History of the creation of the novel
The novel "Mother" is considered to be the first novel in the spirit of social realism. Later, this direction will dominate for 70 years in Russian literature. The novel "Mother" was written after the first Russian revolution, in 1906. The novel was first published in the United States, then subjected to great censorship, it was released in 1907 in Russia, and only after the 1917 revolution was the novel published in its original form.
The writing of the novel was facilitated by the origin of the writer and his early acquaintance with the revolutionaries. Gorky began working on the novel back in the United States, then he moved to Italy, where he finished work on the first edition of the novel. Work on this work began in 1901-1902, when Gorky had just begun to get closer to the communists.
The main characters of the work
The main characters of the novel:
- Vlasova Pelageya Nilovna - main character novel, this image in the novel symbolizes Russia. Changes in the character of Pelageya Nilovna reflect changes in the people's consciousness.
- Vlasov Pavel Mikhailovich (Pavel) - the son of the main character, worked at a factory in a suburb, became interested in revolutionary ideas, and soon became a professional revolutionary.
- Andrei Onisimovich Nakhodka (Andrey - "crest") - revolutionary underground worker, adopted son of Nilovna and friend of Pavel Vlasov. His image is the image of a humane revolutionary principle.
The plot of the work
The plot of the novel describes the events in Russia at the beginning of the 20th century. The action of the work takes place in a working settlement. Workers with their families live in this settlement, their life is inextricably linked with the work of the factory. Workers spend all their time in the factory free time their conversations are also focused on the factory, everyone drinks a lot, fights with each other. Main character novel - a young worker Pavel Vlasov does not want to put up with such a reality, he begins to live a different life. He often travels to the city and brings forbidden books from there, he wants to know the truth, so he reads them, knowing full well that if they are found, he will be arrested.
Soon in the Vlasovs' house they begin to gather various people, together they read those same forbidden books, talk about the hard share of workers around the world, sing songs.
After a while, leaflets appear at the factory. They tell about the strikes of workers in St. Petersburg and call on the workers to defend their rights. Pelageya Nilovna understands that this is the work of her son, she is both proud of him and afraid.
A search is underway in the Vlasovs' house, which did not give anything to the gendarmes, but they arrest one of Pavel's assistants, Andrei.
After some time at the factory, the management announces that a penny will be deducted from each ruble earned by the workers to drain the swamp around the factory. The workers are extremely dissatisfied with such an initiative. Pavel stands at the head of the protesters against the new tax, a spontaneous rally takes place at the factory. But the director orders the workers to start their work again, and they disperse. Pavel was left without support, he was very upset that the people did not believe him and did not follow him. After this incident, Pavel is also arrested.
In addition to Pavel, 48 more people were arrested. Pavel asks his mother to distribute leaflets at the factory. She agrees, gets a job as an assistant in the distribution of food for workers.
After some time, Pavel and Andrey are released, they begin to prepare for the May Day demonstration. Pavel wants to carry the banner in front of the whole column, he knows perfectly well that he will be arrested for this. And so it happened: soldiers advanced towards the demonstrators. Pavel, Andrei and other members of the party were arrested.
After their arrest, Pelageya Nilovna goes to the city to one and those who were present at the meetings in the Vlasovs' house, to Nikolai Ivanovich. She understands that her son and other workers are fighting for truth and justice. Thus begins her active underground work. She distributes leaflets, banned books, proclamations.
After some time, the trial of the demonstrators took place. All defendants are sent to the settlement. It was decided to print Paul's fiery speech. Pelageya Nilovna volunteered to take the leaflets to another city. Soon at the station, she realizes that she is being followed. They begin to accuse her of theft, she indignantly explains that she is carrying leaflets with a speech by her son, one of the political convicts. Not wanting the leaflets to disappear, she starts handing them out to the people she meets, but the gendarmes grab her.
The main theme and problems of the work
In the novel "Mother" M. Gorky reveals the essence of the first Russian revolution. This novel is unlike any other work of M. Gorky's predecessors or contemporaries. Before him, no writer had portrayed the working class in such a light.
Gorky saw working people as his main readers, for them he tried to convey his ideas as simply, easily and freely as possible. Gorky tried to describe in detail the stages revolutionary activity Pelageya Nilovna and Pavel.
In this novel, Gorky used many facts from the life of the Sormovo revolutionary organization. The prototypes of the main characters were the Sormovo worker Bolshevik Pyotr Andreevich Zalomov and his mother Anna Kirillovna Zalomova.
The novel "Mother" is a complex process of eradicating slavish feelings of humility and fear in people, about the complex transformation of a person from a victim into a fighter. Nilovna is a prime example of such a rebirth.
Remark 1
central theme novel - the evolution of the social and psychological make-up of the proletariat. The main problem that Gorky raises in this work is the spiritual renewal of a person in a revolutionary struggle. All the events and details of the novel point to a positive solution to this problem.
Some critics and literary critics see religious overtones in this novel by M. Gorky. G. Mitin, referring to historical and literary analogies, defined the genre of the novel as a fantastic novel-Gospel of the Mother. Revolutionary problems in the novel are on a par with religious ones.
The heroes of this novel are representatives of a new historical force - the working class, which has entered the decisive phase of the struggle against the old world in the name of creating a socialist society. “Mother” is a novel about the resurrection of the human soul, seemingly crushed by the unjust system, the squalor of the surrounding life. It would be possible to reveal this topic especially widely and convincingly using the example of such a person as Nilovna. This is a woman on whom her husband takes out his countless insults, and besides, she is a mother who lives in eternal anxiety for her son.
In one form or another, many heroes of the novel experience such a spiritual resurrection. “A person needs to be updated,” says Rybin. If dirt appears from above, it can be washed off, but how can a person be cleansed from the inside? And it turns out that the struggle for justice is able to purify and renew the souls of people. The iron man, Pavel Vlasov, is gradually freed from excessive severity and from the fear of giving vent to his feelings, especially the feeling of love; his friend Andrei Nakhodka - on the contrary, from excessive softness; the son of thieves Vyesovshchikov from distrust of people, from the conviction that they are all enemies to each other; connected by its roots with the peasant masses Rybin - from distrust of the intelligentsia and ignoring culture, from looking at all educated people as gentlemen-white-handed people.
And everything that happens in the souls of the heroes surrounding Nilovna, of course, affects her soul, but the understanding of many ordinary things is given to her with particular difficulty. From an early age, she is accustomed to not trusting people, to be afraid of any of their manifestations, to hide her thoughts and feelings from them.
She also teaches this to her son, seeing that he entered into an argument with the life familiar to everyone: “I ask only one thing - do not talk to people without fear! You need to be afraid of people - everyone hates each other! Then Nilovna admits: “I lived in fear all my life, my whole soul was overgrown with fear!” Many times Nilovna was gripped by sticky fear for every reason, but he was more and more drowned out by hatred of enemies and awareness of the lofty goals of the struggle.
This is, perhaps, even a whole poem about the fight against fear and victory over it, about how a person with a resurrected soul gains fearlessness, about the second - spiritual - birth of a person who has entered the struggle for the renewal of the world.
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- There is a lie on which people, as on bright wings, rise to the sky; there is truth, cold, bitter, in which. worldly scientists are very knowledgeable and accurate, but which chains a person to the ground ...
- In the play "At the bottom" Gorky showed us the life of tramps who lost: their own names, spiritual values, life guidelines. Only one of the heroes of the play - the owner of the rooming house - Has a name, patronymic and ...
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- In the play "At the Bottom" M. Gorky strives not only to depict terrible reality to draw attention to the fate of disadvantaged people. He created a truly innovative philosophical and journalistic drama. Contents on the first...
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- M. Gorky began to write his first stories in the 90s of the nineteenth century. It was a time of rapid development of capitalism in Russia. The impoverished and hungry village moved to the city in search of work...
- In Gorky's understanding, only ardent love for people, for one's work, for one's native land gives a person firmness in life's trials. Danko, who sacrifices himself for others, is stronger than Larra. In connection with ... M. Gorky stood guard over the proletarian revolution, lived in the interests of the working class and its party. Newspapers, magazines, numerous letters and living people from Russia gave him rich material. Gorky saw that...
Composition
Gorky's novel is called "Mother", and this already suggests that Nilovna is, along with Pavel, his central character. If “Mother” is in many ways a work about the painful process of getting rid of slavish feelings of humility and fear in people, about the complex process of turning a person from a victim into a fighter, then Nilovna is the most striking and convincing example in this regard. Nilovna's path to the new is complex and contradictory. It was not so easy for a man, especially for a woman who experienced a particularly heavy oppression, who lived most of her life in fear and humility, to understand the truth of new people, it was not so easy to free herself from the old. The image of Nilovna shows a complex interweaving of conflicting feelings and aspirations. Almost leading role, especially in the first part of the novel, plays the overcoming of old ideas - faith in God, disbelief in people and fear of them. For the past taught her that people hate each other, in any case - they should hate, according to the laws of the proprietary world. Fear of people has become a habitual feeling for her. And only other people - not the same as the mother had known until now - were able to instill in her other feelings, a different faith.
Recognizing Pavel's comrades, Nilovna thought about what they were saying, "and got used to agreeing with their thoughts." But these are only the first steps on a new, unbeaten path. Agreeing, she still "deep down did not believe that they could rebuild life in a new way and that they had the strength to attract the working people to their fire." But then she saw how worried the authorities were about the leaflets distributed by Pavel and his friends, and pride for him was added to the mother's fear for the fate of her son. And it's not just maternal feelings.
Listening to Pavel's speech at the rally about the "bog penny", observing the respectful attitude towards him from the workers, the mother gradually began to get used to the idea that these brave people would be able to rally the working people around them. And again, Nilovna’s words to Pavel, depressed by failure, were not a simple maternal consolation: “Today they didn’t understand - tomorrow they will understand.”
After Pavel's arrest, while delivering leaflets to the factory, Nilovna saw with what greed the workers read the ardent word of truth. She hears more and more from ordinary people the words that once frightened her - "rebellion", "socialists", "politics", and her faith in revolutionaries grew stronger, moreover, she merged with faith in the people. At the same time, having believed in the people and their leaders, Nilovna finally believed in the possibility of the victory of the revolution. This discovery transformed her.
And now, at the May Day demonstration, she is next to her son. The writer fixes his attention on a very important visual detail: is the mother looking intently? on Paul and the banner over him, proudly says: “The one who carries the banner is my son!” It seems that at this moment she sees nothing - only the banner of the revolution and next to him - her son. And after the demonstration was dispersed, Nilovna picks up a fragment of a staff with a patch of a red banner and takes it away from the battlefield. And the people, "obeying a vague force that pulled them after their mother, slowly followed her." In this symbolic scene, which concludes the first part of the novel, the mother appears as a comrade-in-arms of the revolutionaries, who raised a banner that had been dropped in battle.
The division of the novel into two parts is largely due to Nilovna's spiritual growth, and this does not contradict what was said above: after all, the renewal of the whole people by the revolution is revealed in the image of the mother. If at the end of the first part Nilovna still believes in Christ, then already in the first chapter of the second part Gorky talks about the mother's symbolic dream, which opened her eyes to the priests and the church. The priest in Nilovna's dream appeared as a guardian of the old order, she saw him next to the soldiers who pointed their bayonets at her. And when she woke up, for the first time in her life she did not pray. The psychological state of a woman who was freed not from a simple, but from a spiritual burden is well conveyed: "there was an empty heart in her heart." If Gorky had said - "easy", it would have been false, because it is not easy for Pelageya Nilovna to part with religion, and therefore she felt emptiness.
As you can see, the spiritual turning point did not happen soon, the process of overcoming the old was long and difficult, but from that moment Nilovna finally connected her fate with Paul's associates. It is directly included in the revolutionary struggle, through it the connection with the countryside is established. From that ‘; the timid, frightened woman, who even walked sideways, as Nilovna is shown at the beginning of the novel, did not leave a trace. The apotheosis of the revolutionary mother was her extremely laconic, passionate speech at the station during the arrest - an appeal to the people to unite for a decisive battle with tsarism.
The image of Nilovna is Gorky's great success. It can be said without exaggeration that all world literature has not even made an attempt to show such a colossal spiritual growth of a simple woman. Only after the Gorky novel did we see something similar in M. Andersen-Nekse, A. Zegers, J. Amado and other writers. Gorky saw such a woman in the midst of the people and revealed her character as a symbol of the resurrection of the masses. It was not so easy to notice such people among women, all the more so it was not easy to show Nilovna as a typical phenomenon. Even the Bolshevik critic V. Borovsky questioned not only Nilovna's revolutionary nature, but also the very existence of such mothers, discovering in his view of Gorky's novel an understanding of the typical as mass-like, formed. (Note that in an article about Bunin (1911), thinking about the hero of The Village, Tikhon Krasov, Borovsky correctly interpreted the problem of artistic generalization). In the article “Maxim Gorky” (1910), the critic wrote: “The revival of Nilovna and all her activities are determined entirely and exclusively by love for her son.” On this basis, Borovsky refuses to consider Nilovna a revolutionary, considering her only as a mother, and this explains even the failure (!?) of the novel: "... the focus is transferred from real direct figures to a mediocre figure"
Indeed, Nilovna entered the fight out of love for her son. This was the first incentive. But soon the cause of Paul and his comrades, the cause of the whole people, becomes the most important for her. Sometimes the arrest of her son is considered the first impetus for Nilovna's revolutionary activity. However, we have already seen that even before the arrest of Pavel, she becomes his assistant, even before the arrest, she saw his truth. Nilovna joins the “case” directly as a fighter who replaced the one who was out of action, although she entered this path with timidity and uncertainty, which is natural for a beginner, especially a woman.
Gorky in his works often resorts to the use of leitmotifs. In revealing the spiritual world of Nilovna, this technique is used in a particularly interesting way. The writer's appeal to the same word, the description of the same feeling of the mother at different stages of her journey helps to show the inner movement of character, since the feeling acquires new content, the word is filled with new meaning.
One of the leitmotifs in the image of Nilovna is the motive of fear and its overcoming. And look closely - what happens to a timid woman as she joins her son in the business. At first, she was afraid of everything, “she lived in fear all her life”, her usual state was “anxious expectation of beatings”, therefore she was always tense, moving somehow sideways ... And now - the first new impulse. The mother learns that Pavel joined the fight: “She straightened up, alerted, expecting something important,” and “she became scared - for her son.” But then a sense of pride joins the feeling of fear. And soon the feeling of fear acquires new content - the writer increasingly uses the word "anxiety".
So, fear for the son is transformed into anxiety for the son, for his comrades, for the common cause. Fear of enemies is replaced by a feeling of contempt for them. The feelings of the mother are especially well conveyed in the court scene. In Pavel and his party comrades, Nilovna saw true life, spiritual health. Those who judged are perceived by her as dead, and she feels disgust for them. It is after the trial that she makes an important result for herself: “Now it’s not scary ...”
Other writings on this work
Spiritual renewal of a person in the revolutionary struggle (based on the novel by M. Gorky "Mother") Spiritual rebirth of Nilovna in Gorky's novel "Mother" (Image of Nilovna). From Rakhmetov to Pavel Vlasov The novel "Mother" - a realistic work by M. Gorky The meaning of the title of the novel by M. Gorky "Mother". The image of Nilovna The meaning of the title of one of the works of Russian literature of the XX century. (M. Gorky. "Mother".) The hard way of a mother (Based on the novel by M. Gorky "Mother") Artistic originality of the novel by M. Gorky "Mother" Man and idea in M. Gorky's novel "Mother" “You can talk about mothers endlessly ...” The image of Pavel Vlasov in the novel by A.M. Gorky "Mother" Composition based on the novel by M. Gorky "Mother"Neither in the work of Gorky himself before 1905, nor in the work of any other Russian or foreign writer there has never been such a penetrating depiction of the process of renewal of the soul, such a subtle disclosure of all the nuances of the formation of a new revolutionary consciousness, which we find in the novel “Mother”.
The foregoing applies primarily to the image of Nilovna. She is the main character of the novel. The decisive importance of this image in the structure of the book can be seen already from its title.
The most remarkable thing in the history of Nilovna seems to be
harmonious combination of the theme of the mother's heart with the theme of social and political.
A kind of psychological chronicle unfolds before us.
And how many spiritual nuances are imprinted in it! The quiet and submissive sadness of a woman downtrodden by her degraded, feral husband; the same submissive and painful sadness caused by the fact that the young son seemed to have moved along his father's - wild and inhuman - path; the first joys in her life, experienced by her, when her son managed to overcome the cheap temptations of drunken and wild entertainments; then a new anxiety of the mother's heart at the sight of the fact that the son "concentrated and stubbornly
floats somewhere away from the dark stream of life”… The author is not in a hurry. He knows that there are no instant renewals of the soul, And before us passes day by day in the life of a mother; we observe both her doubts and the estrangement from her son and his friends that arose in separate moments - and we observe how gradually formed in her spiritual world new moods and concepts. And how complex, how rich her spiritual world turns out to be!
In Gorky's novel, the eternal acquires a new meaning and a new sharpness, for it is shown in the most complex dramatic social context; and the ideological searches and insights of a woman late XIX- the beginnings of the 20th century become quiveringly alive, because they are permeated with the eternal light of maternal feelings.
About the coming of a new historical era and a new literary era, the image of Pavel Vlasov also announced to the world, not as saturated with psychological nuances as the image of the Mother, but also charming, monumental, full of deep meaning. This was the first image in world literature of the political leader of the workers, carrying the ideas of scientific socialism to the masses, organizing the masses for a living, practical, revolutionary cause.
The image of Paul, like the image of the Mother, is drawn both in soberly realistic and in elevated romantic tones. These colors are suggested to the writer by life itself. The revolutionary struggle of the working class demanded a scientific comprehension of social reality, a strict consideration of all its factors, and it also demanded that spiritual upsurge, that enthusiasm, without which victory would have been impossible. Therefore, Pavel Vlasov is shown as a sober analyst, as a person in the highest degree restrained, reaching in the understanding of his duty to “monastic severity”, and he is also shown in the dramatic moments of his life, when he wanted to “throw his heart to people, lit by the fire of a dream of truth.” Reading such lines, we remember Danko. But if the hero of the legend was tragically lonely, then the hero of the novel is strong in his ever-strengthening connection with the work collective, with the progressive intelligentsia. The era of historical creativity of the broadest sections of the working people - workers and peasants, has come, an era that has put forward a completely new type of hero. And this is beautifully shown in the novel.
Gorky's innovation also manifested itself in revealing the beneficial changes that the socialist ideal brought to family relations. We see how the friendship of Pelageya Vlasova and Pavel Vlasov arises and develops, a friendship that was born not only of maternal love and filial love, but also of joint participation in a great historical cause. The most complex dialectic of the relationship between these two remarkable people is very subtly and penetratingly revealed by Gorky. Pavel has a strong spiritual influence on Nilovna. Communication with her son reopens her eyes to the world. However, she also affects her son. And her influence, as Gorky shows with the help of subtle psychological and worldly nuances, was no less significant. Maybe even more significant! Communication with the Mother was for the stern, at first somewhat straightforward and harsh Pavel, a school of cordial kindness, modesty and tact. He became softer towards close people, his soul became more flexible, sensitive and wise. He achieved through communion with the Mother that high humanity, without which a true revolutionary is inconceivable.
Sources:
- Gorky M. Selected / Foreword. N. N. Zhegalova; Il. B. A. Dekhtereva.- M.: Det. lit., 1985.- 686 p., ill., 9 sheets. illus. Abstract: The volume includes selected works by M. Gorky: the stories “Childhood” and “In People”, the stories “Makar Chudra”, “Chelkash”, “Song of the Falcon”, “Once in the Autumn”, “Konovalov”, “ former people" and etc.
Other works on this topic:
- Pavel (Vlasov Pavel Mikhailovich) is the son of the main character of the novel, a hereditary worker who became a professional revolutionary. The prototype of the character was the Sormovo worker P. Zalomov. In the same time...
- A completely different image is the image of Pelageya Nilovna, Pavel's mother. In the first part of the novel, we see a downtrodden, oppressed woman who madly loves her unlike ...
- Gorky wrote "Mother" in exclusively short term. The first drafts of the novel, made in 1903, disappeared during a search. Returning to work in July 1906...
- The people depicted in the novel "Mother" are divided into two camps, completely hostile to each other. They stand on opposite sides barricades of the class struggle: on the one hand...
- Gorky's later works were written in the genre of socialist realism. Now people are skeptical about the socialist past of our country, but novels like "Mother" show socialist revolutionaries with...
- The novel is called "Mother". Thus, Gorky emphasizes the special importance for understanding the ideological meaning of the novel of the image of Pavel Vlasov's mother, Nilovna. On the example of her life, Gorky ...
Composition
The heroes of this novel are representatives of a new historical force - the working class, which has entered the decisive phase of the struggle against the old world in the name of creating a socialist society. "Mother" is a novel about the resurrection of the human soul, seemingly crushed tightly by an unjust system, the squalor of the surrounding life. It would be possible to reveal this topic especially widely and convincingly using the example of such a person as Nilovna. This is a woman on whom her husband takes out his countless insults, and besides, she is a mother who lives in eternal anxiety for her son.
Although she is only forty years old, she already feels like an old woman. I felt old early, having not really experienced any joys in childhood, nor bright moments in my youth, not feeling the welcome, the grace of life at all. Wisdom comes to her, in essence, after forty years, when for the first time the meaning of human existence, her own destiny, the beauty of her native land are revealed to her.
In one form or another, many heroes of the novel experience such a spiritual resurrection. “The person needs to be updated,” says Rybin. If dirt appears from above, it can be washed off, but how can a person be cleansed from the inside? And it turns out that the struggle for justice is able to purify and renew the souls of people. The iron man, Pavel Vlasov, is gradually freed from excessive severity and from the fear of giving vent to his feelings, especially the feeling of love; his friend Andrei Nakhodka - on the contrary, from excessive softness; the son of thieves Vyesovshchikov from distrust of people, from the conviction that they are all enemies to each other; connected by its roots with the peasant masses, Rybin - from distrust of the intelligentsia and ignoring culture, from looking at all educated people as gentlemen-white-handed people.
And everything that happens in the souls of the heroes surrounding Nilovna, of course, affects her soul, but the understanding of many ordinary things is given to her with particular difficulty. From an early age, she is accustomed to not trusting people, to be afraid of any of their manifestations, to hide her thoughts and feelings from them.
She also teaches this to her son, seeing that he entered into an argument with the life familiar to everyone: “I ask only one thing - do not talk to people without fear! You need to be afraid of people - everyone hates each other! Then Nilovna admits: “I lived in fear all my life, my whole soul was overgrown with fear!” Many times Nilovna was gripped by sticky fear for every reason, but he was more and more drowned out by hatred of enemies and awareness of the lofty goals of the struggle.
This is, perhaps, even a whole poem about the fight against fear and victory over it, about how a person with a resurrected soul gains fearlessness, about the second - spiritual - birth of a person who has entered the struggle for the renewal of the world.
