It was a sensation - it turns out that the most important substance on Earth consists of two equally important chemical elements. "AiF" decided to look into the periodic table and remember what elements and compounds the Universe exists, as well as life on Earth and human civilization.

HYDROGEN (H)

Where does it meet: the most common element in the universe, its main " construction material". It is made up of stars, including the Sun. Thanks to thermonuclear fusion involving hydrogen, the Sun will heat our planet for another 6.5 billion years.

What is useful: in industry - in the production of ammonia, soap and plastics. Hydrogen energy has great prospects: this gas does not pollute environment, because when burned, it gives only water vapor.

CARBON (C)

Where does it meet: Every organism is largely built from carbon. In the human body, this element occupies about 21%. So, our muscles consist of 2/3 of it. In the free state, it occurs in nature in the form of graphite and diamond.

What is useful: food, energy, etc. etc. The class of compounds based on carbon is huge - hydrocarbons, proteins, fats, etc. This element is indispensable in nanotechnology.

NITROGEN (N)

Where does it meet: Earth's atmosphere is 75% nitrogen. It is part of proteins, amino acids, hemoglobin, etc.

What is useful: necessary for the existence of animals and plants. In industry, it is used as a gas medium for packaging and storage, a refrigerant. With its help, various compounds are synthesized - ammonia, fertilizers, explosives, dyes.

OXYGEN (O)

Where does it meet: The most common element on Earth, it accounts for about 47% of the mass of the solid earth's crust. Marine and fresh water 89% oxygen, the atmosphere - 23%.

What is useful: Thanks to oxygen, living beings can breathe; without it, fire would not be possible. This gas is widely used in medicine, metallurgy, food industry, energy.

CARBON DIOXIDE (CO2)

Where does it meet: In the atmosphere, in sea water.

What is useful: Thanks to this compound, plants can breathe. The process of absorbing carbon dioxide from the air is called photosynthesis. It is the main source of biological energy. It is worth recalling that the energy that we receive from the combustion of fossil fuels (coal, oil, gas) has been accumulated in the bowels of the earth for millions of years precisely due to photosynthesis.

IRON (Fe)

Where does it meet: one of the most abundant elements in the solar system. It consists of the cores of the terrestrial planets.

What is useful: metal used by man since ancient times. Whole historical era called the Iron Age. Now up to 95% of the world production of metals falls on iron, it is the main component of steels and cast irons.

SILVER (AG)

Where does it meet: One of the scarce items. Previously met in nature in a native form.

What is useful: Since the middle of the 13th century, it has become a traditional material for making dishes. It has unique properties, therefore it is used in various industries- in jewelry, photography, electrical engineering and electronics. The disinfecting properties of silver are also known.

GOLD (Au)

Where does it meet: previously found in nature in a native form. Produced at the mines.

What is useful: the most important element of the world financial system, because its reserves are small. It has long been used as money. All bank gold reserves are currently valued

at 32 thousand tons - if you fuse them together, you get a cube with a side of only 12 m. It is used in medicine, microelectronics, and nuclear research.

SILICON (Si)

Where does it meet: In terms of prevalence in earth's crust this element takes the second place (27-30% of the total mass).

What is useful: Silicon is the main material for electronics. It is also used in metallurgy and in the production of glass and cement.

WATER (H2O)

Where does it meet: Our planet is 71% covered with water. The human body is 65% composed of this compound. Water is also in outer space, in the body of comets.

What is useful: It is of key importance in the creation and maintenance of life on Earth, because due to its molecular properties it is a universal solvent. Water has many unique properties that we do not think about. So, if it did not increase in volume when it freezes, life simply would not have arisen: reservoirs would freeze to the bottom every winter. And so, expanding, lighter ice remains on the surface, retaining a viable environment under it.

We all know that hydrogen fills our Universe by 75%. But do you know what else chemical elements, no less important for our existence and playing a significant role for the life of people, animals, plants and our entire Earth? Elements from this rating form our entire Universe!

10. Sulfur (prevalence relative to silicon - 0.38)

This chemical element in the periodic table is listed under the symbol S and is characterized by atomic number 16. Sulfur is very common in nature.

9. Iron (prevalence relative to silicon - 0.6)

Denoted by the symbol Fe, atomic number - 26. Iron is very common in nature, especially important role it plays in the formation of the inner and outer shells of the Earth's core.

8. Magnesium (prevalence relative to silicon - 0.91)

In the periodic table, magnesium can be found under the symbol Mg, and its atomic number is 12. What is most surprising about this chemical element is that it is most often released when stars explode in the process of their transformation into supernovae.

7. Silicon (prevalence relative to silicon - 1)

Referred to as Si. The atomic number of silicon is 14. This gray-blue metalloid is very rare in the earth's crust in its pure form, but is quite common in other substances. For example, it can be found even in plants.

6. Carbon (abundance relative to silicon - 3.5)

Carbon in Mendeleev's table of chemical elements is listed under the symbol C, its atomic number is 6. The most famous allotropic modification of carbon is one of the most coveted gems in the world - diamonds. Carbon is also actively used in other industrial purposes for a more everyday purpose.

5. Nitrogen (abundance relative to silicon - 6.6)

Symbol N, atomic number 7. First discovered by Scottish physician Daniel Rutherford, nitrogen is most commonly found in the form nitric acid and nitrates.

4. Neon (abundance relative to silicon - 8.6)

It is designated by the symbol Ne, the atomic number is 10. It is no secret that this particular chemical element is associated with a beautiful glow.

3. Oxygen (abundance relative to silicon - 22)

A chemical element with the symbol O and atomic number 8, oxygen is indispensable for our existence! But this does not mean that it is present only on Earth and serves only for human lungs. The universe is full of surprises.

2. Helium (abundance relative to silicon - 3.100)

Helium symbol is He, atomic number is 2. It is colorless, odorless, tasteless, non-toxic, and its boiling point is the lowest among all chemical elements. And thanks to him, the balls soar up!

1. Hydrogen (abundance relative to silicon - 40.000)

The true number one on our list, hydrogen is on the periodic table under the symbol H and has atomic number 1. It is the lightest chemical element. periodic table and the most common element in the entire universe studied by man.

The simplest and most common element

Hydrogen has only one proton and one electron (it is the only element without a neutron). It is the simplest element in the universe, which explains why it is also the most abundant, Nyman said. However, an isotope of hydrogen called deuterium contains one proton and one neutron, while another, known as tritium, has one proton and two neutrons.

In stars, hydrogen atoms fuse to create helium, the second most abundant element in the universe. Helium has two protons, two neutrons and two electrons. Together, helium and hydrogen make up 99.9 percent of all known matter in the universe.

Yet there is about 10 times more hydrogen in the universe than helium, says Nyman. “Oxygen, which is the third most abundant element, is about 1,000 times smaller than hydrogen,” she added.

Generally speaking, the higher the atomic number of an element, the less of it can be found in the universe.

Hydrogen in the Earth

The composition of the Earth, however, is different from that of the Universe. For example, oxygen is the most abundant element by weight in the earth's crust. It is followed by silicon, aluminum and iron. In the human body, the most abundant element by weight is oxygen, followed by carbon and hydrogen.

Role in the human body

Hydrogen has a number of key roles in human body. Hydrogen bonds help DNA stay twisted. In addition, hydrogen helps maintain the correct pH in the stomach and other organs. If your stomach gets too alkaline environment, hydrogen is released as it is associated with the regulation of this process. If the environment in the stomach is too acidic, hydrogen will bind to other elements.

Hydrogen in water

In addition, it is hydrogen that allows ice to float on the surface of water, since hydrogen bonds increase the distance between its frozen molecules, making them less dense.

Typically, matter is denser when it is in a solid state rather than liquid, Nyman said. Water is the only substance that becomes less dense as a solid.

What is the danger of hydrogen

However, hydrogen can also be dangerous. Its reaction with oxygen led to the crash of the airship Hindenburg, which killed 36 people in 1937. Besides, hydrogen bombs can be incredibly destructive, although they have never been used as a weapon. Nevertheless, their potential was demonstrated in the 1950s by countries such as the USA, USSR, Great Britain, France and China.

Hydrogen bombs, like atomic bombs, use a combination of nuclear fusion and fission reactions, resulting in destruction. When they explode, they create not only mechanical shock waves, but also radiation.

On Earth - oxygen, in space - hydrogen

The universe has the most hydrogen (74% by mass). It has been preserved since big bang. Only an insignificant part of the hydrogen has managed to turn into heavier elements in stars. On Earth, the most common element is oxygen (46-47%). Most of it is bound in the form of oxides, primarily silicon oxide (SiO 2 ). Earth's oxygen and silicon originated in massive stars that existed before the birth of the sun. At the end of their lives, these stars exploded in supernovae and threw the elements formed in them into space. Of course, the explosion products contained a lot of hydrogen and helium, as well as carbon. However, these elements and their compounds are highly volatile. Near the young Sun, they evaporated and were blown out by radiation pressure to the outskirts solar system

The Ten Most Common Elements in the Milky Way Galaxy *

* Mass fraction per million.

Of course, in our understanding, this is something of a single whole. But having its own structure and composition. This includes all celestial bodies and objects, matter, energy, gas, dust and more. All this was formed and exists, regardless of whether we see it or feel it.

Scientists have long considered such questions: What formed such a universe? And what elements fill it?

Today we will talk about which element is the most common in the universe.

It turns out that this chemical element is the lightest in the world. In addition, its monatomic form makes up approximately 87% of the total composition of the universe. In addition, it is found in most molecular compounds. Even in water, or, for example, he is part of organic matter. In addition, hydrogen is a particularly important constituent of acid-base reactions.
In addition, the element is soluble in most metals. Interestingly, hydrogen is odorless, colorless, and tasteless.

In the process of studying, scientists called hydrogen a combustible gas.
As soon as it was not defined. At one time, he bore the name of giving birth to water, and then water-creating substance.
Only in 1824 it was given the name hydrogen.

Hydrogen makes up 88.6% of all atoms. Rest in more makes up helium. And only a small part is other elements.
Consequently, stars and other gases contain mostly hydrogen.
By the way, again, it is also present in stellar temperatures. However, in the form of plasma. And in outer space it is represented in the form of molecules, atoms and ions. Interestingly, hydrogen is able to form molecular clouds.

Characterization of hydrogen

Hydrogen is a unique element because it does not have a neutron. It contains only one proton and an electron.
As stated, it is the lightest gas. It is important that the smaller the mass of molecules, the higher their speed. Even the temperature doesn't affect it.
The thermal conductivity of hydrogen is one of the highest among all gases.
Among other things, it is highly soluble in metals, which affects its ability to diffuse through them. Sometimes the process leads to destruction. For example, the interaction of hydrogen and carbon. In this case, decarbonization occurs.

The advent of hydrogen

It originated in the universe after the Big Bang. Like all chemicals. According to theory, in the first microseconds after the explosion, the temperature of the universe was above 100 billion degrees. What formed the bond of three quarks. In turn, this interaction created a proton. Thus, the nucleus of the hydrogen atom arose. During the expansion, the temperature dropped and quarks formed protons and neutrons. So, in fact, hydrogen appeared.

In the interval from 1 to 100 seconds after the formation of the universe, part of the protons and neutrons combined. Thus forming another element, helium.
In the future, the expansion of space and, as a result, the decrease in temperature suspended the connecting reactions. Importantly, they re-launched inside the stars. This is how atoms of other chemical elements were formed.
As a result, it turns out that hydrogen and helium are the main engines for the formation of other elements.

Helium is generally the second most abundant element in the universe. Its share is 11.3% of the total outer space.

helium properties

It, like hydrogen, is odorless, colorless and tasteless. In addition, it is the second lightest gas. But its boiling point is the lowest known.

Helium is an inert, non-toxic and monatomic gas. Its thermal conductivity is high. According to this characteristic, it again ranks second after hydrogen.
Helium production is carried out by separation at low temperature.
Interestingly, helium was previously considered a metal. But in the process of studying, it was determined that it was a gas. Moreover, the main part of the universe.

All elements on Earth, with the exception of hydrogen and helium, were generated billions of years ago by the alchemy of stars, some of which are now inconspicuous white dwarfs somewhere on the other side. Milky Way. The nitrogen in our DNA, the calcium in our teeth, the iron in our blood, the carbon in our apple pies are created in the core of shrinking stars.

We are made from star matter.
Carl Sagan

Applying elements

Mankind has learned how to extract and use chemical elements for its own benefit. So hydrogen and helium are used in many fields of activity. For example, in:

• Food Industry;
• metallurgy;
• chemical industry;
• oil refining;
• electronics manufacturing;
• cosmetic industry;
• geology;
• even in the military sphere, etc.

As you can see, these elements play an important role in the life of the universe. Obviously, our very existence directly depends on them. We know that every minute there is growth and movement. And despite the fact that they are individually small, everything around is based on these elements.
Truly, hydrogen and helium, as well as other chemical elements, are unique and amazing. Perhaps it is impossible to argue with this.

"The two most common elements in the universe are hydrogen and stupidity." - Harlan Ellison. After hydrogen and helium, the periodic table is full of surprises. Among the most amazing facts there is also the fact that every material that we have ever touched, seen, interacted with, consists of the same two things: atomic nuclei positively charged and negatively charged electrons. The way these atoms interact with each other - how they push, bind, attract and repel, creating new stable molecules, ions, electronic energy states - in fact, determines the picturesqueness of the world around us.

Even if it is the quantum and electromagnetic properties of these atoms and their constituents that allow our Universe, it is important to understand that it did not begin with all these elements at all. On the contrary, she started almost without them.

You see, it takes a lot of atoms to achieve the variety of bond structures and build the complex molecules that underlie everything we know. Not in quantitative terms, but in diverse terms, that is, that there be atoms with a different number of protons in their atomic nuclei: this is what makes the elements different.

Our bodies need elements such as carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, calcium, and iron. The crust of our Earth needs elements such as silicon and many others. heavy elements, while the core of the Earth - in order to generate heat - needs elements from probably the entire periodic table that are found in nature: thorium, radium, uranium and even plutonium.

But let's go back to the early stages of the universe - before the appearance of man, life, our solar system, to the very first solid planets and even the first stars - when all we had was a hot, ionized sea of ​​protons, neutrons and electrons. There were no elements, no atoms, and no atomic nuclei: the universe was too hot for all that. It wasn't until the universe expanded and cooled that there was at least some stability.

Some time has passed. The first nuclei merged together and did not separate again, producing hydrogen and its isotopes, helium and its isotopes, and tiny, barely distinguishable volumes of lithium and beryllium, the latter subsequently radioactively decaying into lithium. This is how the Universe began: in terms of the number of nuclei - 92% hydrogen, 8% helium and approximately 0.00000001% lithium. By weight - 75-76% hydrogen, 24-25% helium and 0.00000007% lithium. In the beginning there were two words: hydrogen and helium, that's all, one might say.

Hundreds of thousands of years later, the universe had cooled enough for neutral atoms to form, and tens of millions of years later, gravitational collapse allowed the first stars to form. At the same time, the phenomenon of nuclear fusion not only filled the Universe with light, but also allowed the formation of heavy elements.

By the time the first star was born, somewhere between 50 and 100 million years after the Big Bang, copious amounts of hydrogen had begun to fuse into helium. But more importantly, the most massive stars (8 times as massive as our Sun) burned their fuel very quickly, burning up in just a couple of years. As soon as the cores of such stars ran out of hydrogen, the helium core contracted and began to merge the three nuclei of an atom into carbon. It only took a trillion of these heavy stars in the early universe (which formed much more stars in the first few hundred million years) in order for lithium to be defeated.

And here you are probably thinking that carbon has become the number three element these days? This can be thought of as stars synthesize elements in layers, like an onion. Helium is synthesized into carbon, carbon into oxygen (later and at higher temperatures), oxygen into silicon and sulfur, and silicon into iron. At the end of the chain, the iron can't fuse into anything else, so the core explodes and the star goes supernova.

These supernovae, the stages that led to them, and the consequences enriched the Universe with the contents of the outer layers of the star, hydrogen, helium, carbon, oxygen, silicon and all the heavy elements that were formed during other processes:

• slow neutron capture (s-process), sequentially lining up elements;
• fusion of helium nuclei with heavy elements (with the formation of neon, magnesium, argon, calcium, and so on);
• fast neutron capture (r-process) with the formation of elements up to uranium and beyond.

But we had more than one generation of stars: we had many of them, and the generation that exists today is built primarily not on virgin hydrogen and helium, but also on the remnants of previous generations. This is important, because without it we would never have solid planets, only gas giants made of hydrogen and helium, exclusively.

Over billions of years, the process of star formation and death has been repeated, with more and more enriched elements. Instead of just fusing hydrogen into helium, massive stars fuse hydrogen into C-N-O cycle, equalizing the volumes of carbon and oxygen (and slightly less nitrogen) over time.

Also, when stars go through helium fusion to form carbon, it's fairly easy to grab an extra helium atom to form oxygen (and even add another helium to oxygen to form neon), and even our Sun will do this during its red giant phase.

But there is one killer step in the stellar forges that takes carbon out of the cosmic equation: when a star becomes massive enough to initiate a carbon fusion - such is the need for a Type II supernova to form - the process that turns the gas into oxygen goes to failure, creating much more oxygen than carbon by the time the star is ready to explode.

When we look at supernova remnants and planetary nebulae - the remnants of very massive stars and sun-like stars, respectively - we find that oxygen outnumbers carbon in mass and abundance in each case. We also found that none of the other elements are heavier or come close.

So, hydrogen #1, helium #2 - there are a lot of these elements in the Universe. But of the remaining elements, oxygen holds a confident #3, followed by carbon #4, neon #5, nitrogen #6, magnesium #7, silicon #8, iron #9 and Wednesday completes the top ten.

What does the future hold for us?

Over a sufficiently long period of time, thousands (or millions) times the current age of the universe, stars will continue to form, either spewing fuel into intergalactic space or burning it as much as possible. In the process, helium may finally overtake hydrogen in abundance, or hydrogen will remain in first place if it is sufficiently isolated from fusion reactions. On long distance matter that is not expelled from our galaxy can merge again and again, so that carbon and oxygen will bypass even helium. Perhaps elements #3 and #4 will shift the first two.

The universe is changing. Oxygen is the third most abundant element in the modern universe, and in the very, very distant future, it will probably rise above hydrogen. Every time you breathe in the air and feel the satisfaction of this process, remember: the stars are the only reason for the existence of oxygen.

According to most scientists, the emergence of chemical elements in the universe occurred after the Big Bang. At the same time, some substances were formed more, some less. Our top contains a list of the most common chemical elements on Earth and in the universe.

Hydrogen is leading the way. In the periodic table, it is designated by the symbol H and atomic number 1. It was discovered in 1766 by G. Cavendish. And 15 years later, the same scientist found out that hydrogen is involved in the formation of most substances on the planet.

Hydrogen is not only the most abundant, but also the most explosive and lightest chemical element in the universe in nature. In the earth's crust, its volume is 1%, but the number of atoms is 16%. This element is included in many natural compounds, for example, in oil, natural gas, coal.

Hydrogen is almost never found in the free state. On the surface of the Earth, it is present in some volcanic gases. It is in the air, but in very small doses. Almost half of the structure of stars, most of the interstellar sphere and gases of nebulae are occupied by hydrogen.

Helium is the second most common element in the universe. It is also considered the second lightest. In addition, helium has the lowest boiling point of any known substance.

Discovered in 1868 by the French astronomer P. Jansen, who discovered a bright yellow line in the circumsolar atmosphere. And in 1895, the English chemist W. Ramsay proved the existence of this element on Earth.

Except under extreme conditions, helium is present only as a gas. In space, it was formed in the first moments after the Big Bang. Today, helium appears during thermonuclear fusion with hydrogen in the depths of the stars. On Earth, it is formed after the decay of heavy elements.

The most abundant element in the earth's crust (49.4%) is oxygen. Denoted by the symbol O and the number 8. Indispensable for the existence of man.

Oxygen is a chemically inactive non-metal. Under standard conditions, it is in a colorless gaseous state, odorless and tasteless. A molecule contains two atoms. In liquid form, it has a light blue tint; in solid form, it looks like crystals with a bluish tint.

Oxygen is essential for all living beings on Earth. It has been involved in the cycle of matter for over 3 billion years. Plays a significant role in the economy and nature:

• Participates in plant photosynthesis;
• Absorbed by living organisms during respiration;
• Acts as an oxidizing agent in the processes of fermentation, decay, rusting;
• Found in organic molecules;
• Necessary for obtaining valuable substances of organic synthesis.

In a liquefied state, oxygen is used for cutting and welding metals, underground and underwater work, and actions at high altitude in an airless space. Oxygen pillows are irreplaceable when performing medical manipulations.

In 4th place, nitrogen is a diatomic colorless and tasteless gas. It exists not only on our own, but also on several other planets. It consists of almost 80% earth's atmosphere. Even the human body contains up to 3% of this element.

In addition to gaseous nitrogen, there is liquid nitrogen. It is widely used in construction, industry, medical business. It is used for cooling equipment, freezing organics, getting rid of warts. Liquid nitrogen is non-explosive and non-toxic.

The element blocks oxidation and decay. Widely used in mines to form an explosion-proof environment. IN chemical production it is used to create ammonia, fertilizers, dyes, and is used as a refrigerant in cooking.

Neon is an inert, colorless, odorless atomic gas. Opened in 1989 by the British W. Ramsay and M. Travers. Derived from liquefied air by excluding other elements.

The name of the gas is translated as "new". It is distributed extremely unevenly throughout the universe. The maximum concentration was found on hot stars, in the air of the outer planets of our system, and in gaseous nebulae.

On Earth, neon is found mainly in the atmosphere, and in other parts it is negligible. Explaining the neon paucity of our planet, scientists hypothesized that once Earth lost its primary atmosphere, and with it the main volume of inert gases.

Carbon is in 6th place in the list of the most common chemical elements on Earth. In the periodic table, it is designated by the letter C. It has extraordinary properties. It is the leading biogenic element of the planet.

Known since ancient times. Included in the structure hard coal, graphite, diamonds. The content in the earth's firmament is 0.15%. Not too high concentration is explained by the fact that in nature carbon is subjected to constant circulation.

There are several minerals containing this element:

• Anthracite;
• Oil;
• Dolomite;
• Limestone;
• oil shale;
• Peat;
• Brown and hard coal;
• Natural gas;
• Bitumen.

The storage of carbon groups are living beings, plants and air.

Silicon is a non-metal commonly found in the earth's crust. It was bred in free form in 1811 by J. Tenard and J. Gay-Lussac. The content in the planetary shell is 27.6-29.5% by mass, in ocean water - 3 mg / l.

Many compounds of silicon have been known since ancient times. But the pure element remained beyond the bounds of human knowledge for a long time. The most popular compounds were ornamental and precious stones based on silicon oxide:

• Rhinestone;
• Onyx;
• Opal;
• Chalcedony;
• Chrysoprase, etc.

In nature, the element is found in:

• Mountain massive rocks and deposits;
• Plants and marine life;
• Deep in the soil;
• In the organisms of living beings;
• At the bottom of the ponds.

Silicon plays a huge role in the formation of the human body. Every day, at least 1 gram of the element should get inside, otherwise unpleasant ailments will begin to appear. The same can be said for plants and animals.

Magnesium is a malleable, lightweight metal with a silvery hue. In the periodic table marked with the symbol Mg. Received in 1808 by the Englishman G. Davy. It occupies the 8th place in terms of volume in the earth's crust. natural springs are mineral deposits, brines and sea water.

In the standard state, it is covered with a layer of magnesium oxide, which decomposes at a temperature of +600-650 0 C. When burned, it emits a bright white flame with the formation of nitride and oxide.

Metal magnesium is used in many areas:

• When regenerating titanium;
• In obtaining light casting alloys;
• In the creation of incendiary and lighting rockets.

Magnesium alloys are the most important structural material in the transport and aviation industries.

Magnesium is called the "metal of life" for a reason. Without it, most physiological processes are impossible. It plays a leading role in the functioning of the nervous and muscle tissue, is involved in lipid, protein and carbohydrate metabolism.

Iron is a malleable, silvery-white metal with high level chemical reaction. Denoted by the letters Fe. Rusts quickly at elevated temperatures/humidity. Ignites in purified oxygen. Able to ignite spontaneously in finely dispersed air.

In everyday life, iron is called its alloys with a minimum amount of additives that retain the ductility of pure metal:

• Steel;
• Cast iron;
• Alloy steel.

It is believed that iron makes up the main percentage of the earth's core. It has several levels of oxidation, which is the most important geochemical feature.

Sulfur occupies tenth place in the list of the most common chemical elements on Earth. Designated with the letter S. Shows non-metallic characteristics. In its native state, it appears as a light yellow powder with a characteristic aroma or as brilliant crystals of a glassy yellow color. In the regions of ancient and recent volcanism, crumbly sulfur deposits are found.

Without sulfur, it is impossible to carry out many industrial operations:

• Release of preparations for agricultural needs;
• Giving special characteristics to some grades of steel;
• Formation of sulfuric acid;
• rubber production;
• Production of sulfates and more.

Medical sulfur is found in skin ointments, it is used to treat rheumatism and gout, and is included in cosmetic skin care preparations. It is used in the manufacture of gypsum, laxatives and drugs for hypertension.

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