The Russian language is the history of the people and an important part of our culture. But, unfortunately, few people now can boast of a perfect knowledge of this language. After all, it is rightfully considered the most difficult and people, fearing difficulties, give up the learning process halfway through. But, if you take a chance and get down to business with due dedication, then the Russian language will not remain in debt, and speech will become rich and rich. Anyone who wants to achieve this must start with the basics, so in this article we will look at what constitutes such a concept as a verb.

What does the verb mean?

A verb is a variable part of speech that describes some activity or state of an object (living being).

For example: to go, to acquire, to become, to sleep, to take, to call, to open, to think, etc.

To find out whether the word is a verb, you need to ask one of the questions: “What to do?”, “What to do?”.

Indefinite verb

All verbs in our language have an indefinite (initial form or infinitive).

It differs from other verb forms in the following ways:

• the infinitive is a verb listed in the dictionary;
• the initial form has formative suffixes - ti; - t; - whose. Example: bake, read, fly, etc.
• an indefinite form is capable of preserving only such properties as form, transitivity and recurrence.

Verb types

Verbs are divided into perfect and imperfect:

• Perfect verbs (CB) - give an answer to the question: "What to do?".

The perfective verb means that the action has already been completed and cannot be continued.

Such a verb has only two forms of tense: the past and the future (“What did you do?” and “What will you do?”).

• Imperfect Verbs (Imperfect Verbs) - give an answer to the question: "What to do?".

For example, hear, drink, travel, etc.

An imperfect verb is marked either by a continuous action, or by one that is constantly repeated. That is, we are not able to determine the period of completion of the action.

NSV verbs have all three tenses: past, present and future (“What did you do?”, “What are you doing?”, “What will you do?”).

Transitivity of the verb

In addition to the listed properties, the verb has such an attribute as transitivity (intransitivity).

A transitive verb is a verb that indicates an action that transfers to an object. From such verbs, you can ask a question to a noun or pronoun in the accusative (c.p.), or in genitive case(r.p.) (no preposition).

For example: put (what?) a pen (ch.p.); did not bring (what?) milk (r.p.), etc.

All other verbs that do not match this parameter are referred to as intransitive.

Reflexivity of the verb

Reflexive verbs are those verbs that have a suffix ending - sya (s).

Example: to dry, wash, bathe, hold on, etc.

All those verbs that do not have - sya (s) in the ending are irrevocable.

Among reflexive verbs there are such non-derivative verbs that are not used at all without a suffix ending, for example, laugh, fight, etc.

Verb- this is an independent significant part of speech denoting action ( read), state ( get sick), property ( limp), ratio ( dress), feature ( turn white).

Indefinite verb form (infinitive)

The initial form of a verb is its indefinite form, or infinitive.

The verb in the infinitive answers the questions what to do? or what to do? and has only permanent signs of transition (read- transition, sleep- non-transition.), recurrence (wash - wash) And kind (decide- carry. view, decide- owls. view).

The infinitive can be any member of the sentence: subject ( Learning is always helpful), predicate ( Begreat thunderstorm!), complement ( Everyone asked hersing), definition ( I have an irresistible desiresleep), circumstance ( I wenttake a walk).

Transitivity / intransitivity of the verb

Transitivity - the ability of a verb to control a noun with the meaning of an object in V. p. without a preposition ( read books). When denied, the form of V. p. changes to R. p. (do not read books); To transitional also include verbs that attach R. p., combining the meaning of the object and quantity ( drink some water). Verbs that can govern nouns in these forms are called transitive.

TO intransitive other verbs include ( lie), including verbs that are sometimes called indirectly transitive - attaching a noun with the meaning of an object in V. p. with a preposition or in another case with or without a preposition ( run a factory), as well as verbs like want: in design I want ice cream missing infinitive: I want to eat ice cream.

Return / non-return

Refundable are called verbs with a word-forming suffix - Xia : learn, laugh. Most of them are formed from verbs without -sya ( prepare prepare), but there are also reflexive verbs that do not have this correspondence ( be afraid, proud, lazy, hope, like, laugh, doubt and etc.).

Reflexive verbs can convey the following meanings:

1) the action of the subject is directed at himself: wash, comb, tune in, humiliate; for these verbs, it is usually possible to rebuild into a construction from itself;

2) actions directed at each other by several subjects, each of which is both the subject and the object of a similar action: make up, meet, kiss;

3) the action is performed by the subject in his own interests: build up(build a house for yourself) fit(pack your things) it is possible to rebuild in construction with for oneself, for oneself;

4) the action of the subject, closed in the sphere of his state: worry, rejoice, be angry, have fun; worry;

5) potential active feature of the subject: dog bites(may bite);

6) potential passive sign of the object: glass beats(may break);

7) impersonality - like, unwell, dusk.

Usually reflexive verbs are intransitive - with rare exceptions: to be afraid, to be shy mom.

View as a morphological feature of the verb

View - a constant morphological feature of the verb, generally indicating the nature of the course of the action or the distribution of the action in time.

All verbs have a specific characteristic - they refer to perfect look (CB) or imperfect view (NSV).

Verbs SV answer in the infinitive to the question what to do? and denote a completed action (read) or an action that has reached a certain limit ( lose weight).

These verbs describe an action as a fact ( Autumn has come, the leaves have turned yellow and fallen And.). Very rarely, mainly in colloquial speech, CB verbs can indicate a fact as an example of a repeated action ( It happens to him: he stops and thinks).

NSV verbs answer in the infinitive the question what to do? and do not indicate a completed action ( read) action that has reached a certain limit ( lose weight).

The scope of use of NSV verbs is wider than that of SNV verbs: NSV verbs designate an action as a process ( Late autumn was approaching, the leaves quickly turned yellow and fell off.), repeated action ( He sometimes stops and thinks), constant ratio ( Parallel lines do not intersect). In a situation where the fact of an action is indicated, and not the nature of its course, the verb NSV can be used synonymously with the verb CB; compare: I have already read this book = I have already read this book.

Most of the non-derivative verbs of the Russian language have the characteristic NSV ( read, change, shout). To form verbs CB from them, you need to add a prefix ( read re-read), prefix and suffix ( change s-men-and-t) or the suffix -nu- with the meaning of singleness ( scream scream-oh-oh).

There is no change in the specific characteristics of only 17 verbs of multidirectional movement when a prefix with a spatial meaning is added to them, for example : fly y-fly.

Two verbs that differ only in their aspectual meaning (completion of the action, achievement of the limit by the action) make up species pair : do - do, read - read.

In most verbs, the prefix, in addition to the aspectual meaning, also introduces another additional semantic component: initiation ( sing for-sing), softening ( get sick with - get sick), intensity ( beat out beat) and etc.

If the suffixes -iva-/-yva-, -va-, -a- are added to the verb SV, then the verb NSV is formed from them: re-read re-read-yva-t, beat beat-wa-t, decide resh-a-t. These suffixes, as a rule, bring only a specific meaning (incompletion of the action, lack of reaching the limit). When these suffixes are added, species pairs are formed; There are few exceptions (see, for example, get lost - get lost).

Some verbs have suppletive (formed from another stem) aspect pairs: speak - say. In some cases, verbs in aspectual pairs outwardly differ only in the place of stress ( cut? cut - cut?).

Usually there is only one species pair ( do - do, reread - reread), but in some cases one CB verb may have two aspect pairs formed at both stages of speciation: weaken - oh-weaken - weaken-wa-be.

The aspect pair can be different for different meanings of the same verb:

to learn (what) - to learn,

to teach (whom) - to teach.

The Russian language has two-part verbs: they acquire the meaning of the form in the context. These are verbs execute, marry, baptize, promise(Yesterday he finally got married - SV. - He married several times - NSV), verbs on -ate: telegraph, operate(He was telegraphed weekly about the success of the enterprise - NSV - He decided to telegraph about his arrival - CB).

In Russian, there are verbs that do not participate in speciation, since their meaning is alien to the description of the course of an action: they denote not an action, but a fact ( cost, have- NSV) or an instant transition from one state to another (scream, wake up - SV).

Mood as a morphological feature of the verb

Mood - a non-permanent morphological feature of the verb, presented in conjugated forms of the verb and expressing the relation of action to reality by contrasting the forms of the indicative, imperative and subjunctive mood.

Indicative expresses a real action in the past, present or future. The verb in the indicative mood changes with tenses ( I write - I wrote - I will write).

Imperative mood (imperative) expresses a call to action in the form of a request or command. The verb in the imperative mood does not change in tense.

Forms imperative mood are mainly formed from the stem of the present tense with the suffix -and or without the suffix. The zero ending is an indicator of the singular form, and the ending - those forms the plural form ( run-and-run-and-te, cut-cut-te).

Conditional (subjunctive) inclination denotes an action that is possible under certain conditions, as well as this condition itself. Conditional inclination is formed by joining to the particle form coinciding with the elapsed time: If would He came, We went would to the cinema.

Time as a morphological feature of the verb

Time - an inconstant sign of the verb, indicating the time of the action in relation to the moment of speech about it.

In Russian, conjugated forms of the verb have three tenses: past, present and future .

Past tense denotes the precedence of the action to the moment of speech about it. At the same time, the very moment of speech (speech-thinking activity) can be located not only in the present ( I am late.), but also in the past ( I realized that I was late.) or the future ( He will again come before the appointed time and will say that I was late.).

When forming past tense forms, the suffix -l- ( see - saw-l).

present tense only NSW has it. It is formally expressed by the personal endings of the verb ( don't, don't eat, don't, don't, don't, don't).

present tense can denote an action taking place at the moment of speech. At the same time, the very moment of speech can be located not only in the present ( He walks ahead of me.) but also in the past He thought he was ahead of me) or future ( He will run ahead again, but he will think that he is only a little ahead of me.).

In addition, the present tense can refer to:

1) constant attitude: The Volga flows into the Caspian Sea.

2) repetitive action: He is always studying in the library.

3) potential sign: Some dogs bite.

Future denotes an action that will take place after the moment of speaking about it ( I will go to the cinema in the evening / Yesterday morning I thought that I would go to the cinema in the evening, but I could not).

Both NSV and SV verbs have the future tense, but it is expressed differently. For verbs, NSV is represented compound form of future tense : conjugated form of the verb to be + infinitive ( I will read), for CB verbs, the future tense is expressed by personal endings ( read).

Time forms can be used figuratively.

present tense can be used:

1) in the meaning of the future:

a) the action is perceived as mandatory and real: Tomorrow I'm going to the country;

b) present imaginary action: Imagine: you meet him on the street, but he does not notice you;

2) in the meaning of the past (for figurative actualization of events): I'm walking down the street yesterday and I see...

Past tense can be used:

1) in the meaning of the future predetermined: Well I went;

2) in the meaning of the present with negation: He was always like this: he saw nothing, heard nothing.

Future can be used figuratively in the sense of the present: I can't find a newspaper.

Person as a morphological feature of the verb. Impersonal verbs

Verbs in the present and future tense of the indicative mood and in the imperative mood have a non-permanent morphological feature faces .

The face indicates the producer of the action.

Form 1 person indicates that the producer of the action is the speaker (alone or with a group of people): I'm going, we're going.

Form 2 faces indicates that the producer of the action is the listener/listeners: go, go, go, go.

3 person form indicates that the action is carried out by persons not participating in the dialogue, or objects: go, go, let it go / go.

From the point of view of relation to the morphological category of the person, verbs can be divided into personal And impersonal .

Personal Verbs denote actions that have a producer, and can act as predicates of two-part sentences (I sick).

Impersonal Verbs denote an action that has no producer ( It's getting dark), or an action that is conceived as occurring against the will of the subject (I unwell). These are states of nature evening), a person (Me shivering) or a subjective assessment of the situation ( I want to believe it). Impersonal verbs cannot be predicates of two-part sentences and act as main member one-part impersonal sentence.

In the indicative mood, the morphological feature of a person is expressed by personal endings and, if there is a subject in the sentence, it is a concordant category: personal pronouns I and we require setting the verb in the form of 1 person, personal pronouns you and you require setting the verb in the 2 person, other pronouns and all nouns, as well as words that act as a noun, require the use of a verb in the form of the 3rd person.

Conjugation

Conjugation - this is a change of the verb by persons and numbers .

The endings of the present/simple future tense are called personal verb endings (because they also convey the meaning of the face).

Verbs I conjugations have endings eat, -et, -eat, -eat, -ut (-yut).

Verbs II conjugation have endings ish, -it, -im, -ite, -at (-yat).

If the personal endings of the verb are stressed, then the conjugation is determined by the endings. So, the verb to sleep belongs to the II conjugation ( sleep), and the verb to drink - to the I conjugation ( drink-eat). The same conjugation includes prefixed verbs derived from them with unstressed endings ( drink-eat).

If the endings are unstressed, then the conjugation is determined by the form of the infinitive of the verb: all verbs in -it belong to the II conjugation, except shave, lay, build, as well as 11 exceptions: 7 verbs in -et ( watch, see, endure, twirl, depend, hate, offend) and 4 verbs with -at ( hear, breathe, drive, hold). The rest of the verbs belong to the I conjugation.

In Russian, there are verbs in which some of the personal endings belong to the first conjugation, and some to the second. Such verbs are called multi-conjugated. This want, run, honor and all verbs derived from the above.

Verb want has endings of I conjugation in all forms of singular. numbers and endings of II conjugation in all plural forms. numbers.

Verb run away has endings of the II conjugation in all forms, except for the 3rd person plural. numbers where it has the ending I of the conjugation.

Verb honor can either be heterogeneous, or refer to the II conjugation, which depends on the form of the 3rd person pl. numbers are honored / honored.

In addition, there are verbs, some of the personal endings of which are not presented in either I or II conjugations. Such verbs have a special conjugation. It is to eat and give and all formed from them ( eat, give), as well as verbs associated with data by origin ( bother, create).

Most verbs have all possible forms of person and number, but there are also verbs that do not have any or usually do not use certain forms. Yes, for verbs to win, to find oneself, to stupefy there are no forms of 1 person unit. numbers, for verbs crowd, group, scatter singular forms are not used. numbers, for verbs foal, crystallize- Forms 1 and 2 persons.

Genus. Number. The relationship of verb categories

Genus verb is an inflectional morphological characteristic of such verb forms as the singular form of the past tense of the indicative mood, the singular form conditional mood, participial forms. The generic characteristic of the verb serves to agree on the verb with nouns and pronominal nouns and is an out-of-word indicator of their generic characteristic (Boy came- Girl came-A). The neuter gender can also indicate the impersonality of the verb ( Evening-O).

Number - a morphological characteristic inherent in all verb forms. The number of the verb serves to agree verb forms with a noun or pronominal noun ( Came Human - Came-And People). The plural of the verb in a one-part sentence indicates the indeterminacy of the subject (at the door knocking), and the singular may indicate impersonality (me shivering).

Morphological analysis of the verb

The parsing of the infinitive form is carried out according to the following plan:

I. Part of speech. General value. Initial form (infinitive).

II. Morphological features. Permanent features: a) view; b) transitivity; c) return; d) conjugation. Non-permanent signs: a) inclination (indicative, imperative, subjunctive); b) time (if any); c) number; d) person (if any); e) gender (if any).

III. syntactic role.

Sample morphological analysis verb.

- He needs to be warned.

- No need, - said Balaganov, - let him know another time how to violate the convention.

- What kind of convention is this?

- Wait, I'll tell you later. Entered, entered! (I. Ilf and E. Petrov)

I. Warn (what to do?) - verb, initial. form caution.

II. Constant signs: transition., non-return., CB, I ref.;

non-permanent signs: in the form of an infinitive.

III. (What to do?) you need to warn (predicate).

I. Let him know (what he is doing?) - vb., initial. form to know.

II. Permanent signs: transition, non-return, NSV, I ref.;

non-permanent signs: in command. incl., 3rd person, sing. number.

III. (What is he doing?) let him know (predicate).

I. Violate (what to do?) - vb., initial. shape break

II. Constant signs: transition, non-return, NSV, I ref.;

non-permanent signs: in the form of the infinitive

III. (What to do?) violate (predicate).

I. Wait (what to do?) - vb., initial. form wait.

II. Permanent signs: transition, non-return, NE, I ref.;

non-permanent signs: led. incl., 2nd person, pl. number.

III. (What do you do?) wait (predicate).

I. He entered (what did he do?) - verb, initial. log in form.

II. Constant signs: non-transitional, non-returning, CB, I ref.;

non-permanent signs: in ex. incl., e.g., male kind, unit number.

III. (What did you do?) entered (predicate).

The verb that most often acts as a predicate in a sentence is exclusively independent part speech. It denotes the action or state of the subject. Spring is coming, bringing warmth.

Verb rules

All verbs have an initial (infinitive, indefinite) form. You can distinguish it by the endings -th, -th, and these words also answer the questions “what to do”, “what to do”. In a sentence, it most often acts as a predicate or part of it and a subject, but can play the role of other members.

We want see new textbooks.

See- This look soul.

She loved look to the stars.

If you can ask the question “what to do” to the verb, then it refers to the perfect form (rejoice, be silent). When you can ask him the question "what to do" - this is an imperfect verb (rejoice, be silent). Sometimes there are also two-species verbs, they can refer to one or the other form, depending on the context.

I explored basement yesterday. (perfect view).

I have already explored basement. (imperfect species).

Reflexive verbs mean an action that is directed at oneself. They are formed using postfixes -sya, -sya (play, bite). All other verbs are called irrevocable (play, bite).

Predicates that connect with other parts of the sentence in the form accusative without using a preposition, refer to transitive verbs (wash mug, call mom). The category of transitional includes those that cannot be combined without additional parts of speech. (fly, lie down). This group also includes all reflexive verbs (to wash, clean up).

Spelling of verbs

In sentences, according to the rules of verbs, they can refer to one of three moods. In the indicative form - verbs can be changed at times (we lived, we live, we will live) numbers (washes, wash) persons (I repeat, you repeat, he repeats). If the performance of an action requires compliance with certain rules, then such predicates are conditional. (If everyone is comfortable, I would come over). This form is formed by particles would, b (I would look, I could) and may vary in gender and number. Of particular note is the imperative form of predicates, which can force, induce, call to action ( Come to me!) Verbs of this mood can change in persons and numbers.

According to the rules of verbs, in the past tense, they mean an action that has already happened/occurred (I bought the stuff myself). They also cannot change their personal form. To the predicate of the present tense, you can substitute the question "what is doing" (He buys things himself.). Perfect verbs are not used in the present tense. There are two forms in the rules of future tense verbs: compound (with an additional word will) and simple (one-word). Accordingly, you can ask different questions: “what will you do” (You yourself will buy things.); “What are you going to do” (You will buy things yourself).

Change of verbs

The change of predicates in person and number is explained by their conjugations. They manifest themselves exclusively in the indicative form and undoubtedly in the form of present or future time.

For the singular form personal verbs change like this:

• 1 person - I open. I love.
• 2 person - You open. You like.
• 3rd person - He opens. He likes.

For the form in plural personal verbs change like this:

• 1 person - We open. We love.
• 2 person - You open. You love.
• 3rd person - They open. They like.

If it is possible to emphasize, the type of conjugation can be defined as follows:

• -e changes to -y(-th) - 1 conjugation look-look;
• -i changes to -а(-я) - 2 conjugation call-call.

In other cases, the suffix in the initial form determines the conjugation:

• 2 conjugation -i(t) (paint) and special exceptions;
• 1 conjugation includes the rest of the verbs in -a(t), -i(t), -u(t), -e(t), -s(t), -o(t) ( want to know);
• There are 4 exceptions: to sway, to thrive, shave and lay and educated from them.

Words without the mentioned suffixes - live, beat.

There are also verbs that change both as the first conjugation and as the second.

Unit number:

• 1 person - I will run. I will want.
• 2 person - You will win. You want.
• 3rd person - He will run. He will.

Mn. number:

• 1 person - We will run. We will.
• 2 person - You will run. you want.
• 3rd person - They will run. They will.

At the exception verb glimpse only 3rd person forms exist in the singular or plural section ( screech - screech).

Words There is And give and derivatives from them are exceptions and form special personal forms.

Impersonal verbs

In some places come across impersonal Verbs. These include words denoting a passive predicate that occurs without the participation of the subject (evening, dusk).

The main sign with which impersonality can be determined regular verb, is its immutability in numbers and persons. Most often, these types of verbs appear as predicates in simple one-part sentences. For the present tense, they are used as the 3rd person and only the singular, and in the past - as the singular and the neuter gender.

Ordinary verbs are sometimes used to replace impersonal ones if they appear as a single predicate sentence.

• The sky brightened- personal verb.
• Outside the window brightened- impersonal.

A few important rules

The correct spelling of verbs and vowels in the present tense or simple future forms depends on the conjugation:

1 conjugation - it uses the endings -e, -u (-u) forget, forget;

2 conjugation - it is worth putting the endings -i, -а (-я) paint, paint.

• For the imperative mood of the second person of verbs of both conjugations, the suffix -i is used ( We are going home. - Go home.);
• In the case of the past tense: the suffix -l is preceded by the same letter as in the infinitive before -т ( paint - painted, whistle - whistled);
• If there is obes- / obez-: transitive - the suffix -i- is written ( provided "who?" "What?"); intransitive - used -e- ( concerned);
• freeze, freeze, freeze and similar verbs formed from a noun are written with a vowel -e- after the root (in;
• In the infinitive, in the case of using the past forms, -ova-, -eva- are written, in the same case, when the present or simple future tense and the singular are chosen, the first person writing form has the suffixes -u(u), -u(u ) (alternate - alternate, conquer - conquer).

If the alternation does not occur, the suffixes -yva-, -iva- are used; (reread - reread, reshape - reshape).

If there is an ending -vat, -vayu under stress and a suffix -va-, then according to the rules of the Russian language, the same letter is written before the suffix in the verb as in the initial form (water - water - water).

Conclusion

These few simple rules and examples will help you remember how to use verbs when writing. Of course, in order to study all the rules and exceptions, more in-depth research will be needed. However, to write more or less simple texts, who do not pretend to be published in magazines and newspapers, this will be quite enough.