Plan:

Introduction

• 1 Europe
  • 1.1 Napoleonic era
    • 1.1.1 War of 1805: France vs. Third Anti-Napoleonic Coalition
    • 1.1.2 Russian-Prussian-French War of 1806-1807 - War of the Fourth Coalition
  • 1.2 Spanish-French War
  • 1.3 Austro-French War of 1809. War of the Fifth Anti-Napoleonic Coalition
    • 1.3.1 Patriotic War of 1812
    • 1.3.2 War of the Sixth Coalition
  • 1.4 Other wars of the beginning of the century
    • 1.4.1 Russian- Turkish war (1806-1812)
    • 1.4.2 Russo-Swedish War 1808-1809
    • 1.4.3 Russo-Persian War 1826-1828
    • 1.4.4 Crimean War 1853-1856
    • 1.4.5 Franco-Prussian War 1870-1871
    • 1.4.6 Russian-Turkish war 1877-1878
  • 1.5 19th century, other
• 2 America

Introduction

1. Europe

1.1. Napoleonic era

1.1.1. War of 1805: France vs. Third Anti-Napoleonic Coalition

• Battle of Trafalgar - between the French-Spanish and British fleets
• The battle of Ulm - the encirclement of the Austrian army by Napoleon
• Battle of Amstetten - between the French vanguard and the Russian rearguard
• Battle of Shengraben - encirclement and unsuccessful attempt to destroy Bagration
• The battle of Durrenstern is an unsuccessful attempt by Kutuzov to destroy the French with part of the forces (24,000 people) of his army. division of Gazan (8,000 people).
• Battle of Austerlitz - also known as Battle of the Three Emperors: Napoleon, Archduke of Austria and Alexander I. The French inflict a crushing defeat on the Allied army.

1.1.2. Russian-Prussian-French War of 1806-1807 - War of the Fourth Coalition

• Battle of Golymin - 18,000 Russians stopped 38,000 French
• Battle of Pultusk - L. L. Bennigsen fought a draw with the corps of Marshal Lann.
• Battle of Charnovo - 5,000 Russians engage Davout's corps (20,000 men)
• The Battle of Preussisch-Eylau is a bloody battle between Napoleon and Bennigsen. It ended in a draw, but at night the Russian army retreated.
• Battle of Guttstadt - Bennigsen defeated the French corps. Marshal Ney.
• Battle of Heilsberg - Bennigsen repulsed all the attacks of Marshals Lann and Murat.
• Battle of Friedland - French victory that led to the Peace of Tilsit

1.2. Spanish-French War

• The Battle of Baylen 1808 - the defeat of the French. General Dupont de l "Etang, Pierre-Antoine surrendered.
• Battle of Albuera 1811 - Battle near the village of Albuera near the city of Badajoz (Spain), as a result of which the combined forces of the English expeditionary force, Spanish and Portuguese troops (43 thousand) defeated Napoleon's troops (23 thousand).

1.3. Austro-French War of 1809. War of the Fifth Anti-Napoleonic Coalition

• Aspern-Essling battle - May 21-22, 1809 - Napoleon's tactical retreat
• Batavian battle - August 26, 1811 - Jakarta was captured by the British. Franco-Dutch garrison surrendered

1.3.1. Patriotic War of 1812

• The battle near Grodno - Platov's Cossack corps against the Beauharnais and Poniatovsky corps. First battle of the war of 1812.
• The Battle of Oshmyany - the rearguard of the 1st Western Army against the vanguard of Napoleon's Great Army.
• The Battle of Dovigons - the rearguard of the 1st Western Army against the vanguard of the Great Army.
• Battle of Kozyany - the rearguard of the 1st Western Army against the vanguard of the Great Army.
• The battle at Daugelishki - the rearguard of the 1st Western Army against the vanguard of the Great Army.
• Battle near the Karelichi - Platov's Cossack corps against Murat's cavalry.
• Platov's actions in the rearguard - near the town of Mir, the Cossack ataman Platov defeats the Polish cavalry.
• Battle of Romanov - Platov again enters the battle.
• The battle on the Dvina River is the first clash between Wittgenstein's corps and Oudinot.
• The battle of Gross-Eikau is a battle between the Russian detachment of F.F. Leviz and the Prussian troops allied to France.
• The battle at Brest-Litovsk - the battle of the 3rd Western Army of Tormasov with the Saxon corps.
• The battle near Agoponovshchina - the rearguard of the 1st Western Army against the vanguard of the Great Army.
• The battle at Filipov - Wittgenstein's corps against Oudinot's corps.
• The battle at Salts - the 3rd Western Army against the Saxon corps.
• The Battle of Vilkomir is another containment battle won by the Russians.
• Battle of Saltanovka - Davout defeats the Russian 7th Infantry Corps, repelling attempts by Bagration's army to break through to Mogilev.
• Battle of Ostrovno - a fierce three-day battle near Vitebsk between the rearguard of the 1st Western Army and the vanguard great army Napoleon.
• Battle near Kobrin - Tormasov destroys the Saxon brigade.
• The battle of Gorodechno - the Austro-Saxon army, using a two-fold numerical superiority, defeats the 3rd Western Army of Tormasov.
• The first battle near Krasnoy (see the Battle of Smolensk (1812)) - Neverovsky's division successfully repels all attacks of the many times superior forces of the French cavalry.
• The battle at Yakubovo - the Russian corps of Wittgenstein repels the attack of the Oudinot corps.
• Battle of Klyastitsy - Wittgenstein's corps defeats the superior forces of Oudinot's French corps.
• Battle of Boyarshchino - Oudinot's corps defeats Kulnev's detachment.
• The Battle of Golovschitse - Wittgenstein reflects Oudinot's attempt to build on success after defeating Kulnev.
• Battle of Smolensk (1812) - 15,000 Russians stop the entire Great Army of Napoleon (182,000 people), but leave the city the next day due to fires.
• The battle at Valutina Gora - in a bloody battle, Barclay de Tolly successfully repels the attacks of the corps of Ney, Junot, Davout and Murat.
• The first battle near Polotsk (1812) - the Saint-Cyr corps defeats the Russian corps of Wittgenstein and throws it away from the city of Polotsk, but does not dare to pursue.
• Battle for Shevardino, see. battle of Borodino- Napoleon, after a stubborn bloody battle, captures the Shevardinsky redoubt.
• Battle of Borodino - the largest battle Patriotic War between the Russian and French armies, the tactical and strategic victory of Napoleon [ source unspecified 788 days] .
• The Battle of Mesothene is a battle between Prussian and Russian troops. Defeated, the Russians retreated to Riga.
• Tarutinsky battle - Kutuzov defeats Murat's corps with an unexpected attack.
• The battle near Maloyaroslavets - Napoleon in a stubborn battle defeats the vanguard of Kutuzov's army, but does not dare to give a general battle the next day and retreats.
• The second battle near Polotsk - Wittgenstein with 50,000 soldiers takes the city of Polotsk by storm, inflicting defeat on the corps of Saint-Cyr.
• 1st battle for Volkovysk - the Russian corps of Saken knocks out the Saxons from the city of Volkovysk.
• 2nd battle for Volkovysk - Saxons under Renier force the Russians to leave Volkovysk with a successful attack.
• Battle of Chashniki - Wittgenstein's corps defeats Victor's corps
• Battle of Smolyany - Wittgenstein and Victor unsuccessfully fight for the village of Smolyany.
• The Battle of Vyazma (1812) is an unsuccessful attempt by Kutuzov to cut off and destroy Davout's corps by the forces of General Miloradovich.
• The battle near Lyakhovo - a Russian partisan detachment forces the French brigade of Augereau (2,000 people) to surrender.
• 1st battle for Borisov - the vanguard of Chichagov's army inflicts a crushing defeat on the Polish division of Dombrovsky and takes Borisov by storm.
• 2nd battle for Borisov - Oudinot defeats Chichagov's army and captures Borisov.
• The Battle of Krasnoe (Second Battle of Krasnoe) is a four-day battle between the main forces of the Russian and French armies. Kutuzov acts very cautiously and allows the guards and Napoleon to leave unhindered to the west.
• The Battle of Kutkovo, see the Battle of Krasnoye - Horn with the Young Guard, inflicts a crushing defeat on the Russian detachment of Ozharovsky.
• The battle for Uvarovo, see the Battle of Krasnoye - The Young Guard drives the Russians out of the village of Uvarovo and repels the attacks of L. L. Bennigsen, but later retreats on the orders of Napoleon.
• Battle on the Berezina - Napoleon breaks out of the encirclement of 3 Russian armies to the west.
• The battle of Molodechno is one of the last attempts by the French to delay the rapid pursuit of them by Russian troops.
• Battle of Lyakhovka (see. Battle on the Berezina) - the corps of Oudinot and Ney repel the offensive of Chichagov's army, which was trying to prevent the Great Army from crossing the Berezina River.
• 3rd battle at Borisov (see Battle on the Berezina) - Wittgenstein's corps surrounds and forces the surrender of the rearguard of Victor's corps - Partunno's division.
• Battle of Studenka (see Battle of the Berezina) - Victor repels the attacks of superior Russian forces under the command of Wittgenstein all day, but is forced to withdraw in the evening.

1.3.2. War of the Sixth Coalition

• Battle of Arcy-sur-Aubes

1.4. Other wars of the beginning of the century

1.4.1. Russian-Turkish war (1806-1812)

• 1807 - Battle of Athos - naval battle near the Athos peninsula, victory of Senyavin's squadron
• 1807 - Battle on the Arpachay River - on the territory of Armenia
• 1809 - Siege and assault on Brailov - an unsuccessful attempt to storm the Turkish fortress with inferior forces
• 1809 - Battle of Rassevat - Bagration captures the Turkish fortress in Dobruja (now Romania)
• 1810 - Battle of Bazardzhik - Kamensky captures a Turkish fortress in Bulgaria
• 1810 - Siege of Ruschuk - unsuccessful attempt by Kamensky to take another Turkish fortress
• 1810 - The capture of Sukhum - landing from a detachment of ships of the Black Sea Fleet
• 1810 - Batinsky battle - another victory of Kamensky
• 1810 - Capture of Akhalkalaki - a fortress in Georgia
• 1811 - Ruschuk-Slobodzeya operation - a series of battles after Kutuzov was made commander in chief of the Danube army. (complete defeat of the Turks, but "not by number, but by skill")

1.4.2. Russo-Swedish War 1808-1809

• 1808 - Battle of Revolaks - the encirclement and defeat of Russian troops, after which the Finnish partisan movement revived
• 1808 - Battle of Salmi - a heavy turning point two-day battle
• 1808 - Battle of Oravais - completion of the previous battle, strengthening positions
• 1809 - Aland expedition - Bagration's corps crossed the ice to the Aland Islands and recaptured them from the Swedes
• 1809 - Battle of Ratan - the final battle of the last Russian-Swedish war

1.4.3. Russo-Persian War 1826-1828

• Battle of Shamkhor - After the defeat, Abbas Mirza lifted the siege of Shushi

1.4.4. Crimean War 1853-1856

• Sinop
• Battle of the Alma 1854 - the defeat of the Russian troops
• Battle of Balaklava 1854 - The Russians failed to achieve their goal - to defeat the English camp and stop supplying the British troops. The result of the battle was the Allies' abandonment of the idea of ​​capturing Sevastopol by storm and the transition to positional siege operations.

1.4.5. Franco-Prussian War 1870-1871

• Battle of Amiens - The Prussian army (45,000) defeated the French (25,000)
• Battle of Sedan

1.4.6. Russian-Turkish war 1877-1878

• 1877
  • Battle of Kyzyl Tepe
  • Battle of Simnitsa
  • Battle of Svistov
  • Battle of Nikopol
  • First Battle of Shipka Pass
  • Second Battle of Shipka Pass
  • Battle of Lovcha
  • Third Battle of Shipka Pass
  • Battle of Horni-Dubnik
  • Battle of Kars
  • Siege of Plevna
• 1878
  • Fourth Battle of Shipka Pass
  • Battle of Plovdiv

1.5. 19th century, other

• 1898 - Battle of Omdurman - British control over Sudan restored

2. America

• 1856 - Battle of Rivas - Costa Rican victory over William Walker's forces.

In the history of civilization, the wars of the 19th century occupy a prominent place - if you look at their list, it becomes clear that humanity will see more significant and global battles only in the world conflicts of the next century. The beginning of the century passed under the sign of the Napoleonic Wars, in which, one way or another, almost every army of the Old World participated. middle and late XIX centuries largely predetermined the modern configuration political map peace. The national liberation wars in the Balkans ended with the emergence of a number of states that freed themselves from the yoke of the Ottoman Empire, the Austro-Italian, Austro-Prussian, Franco-Prussian wars brought new strong players onto the stage - the united German and Austro-Hungarian empires. Finally, the industrial revolutions in Europe and the Civil War in the United States for the first time showed the world both unprecedented weapons and completely new logistics - the earth was increasingly entangled with a network of railroads and steamship lines.

In the east, in the 19th century, mysterious Japan began to open up to the rest of the world, eagerly absorbing the achievements of Western civilization, the sleeping giants of the next century, China and India, fought the colonialists. IN Russian history, in addition to the Patriotic War of 1812 and the foreign campaign of the Russian army, the XIX century is known for the conquest of the Caucasus, which lasted half a century, the difficult Crimean War, as well as a series of Russian-Turkish wars and campaigns of Russian troops in Central Asia ending with the annexation of vast territories in Turkestan to the Russian Empire. The 19th century also gave a lot in terms of improving weapons - artillery and small arms received a qualitative leap in development, sailing warships by the end of the century were completely replaced by ships with steam engines in auxiliary roles.

Invaders came from both the West and the East. They spoke to different languages, they had different weapons. But their goals were the same - to ruin and plunder the country, to kill or take away its inhabitants into captivity and slavery.

Today, in connection with this holiday, we decided to recall the most significant battles in the history of our Fatherland. If we forgot something, you can write in the comments.

1. The defeat of the Khazar Khaganate (965)

The Khazar Khaganate has long been the main rival of the Russian state. The unification of Slavic tribes around Rus', many of which had previously been dependent on Khazaria, could not but increase tension in relations between the two powers.

In 965, Prince Svyatoslav subjugated the Khazar Khaganate to his power, and then organized a campaign against a strong tribal union of the Vyatichi, who paid tribute to the Khazars. Svyatoslav Igorevich defeated the army of the kagan in battle and went through a raid throughout his state, from the Volga to North Caucasus. Important Khazar cities were attached to Rus' - the Sarkel (Belaya Vezha) fortress on the Don, which controlled the route from the Caspian Sea to the Black Sea (now at the bottom of the Tsimlyansk reservoir), and the port of Tmutarakan on the Taman Peninsula. The Black Sea Khazars fell into the sphere of Russian influence. The remains of the Kaganate on the Volga were destroyed in the XI century by the Polovtsy.

2. Neva Battle (1240)

The prince of Novgorod was only 19 years old when, in the summer of 1240, Swedish ships, probably led by Birger Magnusson, entered the mouth of the Neva. Knowing that Novgorod was deprived of the support of the southern principalities, the Swedes, instructed from Rome, hoped, at a minimum, to seize all the lands north of the Neva, simultaneously converting both pagans and Orthodox Karelians to Catholicism.

Young prince of novgorod led a lightning attack of his squad and defeated the camp of the Swedes before they had time to strengthen it. Going on a campaign, Alexander was in such a hurry that he did not gather all the Novgorodians who wished to join, believing that speed would be of decisive importance, and he turned out to be right. In the battle, Alexander fought in the forefront.

A decisive victory over superior forces brought Prince Alexander great fame and the honorary title - Nevsky.

However, the Novgorod boyars feared the growing influence of the prince, and tried to remove him from the management of the city. Soon Alexander left Novgorod, but a year later the threat of a new war forced the Novgorodians to turn to him again.

3. Battle on the Ice (1242)

In 1242, German knights from the Livonian Order captured Pskov and approached Novgorod. The Novgorodians, who had quarreled with Prince Alexander a year before, turned to him for help and again transferred power to him. The prince gathered an army, expelled the enemies from the Novgorod and Pskov lands and went to Lake Peipus.

On the ice of the lake in 1242, in a battle known as the Battle of the Ice, Alexander Yaroslavich destroyed an army of German knights. Russian arrows, despite the onslaught of the Germans, breaking through the regiments in the center, courageously resisted the attackers. This courage helped the Russians to surround the knights from the flanks and win. Pursuing the survivors for seven miles, Alexander showed the firmness of the Russian army. The victory in the battle led to the signing of a peace agreement between Novgorod and the Livonian Order.

4. Battle of Kulikovo (1380)

The Battle of Kulikovo, which took place on September 8, 1380, was a turning point that showed the strength of the united Russian army and the ability of Rus' to resist the Horde.

The conflict between Mamai and Dmitry Donskoy escalated more and more. The Moscow principality strengthened, Rus' won many victories over the troops of the Horde. Donskoy did not listen to Mamai when he gave Prince Mikhail of Tverskoy a label for Vladimir, and then stopped paying tribute to the Horde. All this could not help but lead Mamai to the idea of ​​the need for a quick victory over the enemy that was gaining strength.

In 1378 he sent an army against Dmitry, but it was defeated on the Vozha River. Soon Mamai lost influence on the Volga lands due to the invasion of Tokhtamysh. In 1380, the Horde commander decided to attack the Donskoy army in order to finally defeat his forces.

On September 8, 1380, when the armies clashed, it became clear that there would be a lot of losses on both sides. The legendary exploits of Alexander Peresvet, Mikhail Brenk and Dmitry Donskoy were described in The Tale of the Battle of Mamaev. The turning point for the battle was the moment when Bobrok ordered to delay the ambush regiment, and then cut off the retreat of the Tatars, who had broken through to the river, with his forces. The Horde cavalry was driven into the river and destroyed, meanwhile the rest of the forces mixed the other enemy troops, and the Horde began to retreat randomly. Mamai fled, realizing that he no longer had the strength to continue the fight. According to various estimates, on September 8, 1380, from 40 to 70 thousand Russians and from 90 to 150 thousand Horde troops met in the decisive battle. The victory of Dmitry Donskoy significantly weakened the Golden Horde, which predetermined its further disintegration.

5. Standing on the Ugra (1480)

This event marks the end of the Horde's influence on the politics of the Russian princes.

In 1480, after Ivan III tore the khan's label, Khan Akhmat, having concluded an alliance with the Lithuanian prince Casimir, moved to Rus'. In an effort to connect with the Lithuanian army, on October 8 he approached the Ugra River, a tributary of the Oka. Here he was met by the Russian army.

Akhmat's attempt to force the Ugra was repulsed in a four-day battle. Then the Khan began to expect the Lithuanians. Ivan III, in order to gain time, began negotiations with him. At this time, the Crimean Khan Mengli Giray, an ally of Moscow, attacked the lands of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, which did not allow Casimir to help Akhmat. October 20 in reinforcements Ivan III the regiments of his brothers, Boris and Andrei Bolshoi, came. Upon learning of this, Akhmat turned his army back to the steppe on November 11. Soon Akhmat was killed in the Horde. So Rus' finally broke the Horde yoke and gained independence.

6. Battle of Molodi (1572)

On July 29, 1572, the Battle of Molodi began - a battle whose outcome was decided by the course of Russian history.

The situation before the battle was very unfavorable. The main forces of the Russian army got stuck in a fierce struggle in the west with Sweden and the Commonwealth. Only a small zemstvo army and guardsmen under the command of Prince Mikhail Ivanovich Vorotynsky and governor Dmitry Ivanovich Khvorostinin were able to assemble against the Tatars. They were joined by a 7,000-strong detachment of German mercenaries and Don Cossacks. The total number of Russian troops amounted to 20,034 people.

To fight the Tatar cavalry, Prince Vorotynsky decided to use the "walk-city" - a mobile fortress, behind the walls of which archers and gunners hid. Russian troops not only stopped the six times superior enemy, but also put him to flight. The Crimean-Turkish army of Devlet Giray was almost completely destroyed.

Only 20 thousand horsemen returned to the Crimea, and none of the Janissaries escaped. The Russian army also suffered heavy losses, including the oprichnina army. In the autumn of 1572, the oprichnina regime was abolished. The heroic victory of the Russian army in the Battle of Molodin - the last major battle between Rus' and the Steppe - was of great geopolitical significance. Moscow was saved from complete annihilation, and the Russian state from defeat and loss of independence. Russia retained control over the entire course of the Volga - the most important trade and transport artery. The Nogai horde, convinced of the weakness of the Crimean Khan, broke away from him.

7. Moscow battle (1612)

The Moscow battle was the decisive episode of the Time of Troubles. The occupation of Moscow was removed by the forces of the Second Militia, led by Prince Dmitry Pozharsky. Completely blocked in the Kremlin and Kitai-Gorod, the garrison, having received no help from King Sigismund III, began to experience an acute shortage of provisions, it even came to cannibalism. On October 26, the remnants of the occupation detachment surrendered to the mercy of the winner.

Moscow was liberated. “The hope of taking possession of the whole Muscovite state was irrevocably destroyed,” wrote the Polish chronicler.

8. Battle of Poltava (1709)

On June 27, 1709, a general battle of the Northern War took place near Poltava with the participation of 37,000 Swedish and 60,000 Russian armies. Little Russian Cossacks participated in the battle on both sides, but most fought for the Russians. The Swedish army was almost completely defeated. Charles XII and Mazepa fled to Turkish possessions in Moldavia.

The military forces of Sweden were undermined, and its army was forever out of the best in the world. After the Battle of Poltava, the superiority of Russia became obvious. Denmark and Poland resumed participation in the Northern Alliance. An end was soon put to Swedish dominance in the Baltic.

9. Chesme battle (1770)

Decisive naval battle in the Chesme Bay took place at the height of the Russian-Turkish war of 1768-1774.

Despite the fact that the balance of forces in the battle was 30/73 (not in favor of the Russian fleet), the competent command of Alexei Orlov and the valor of our sailors allowed the Russians to take strategic superiority in the battle.

The flagship of the Turks "Burj-u-Zafer" was set on fire, and after it many more ships of the Turkish fleet took up fire.

Chesmen became a triumph for the Russian fleet, secured the blockade of the Dardanelles and seriously disrupted Turkish communications in the Aegean Sea.

10. Battle of Kozludzhi (1774)

During the Russian-Turkish war of 1768-1774, Russia won another major victory. The Russian army under the command of Alexander Suvorov and Mikhail Kamensky near the city of Kozludzhi (now Suvorovo in Bulgaria), with an unequal balance of forces (24 thousand against 40 thousand), was able to win. Alexander Suvorov managed to drive the Turks off the hill and put them to flight without even resorting to a bayonet attack. This victory largely predetermined the outcome of the Russian-Turkish war and forced Ottoman Empire sign a peace treaty.

11. Capture of Ishmael (1790)

On December 22, 1790, Russian troops under the command of Alexander Vasilyevich Suvorov stormed the hitherto impregnable Turkish fortress of Izmail.

Shortly before the war, with the help of French and German engineers, Izmail was turned into a fairly powerful fortress. Defended by a large garrison, he withstood two sieges undertaken by Russian troops without much difficulty.

Suvorov took command only 8 days before the final assault. He devoted all the remaining time to the training of soldiers. The troops trained to overcome obstacles and ramparts specially created near the Russian camp, practiced hand-to-hand combat techniques on stuffed animals.

A day before the assault, a powerful artillery shelling of the city from all guns began. He was shelling both from land and from the sea.

At 3 am, long before dawn, a flare was launched. It was a sign of preparation for the assault. Russian troops left the location and lined up in three detachments of three columns.

At half past six the soldiers went on the attack. The fortress was attacked from all sides at once. By four o'clock the resistance was finally crushed in all parts of the city - the impregnable fortress fell.

The Russians lost over 2,000 soldiers killed and about 3,000 wounded in the battle. Significant losses. But they could not be compared with the losses of the Turks - they only lost about 26,000 people killed. The news of the capture of Ishmael spread like lightning throughout Europe.

The Turks realized the complete futility of further resistance and signed the Iasi peace treaty the following year. They abandoned their claims to the Crimea and the protectorate over Georgia, ceded part of the Black Sea territories to Russia. The border between the Russian and Ottoman empires moved to the Dniester. True, Ishmael had to be returned back to the Turks.

In honor of the capture of Izmail, Derzhavin and Kozlovsky wrote the song "Thunder of victory, resound!". Until 1816, it remained the unofficial anthem of the Empire.

12. Battle of Cape Tendra (1790)

The commander of the Turkish squadron, Hassan Pasha, managed to convince the Sultan of an imminent defeat. navy Russia, and at the end of August 1790 advanced the main forces to Cape Tendra (not far from modern Odessa). However, for the anchored Turkish fleet, the rapid approach of the Russian squadron under the command of Fyodor Ushakov was an unpleasant surprise. Despite the superiority in the number of ships (45 versus 37), the Turkish fleet tried to flee. However, by that time, Russian ships had already attacked the front line of the Turks. Ushakov managed to withdraw all the flagships of the Turkish fleet from the battle and thereby demoralize the rest of the enemy squadron. The Russian fleet did not lose a single ship.

13. Battle of Borodino (1812)

On August 26, 1812, in the battle near the village of Borodino, 125 kilometers west of Moscow, significant forces of the French and Russian armies converged. Regular troops under the command of Napoleon numbered about 137 thousand people, the army of Mikhail Kutuzov with the Cossacks and militia who joined it reached 120 thousand. Rough terrain made it possible to quietly move reserves, and install artillery batteries on the hills.

On August 24, Napoleon approached the Shevardinsky redoubt, which stood near the village of the same name, three versts in front of the Borodino field.

The battle of Borodino began a day after the battle at the Shevardinsky redoubt and became the largest battle in the war of 1812. The losses on both sides were colossal: the French lost 28 thousand people, the Russians - 46.5 thousand.

Although Kutuzov after the battle gave the order to retreat to Moscow, in a report to Alexander I, he called the Russian army the winner in the battle. Many Russian historians think so too.

French scientists see the battle at Borodino differently. In their opinion, "in the battle near the Moscow River" Napoleonic troops won. Napoleon himself, comprehending the results of the battle, said: "The French in it showed themselves worthy of victory, and the Russians acquired the right to be invincible."

14. Battle of Elisavetpol (1826)

One of the key episodes of the Russian-Persian war of 1826-1828 was the battle near Elisavetpol (now the Azerbaijani city of Ganja). The victory then gained by the Russian troops under the command of Ivan Paskevich over the Persian army of Abbas Mirza became a model of military leadership. Paskevich managed to use the confusion of the Persians who fell into the ravine to launch a counterattack. Despite the superior forces of the enemy (35 thousand against 10 thousand), the Russian regiments began to push the army of Abbas Mirza along the entire front of the attack. The losses of the Russian side amounted to 46 killed, the Persians missed 2000 people.

15. Capture of Erivan (1827)

The fall of the fortified city of Erivan was the culmination of numerous attempts by Russia to establish control over the Transcaucasus. Built in the middle of the 16th century, the fortress was considered impregnable and more than once became a stumbling block for the Russian army. Ivan Paskevich managed to competently besiege the city from three sides, placing cannons around the entire perimeter. “The Russian artillery acted beautifully,” recalled the Armenians who remained in the fortress. Paskevich knew exactly where the Persian positions were located. On the eighth day of the siege, Russian soldiers broke into the city and dealt with the garrison of the fortress with bayonets.

16. Battle of Sarykamysh (1914)

By December 1914, during the First World War, Russia occupied the front from the Black Sea to Lake Van with a length of 350 km, while a significant part of the Caucasian army was pushed forward - deep into Turkish territory. Turkey had a tempting plan to outflank the Russian forces, thereby cutting railway Sarykamysh-Kars.

The persistence and initiative of the Russians defending Sarakamysh played a decisive role in the operation, the success of which literally hung in the balance. Unable to take Sarykamysh on the move, two Turkish corps fell into the arms of an icy cold, which became fatal for them.

Turkish troops in just one day on December 14 lost 10 thousand people frostbitten.

The last attempt of the Turks to take Sarykamysh on December 17 was repulsed by Russian counterattacks and ended in failure. At this, the offensive impulse of the Turkish troops, suffering from frost and poor supplies, was exhausted.

The turning point has arrived. On the same day, the Russians launched a counteroffensive and drove the Turks back from Sarykamysh. The Turkish commander Enver Pasha decided to strengthen the frontal onslaught and transferred the main blow to Karaurgan, which was defended by parts of the Sarykamysh detachment of General Berkhman. But here, too, the fierce attacks of the 11th Turkish Corps, advancing on Sarykamysh from the front, were repelled.

On December 19, the Russian troops advancing near Sarykamysh completely surrounded the Turkish 9th Corps, frozen by snow storms. Its remnants after stubborn three-day fighting capitulated. Parts of the 10th Corps managed to retreat, but were defeated near Ardagan.

On December 25, General N. N. Yudenich became commander of the Caucasian Army, who gave the order to launch a counteroffensive near Karaurgan. Having thrown back the remnants of the 3rd Army by 30-40 km by January 5, 1915, the Russians stopped the pursuit, which was carried out in a 20-degree cold. And there was almost no one to follow.

Enver Pasha's troops lost 78 thousand people killed, frozen, wounded and captured (over 80% of the personnel). Russian losses amounted to 26 thousand people (killed, wounded, frostbite).

The victory near Sarikamysh stopped Turkish aggression in Transcaucasia and strengthened the positions of the Caucasian army.

17. Brusilovsky breakthrough (1916)

One of the most important operations in Eastern Front 1916 was the offensive on the Southwestern Front, designed not only to turn the tide of hostilities on the Eastern Front, but also to cover the Allied offensive on the Somme. The result was the Brusilovsky breakthrough, which significantly undermined the military power of the Austro-Hungarian army and pushed Romania to enter the war on the side of the Entente.

The offensive operation of the Southwestern Front under the command of General Alexei Brusilov, carried out from May to September 1916, was, according to military historian Anton Kersnovsky, "a victory world war we haven't won yet." The number of forces that were involved on both sides is also impressive - 1,732,000 Russian soldiers and 1,061,000 soldiers of the Austro-Hungarian and German armies.

18. Khalkhin-Gol operation

Since the beginning of 1939, in the border area between the Mongolian People's Republic(on the territory of which, in accordance with the Soviet-Mongolian protocol of 1936, there were Soviet troops) and the puppet state of Manchukuo, which was actually controlled by Japan, there were several incidents between the Mongols and the Japanese-Manchus. Mongolia, backed by the Soviet Union, announced the passage of the border near the small village of Nomon-Khan-Burd-Obo, and Manchukuo, backed by Japan, drew the border along the Khalkhin Gol River. In May, the command of the Japanese Kwantung Army concentrated significant forces near Khalkhin Gol. The Japanese managed to achieve superiority in infantry, artillery and cavalry over the Soviet 57th separate rifle corps deployed in Mongolia. However, the Soviet troops had an advantage in aviation and armored forces. Since May, the Japanese held the eastern bank of Khalkhin Gol, but in the summer they decided to force the river and seize a bridgehead on the "Mongolian" bank.

On July 2, Japanese units crossed the "Manchu-Mongolian" border officially recognized by Japan and tried to gain a foothold. The command of the Red Army put into action all the forces that could be delivered to the conflict area. The Soviet mechanized brigades, having made an unprecedented march through the desert, immediately entered the battle in the region of Mount Bain-Tsagan, in which about 400 tanks and armored vehicles, over 300 guns and several hundred aircraft participated on both sides. As a result, the Japanese lost almost all of their tanks. During a 3-day bloody battle, the Japanese managed to push back across the river. However, now Moscow was already insisting on a forceful solution of the issue, especially since there was a threat of a second Japanese invasion. G.K. Zhukov was appointed commander of the rifle corps. Aviation was reinforced by pilots with combat experience in Spain and China. On August 20, Soviet troops went on the offensive. By the end of August 23, the Japanese troops were surrounded. An attempt to release this group, made by the enemy, was repulsed. Surrounded fought fiercely until 31 August. The conflict led to the total resignation of the command of the Kwantung Army and the change of government. The new government immediately asked the Soviet side for an armistice, which was signed in Moscow on 15 September.

19. Battle for Moscow (1941-1942)

The long and bloody defense of Moscow, which began in September 1941, from December 5 passed into the offensive phase, which ended on April 20, 1942. On December 5, Soviet troops launched a counteroffensive and German divisions rolled west. The plan of the Soviet command to encircle the main forces of Army Group Center east of Vyazma was not fully implemented. The Soviet troops lacked mobile formations, and there was no experience of a coordinated offensive of such masses of troops.

However, the result was impressive. The enemy was thrown back from Moscow by 100–250 kilometers, and the immediate threat to the capital, which is the most important industrial and transport hub, was eliminated. In addition, the victory near Moscow was of great psychological significance. For the first time in the entire war, the enemy was defeated and retreated tens and hundreds of kilometers. German General Gunther Blumentritt recalled: “Now it was important for the political leaders of Germany to understand that the days of blitzkrieg had sunk into the past. We were confronted by an army far superior in its fighting qualities to all other armies with which we had ever had to meet.

20. Battle of Stalingrad(1942-1943)

The defense of Stalingrad became one of the most fierce operations of that war. By the end of the street fighting, which lasted from August to November, Soviet troops held only three isolated bridgeheads on the right bank of the Volga; in the divisions of the 62nd Army, which defended the city, there were 500-700 people left, but the Germans did not succeed in throwing them into the river. Meanwhile, since September, the Soviet command had been preparing an operation to encircle the German group advancing on Stalingrad.

On November 19, 1942, Soviet troops went on the offensive north of Stalingrad, and the next day, south of it. November 23 impact wedges Soviet troops met near the city of Kalach, which marked the encirclement of the Stalingrad enemy grouping. 22 enemy divisions (about 300 thousand people) were in the ring. This was the turning point of the entire war.

In December 1942, the German command tried to release the encircled group, but the Soviet troops repelled this onslaught. Fighting in the area of ​​Stalingrad continued until February 2, 1943. Over 90 thousand enemy soldiers and officers (including 24 generals) surrendered.

5762 guns, 1312 mortars, 12,701 machine gun, 156 987 rifles, 10,722 assault rifles, 744 tanks, 166 tanks, 261 armored vehicles, 80 438 cars, 10 679 motorcycles, 571 tractors, 3 armored trains and other military property were Soviet trophies .

21. Battle on Kursk Bulge(1943)

The Battle of Kursk is one of the greatest in the history of the Great Patriotic War, which marked a radical turning point in hostilities. After it, the strategic initiative completely passed into the hands of the Soviet command.

Building on the success achieved at Stalingrad, Soviet troops launched a large-scale offensive on the front from Voronezh to the Black Sea. Simultaneously, in January 1943, besieged Leningrad was released.

Only by the spring of 1943 did the Wehrmacht manage to stop the Soviet offensive in Ukraine. Although units of the Red Army occupied Kharkov and Kursk, and the advanced units of the Southwestern Front were already fighting on the outskirts of Zaporozhye, the German troops, transferring reserves from other sectors of the front, pulling up troops from Western Europe, actively maneuvering mechanized formations, launched a counteroffensive and again occupied Kharkov. As a result, the front line on the southern flank of the confrontation acquired a characteristic shape, which later became known as the Kursk salient.

It was here that the German command decided to inflict a decisive defeat on the Soviet troops. It was supposed to cut it off with blows to the base of the arc, surrounding two Soviet fronts at once.

The German command planned to achieve success, including through the widespread use of the latest types military equipment. It was on the Kursk Bulge that heavy german tanks"Panther" and self-propelled artillery guns "Ferdinand".

The Soviet command knew about the plans of the enemy and deliberately decided to cede the strategic initiative to the enemy. The idea was to wear out the shock divisions of the Wehrmacht in pre-prepared positions, and then go on the counteroffensive. And it must be admitted that this plan was successful.

Yes, not everything went as planned, and on the southern face of the arc, German tank wedges almost broke through the defenses, but on the whole, the Soviet operation developed according to the original plan. In the area of ​​Prokhorovka station, one of the largest tank battles world, in which more than 800 tanks took part simultaneously. Although the Soviet troops also suffered heavy losses in this battle, the offensive potential of the Germans was lost.

More than 100 thousand participants in the Battle of Kursk were awarded orders and medals, more than 180 were awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. In honor of the victory in the Battle of Kursk, an artillery salute sounded for the first time.

22. Capture of Berlin (1945)

The assault on Berlin began on April 25, 1945 and continued until May 2. The Soviet troops had to literally gnaw through the enemy defenses - the battles went for every intersection, for every house. The garrison of the city consisted of 200 thousand people, who had at their disposal about 3000 guns and about 250 tanks, so the assault on Berlin was an operation comparable to the defeat of the encircled German army near Stalingrad.

On May 1, the new Chief of the German General Staff, General Krebs, informed the Soviet representatives about Hitler's suicide and offered a truce. However, the Soviet side demanded unconditional surrender. In this situation, the new German government set a course to achieve an early surrender to the Western allies. Since Berlin was already surrounded, on May 2, the commander of the city garrison, General Weindling, capitulated, but only on behalf of the Berlin garrison.

Characteristically, some units refused to comply with this order and tried to break through to the west, but were intercepted and defeated. Meanwhile, negotiations between German and Anglo-American representatives were going on in Reims. The German delegation insisted on the surrender of troops on western front, hoping to continue the war in the east, but the American command demanded unconditional surrender.

Finally, on May 7, the unconditional surrender of Germany was signed, which was supposed to come at 23.01 on May 8. From the USSR, this act was signed by General Susloparov. However, the Soviet government considered that the surrender of Germany should, firstly, take place in Berlin, and secondly, be signed by the Soviet command.

23. Defeat of the Kwantung Army (1945)

Japan during the Second World War was an ally of Nazi Germany and waged a war of conquest with China, during which all known types of weapons of mass destruction were used, including biological and chemical weapons.

Commander-in-Chief of the Soviet Forces Far East Marshal Vasilevsky was appointed. In less than a month, Soviet troops defeated the million-strong Kwantung Army stationed in Manchuria and liberated all of Northern China and part of Central China from Japanese occupation.

A highly professional army fought against the Kwantung Army. It was impossible to stop her. The military textbooks included the operation of the Soviet troops to overcome the Gobi Desert and the Khingan Range. In just two days, the 6th Guards Tank Army crossed the mountains and found itself deep behind enemy lines. During this outstanding offensive, about 200 thousand Japanese were taken prisoner, many weapons and equipment were captured.

The heroic efforts of our fighters also took the heights of "Acute" and "Camel" of the Khutous fortified area. The approaches to the heights were located in hard-to-reach wetlands and were well protected by scarps and barbed wire. The firing points of the Japanese were cut down in a granite rock massif.

The capture of the Khutou fortress cost the lives of over a thousand Soviet soldiers and officers. The Japanese did not negotiate and rejected all calls for surrender. During the 11 days of the assault, almost all of them died, only 53 people surrendered.

As a result of the war, the Soviet Union returned to its territory the territories lost Russian Empire in 1905 following the results of the Portsmouth peace, however, the loss of the South Kuriles by Japan has not been recognized by her until now. Japan capitulated, but a peace treaty with Soviet Union was not signed.

During the 19th century, a huge number of important events. During these hundred years, several emperors have changed in the state. If at the beginning of the 19th century Paul I ruled, then at the end - already Nicholas II. During this period, canceled serfdom, and the monarchy weakened so much that communist ideals began to gain more and more popularity, which allowed the Bolsheviks to come to power at the beginning of the next century. In many ways, the wars of the 19th century in Russia also contributed to the decline in the authority of the ruling dynasty. In some of them, the state managed to win, in others it had to suffer defeat. However, in most of them it suffered significant human and material losses.

Wars of the 19th century in Russia: prehistory

The century under review was characterized by many intrigues and conflicts on the world stage. The most tense during this period were the relations of the Russian Empire with Turkey. Each of the states sought to expand its land and sea borders. Over this century, Russia has managed to become one of the leaders in the international arena. European states began to watch her rise more and more closely.

Reasons for the confrontation

Consideration of the wars of the 19th century in Russia allows you to understand the foreign policy of the country of that period. During this time, the country managed to participate in many international conflicts. There are 15 wars of the 19th century in Russia. Of these, she was defeated in three. These are the wars of the Third and Fourth Coalitions. The first took place in 1805, the second - in 1806-1807. The third defeat is the Crimean War. It lasted from 1853 to 1856. There was a draw in the Anglo-Russian war. Thus, the 19th century was quite successful for Russia.

Brief description of achievements

During this period, our state won 11 wars. Among them:

• Russian-Persian war. It lasted from 1804 to 1813. Its main goal was to strengthen the positions of the Russian Empire in the Transcaucasus. During the war, there was a protracted confrontation between the two sides in Northern Azerbaijan. It ended with the signing of the Gulistan peace treaty.
• 1806-1812 The corresponding section will be devoted to it.
• Russian-Swedish war. It lasted two years - from 1808 to 1809. She is also devoted to one of the following sections of this article.
• War of the Fifth Coalition. It happened in 1809.
• Patriotic War of 1812. As a result, Napoleon's army was practically destroyed. It was during it that the famous Battle of Borodino took place.
• War of the Sixth Coalition. It happened in 1813-1814.
• Russian-Persian war. It was connected with the need to repel the aggression provoked by England. It ended with the signing of the Turkmanchay peace treaty.
• Russian-Turkish war. It lasted from 1828 to 1829. Russia sought to strengthen its positions in the Balkan region and establish control over the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles.
• Polish uprising of 1830. Sometimes it is called civil war in Russia in the 19th century. As a result, the Polish kingdom was declared part of Russia. The national liberation movement in Right-Bank Ukraine was suppressed.
• Polish uprising of 1863. The gentry was not satisfied with the order established by the Russian Empire on former lands Commonwealth. The uprising was also put down. The policy of the Russian Empire became even more anti-Polish. The rebels were subjected to executions and reprisals.
• Russian-Turkish war. It lasted from 1877 to 1878. Russia sought to restore its influence on Turkey. It ended with the signing of the Peace of Saint Stephen. Subsequently, it was adjusted by the Berlin Congress not in favor of Russia, although the latter won the war.

1806-1812 years

The main goal of the first Russian-Turkish war is to strengthen positions in the Transcaucasus and the Balkan region. The reason for it was the violation by the Ottoman Empire of agreements on movements in the authorities in Wallachia and Moldova. In addition, there was the threat of an invasion by the Napoleonic army. All this led to the fact that Russia needed to quickly resolve the issue with the southern lands. In 1806, Russia occupied several Turkish fortresses without a fight and defeated the fleet. In 1809, the first attempt at peace was made. However, the conditions did not please Alexander I. Therefore, the war continued. Kutuzov managed to win it. The Russian-Turkish war of 1806-1812 ended with the signing of the Bucharest peace treaty with the Ottoman Empire. However, it was short-lived.

Already in 1828, the Great Porte announced that it was no longer dependent on Russia. Moreover, she stressed that she forbids the latter to enter the Bosphorus. Since the Russian troops at that time were in Bessarabia, the first hostilities began there. And again the Russians won. But this did not stop the Ottoman Empire from new conflicts with them.

Russo-Swedish war of 1808-1809

Each of the parties sought to single-handedly control the Gulf of Finland and the Gulf of Bothnia. This is the last of the Russo-Swedish wars. In it, Russia was supported by such states as France and Denmark. It lasted six months and three weeks. secured new territories for the Russian Empire. It included the Grand Duchy of Finland.

Russia in the wars XIX century).

Russian-Iranian war 1804-1813.

1) Russian Emperor : Alexander I.

Iranian ruler : Abbas Mirza.

2) Reasons for the war:

a) Confrontation between Russia and Iran in the North. Caucasus.

b) Iran demanded the withdrawal of Russian troops from Transcaucasia.

3) The nature of the war:

from Russia - defensive,

on the part of Iran - predatory.

4) Russian generals : P.P. Tsitsianov, P.S. Kotlyarevsky.

Iranian generals : Abbas Mirza.

5) Side strengths:

Russians 12 thousand people.

Persians 30 thousand people.

6 )

a) the offensive of the army of Abbas-Mirza on Tiflis. June 1804

b) the battle near Etchmiadzin, July 1804.

c) the battle of Aslanduz, 1812.

d) the battle near the Araks River, October 1812.

e) the capture of Lankaran. 1813

7) 1813 – Gullistan peace treaty.

8 ) Results : a) Iran recognized the accession of North. Azerbaijan, Dagestan and Georgia

to Russia Meaning: The position of Russia after the war in the Caucasus was strengthened. This ensured peace in the Caucasus for 12 years and allowed Russia to pursue its policy there.

II ) Russian-Turkish war 1806-1812.

1) Russian Emperor : Alexander I.

Turkish Sultan : Selim III(before 1808.), Mahmud II (c 1808).

2) Causes:

a) Türkiye sought to return the former possessions in the North. Black Sea and

in the Caucasus.

b) Russia's influence in the Balkans increased, which, of course, did not

liked by the Turkish government.

3) Occasion: a) Changing the passage of Russian ships through the straits.

b) The Turkish sultan replaced the rulers of Moldavia and Wallachia.

4) The nature of the war: predatory.

5) Russian generals: P.I.Bagration, N.M.Kamensky, I.V.Gudovich,

D.N. Senyavin, M.I. Kutuzov (from the beginning of 1811).

6 ) Side strengths: Russian Turks

7) Battles (events) during the war:

a) entry into the territory of the Danube principalities of the Russian Moldavian

army (com. Mekhelson), the capture of the fortresses of Khotyn, Bendery, Ackerman,

Kiliya, (November-December 1806).

b) Battle of the Dardanelles, May 1807.

e) the capture by P.I.Bagration of the fortresses of Isakcha, Turcha, Izmail, Brailov (with

August 1809

f) Battle of Batin, August 1810.

h) the encirclement of the Turkish army near Slobodzeya, November 1811.

Results: Bessarabia and a number of regions in Transcaucasia departed to Russia.

Losses: Russian 100 thousand people.

Turks 125 thousand people.

9) Meaning: Russia's positions in the Caucasus were strengthened. By concluding a peace treaty before Napoleon's invasion of Russia, she managed to avoid waging a war on two fronts.

III ) Russian-Swedish war 1808-1809.

1) Russian Emperor : Alexander I.

2) Causes:

a) Sweden sought to regain southern Finland.

b) Russia sought to establish control over the Finnish and Bothnian

bays.

c) Since Russia was in a "continental blockade", and Sweden

continued to trade with England, then the threat of an attack on the north loomed.

app. countries (Petersburg). Russia needed to protect its borders.

3) The nature of war : predatory.

4) Russian generals : F.F. Buckevsden, N.M. Kamensky,

B.F. Knoring, P.I. Bagration, M.B. Barclay de Tolly.

5 ) Side strengths: Russians 24 thousand people.

Swedes

6)

a) the beginning of hostilities, February 1808.

b) the capture by Southern Central Finland, the Aland Islands,

O. Gotland, cities of Glesingfors, Tavasgust, Tamerfors, fortresses

Sveaborg (February-April 1808).

c) the battle of Kuortan, August 1808.

e) Bagration's corps passed through the ice of the Gulf of Bothnia and occupied

7) September 1809 . – Friedrichsham Peace Treaty.

8) Results: a) Finland went to Russia.

b) Sweden terminated the alliance with England and joined

"continental blockade".

IV ) The war between Russia and France 1805-1807.

1 ) Russian Emperor : Alexander I.

french emperor : Napoleon I.

2 ) Causes:

a) France pursued an aggressive foreign policy and sought to

dominance in Europe.

b) the restoration of the Bourbon dynasty in France.

c) Russia's entry into the 3rd anti-French coalition, which obliged

her to fight.

3) Russian generals: M.I. Kutuzov, M.B. Barclay de Tolly,

P.I.Bagration, M.A. Miloradovich, F.F. Buksgevsden, L.L. Bennigsen.

French generals : Napoleon Bonaparte, Ney, Murat, Davout,

4) Events (battles) during the war:

a) the battle near the town of Shengraben.

7) Results:

a) Russia recognized all French conquests in Europe.

b) The Duchy of Warsaw was formed, which later became

springboard for an attack on Russia.

c) Russia joined the Continental Blockade.

d) Russia received freedom of action against its opponents

(Türkiye, Iran, Sweden)

8) Meaning : Russia's entry into the anti-French coalition did not bring success. Once again, the allies were unable to resist Napoleon. In addition, relations between Russia and England became more complicated due to the entry into the continental blockade.

V ) Patriotic War of 1812

1) Russian Emperor : Alexander I.

french emperor : Napoleon I.

2) Causes:

a) Napoleon kept a large military force in Poland

contrary to the terms of the Tilsit peace treaty.

b) Napoleon secretly supported the Turkish sultan.

c) Napoleon needed to conquer Russia, and, having become the "master"

Europe, bring England to ruin.

3 ) Occasion. Russia's refusal from the continental blockade.

4) Side strengths:

Russians 640 thousand. Human.

French 590 thousand people.

5) Russian generals : M.I. Kutuzov, M.B. Barclay de Tolly,

P.I.Raevsky, A.Ermolov, Paskevich, Konovnitsyn, Uvarov, A.P.Kulnev,

Wittgenstein, Chichagov, D.P. Neverovsky, D.S. Dokhturov, A.P. Tormasov.

French generals : Napoleon Bonaparte, Ney, Murat, Davout.

6) The nature of the war: liberation.

7) Events (battles) during the war:

a) near the village of Saltanovka.

b) near the town of Ostrovno.

g) Battle on the Chernysh River, early. October 1812

i) Battle of Vyazma.

8 ) Meaning: As a result of the Patriotic War, the Russian people rallied in the name of saving their homeland. The war contributed to the growth of self-consciousness. The invincible army of Napoleon was defeated.

VI ) Foreign campaign of the Russian army in 1813.

1) Causes:

a) the destruction of the remnants of the Napoleonic army.

b) the liberation of Europe,

2) Events (battles) during the war:

a) the liberation of Prussia and Poland, January-April 1813.

c) the battle of Bautzen,

3) Congress of Vienna October 1814

4) Results:

a) Most of Poland passed to Russia.

b) the formation of the "Holy Alliance".

c) the restoration of the Bourbon dynasty in France.

VII ) Russian-Turkish war of 1828-1829.

1 ) Ruler : Nicholas I.

2) Causes:

a) National liberation wars of the Balkan peoples.

b) Russia's desire for control over the straits,

c) Turkey's aggressive policy towards the Slavic peoples,

d) Russian ships were detained by the Turkish government and

were robbed.

Occasion . Assistance to the national liberation movement of the Balkans

peoples.

3) Generality : P.H. Wittgenstein, I.F. Paskevich, I.I. Dibich, P.D. Kiselev.

4) Enemy Forces:

Russians 180 thousand people

Turks 120 thousand people

5) Events (battles) during the war:

c) the capture of Silistria, June 1829.

d) crossing the Balkan mountains,

6) September 1829 .- Treaty of Adrianople .

7) Results:

a) Russia received the mouth of the Danube with the adjacent islands.

b) In the Caucasus, the eastern coast of the Black

sea ​​from Anapa to Poti, as well as the territory of the Akhaltsikhe

pashalyk.

c) The Bosphorus and Dardanelles were declared free for

all foreign merchant ships.

G) Russian subjects were given the right to trade freely

territory of the Ottoman Empire.

e) Russia received the right to interfere in the affairs of the Balkan peoples.

8) Meaning:

a) Russia's position in the Middle East has strengthened.

b) Russo-Turkish relations have stabilized.

c) the advancement (expansion) of Turkey to the Caucasus stopped.

VIII ) Russian-Persian war of 1826-1828.

1 ) Ruler : Nicholas I.

2) Causes:

Iran sought to take revenge and return the lost lands.

3) generals: A.P. Ermolov, I.F. Paskevich, V.D. Madanov.

4) Side forces (beginning of war):

Russians 12 thousand people

Turks 60 thousand people

5) Events (battles) during the war:

a) the invasion of the Turkish army of Abbas Mirza into the territory

Karabakh khanate, summer 1826.

b) Battle of Shamkhor, September 1826

c) the capture of the Erivan fortress,

d) the capture of the fortresses of Nakhichevan, Tabriz, Abbasabad, 1826-1827.

7) Results:

a) the Nakhichevan and Erivan khanates retreated to Russia.

IX ) Crimean War 1853-1856.

1) Ruler : Nicholas I.

2) Causes:

a) the struggle for dominance in the Black Sea.

b) England and France pushed Russia and Turkey to war.

c) Reason: dispute over keys.

3) generals: Paskevich, Gorchakov, P.S. Nakhimov, A.S. Menshikov, V.A.

Kornilov, V.I. Istomin.

4) Side strengths:

Russians 80 thousand people.

Turks 150 thousand people.

5) Events (battles) during the war:

a) declaration of war on Russia, October 1853.

d) the battle for Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, September 1854.

e) the battle at Kyuruk-Dar.

g) conclusion of a truce, February 1856.

7) Results:

a) Russia was forbidden to have a fleet on the Black Sea.

b) Türkiye regained Kars, part of Bessarabia, the mouth of the Danube.

c) Russia lost the right to interfere in politics in the Balkans and

Middle East.

8) Meaning:

to interfere in the affairs of the Balkan peoples, and therefore to protect them.

X ) Russian-Turkish war of 1877-1878.

1) Russian ruler : Alexander II.

Turkish Sultan: Abdul Hamid II.

2 ) Causes:

a) national liberation wars, Slavic peoples,

in need of Russian help.

b) Russia needed to regain its lost positions in the world

arena.

3) The nature of war : liberation.

4) Russian generals : M.D. Skobelev, M.I. Dragomirov,

N.P. Kridener, N.G. Stoletov, Yu.I. Schilder-Schuldner, I.V. Gurko,

Radetsky, Obruchev.

Turkish generals :

5) Events (battles) during the war:

a) the beginning of hostilities, April 1877.

b) the capture of the fortress of Nikopol.

6) February 19, 1878 .- Treaty of San Stefano .

7) Results:

a) To Russia retreated: part of Bessarabia, Kars, Ardagan, Batum, Bayazet.

b) Türkiye paid indemnity to Russia.

c) Serbia, Montenegro and Romania became independent and

expanded their boundaries.

d) Bosnia and Herzegovina received autonomy.

e) the Bulgarian principality was created.

8) Meaning:

a) Russia regained lost ground in the Middle East and

Balkans, and on the world stage. Reforms carried out in the 60-70s,

led to the socio-economic growth of the country, allowed

Russia to fight at the proper level and defend their rights. This

the war accelerated the liberation of the Balkan peoples from the Turkish

dominion.