Honor is a difficult word to understand, but, nevertheless, everyone imagines something different when they hear it. There is true and imaginary honor, they both differ from each other, but, nevertheless, many people are often mistaken with their definition when they meet in life.

True honor comes from a person’s soul, it is moral. This person understands for himself that having done any good deed, he will receive nothing for it, his only reward is inner satisfaction. Such a person loses nothing, unlike another person whose honor is imaginary. You can give a simple example from life: there are a lot of people on the bus and a young guy is sitting, and a grandmother is standing next to him, this guy doesn’t even think about getting up, pretending that he doesn’t notice his grandmother. Only after this guy saw the sidelong glances of those around him did he stand up and invite his grandmother to sit down. This young man has an imaginary honor, since he is not a highly moral person; if they had not looked at him, he would have sat in place for the rest of the trip, without moving. Or doing something for your own benefit or just to receive a reward - this is also an imaginary honor.

Therefore, it is so important to be able to distinguish between these two concepts.

Several interesting essays

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Regardless of who a person is and what age he is, everyone had a period in their lives when every action was under the control of their parents, Santa Claus was real, and miracles often came true.

Childhood is the most magnificent and carefree time! This time is filled with magic and sincere joy, bold dreams that undoubtedly come true

While thinking about the topic of the essay, many thoughts related to faith flashed through my head. I can’t say that I place all the responsibility on the miracle, but we still can’t ignore the fact

What is honor? This is the indicator by which society evaluates a person’s moral worth; it is our internal judge and limiter, associated with the assessment and perception of such qualities as nobility, chastity, morality, valor, honesty, conscientiousness and much more. Objectively speaking, in a world of sins and temptations, it is difficult to be a man of honor - it is much easier for them to appear and pretend to be one, and this fact leads us to a discussion about what is true honor in this case, and what is imaginary?

In Russian literature there are many examples of virtues, people who are honest and correct in relation to their thoughts and actions, no less than those whose activities are thoroughly saturated with hypocrisy and falsehood. Imaginary honor is the prerogative of weak and empty individuals who do not know how or do not want to live their own lives, but only pretend to be completely different individuals. Moreover, such people often have a pronounced complete dissonance of thoughts and actions. The main indicator of imaginary honor is dishonesty, while in the case of true honor, conscience comes first. Those who only pretend to be an honest person have no self-respect at all, while honest people, on the contrary, are primarily guided only by their own worldview and worldview, honesty and justice towards themselves and towards others.

A good example of a man of honor is Pyotr Grinev, the hero of the story by A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter". We get acquainted with his activities at an age when a person’s character is a priori not fully formed - however, already being very young, Peter, with absolutely good intentions, thanks the traveler for his help, giving him his sheepskin coat. As the story progresses, we become more and more convinced of the integrity of this hero: he fights for the honor of his beloved in a duel with Shvabrin, fully aware of the risk for own life, however, he immediately forgives the scoundrel who slandered Maria, realizing that no physical punishment can teach the scoundrel a lesson and instill in him respect for people, and, therefore, no such punishment makes sense. And even his own life for Peter does not enter into any competition with feeling self-esteem, and therefore, when Pugachev gives the hero a choice: to die or go over to the side of the enemy, Grinev without a doubt chooses death. Yes, perhaps, self-esteem mixed with youthful passion and thoughtlessness in actions often played a cruel joke on Grinev - but over time, when emotions subsided a little, and Peter began to understand the logic of his actions and judgments, his respect for himself and for people only intensified, and the sense of justice intensified and sparkled with new colors. Peter is an example of true honor, while Shvabrin, a low, greedy and stupid man, appears in the story as his complete opposite.

No matter how much a person pretends to be someone he is not, sooner or later society will recognize his whole vile essence and accuse this person of dishonor and immorality. The type of people with imaginary honor includes Grushnitsky, the hero of the novel by M.Yu. Lermontov "Hero of Our Time". From time to time he was ashamed of the fact that he was an army man, considered this rank unworthy, and, “dragging” after Princess Mary, he humiliated himself in every possible way, groveling in front of her, throwing around feigned pompous expressions. The hero even at some point began to hide his lameness, which, perhaps, all this time was only part of his image. He portrayed himself as a serious man, and, it would seem, treated his feelings with dignity and honor, but in an instant, with one refusal of feelings, the princess turned from an “angel” into a “coquette”, love evaporated, and base ones came in its place. gossip and rumors. Grushnitsky, being a typical representative of the “water society,” planned for a long time to pose as a “hero of a novel,” but his whole essence very quickly came out, and he, later, having contacted the same unworthy individuals as himself, showed a complete lack of self-esteem honor and dignity, having decided to win a duel by deception, for which he paid with his life.

Living easier or living more correctly is a choice that every person makes for himself throughout his life. What is imaginary honor and what is true is not difficult to understand, each of us is the sculptor of our own destiny, but in any circumstances it is worth remembering the quote by A.P. Chekhov: “Honor cannot be taken away, it can be lost.”

I don't like definitions and am often not ready for them. But I can point out some differences between conscience and honor.

There is one significant difference between conscience and honor. Conscience always comes from the depths of the soul, and by conscience one is purified to one degree or another. Conscience is gnawing. Conscience is never false. It can be muted or exaggerated (extremely rare). But ideas about honor can be completely false, and these false ideas cause enormous damage to society. I mean what is called “uniform honor.” We have lost such a phenomenon, unusual for our society, as the concept of noble honor, but the “honor of the uniform” remains a heavy burden. It was as if the man had died, and only the uniform remained, from which the orders had been removed. And inside which a conscientious heart no longer beats.

“The honor of the uniform” forces managers to defend false or flawed projects, insist on the continuation of obviously unsuccessful construction projects, fight with societies protecting monuments (“our construction is more important”), etc. Many examples of such defense of “uniform honor” can be given.

True honor is always in accordance with conscience. False honor is a mirage in the desert, in the moral desert of the human (or rather, “bureaucratic”) soul.

About good manners

You can get a good upbringing not only in your family or at school, but also... from yourself.

You just need to know what real good manners is.

I am convinced, for example, that true good manners manifests itself primarily at home, in your family, in relationships with your relatives.

If a man on the street lets an unfamiliar woman pass ahead of him (even on the bus!) and even opens the door for her, but at home does not help his tired wife wash the dishes, he is an ill-mannered person.

If he is polite with his acquaintances, but gets irritated with his family on every occasion, he is an ill-mannered person.

If he does not take into account the character, psychology, habits and desires of his loved ones, he is an ill-mannered person.

If, already as an adult, he takes the help of his parents for granted and does not notice that they themselves already need help, he is an ill-mannered person.

If he plays the radio and TV loudly or just talks loudly when someone is doing homework or reading at home (even if it’s his small children), he is an ill-mannered person and will never make his children well-mannered.

If he likes to make fun of his wife or children, not sparing their pride, especially in front of strangers, then he is (excuse me!) simply stupid.

A well-mannered person is one who wants and knows how to respect others; he is one for whom his own politeness is not only familiar and easy, but also pleasant. This is someone who is equally polite to both senior and junior in age and position.

A well-mannered person in all respects does not behave “loudly”, saves the time of others (“Accuracy is the politeness of kings,” says the saying), strictly fulfills his promises to others, does not put on airs, does not “turn up his nose” and is always the same - at home , at school, at college, at work, in the store and on the bus.

The reader has probably noticed that I am addressing mainly the man, the head of the family. This is because women actually need to give way... not just at the door.

But clever woman will easily understand what exactly needs to be done so that, while always and with gratitude accepting from a man the right given to her by nature, force the man to give up primacy to her as little as possible. And this is much more difficult! That is why nature has taken care that women (I am not talking about exceptions) are endowed with a greater sense of tact and greater natural politeness than men...

There are many books about good manners. These books explain how to behave in society, at a party and at home, in the theater, at work, with elders and younger ones, how to speak without offending the ears, and dress without offending the eyesight of others. But people, unfortunately, draw little from these books. This happens, I think, because books about good manners rarely explain why good manners are needed. It seems: having good manners is false, boring, unnecessary. A person with good manners can actually cover up bad deeds.

Yes, good manners can be very external, but in general, good manners are created by the experience of many generations and mark the centuries-old desire of people to be better, to live more conveniently and more beautifully.

What's the matter? What is the basic guide to acquiring good manners? Is it a simple collection of rules, “recipes” of behavior, instructions that are difficult to remember all of?

At the heart of all good manners is caring - caring so that one does not disturb another, so that everyone feels good together.

We must be able to not interfere with each other. Therefore, there is no need to make noise. You can’t stop your ears from the noise – this is hardly possible in all cases. For example, at the table while eating. Therefore, there is no need to slurp, no need to noisily put your fork on the plate, noisily suck in the soup, talk loudly at dinner or talk with your mouth full. And you don’t need to put your elbows on the table - again, so as not to disturb your neighbor. You need to be neatly dressed because this shows respect for others - guests, hosts, or just passers-by: you shouldn’t be disgusted to look at. There is no need to bore your neighbors with continuous jokes, witticisms and anecdotes, especially those that have already been told to your listeners by someone. This puts your listeners in an awkward position. Try not only to entertain others yourself, but also give others the opportunity to tell something. Manners, clothing, gait, all behavior should be restrained and... beautiful. For any beauty does not tire. She is "social". And there is always a deep meaning in so-called good manners. Do not think that good manners are just manners, that is, something superficial. By your behavior you reveal your essence. You need to cultivate in yourself not so much manners as what is expressed in manners - a caring attitude towards the world: towards society, towards nature, towards animals and birds, towards plants, towards the beauty of the area, towards the past of the places where you live, etc. d.

You don’t need to memorize hundreds of rules, but remember one thing – the need to respect others. And if you have this and a little more resourcefulness, then manners will come to you on their own, or, better to say, the memory of the rules of good behavior will come, the desire and ability to apply them.

The art of making mistakes

I don't like watching television programs. But there were programs that I always watched: ice dancing. Then I got tired of them and stopped watching - I stopped watching systematically, I watch only occasionally. What I like most is when those who are considered weak or who have not yet entered the circle of “recognized” perform successfully. The luck of beginners or the luck of the unlucky is much more satisfying than the luck of successful people.

But it's not that. What fascinates me most is how a “skater” (as athletes on ice were called in the old days) corrects his mistakes while dancing. He fell and gets up, quickly starting the dance again, and leads this dance as if the fall never happened. This is art, great art.

But there are many more mistakes in life than on an ice field. And you need to be able to get out of mistakes: correct them immediately and... beautifully. Yes, it's beautiful.

When a person persists in his mistake or worries too much, thinks that life is over, “everything is lost,” this is annoying both for him and for those around him. Those around you feel awkward not because of the mistake itself, but because of the inability of the person who made the mistake to correct it.

Admitting your mistake to yourself (you don’t have to do it publicly: then it’s either embarrassing or showing off) is not always easy, you need experience. You need experience so that after making a mistake, you can get back into work and continue it as quickly and as easily as possible. And those around him do not need to force a person to admit a mistake, they need to encourage him to correct it; reacting in the same way as spectators react at competitions, sometimes even rewarding those who fell and easily corrected their mistake with joyful applause at the first opportunity.

Every person is obliged (I emphasize - obliged) to take care of his intellectual development. This is his responsibility to the society in which he lives and to himself.

The main (but, of course, not the only) way to intellectual development– reading.

Reading should not be random. This is a huge waste of time, and time is the greatest value that cannot be wasted on trifles. You should read according to the program, of course, without strictly following it, moving away from it where additional interests for the reader appear. However, with all deviations from the original program, it is necessary to draw up a new one for yourself, taking into account the new interests that have arisen.

Reading, in order to be effective, must interest the reader. An interest in reading in general or in certain branches of culture must be developed in oneself. Interest can be largely the result of self-education.

Creating reading programs for yourself is not so easy, and this should be done in consultation with knowledgeable people, with existing reference guides of various types.

The danger of reading is the development (conscious or unconscious) of a tendency to “diagonally” view texts or to various types speed reading methods.

“Speed ​​reading” creates the appearance of knowledge. It can be allowed only in certain types of professions, being careful not to create the habit of speed reading; it leads to attention disorders.

Have you noticed how great an impression is made by those works of literature that are read in a calm, leisurely and unhurried environment, for example on vacation or during some not very complex and non-distracting illness?

"Uninterested" but interesting reading- this is what makes you love literature and what broadens a person’s horizons.

Why is TV now partially replacing books? Yes, because TV forces you to slowly watch some program, sit comfortably so that nothing disturbs you, it distracts you from your worries, it dictates to you how to watch and what to watch. But try to choose a book to your liking, take a break from everything in the world for a while, sit comfortably with a book, and you will understand that there are many books that you cannot live without, which are more important and more interesting than many programs. I'm not saying stop watching TV. But I say: look with choice. Spend your time on things that are worth spending. Read more and read with greater choice. Determine your choice yourself, depending on the role the book you have chosen has acquired in the history of human culture in order to become a classic. This means that there is something significant in it. Or maybe this essential for the culture of mankind will be essential for you too?

A classic is one that has stood the test of time. With him you won't waste your time. But the classics cannot answer all the questions of today. Therefore you need to read and modern literature. Don't just jump at every trendy book. Don't be fussy. Vanity causes a person to recklessly spend the largest and most precious capital he has - his time.

LEARN TO LEARN!

We are entering a century in which education, knowledge, and professional skills will play a decisive role in a person’s destiny. Without knowledge, by the way, which is becoming more and more complex, it will simply be impossible to work and be useful. Because physical labor will be taken over by machines and robots. Even calculations will be done by computers, as well as drawings, calculations, reports, planning, etc. Man will bring in new ideas, think about things that a machine cannot think about. And for this, a person’s general intelligence will be increasingly needed, his ability to create new things and, of course, moral responsibility, which a machine cannot bear. Ethics, simple in previous centuries, will become infinitely more complex in the age of science. It is clear. This means that the heaviest and Herculean task It’s not easy to be a person, but a person of science, a person morally responsible for everything that happens in the age of machines and robots. General education can create a man of the future, a creative man, a creator of everything new and morally responsible for everything that will be created.

Learning is what a young man now needs from a very young age. You always need to learn. Until the end of their lives, all the major scientists not only taught, but also studied. If you stop learning, you won’t be able to teach. For knowledge is growing and becoming more complex. We must remember that the most favorable time for learning is youth. It is in youth, in childhood, in adolescence, in adolescence, that the human mind is most receptive. Receptive to the study of languages ​​(which is extremely important), to mathematics, to the assimilation of simple knowledge and aesthetic development, which stands next to moral development and partly stimulates it.

Know not to waste time on trifles, on “rest”, which sometimes tires more than the hardest work, do not fill your bright mind with muddy streams of stupid and aimless “information”. Take care of yourself for learning, for acquiring knowledge and skills that only in your youth you will master easily and quickly.

And here I hear the young man’s heavy sigh: what a boring life you offer our youth! Just study. Where is the rest and entertainment? Why should we not rejoice?

No. Acquiring skills and knowledge is the same sport. Teaching is hard when we don’t know how to find joy in it. We must love to study and choose smart forms of recreation and entertainment that can also teach us something, develop in us some abilities that we will need in life.

What if you don’t like studying? This cannot be true. This means that you simply have not discovered the joy that the acquisition of knowledge and skills brings to a child, boy or girl.

Look at a small child - with what pleasure he begins to learn to walk, talk, delve into various mechanisms (for boys), and nurse dolls (for girls). Try to continue this joy of mastering new things. This largely depends on you. Make no mistake: I don’t like studying! Try to love all the subjects you take at school. If other people liked them, why shouldn't you like them! Read worthwhile books, and not just reading material. Study history and literature. An intelligent person should know both well. They are the ones who give a person a moral and aesthetic outlook, make the world big, interesting, radiating experience and joy. If you don’t like something about an item, strain yourself and try to find a source of joy in it - the joy of acquiring something new.

Learn to love learning!

ABOUT MEMORY

Memory is one of the most important properties of existence, any existence: material, spiritual, human...

Paper. Squeeze it and spread it out. There will be folds on it, and if you squeeze it a second time, some of the folds will fall along the previous folds: the paper “has memory”...

Memory is possessed by individual plants, stone, on which traces of its origin and movement during the Ice Age remain, glass, water, etc.

The most precise special archaeological discipline is based on the memory of wood, which has recently revolutionized archaeological research, – where wood is found – dendrochronology (“dendros” in Greek means “tree”; dendrochronology is the science of determining the time of a tree).

Birds have the most complex forms of ancestral memory, allowing new generations of birds to fly in the right direction to the right place. In explaining these flights, it is not enough to study only the “navigation techniques and methods” used by birds. The most important thing is the memory that forces them to look for winter and summer quarters - always the same.

And what can we say about “genetic memory” - memory embedded in centuries, memory passing from one generation of living beings to the next.

Moreover, memory is not mechanical at all. This is the most important creative process: it is a process and it is creative. What is needed is remembered; Through memory, good experience is accumulated, tradition is formed, everyday skills, family skills, labor skills, social institutions are created...

Memory resists the destructive power of time.

This property of memory is extremely important.

It is customary to primitively divide time into past, present and future. But thanks to memory, the past enters the present, and the future is, as it were, predicted by the present, connected with the past.

Memory is overcoming time, overcoming death.

This is the greatest moral significance memory. “Unmemorable” is, first of all, a person who is ungrateful, irresponsible, and therefore incapable of good, selfless deeds.

Irresponsibility is born from the lack of awareness that nothing passes without a trace. A person who commits an unkind act thinks that this act will not be preserved in his personal memory and in the memory of those around him. He himself, obviously, is not accustomed to cherishing the memory of the past, to feeling a feeling of gratitude to his ancestors, to their work, to their concerns, and therefore he thinks that everything will be forgotten about him.

Conscience is basically memory, to which is added a moral assessment of what has been done. But if what is perfect is not retained in memory, then there can be no evaluation. Without memory there is no conscience.

That is why it is so important to be brought up in a moral climate of memory: family memory, folk memory, cultural memory. Family photographs are one of the most important “visual aids” for the moral education of children and adults. Respect for the work of our ancestors, for their work traditions, for their tools, for their customs, for their songs and entertainment. All this is dear to us. And just respect for the graves of our ancestors. Remember Pushkin:

Two feelings are wonderfully close to us -

The heart finds food in them -

Love for the native ashes,

Love for fathers' coffins.

Life-giving shrine!

The earth would be dead without them.

Pushkin's poetry is wise. Every word in his poems requires thought. Our consciousness cannot immediately get used to the idea that the earth would be dead without love for the graves of our fathers, without love for our native ashes. Two symbols of death and suddenly – a “life-giving shrine”! Too often we remain indifferent or even almost hostile to disappearing cemeteries and ashes - two sources of our not-so-wise gloomy thoughts and superficially heavy moods. Just as a person’s personal memory forms his conscience, his conscientious attitude towards his personal ancestors and loved ones - relatives and friends, old friends, that is, the most faithful ones with whom he is connected by common memories - so historical memory of the people shapes the moral climate in which the people live. Perhaps one could think about building morality on something else: completely ignoring the past with its, sometimes, mistakes and difficult memories and being focused entirely on the future, building this future on “reasonable grounds” in itself, forgetting about the past with its dark and light sides.

This is not only unnecessary, but also impossible. The memory of the past is, first of all, “bright” (Pushkin’s expression), poetic. She educates aesthetically.

Human culture as a whole not only has memory, but it is memory par excellence. The culture of humanity is the active memory of humanity, actively introduced into modernity.

In history, every cultural upsurge was, to one degree or another, associated with an appeal to the past. How many times has humanity, for example, turned to antiquity? At least there were four major, epoch-making conversions: under Charlemagne, during the Palaiologan dynasty in Byzantium, during the Renaissance and again at the end of the 18th - beginning of the 19th centuries. And how many “small” cultural turns to antiquity were there - in the same Middle Ages, which for a long time were considered “dark” (the British still talk about the Middle Ages - “dark age”). Each appeal to the past was “revolutionary,” that is, it enriched modernity, and each appeal understood this past in its own way, taking from the past what it needed to move forward. I’m talking about turning to antiquity, but what did turning to its own national past give for each people? If it was not dictated by nationalism, a narrow desire to isolate itself from other peoples and their cultural experience, it was fruitful, because it enriched, diversified, expanded the culture of the people, their aesthetic sensibility. After all, every appeal to the old in new conditions was always new.

The Carolingian Renaissance in the 6th-7th centuries was not like the Renaissance of the 15th century, the Italian Renaissance is not like the North European one. Appeal late XVIII – early XIX century, which arose under the influence of the discoveries in Pompeii and the works of Winckelmann, differs from our understanding of antiquity, etc.

I knew several appeals to Ancient Rus' and post-Petrine Russia. There were different sides to this appeal. The discovery of Russian architecture and icons at the beginning of the 20th century was largely devoid of narrow nationalism and was very fruitful for the new art.

I would like to demonstrate the aesthetic and moral role of memory using the example of Pushkin’s poetry.

In Pushkin, Memory plays a huge role in poetry. The poetic role of memories can be traced back to Pushkin’s children’s and youth poems, of which the most important is “Memories in Tsarskoe Selo,” but later the role of memories is very large not only in Pushkin’s lyrics, but even in the poem “Eugene Onegin.”

When Pushkin needs to introduce a lyrical element, he often resorts to memories. As you know, Pushkin was not in St. Petersburg during the flood of 1824, but still in The Bronze Horseman the flood is colored by memory:

“It was a terrible time, about it fresh memory …»

Pushkin also colors his historical works with a share of personal, tribal memory. Remember: in “Boris Godunov” his ancestor Pushkin acts, in “Arap of Peter the Great” - also an ancestor, Hannibal.

Memory is the basis of conscience and morality, memory is the basis of culture, the “accumulations” of culture, memory is one of the foundations of poetry - the aesthetic understanding of cultural values. Preserving memory, preserving memory is our moral duty to ourselves and to our descendants. Memory is our wealth.

BY WAYS OF KINDNESS

Here is the last letter. There could be more letters, but it’s time to take stock. I'm sorry to stop writing. The reader noticed how the topics of the letters gradually became more complex. We walked with the reader, climbing the stairs. It couldn’t be otherwise: then why write if you remain at the same level, without gradually ascending the steps of experience - moral and aesthetic experience. Life requires complications.

Perhaps the reader has an idea of ​​the letter writer as an arrogant person trying to teach everyone and everything. This is not entirely true. In the letters I not only “taught”, but also learned. I was able to teach precisely because I was studying at the same time: I learned from my experience, which I tried to generalize. Many things came to my mind as I wrote. I not only presented my experience, I also reflected on my experience. My letters are instructive, but in instructing, I was instructing myself. The reader and I climbed together through the steps of experience, not just my experience, but the experience of many people. The readers themselves helped me write letters - they talked to me inaudibly.

What is the most important thing in life? The main thing can be that each shade has its own, unique color. But still, the main thing should be for every person. Life should not crumble into little things, dissolve in everyday worries.

And also, the most important thing: the main thing, no matter how individual it is for each person, must be kind and significant.

A person must be able to not just rise, but rise above himself, above his personal everyday worries and think about the meaning of his life - look at the past and look into the future.

If you live only for yourself, with your petty worries about your own well-being, then not a trace will remain of what you have lived. If you live for others, then others will save what you served, what you gave strength to.

Has the reader noticed that everything bad and petty in life is quickly forgotten? People are still annoyed with a bad and selfish person, with the bad things he has done, but the person himself is no longer remembered, he has been erased from memory. People who don't care about anyone seem to fade from memory.

people who served others, who served wisely, and who had a good and meaningful purpose in life are remembered for a long time. They remember their words, actions, their appearance, their jokes, and sometimes eccentricities. They talk about them. Much less often and, of course, with an unkind feeling they speak about the evil ones.

In life you need to have your own service - service to some cause. Even if the matter is small, it will become big if you are faithful to it.

In life, the most valuable thing is kindness, and at the same time, kindness is smart and purposeful. Intelligent kindness is the most valuable thing in a person, the most attractive to him and, ultimately, the most faithful on the path to personal happiness.

Happiness is achieved by those who strive to make others happy and are able to forget about their interests and themselves, at least for a while. This is the “unchangeable ruble”.

Knowing this, remembering this always and following the paths of kindness is very, very important. Believe me!

Honor is the true beauty of a person. Honor is something that no one can give you and no one can take it away from you. Honor is a man's gift to himself. How often do we say: “What beautiful person! What does “beauty” mean? It seems to me that this concept primarily includes internal, spiritual content, when a person lives in harmony with the world around him and himself, does what he loves, realizes his benefit to society, is self-sufficient, he does not need to stupefy himself with alcohol and drugs in order to feel happiness . When a person does not commit incomprehensible acts, does not do what he should not do, when he is fully aware of himself and takes care of his honor. What is honor? How do we understand this word and do we understand it correctly? Why is honor needed, and does it really exist? To understand this, I think, first of all, it’s worth looking in a dictionary. We open and read: “Honor - worthy of respect and pride, moral qualities and ethnic principles of the individual.” We can agree with this definition. But on my own behalf, I would put a question mark next to the word “pride.” In my opinion, which I do not want to impose on anyone, the words “pride” and “honor” are a little contradictory. That is, honor in my understanding is human dignity, something that everyone has, that cannot be given or taken away, bought or sold. Everyone has honor! It seems to me that there is an opinion that the concepts of “knight” and “honor” are inseparable. In general, this is correct, since my first association with the word honor is a knight. Why? Because young people who could give their lives for their honor or even kill a person for the honor of their beloved. But, like everything else, the Middle Ages passed, and other times came, completely different, and with them the meaning of honor changed. Now, when thinking about honor, you think exclusively about honest people. After all, the words honor and honest have the same root. And it’s a pity that honest people are having a hard time now. But there is also a belief that an honest person cannot be rich. When they say about a person that he knows how to live, they usually mean that he is not particularly honest. Why not? Of course, I agree that big money is a test for the soul, for the person himself. Money (especially big money) is not given to everyone, and even fewer people stand the test of money. Money provokes the development of many negative thoughts and actions in a person. Not for everyone, of course, but for many. But if a person was born into a wealthy family, and wealth is his natural habitat, then he simply has no need to despise others and consider himself better than others. Such a person can have wonderful feelings, such a person can be honest and rich. But such people, unfortunately, are few. There are practically none in our country for obvious reasons. We live in a time when people who allow themselves to tell the truth can be dealt with. It’s sad, but the 20th century provides terrible examples when people are simply destroyed for what they said or did. Moreover, this happens completely unnoticed, the person either simply disappears, or turns out to be “accidentally” killed, or all the facts indicate that this is suicide. And there are a lot of examples. To an ordinary person in everyday life it is important to behave with dignity, that is, to live according to the principles of honor and conscience. It comes to my mind: “Take care of your honor from a young age.” Apparently, this is the most important wish for a person. And the most worthy path in life, however, is also the most difficult. There is another one, easier, simpler. But there is baseness, meanness, dishonor! And if you want to be happy all your life, be an honest person. IN different countries, y different people honor and dignity have completely different interpretations and meanings. And I really want to hope that someday in the future the concept of honor throughout the world will be the same, uniting in different countries now and those that existed before, but have not reached our time. And now, having read everything written above, I would like to repeat once again that honor is the true beauty of a person. That without honor a person is not a person. That this is the only thing that can remain with a person, even if everything is taken away from him! After all, as F. Schiller said: “Honor is more valuable than life”!

Lesson objectives:

• introduce students to the facts of the biography of the literary scholar, public figure D.S. Likhachev and his book “Letters about the Good and the Beautiful”;
• compare the life views of an outstanding scientist of our time with your own views;
• gain a positive emotional experience from communicating with the legacy of the great publicist;
• determine your attitude to moral values;
• evaluate the ecology of your own soul;
• gain the skill of selecting arguments for Part C of the Unified State Exam in Russian;
• prepare to write Unified State Exam essay in social studies.

DURING THE CLASSES

I. Opening speech by the Russian language teacher.

The human soul... For some it is the size of a pea, while for others it is all-encompassing, ready to accommodate the whole world. Compassion, mercy, conscience, and next to it - cruelty, envy, violence, thirst for power. And man, it turns out, is sometimes sincere, sometimes indifferent, at the same time he is the keeper of nature, but he is also its destroyer. Every year three special calendar holidays are celebrated on our planet:

These days are a reminder of the problems of nature conservation, because we need to protect nature not from some mythical aliens, but from our fellow citizens with a deformed soul. The human soul must be nurtured carefully, carefully and with love. Humanity has no other way if it wants to live like a human being.

Today we will talk about what it means to live like a human being, and Dmitry Sergeevich Likhachev’s book “Letters about the Good and the Beautiful” will help us in this.

II. A word from a history teacher.

He introduces students to the personality of D.S. Likhacheva.

Slides on screen:

• Dmitry Sergeevich Likhachev;
• Milestones life path;
• Likhachev’s legacy (cover of the book about “Letters about the Good and the Beautiful”;
• Recognition (awards);
• Personality and power.

The teacher comments on each slide and talks about three aspects of Academician Likhachev’s confrontation with the authorities: a professional conflict, a moral conflict, and a conflict of class origin.

III. Teacher of Russian language.

But due to his intelligence and decency, Dmitry Sergeevich did not become embittered and continued his work as a philosopher, educator, and publicist. The book “Letters about the Good and the Beautiful” was written by him in 1985.

Remember what is called journalism? What are its tasks?

The student answers: “This is a type of work dedicated to current problems and phenomena of current life. The main task of the journalistic style is to influence the reader, listener, to convince him of something, to instill certain ideas, views, and to induce certain actions.

– What genres of journalistic style do you know?

On the screen is a slide with genres: essays, articles, reports, interviews, letters.

– Likhachev’s book consists of forty-six letters addressed to the young reader.

-What is a letter?

There is a slide on the screen: A letter is a written text sent to communicate something (from the dictionary of S.I. Ozhegov).

We have four working groups. Each has its own letter. Let's think about what Dmitry Sergeevich wanted to tell the reader?

– As a teacher preparing you for the Unified State Exam in the Russian language, I ask you to identify the problem raised by the author in the letter, give an answer, what is the author’s position. Argue your agreement or disagreement by citing examples from literature or history.

– And I, as a social studies teacher, ask you to formulate a moral rule for each of the letters, which will become your life credo. Write it on the board after the discussion.

IV. Reflecting on the letters...

So, think out loud about what you read.

Letter ten: TRUE AND FALSE HONOR

1st group: – The tenth letter in Likhachev’s book “Letters about the Good and the Beautiful” is entitled “True and False Honor,” which indicates the problem raised by the author. True honor comes from the depths of the soul; it does not allow a person to calm down, as if it is “gnawing” him from the inside. A synonym for such honor is conscience, which cannot be false, because it is located in the subconscious and is completely beyond the control of a person. It is conscience that leads you to the true path. False honor is the “honor of the uniform,” which forces you to say and do what society expects of you, even when it contradicts your own beliefs. For example, in the novel by F.M. Dostoevsky’s “Crime and Punishment” Rodion Raskolnikov crosses those moral boundaries that a person, if he wants to remain human, cannot cross under any circumstances. Rodion did not foresee remorse, he forgot that the one who

shed blood, doomed himself to terrible torment. Having committed a crime, he says: “I didn’t kill the old woman, but myself!” In the novel. In the novel L.N. Tolstoy's "War and Peace" ordinary people help the wounded, fight for freedom native land. The same Tikhon Shcherbaty goes to war not for any political reasons (because “that’s the right way”), but because he feels an inner need, a necessity. This is, in my opinion, a manifestation of true honor. False honor remains a heavy burden and devastates the soul, while true honor does not allow a person to calm down and requires him to perform actions worthy of respect. I think people need to remember that conscience is a measure of purity of thoughts and actions.

Group members complement what has been said with their own arguments and conclusions.

– It is common for young people to strive to understand these eternal truths in order to find their place in society and determine their moral position. Turning to classical literature, you analyze the behavior of the heroes from the point of view of their life credo, evaluate their actions, attitude towards people and events through the prism of honor and dishonor. In my opinion, the behavior of Prince Andrei Bolkonsky is a worthy example of true honor. This is a knight without fear or reproach, who decided to serve his Motherland without reserve, to be with the common people to the end (the scene of a mortal wound). It's sad that the lot of a man of honor is to suffer. He is an advanced warrior, he is a winner, and he is also a victim!

- Duel between Lensky and Onegin. What is this: defense of true honor or “uniform honor”?

The conversation on the contents of letter No. 10 ends with a writing on the board of a moral rule formulated by the group based on what was said:

Slide on screen with the text of the letter.

Letter Twenty-Five: BY THE DIRECTIONS OF CONSCIENCE

2nd group: – The spiritual need to act according to the dictates of conscience, to do good is the most valuable thing in a person, that is, what makes him live like a human being - this, in my opinion, is the position of the author in the letter “At the command of conscience” . Everyone can cultivate an intuitive manifestation of conscience. You just have to want it. Life will indeed become easier and more interesting, and the right decisions will begin to come to your mind, preventing you from calming down and souring. A person does not think about what and how he does in order to breathe, walk, see. Likewise, the paths of goodness should be found without effort and pain.

– A striking example of people’s actions at the behest of conscience can be the exploits of the heroes of the Great Patriotic War. Nikolai Gastello, a pilot, flew his plane into an enemy column in battle, and at the cost of his own life did not allow the enemy to win. Alexander Matrosov died, covering the embrasure of an enemy bunker with his chest, opening the way for his colleagues to the desired height. These people acted intuitively, at the behest of their conscience.

– Honor and conscience did not allow the heroes of the story “And the Dawns Here Are Quiet...” not to complete the task. Retreat. They knew that they would die, but they believed that they would gain time. And so it happened. All five girls died, and Sergeant Major Vaskov suffered because he could not save them. We are grateful to the people who defended the honor of the country, acted according to the dictates of their conscience on the battlefields and survived.

“I would like to believe that people with a clear conscience and honor will not disappear and that they will finally be appreciated.” They will be looked up to, they will be glorified. But honor and conscience are necessary for a person not for glory and honors. In everyday life, it is also important to behave with dignity, that is, to live like a human being. The lines from Pushkin’s “The Captain’s Daughter” come to mind, the father’s order to Pyotr Grinev: “Take care of your honor from a young age!” Apparently, this is the most important wish for a person.

– And I think that living according to the dictates of conscience must begin from early childhood, so I will cite Arkady Gaidar’s story “Timur and His Team” as an argument. After all, it is in childhood that the foundations of moral purity are laid.

The conversation on the contents of letter No. 25 ends with a writing on the board of a moral rule formulated by the group based on what was said:

Do good without seeing any merit in it.

On the screen is a slide with the text of the letter.

Letter thirtieth: MORAL HIGH POINTS AND ATTITUDE TO THEM

On the screen is a slide with the text of the letter.

3rd group:

“...The most important thing among a people is its ideals,” this is how D.S. Likhachev ends his thirtieth letter. The basis of this text is the author’s discussion about the moral peaks of the people and their attitude towards them. The scientist argues that in resolving this issue one should rely on the best, the great, the highly moral. In this letter, the author calls for a benevolent attitude towards any people, even the smallest ones. A people should be judged by the best that is in it. Old fairy tales were created by ordinary people, but they already contain the idea that good always triumphs over evil. And what helped the Russian people to withstand severe historical trials: in Patriotic War 1812 and in the Great Patriotic War? In the novel “War and Peace,” Leo Tolstoy talks about the role of the individual in history and comes to the conclusion that the success of a business is determined not by the will of one person, but by the spirit, the moral rise of the people, based on patriotism. Defenders of the Fatherland, military and civilian people, performing great and small feats, rose to moral heights: Andrei Bolkonsky, Pierre Bezukhov, Nikolai Rostov, Platon Karataev, Natasha Rostova... This text made me think that I too am a part of a large and great people . To prevent my plane from crashing, I must strive for moral heights, I must be worthy of my people.

– Every person must make a choice between morality and immorality, between external well-being with internal squalor and the wealth of nature with a modest existence. It can be assumed that in the life of every person there will come a period when he has to solve the problem of choice: how to live further. I think the life of Matryona from Solzhenitsyn’s story “Matryona’s Dvor” is a good confirmation of this. Everything for people and nothing for yourself.

– An ideal is an idea of ​​perfection, the highest goal and model that determine a person’s way of thinking and acting. A moral ideal is an idea of ​​moral perfection, the highest moral example of behavior. In the books of V.M. Shukshin, the theme of the meaning of life clearly sounds. The hero of the story “Freak” strives to comprehend the movements of his own soul. He sees a fifty-ruble note at the store counter: should he pick it up or pass by, secretly appropriate it or announce his find? His eccentricity is that he chooses the second path, that is, he acts as a minority would act. But as a result, it turned out that he did not bend down to pick up his own money. “I approached the store, I wanted to look at the piece of paper at least from a distance, I stood at the entrance... And I didn’t enter. It will really hurt. The heart may not be able to bear it.” The act shows that the hero lives like a human being, is pure in soul and thoughts.

– The Russian language teacher reads an excerpt from Solzhenitsyn’s story “One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich”, depicting an episode of brickwork: in the inhuman conditions of the Stalinist camp, a morally pure person retains the ability to receive joy and pleasure from the works of his hands.

The conversation on the contents of letter No. 30 ends with a writing on the board of a moral rule formulated by the group based on what was said:

Remember! You are a grain of your people. Your actions are the fate of your country.

On the screen is a slide with the text of the letter.

Letter forty-five: SPACE HERMITAGE

– 4th group: – In the fortieth letter, the author asks us what can be opposed to such human vices as revenge, anger, quarrels and strife? And he answers it himself: the solution to everything is culture. Likhachev was completely convinced of this, and his deeds can serve as proof. For example, he helped save the nature of the Volzhsky Nature Reserve, prevented the opening of a sand quarry, prevented the destruction of the library in Myshkin, founded the Cultural Foundation, the magazine “Our Heritage”, and headed the publication of the series of books “Literary Monuments” for 20 years. Thanks to his efforts, dozens of monuments were preserved and restored national culture. In the letter, the author shares with the reader his emotions about the enduring value of our earthly civilization. Speaks of the unifying power of culture.

– In the story by L.N. Tolstoy’s “Lucerne” depicts a scene when all its noble and preoccupied with global problems inhabitants came out onto the balcony of a hotel for very rich people to listen to the play of a poor wandering musician. While listening to beautiful music, people experienced the same emotions, thought about the same things, and even seemed to breathe in unison.

– I agree with the author: there is much more in common between earthlings than there are differences. From historical linguistics it is known that once there was a common language for all - the Proto-Indo-European base language. Thus, it has been proven that the languages ​​existing on earth are relatives. We all speak the same language, so we cannot help but understand each other.

The conversation on the contents of letter No. 45 ends with a writing on the board of a moral rule formulated by the group based on what was said:

As long as culture exists, people exist!

V. The final part of the lesson is reflection.

– So our conversation about “good” has come to an end. As a teacher of Russian language and literature, I am satisfied and I think that problems with finding arguments about morality and purity of soul will not arise during the exam.

– The history teacher shows a slide with a moral code created by Likhachev and offers to compare its points with those that were born to the groups during the lesson. The class is convinced that its conclusions on the issue under discussion coincide with the conclusions of D.S. Likhacheva..

The God of every person is his conscience.
Do good without seeing any merit in it.
Remember! You are a grain of your people. Your actions are the fate of your country.
As long as culture exists, people exist!

The Russian language teacher ends the lesson with words from the 46th letter of the book “Letters about Good.” At this time, the class sees on the screen without sound an excerpt from a film about Likhachev:

– There could be more letters, but it’s time to take stock. We walked today, climbing the steps of experience - moral and aesthetic experience. Life requires complications. So, what is the most important thing in life? The main thing is different for everyone, unique, but it exists. And no matter how individual it is, it must be kind and significant. In life, the most valuable thing is kindness, and smart, purposeful kindness. Happiness is achieved only by those who strive to make others happy and are able to temporarily forget about their interests and themselves. This is the “unchangeable ruble”. Today we learned to follow the paths of kindness. In my opinion, this is very, very important. Believe me!

The history teacher ends the lesson by singing the song “Hurry to Live!” with a guitar.