Assembly contained calls for general disarmament, the immediate elimination of colonialism, and the admission of China to the UN. During the summer of 1961 the Soviet foreign policy became more and more rigid, and in September the USSR interrupted a three-year moratorium on testing nuclear weapons by conducting a series of explosions. On October 14, 1964, Khrushchev was relieved of his duties as First Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee and a member of the Presidium of the CPSU Central Committee by the Plenum of the Central Committee of the CPSU. He was replaced, becoming First Secretary Communist Party, and became the Chairman of the Council of Ministers. After 1964, Khrushchev, while retaining his seat on the Central Committee, was essentially retired. Khrushchev died in Moscow on September 11, 1971.

All the supreme rulers in Rus' put a lot into its development. Thanks to the power of the ancient Russian princes, the country was built, territorially expanded, and provided with protection to fight the enemy. Many buildings were built, which today have become an international historical and cultural landmark. Rus' was replaced by a dozen rulers. Kievan Rus finally disintegrated after the death of Prince Mstislav.
The collapse took place in 1132. Separate, independent states were formed. All territories have lost their value.

Princes of Rus' in chronological order

The first princes in Rus' (the table is presented below) appeared thanks to the Rurik dynasty.

Prince Rurik

Rurik ruled the Novgorodians near the Varangian Sea. Therefore, he had two names: Novgorod, Varangian. After the death of his brothers, Rurik remained the only ruler in Rus'. He was married to Efanda. His assistants. They looked after the economy, arranged courts.
The reign of Rurik in Rus' fell in the period from 862 to 879. After, he was killed by two brothers Dir and Askold, they took the city of Kyiv into power.

Prince Oleg (Prophetic)

Dir and Askold did not rule for long. Oleg was Efanda's brother, he decided to take matters into his own hands. Oleg was famous throughout Rus' for his intelligence, strength, courage, dominance.He captured the city of Smolensk, Lyubech and Constantinople in his possession. He made the city of Kyiv the capital of the Kievan state. Killed Askold and Dir.Igor, became the adopted son of Oleg and his direct heir to the throne.In his state lived the Varangians, Slovaks, Krivichi, Drevlyans, northerners, glades, Tivertsy, streets.

In 909, Oleg met a wise sorcerer who told him:
- You will soon die from a snake bite, because you will abandon your horse. It so happened that the prince abandoned his horse, exchanging it for a new, younger one.
In 912, Oleg learned that his horse had died. He decided to go to the place where the remains of the horse lay.

Oleg asked:
- From this, the horse, I will accept death? And then, a poisonous snake crawled out of the horse's skull. The snake bit him, after which Oleg died. The prince's funeral lasted several days with all honors, because he was considered the most powerful ruler.

Prince Igor

Immediately, after the death of Oleg, the throne was taken by his stepson (Rurik's own son) Igor. The dates of the reign of the prince in Rus' vary from 912 to 945. His main task was to preserve the unity of the state. Igor defended his state from the attack of the Pechenegs, who periodically made attempts to take over Russia. All the tribes that were in the state regularly paid tribute.
In 913, Igor married a young Pskovian girl, Olga. He met her by chance in the city of Pskov. During his reign, Igor suffered quite a few attacks and battles. While fighting the Khazars, he lost all his best army. After that, he had to re-create the armed defense of the state.

And again, in 914, the new army of the prince was destroyed in the fight against the Byzantines. The war lasted a long time and as a result, the prince signed an eternal peace treaty with Constantinople. The wife helped her husband in everything. They ruled half of the state. In 942, they had a son, who was named Svyatoslav. In 945, Prince Igor was killed by neighboring Drevlyans who did not want to pay tribute.

Princess Saint Olga

After the death of her husband Igor, his wife Olga took the throne. Despite the fact that she was a woman, she was able to manage the entire Kievan Rus. In this not an easy task, she was helped by intelligence, quick wit and masculinity. All the qualities of a ruler gathered in one woman and helped her to cope perfectly with the rule of the state. She took revenge on the greedy Drevlyans for the death of her husband. Their city Korosten soon became part of her possession. Olga is the first of the Russian rulers who converted to Christianity.

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Olga waited a long time for her son to grow up. And having reached the age of majority, Svyatoslav fully became the ruler in Rus'. The years of the reign of the prince in Rus' from 964 to 972. Svyatoslav, already at the age of three, became the direct heir to the throne. But since he could not physically manage Kievan Rus, his mother, St. Olga, replaced him. All childhood and adolescence, the child learned military affairs. Studied courage, militancy. In 967, his army defeated the Bulgarians. After the death of his mother, in 970, Svyatoslav staged an invasion of Byzantium. But the forces were not equal. He was forced to sign a peace treaty with Byzantium. Svyatoslav had three sons: Yaropolk, Oleg, Vladimir. After Svyatoslav returned back to Kyiv in March 972, the young prince was killed by the Pechenegs. From his skull, the Pechenegs forged a gilded bowl for pies.

After the death of his father, the throne was taken by one of the sons, the prince of Ancient Rus' (table below) Yaropolk.

Yaropolk Svyatoslavovich

Despite the fact that Yaropolk, Oleg, Vladimir were brothers, they were never friends. Moreover, they were constantly at war with each other.
All three wanted to rule Russia. But Yaropolk won the fight. Sent his siblings out of the country. During the reign, he managed to conclude a peaceful, eternal treaty with Byzantium. Yaropolk wanted to make friends with Rome. Many were not happy with the new ruler. There was a lot of permissiveness. The pagans, together with Vladimir (Yaropolk's brother), successfully seized power into their own hands. Yaropolk had no choice but to flee the country. He began to live in the city of Roden. But some time later, in 980, he was killed by the Vikings. Yaropolk decided to make an attempt to seize Kyiv for himself, but it all ended in failure. During his short reign, Yaropolk failed to make global changes in Kievan Rus, because he was famous for his peacefulness.

Vladimir Svyatoslavovich

Prince Vladimir of Novgorod was the youngest son of Prince Svyatoslav. Ruled by Kievan Rus from 980 to 1015. He was warlike, courageous, possessed all the necessary qualities that the ruler of Kievan Rus should have had. He performed all the functions of a prince in ancient Rus'.

During his reign,

• built a defense along the rivers Desna, Trubezh, Sturgeon, Sula.
• There were many beautiful buildings built.
• Made Christianity the state religion.

Thanks to his great contribution to the development and prosperity of Kievan Rus, he received the nickname "Vladimir the Red Sun." He had seven sons: Svyatopolk, Izyaslav, Yaroslav, Mstislav, Svyatoslav, Boris, Gleb. He divided his lands equally among all his sons.

Svyatopolk Vladimirovich

Immediately after the death of his father in 1015, he became the ruler of Rus'. He was not enough part of Rus'. He wanted to take over everything Kyiv state and decided to get rid of his own brothers. To begin with, on his orders, it was necessary to kill Gleb, Boris, Svyatoslav. But this did not bring him happiness. Without causing the approval of the people, he was expelled from Kyiv. For help in the war with his brothers, Svyatopolk turned to his father-in-law, who was the king of Poland. He helped his son-in-law, but the reign of Kievan Rus did not last long. In 1019 he had to flee from Kyiv. In the same year, he committed suicide, as his conscience tormented him, because he killed his brothers.

Yaroslav Vladimirovich (Wise)

He ruled Kievan Rus in the period from 1019 to 1054. He was nicknamed the Wise, because he had an amazing mind, wisdom, masculinity, inherited from his father. He built two big cities: Yaroslavl, Yuryev. He treated his people with care and understanding. One of the first princes who introduced a code of laws called “Russian Truth” into the state. Following his father, he divided the land equally between his sons: Izyaslav, Svyatoslav, Vsevolod, Igor and Vyacheslav. From birth, he brought up in them peace, wisdom, love of the people.

Izyaslav Yaroslavovich the First

Immediately after the death of his father, he took the throne. He ruled Kievan Rus from 1054 to 1078. The only prince in history who could not cope with his duties. His assistant was his son Vladimir, without whom Izyaslav would have simply ruined Kievan Rus.

Svyatopolk

The spineless prince took over the reign of Kievan Rus immediately after the death of his father Izyaslav. Ruled from 1078 to 1113.
He had a hard time finding mutual language with Old Russian princes (table below). During his reign, there was a campaign against the Polovtsy, in the organization of which Vladimir Monomakh helped him. They won the battle.

Vladimir Monomakh

After the death of Svyatopolk, Vladimir was elected ruler in 1113. He served the state until 1125. Smart, honest, brave, reliable, courageous. It was these qualities of Vladimir Monomakh that helped him rule Kievan Rus and fall in love with the people. He is the last of the princes of Kievan Rus (table below), who managed to preserve the state in its original form.

Attention

All wars with the Polovtsy ended in victory.

Mstislav and the collapse of Kievan Rus

Mstislav is the son of Vladimir Monomakh. He took the throne of the ruler in 1125. He was similar to his father not only outwardly, but also in character, in the way of ruling Russia. The people treated him with respect. In 1134, he handed over the reign to his brother Yaropolk. That served as the development of unrest in the history of Russia. Monomakhovichi lost the throne. But soon there was a complete disintegration of Kievan Rus into thirteen separate states.

The Kyiv rulers did a lot for the Russian people. During their reign, everyone diligently fought against the enemies. There was a development of Kievan Rus as a whole. Many buildings were completed, beautiful buildings, churches, schools, bridges that were destroyed by enemies, and everything was built anew. All the princes of Kievan Rus, the table below, did a lot to make history unforgettable.

Table. Princes of Rus' in chronological order

Prince's name	Years of government
10. 11. 12. 13.	Rurik Oleg Prophetic Igor Olga Svyatoslav Yaropolk Vladimir Svyatopolk Yaroslav the Wise Izyaslav Svyatopolk Vladimir Monomakh Mstislav	862-879 879-912 912-945 945-964 964-972 972-980 980-1015 1015-1019 1019-1054 1054-1078 1078-1113 1113-1125 1125-1134