Nature protection in our region is the most important set of measures in the current difficult environmental situation observed in many regions of the country. Such activities are carried out not only in Russia. There are a huge number of international organizations that control the state environment all over the earth.

Organizations for the protection of nature in Russia

Protecting the environment is something everyone should do. Often, due to irresponsible and negligent attitude towards the world around you, man-made disasters and mass pollution occur. It is necessary to protect nature both on a private and global scale. Everything starts small. Everyone should control themselves and their loved ones, not litter, take care of nature, etc.

Nature conservation in our region is regulated by the actions of many organizations that specialize in this. The main ones are listed below:

• VOOP - All-Russian Society for the Protection of Nature.
• ecological
• RREC - Russian Regional Environmental Center.
• "Green Cross" and others.

The WOOP was founded in 1924 and is still active today. The main goal of society is the preservation of the environment. Participants carry out a set of measures to maintain the diversity of fauna and flora. The society is engaged in education of the population, introduction to the masses. Participants advise the subjects of nature management, are engaged in environmental protection activities and much more.

The environmental movement in Russia is a relatively new phenomenon. In 1994, the "Green" society was founded, which appeared on the basis of the "Kedr" organization. Until 2009, the so-called environmental political party operated, but later its activities were terminated. The "Green" movement considers its goal to change the attitude of the state and the population towards the outside world. Participants believe that only organized political measures can achieve results.

The RREC appeared only in 2000. The center was approved by the Academy of Civil Service and under the President of the Russian Federation. The purpose of establishing the RREC was to establish links with similar centers in other countries. This is necessary to promote cutting-edge ideas for the well-being of life. Thanks to dialogues between environmental organizations, it is possible to stabilize the state of Russia, introduce and promote standards and methods for environmental protection.

The non-governmental organization "Green Cross" also appeared not so long ago - in 1994. The goal of the participants is to educate the population of the ability to live in a good neighborhood with nature.

International Organizations for the Conservation of Nature

There are many such communities all over the world. The most famous are:

• "Greenpeace".
• Wildlife Fund.
• International "Green Cross".
• International Union for the Conservation of Nature, etc.

Nature protection measures

The Law on Nature Protection says that everyone must conserve, rationally use and, if possible, restore natural resources.

It is necessary to maintain the purity of waters, forests, atmosphere, take care of the world around us - representatives of flora and fauna, etc. There are certain measures to protect nature:

1. Economic.
2. Natural sciences.
3. Technical and production.
4. Administrative.

Government programs to protect the environment play a huge role for the Earth as a whole. In some regions, excellent results have been achieved. But you need to understand that everything takes more than one year. A vivid example is the environmentally protected water treatment program. Several years later, its successful outcome is obvious. However, this set of measures was very costly.

Similar measures are being taken at the regional level. In 1868, a decision was made in Lvov to protect marmots and chamois living freely in the Tatras. Thanks to the assembled Sejm and decisions animals began to be protected and saved from extinction.

In connection with the current environmental situation, it was necessary to take a set of measures that limited the use natural resources in industry, etc. It was forbidden to use pesticides. The set of measures also included measures to:

• land restoration;
• creation of reserves;
• cleaning up the environment;
• streamlining the use of chemicals, etc.

"Greenpeace"

Nature protection in our region is largely based on the principles of work of international organizations, although it is of a regional nature. "Greenpeace" - the most famous community, which has offices in 47 countries around the world. The main office is located in Amsterdam. The current director is Kumi Naidu. The staff of the organization is 2500 people. But Greenpeace also employs volunteers, there are about 12,000 of them. Participants promote an environmentally friendly lifestyle, urge people to protect and protect the environment. Problems that Greenpeace seek to solve:

• preservation of the Arctic;
• climate change, fight against warming;
• whaling;
• radiation, etc.

International Union for Conservation of Nature

International organizations for the protection of nature appeared in different time. In 1948, the World Union was established. This is an international non-profit organization whose main goal is to preserve the diversity of representatives of the animal and plant world. More than 82 countries have joined the union. More than 111 governmental and 800 non-governmental institutions have been opened. The organization employs more than 10,000 scientists from all over the world. Members of the union believe that it is necessary to maintain integrity and peace. Resources should be used evenly. The organization includes 6 scientific commissions.

WWF

Nature protection in our region is an integral part of the international fund. This public organization, which is engaged in the conservation of wildlife throughout the world, considers its mission to achieve balance, harmony between man and everything that surrounds him. The Fund's symbol is a giant panda, which is listed in the Red Book. The organization hosts many activities, including:

• forest program;
• protection of rare species;
• climate program;
• ecologization of oil and gas fields, etc.

Nature protection in our region is the duty of every inhabitant of the country. Only together can the natural grandeur of the surrounding world be preserved intact.

Our ancestors at the dawn of mankind were completely dependent on nature. Knowledge about nature in general, the characteristics of minerals, individual plants, the habits and lifestyle of animals, relationships in nature were passed down from generation to generation in the form of signs and legends. Human life depended on this knowledge and the ability to use it.

Already in those distant times, people noticed that if it is wrong to collect roots or seeds, mollusks, bird eggs, thoughtlessly hunt animals, let the fire spread to the surrounding forest or steppe, then you can be left without the necessary means of subsistence. And people began to take measures to protect their most important wealth - the surrounding nature and its individual components. This is how sacred groves arose, which served as a source of resettlement and restoration of plants, sacred animals, trees, stones, streams, animal rookeries, places for fish spawning, nesting birds.

From generation to generation, "taboos" were passed on - prohibitions that limited or forbade the killing of various animals, collecting plants in one or another period of the year, in one place or another. With the advent of the state, these customs, rules turned into laws. The first such laws in Rus' appeared in the 11th century, they are recorded in the oldest code of laws - "Russian Truth".

Gradually, people accumulated knowledge about the laws of nature. At the same time, the number of various products made by people's hands increased. To get it even more, a person used more and more natural resources. This led to great changes in the environment, sometimes in ways that could no longer be corrected. Then people in many countries began to understand that it is necessary to organize nature protection, using the latest achievements of science and technology, involving state authorities, taking international measures. In 1913, the First International Congress on Nature Protection took place.

But this problem arose especially seriously for mankind in the middle of our century, when the changes brought about by human economic activity in the nature of the planet were clearly revealed. Today, nature conservation is one of the critical tasks that people have to decide. And if it is solved, it will be as great an achievement as the creation of atomic fuel, the exit of man into the near-Earth space, the solution to the method of transmission of hereditary traits in living organisms. The future of all mankind depends on the solution of the problem of nature conservation, the possibility further development industry, technology, Agriculture and etc.

Biologists were the first to defend nature, since plants and animals primarily respond to changes that occur as a result of human activities. Then they paid attention to how soils, relief, the entire landscape, air, water, and geological deposits began to change. It turned out that in order to preserve the natural environment for all those living on Earth and their descendants, it is necessary to carefully treat any natural resources. Plan their consumption, taking into account the benefits that can be obtained not only now, but also in the future, when, armed with better knowledge, people can get the maximum benefit from them, minimizing waste.

Such a planned, correct use of the resources of nature, taking into account its protection, is possible only in countries that have embarked on the path of socialist development, with a planned socialist management of the economy that takes into account the present and future interests of the entire population, and not of individuals or families.

The resources of nature must be protected and it is very important to use them without loss. This means to clean every drift in the mines so that not a single kilogram of ore, coal, shale and other minerals remains there, to prevent burning natural gas in flares, the useless gushing of oil and artesian water from wells, and not to leave wood waste in logging sites. When processing raw materials, it is necessary to strive to reduce the waste of wood, metal, leather, and look for ways to use waste. Proper, economical use of heat, electricity, water, food waste, scrap metal, waste paper allows you to save many natural sources for the future.

Pollution of air and water, destruction of green spaces and forests, damage to the surrounding landscape, throwing garbage anywhere, excessive noise destroy the natural environment, have a detrimental effect on all living things, including the human body. Violation of natural processes occurring in nature is the source of many human diseases. Consequently, the protection of nature is the protection of human health, the increase in the duration of his life and working capacity depends on this.

So it turns out that in our time nature conservation is a complex set of state, public and international events that contribute to the organization of proper environmental management, protection of natural resources, their restoration and enhancement in the interests of all living and future generations of people.

In any developed country in our country, great attention is paid to nature protection, the fundamentals of land, water, forestry legislation, the fundamentals of subsoil legislation, laws on the protection of atmospheric air and on the protection and use of wildlife are adopted. Laws on the protection of nature are being adopted.

Nature protection is one of the main duties of every citizen of any country, this is stated in the Constitutions of many countries.

Remember, the health, life and well-being of you and all the people of our great Motherland depend on how you, your friends and relatives treat nature.

Whatever you do: plant trees in the village, help the foresters to take into account and protect anthills, hang artificial bird nests; save fry from drying up reservoirs; fight those who break bushes and trees, walk on lawns, gather armfuls of flowers, poach; make a soil map of fields; spend chemical analysis taken soil samples; collect waste paper, scrap metal or other secondary raw materials - all this is a contribution to the protection of the nature of our country.

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.

Introduction

1. Contemporary Issues ecological state of nature

2. Types of environmental pollution

3. Measures to protect the environment

4. Legal basis for environmental protection

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

The problem of environmental protection at the end of the 20th century became one of the most acute in all states and reached its maximum peak in the most developed countries, where direct and indirect impact on nature has become quite widespread. The consequences of human interference in all spheres of nature cannot be ignored. Nature is a workshop where all the benefits necessary for human existence are created. It requires a careful attitude to its wealth, which, as you know, is far from unlimited.

The relevance of the topic of environmental protection is very high, especially at the present time, when the acceleration of the industrialization process has led to the emergence and development of new economic methods, which in turn has led to changes in the structure of the landscape. Mineral resources, water reserves, forests, meadows and arable lands began to be used more intensively. Industrial enterprises, the network of means of communication have expanded significantly, settlements. Waste from hazardous enterprises, the number of which has increased significantly, contaminates water, air and soil.

The purpose of this work: to identify the most important measures for the protection of nature in the modern world.

According to this goal, it is necessary to solve the following tasks:

1) assess the current problems of the ecological state of nature;

2) highlight the types of environmental pollution;

3) give examples of measures to protect the environment;

4) analyze the legal framework for environmental protection.

The problem of environmental protection is faced not only by highly developed countries, but also by developing, economically weak countries.

1 . Modern problems of the ecological statenature

Nature protection - a set of measures for the conservation, rational use and restoration of the Earth's natural resources, including the species diversity of flora and fauna, the richness of the subsoil, the purity of the waters and the atmosphere.

The danger of irreversible changes in the natural environment in certain regions of the Earth has become real due to the increased scale economic activity person. According to the World Conservation Union for 2008, over the past 500 years, 844 species of animals have completely died out, and 23% of mammals and 16% of birds in the world are under threat of extinction. From the beginning of the 80s. on average, 1 animal species/subspecies disappeared daily, and a plant species disappeared weekly. About 1 billion tons of standard fuel are burned annually, hundreds of millions of tons of nitrogen oxides, sulfur, carbon oxides are emitted into the atmosphere, some of them return in the form of acid rain), soot, ash and dust.

Soils and waters are polluted by industrial and domestic wastewater (hundreds of billion tons per year), oil products (several million tons), mineral fertilizers (about a hundred million tons) and pesticides, heavy metals (mercury, lead, etc.), radioactive waste . There is a danger of violation of the Earth's ozone screen. The ability of the biosphere to self-cleanse is close to the limit.

The optimal environment for a person is that natural state of nature, which is maintained by normally occurring processes of the circulation of substances and energy flows.

Natural objects and phenomena that a person uses in the labor process are called natural resources. These include atmospheric air, water, soil, minerals, solar radiation, climate, vegetation, animal world. According to the degree of their depletion, they are divided into exhaustible and inexhaustible.

Exhaustible resources, in turn, are divided into renewable and non-renewable. Non-renewable resources include those resources that are not revived or are renewed hundreds of times slower than they are spent. These include oil coal, metal ores and most other minerals. The reserves of these resources are limited, their protection is reduced to careful spending.

Renewable natural resources - soil, vegetation, wildlife, as well as mineral salts such as Glauber's and table salts, which are deposited in lakes and sea lagoons. These resources are constantly being restored if the necessary conditions for this are maintained, and the rate of use does not exceed the rate of natural revival. Resources are restored at different rates: animals - in a few years, forests - 60-80 years, and soils that have lost fertility - over several millennia. Exceeding the rate of expenditure over the rate of reproduction leads to the depletion and complete disappearance of the resource.

Inexhaustible resources include water, climate and space. The total water supply on the planet is inexhaustible. They are based on the salty waters of the oceans, but they are still little used. In separate areas, the waters of the seas and oceans are polluted with oil, waste from household and industrial enterprises, and the removal of fertilizers and pesticides from the fields, which worsens the living conditions of marine plants and animals. Fresh water, necessary for humans, is an exhaustible natural resource. Problem fresh water every year is aggravated due to the shallowing of rivers and lakes, an increase in water consumption for irrigation and industrial needs, water pollution by industrial and household waste.

Careful use and strict protection of water resources is necessary.

Climatic resources - atmospheric air and wind energy - are inexhaustible, but with the development of industry and transport, the air has become heavily polluted with smoke, dust, exhaust gases. IN major cities And industrial centers Air pollution is becoming a threat to human health. The struggle for the purity of the atmosphere has become an important environmental task.

Space resources include solar radiation, the energy of sea tides and tides. They are inexhaustible. However, in cities and industrial centers, solar radiation is greatly reduced due to smoke and dust in the air. This negatively affects people's health.

A brief description of the state of the natural environment in the modern world proves the need to develop and improve measures for nature protection. To do this, it is very important to identify the types of environmental pollution.

2. Types of environmental pollution

Pollution is the introduction of new physical, chemical and biological agents that are not characteristic of it or the excess of their natural level.

Main types of pollution:

- physical (thermal, noise, electromagnetic, light, radioactive);

- chemical (heavy metals, pesticides, plastics and other chemicals);

- biological (biogenic, microbiological, genetic);

- information (information noise, false information, anxiety factors).

Any chemical contamination is the appearance chemical in a place not meant for him. Pollution arising from human activity is the main factor in its harmful impact on the natural environment. Chemical contaminants can cause acute poisoning, chronic diseases, and also have a carcinogenic and mutagenic effect.

Along with pollution of the environment with synthetic substances new to it, great damage to nature and human health can be caused by interference in the natural cycles of substances due to active industrial and agricultural activities, as well as the formation of household waste.

The atmosphere (air environment), hydrosphere (water environment) and lithosphere (solid surface) of the Earth are polluted (Table 1).

Table 1 - Environmental pollution

	Main sources of pollution	Major harmful substances
Atmosphere	Industry Transport Thermal power plants	Oxides of carbon, sulfur, nitrogen organic compounds industrial dust
Hydrosphere	Wastewater oil leaks Motor transport	Heavy metals Oil Oil products
Lithosphere	industrial waste and Agriculture Overuse fertilizer	plastics Rubber Heavy metals

The low efficiency of most modern industrial technology has led to the formation of a huge amount of waste that is not disposed of in related industries, but is released into the environment. The masses of polluting waste are so great that they pose a danger to living organisms, including humans (Fig. 1).

Rice. 1.Air pollutionvarious industries

Although the chemical industry is not the main source of pollution, it is characterized by emissions that are most dangerous for the environment, humans, animals and plants. The term "hazardous waste" is applied to any kind of waste that may harm health or the environment when stored, transported, processed or disposed of. These include toxic substances, flammable wastes, corrosive wastes and other reactive substances.

Depending on the features of mass transfer cycles, the pollutant component can spread to the entire surface of the planet, to a more or less significant territory, or be local. Thus, environmental crises resulting from environmental pollution can be of three types - global, regional and local.

One of the problems of a global nature is the increase in the content of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere as a result of man-made emissions. The most dangerous consequence of this phenomenon may be an increase in air temperature due to the "greenhouse effect". The problem of disruption of the global cycle of carbon mass transfer is already moving from the field of ecology to economic, social and, finally, political spheres.

Pollution on a regional scale includes many industrial and transport wastes. First of all, it concerns sulfur dioxide. It causes the formation of acid rain, affecting plant and animal organisms and causing disease in the population. Technogenic sulfur oxides are distributed unevenly and cause damage to certain areas. Due to the transfer of air masses, they often cross the borders of states and end up in territories remote from industrial centers.

In large cities and industrial centers, the air, along with carbon and sulfur oxides, is often polluted with nitrogen oxides and particulate matter emitted by car engines and chimneys. Smog is often observed. Although these pollutions are local in nature, they affect many people who live compactly in such areas. In addition, the environment is damaged.

One of the main environmental pollutants is agricultural production. Into the circulation system chemical elements significant masses of nitrogen, potassium, and phosphorus are artificially introduced in the form of mineral fertilizers. Their excess, not assimilated by plants, is actively involved in water migration. The accumulation of nitrogen and phosphorus compounds in natural water bodies causes increased growth of aquatic vegetation, overgrowth of water bodies and pollution of them with dead plant residues and decomposition products. In addition, the abnormally high content of soluble nitrogen compounds in the soil leads to an increase in the concentration of this element in agricultural food and drinking water. It can cause serious illness in humans.

Water pollutants are also organic waste. Their oxidation consumes an additional amount of oxygen. If the oxygen content is too low, the normal life of most aquatic organisms becomes impossible. Aerobic bacteria that need oxygen also die, and bacteria develop instead that use sulfur compounds for their vital activity. A sign of the appearance of such bacteria is the smell of hydrogen sulfide - one of the products of their vital activity.

Among the many consequences of the economic activity of human society, the process of progressive accumulation of metals in the environment is of particular importance. The most dangerous pollutants include mercury, lead and cadmium, as well as technogenic inputs of manganese, tin, copper, molybdenum, chromium, nickel and cobalt.

Natural waters can be contaminated with pesticides and dioxins, as well as oil. Oil decomposition products are toxic, and the oil film, which isolates water from air, leads to the death of living organisms in water.

In addition to the accumulation of toxic and harmful substances in the soil as a result of human activities, land damage is caused by the burial and dumping of industrial and domestic waste.

The main goal of nature conservation is to support the dynamic balance of natural processes, the conservation of the biological diversity of plants, animals, microorganisms, providing favorable conditions for the life of present and future generations of people, the development of production, science and culture of all peoples inhabiting our planet. Progressive sustainable development human society impossible without environmental management, which is called the totality of all forms of exploitation of natural resources and effective measures for their conservation and restoration.

3. Measures to protect the environment

Environmental protection is understood as a set of international, state and regional legal acts, instructions and standards that bring general legal requirements to each specific polluter and ensure its interest in meeting these requirements, specific environmental measures to implement these requirements.

Only if all these components correspond to each other in terms of content and pace of development, i.e., they form a single system of environmental protection, can one count on success.

Since the problem of protecting nature from the negative impact of man was not solved in time, now the task of protecting man from the influence of the changed natural environment is increasingly becoming. Both of these concepts are integrated in the term "protection of the (human) natural environment".

Environmental protection consists of:

- legal protection formulating scientific environmental principles in the form of legal laws that are binding;

- material incentives for environmental protection activities, seeking to make it economically beneficial for enterprises;

- engineering protection, developing environmental and resource-saving technology and equipment.

In accordance with the Law of the Russian Federation "On Environmental Protection", the following objects are subject to protection:

- natural ecological systems, the ozone layer of the atmosphere;

- land, its subsoil, surface and underground waters, atmospheric air, forests and other vegetation, fauna, microorganisms, genetic fund, natural landscapes.

State natural reserves, natural reserves, national natural parks, natural monuments, rare or endangered species of plants and animals and their habitats are specially protected.

In the process of long-term use of natural resources, general principles and rules for the rational use and protection of nature were developed.

The first principle boils down to the fact that all natural phenomena have multiple meanings for man and must be evaluated from different points of view. Each phenomenon must be approached taking into account the interests of various branches of production and the preservation of the restorative power of nature itself.

The second principle is the need for strict consideration of local conditions in the use and protection of natural resources. It is called the rule of regionality. This is especially true for the use of water and forest resources.

The third principle, arising from the mutual connection of objects and phenomena in nature, is that the protection of one object means at the same time the protection of other objects closely related to it.

Therefore, nature protection must be comprehensive. It is not the sum of individual natural resources that should be protected, but a natural complex (ecosystem), which includes various components connected by natural links that have developed in the process of long historical development.

The main measures to combat air pollution are: strict control of emissions of harmful substances. It is necessary to replace toxic starting products with non-toxic ones, switch to closed cycles, improve gas cleaning and dust collection methods. Of great importance is the optimization of the location of enterprises to reduce transport emissions, as well as the competent application of economic sanctions.

International cooperation is beginning to play an important role in protecting the environment from chemical pollution. In the 1970s ozone layer, protecting our planet from the dangerous action of the ultraviolet radiation of the Sun, a decrease in the concentration of O3 was found. In 1974, it was established that ozone is destroyed by the action of atomic chlorine. One of the main sources of chlorine entering the atmosphere are chlorofluoro derivatives of hydrocarbons (freons, freons) used in aerosol cans, refrigerators and air conditioners. The destruction of the ozone layer occurs, perhaps, not only under the influence of these substances. However, steps have been taken to reduce their production and use. In 1985, many countries agreed to protect the ozone layer. The exchange of information and joint research into changes in the concentration of atmospheric ozone continue.

Carrying out measures to prevent the ingress of pollutants into water bodies includes the establishment of coastal protective strips and water protection zones, the rejection of poisonous chlorine-containing pesticides, and the reduction of discharges from industrial enterprises through the use of closed cycles. Reducing the risk of oil pollution is possible by improving the reliability of tankers.

To prevent pollution of the Earth's surface, preventive measures are needed - to prevent contamination of soils with industrial and domestic sewage, solid domestic and industrial wastes, and sanitary cleaning of the soil and the territory of populated areas where such violations have been identified.

The best solution to the problem of environmental pollution would be non-waste industries that do not have Wastewater, gas emissions and solid waste. However, waste-free production today and in the foreseeable future is fundamentally impossible, for its implementation it is necessary to create a single system for the entire planet. cyclic system flows of matter and energy. If the loss of matter, at least theoretically, can still be prevented, then ecological problems energy will still be there. Thermal pollution cannot be avoided in principle, and so-called clean energy sources, such as wind farms, still damage the environment.

So far, the only way to significantly reduce environmental pollution is low-waste technologies. Currently, low-waste industries are being created, in which emissions of harmful substances do not exceed the maximum permissible concentrations (MAC), and waste does not lead to irreversible changes in nature. The complex processing of raw materials, the combination of several industries, the use of solid waste for the manufacture of building materials are used.

New technologies and materials, environmentally friendly fuels, new energy sources are being created that reduce environmental pollution.

4. Legal basis for environmental protection

The legal basis for nature protection is the Constitution of the Russian Federation, international treaties, laws on the protection of nature and the main components of the natural environment, resolutions of legislative institutions different levels. higher legal force, direct effect and application throughout Russia has the Constitution of the Russian Federation. It enshrined the human right to a healthy environment. Naturally, in order to effectively use it, it is necessary to use the right to reliable information about the state of the environment (Article 42). The rules and principles of nature protection are carried out by people when they are of a legislative nature. The law is currently in effect Russian Federation"On the Protection of the Environment" (December 19, 1991). Its basis is the recognition of nature and its wealth as "the national treasure of the peoples of Russia, the natural basis of their socio-economic development and human well-being."

In accordance with the 1991 law, the assessment of the state of the natural environment, including in emergency environmental situations, should be assessed both from the standpoint of public health and the state of natural ecological systems, genetic funds of plants and animals.

The main objectives of the environmental legislation of the Russian Federation are “regulating relations in the field of interaction between society and nature in order to preserve natural resources and the natural human environment, prevent the environmentally harmful impact of economic and other activities, improve and improve the quality of the natural environment, strengthen law and order in the interests of present and future generations of people.

The law formulates environmental requirements for all economic structures. These requirements are addressed to enterprises, organizations, institutions, regardless of the form of ownership and subordination, and to individual citizens.

In accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation, international treaties take precedence over domestic state laws. However, for an international treaty to have legal force in Russia, it must not only be signed by authorized persons, but also ratified (approved) by the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation.

Environmental measures are provided for in land, forestry, water and other federal legislation. Responsibility for violations in the field of nature protection is provided for in Ch. 26 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, Ch. 8 of the Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation, as well as civil liability for certain types of offenses. In a number of countries, as a result of the implementation of government environmental programs, it was possible to significantly improve the quality of the environment in certain regions (for example, as a result of a long-term and expensive program, it was possible to restore the purity and quality of water in the Great Lakes). On an international scale, along with the creation of various international organizations on certain problems of nature protection, the UN Environment Program operates.

Zakllearning

The changes introduced by man have now acquired such a large scale that they have become a threat to disturb the balance existing in nature and an obstacle to the further development of the productive forces. The danger of uncontrolled changes in the environment and, as a result, the threat to the existence of living organisms on Earth, including humans, required decisive practical measures to protect and protect nature, legal regulation of the use of natural resources.

Such measures include the creation of waste-free technologies, treatment facilities, the regulation of the use of pesticides, the cessation of the production of pesticides that can accumulate in the body, land reclamation, etc., as well as the creation of protected areas (reserves, national parks, etc.), centers for breeding rare and endangered animals and plants (including for the conservation of the Earth's gene pool), compiling the world and national Red Data Books.

In Russia, for the first time in world practice, the requirement for the protection and rational use of natural resources is included in the Constitution. There are about two hundred legal documents related to nature management. One of the most important is the comprehensive law “On the Protection of the Environment”, adopted in 1991.

It states that every citizen has the right to protect health from the adverse effects of a polluted natural environment, to participate in environmental associations and social movements, and to receive timely information about the state of the natural environment and measures to protect it.

At the same time, every citizen is obliged to take part in the protection of the natural environment, to raise the level of their knowledge of nature, ecological culture, to comply with the requirements of environmental legislation and the established standards for the quality of the natural environment.

Bibliography

1. Gritsevich I.G., Kokorin A.O., Safonov G.V., Garnak A. Economic development and solving the problem of climate change // Ecological Bulletin of Russia, 2009, No. 3, p. 15-21.

2. Law of the Russian Federation "On Environmental Protection" No. 2060-1 of December 19, 1991 (as amended by Laws of the Russian Federation of February 21, 1992 No. 2397-1, of June 2, 1993 No. 5076-1).

3. Kargopoltsev V.G., Mitskevich O.A. Water accounting: causes of imbalance and ways to prevent it // Ecological Bulletin of Russia, 2009, no. 4, p. 8-11.

4. Makevnin S.G., Vakulin A.A. Protection of Nature. - M.: Agropromizdat, 1991.

5. Protasov V.F., Molchanov A.V. Ecology and nature management in Russia. - M.: Finance and statistics, 1995.

6. Man and his environment: Reader//Ed. G.V. Lisichkin and N.N. Chernov. - M.: Mir, 2003.

Similar Documents

Environmental protection. Societies for the protection of the environment, movements and squads for the protection of nature. Reserves. Reserves and monuments of nature. Measures to prevent air pollution. Rational use of water resources.

abstract, added 08/24/2008


Deterioration of the environment. Activities related to nature protection. Laws of American scientists. New ecosystems created by man. World Strategy for Environmental Protection. Economic, historical and social significance nature conservation.

test, added 10/20/2013


State policy of environmental protection. Legal protection of nature. Bodies of management, control and supervision for nature protection, their functions. Tasks and powers of the governing bodies of the Russian Federation and its subjects in the field of nature protection.

abstract, added 11/09/2010


International relationships and the evolution of the environment. Environmental protection is an international task. International environmental law. Security various kinds environment. Protection of fauna and flora. Nature conservation is the practice of Western countries.

article, added 11/09/2006


The international cooperation in solving programs of nature protection: interstate agreements and conventions on environmental protection and national use of natural resources; activities of international environmental organizations.

control work, added 12/09/2007


The relevance of environmental issues, the social aspects of this problem. State acts on nature protection. Organization of observations of the state of the environment. Compilation of emergency, operational and regime information on pollution.

control work, added 01/11/2012


Environmental protection as an essential condition for ensuring environmental safety, sustainability of the economic and social development society. Public administration and control of natural resources in Belarus in the field of environmental protection.

abstract, added 11/25/2010


Study of the UN activities in the field of environmental protection: International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, Economic Commission for Europe. Goals and objectives of the International Socio-Ecological Union. Conclusion of international treaties.

abstract, added 06/21/2010


Types of international conventions and agreements. Protection of the atmosphere and outer space. International legal protection of the environment from pollution by radioactive waste. International public organizations in the field of environmental protection.

term paper, added 11/18/2011


The structure of the Earth's atmosphere. The concept and types of nature. Initial provisions of the concept reasonable behavior person in his environment natural environment. Objects forest relations. Tasks of standardization in the field of nature protection. Principles of ecological expertise.

Protection of Nature- this is a rational, reasonable use of natural resources, which helps to preserve the pristine diversity of nature and improve the living conditions of the population. For nature protection Earth the world community is taking concrete action.

Effective measures to protect endangered species and natural biocenoses are to increase the number of reserves, expand their territories, create nurseries for the artificial cultivation of endangered species and reintroduce (that is, return) them into nature.

A powerful human impact on ecological systems can lead to sad results that can provoke a whole chain of environmental changes.

The influence of anthropogenic factors on organisms

Most of organic matter does not decompose immediately, but is preserved in the form of wood, soil and water sedimentary deposits. After being preserved for many millennia, these organic substances turn into fossil fuels (coal, peat and oil).

Every year on Earth, photosynthetic organisms synthesize about 100 billion tons of organic substances. For geological period(1 billion years), the predominance of the process of synthesis of organic substances over the process of their decomposition led to a decrease in the content of CO 2 and an increase in O 2 in the atmosphere.

Meanwhile, since the second half of the XX century. the intensive development of industry and agriculture began to cause a steady increase in the content of CO 2 in the atmosphere. This phenomenon can cause climate change on the planet.

Conservation of natural resources

In the field of nature conservation great importance has a transition to the use of industrial and agricultural technologies that allow economical use of natural resources. For this you need:

• the most complete use of fossil natural resources;
• recycling of production wastes, use of non-waste technologies;
• obtaining energy from environmentally friendly sources by using the energy of the Sun, wind, ocean kinetic energy, underground energy.

Especially effective is the introduction of waste-free technologies operating in closed cycles, when waste is not emitted into the atmosphere or into water basins, but is reused.

Biodiversity conservation

Security existing species living organisms is also of great importance in biological, ecological and cultural terms. Every living species is a product of centuries of evolution and has its own gene pool. None of the existing species can be considered absolutely beneficial or harmful. Those species that were considered harmful may eventually turn out to be useful. That is why the protection of the gene pool of existing species is of particular importance. Our task is to preserve all living organisms that have come down to us after a long evolutionary process.

Plant and animal species, the number of which has already declined or is endangered, are listed in the Red Book and are protected by law. In order to protect nature, reserves, micro-reserves, natural monuments, plantations are created medicinal plants, reservations, national parks and other conservation activities. material from the site

"Man and the Biosphere"

In order to protect nature in 1971, the international program "Man and the Biosphere" (in English "Man and Biosfera" - abbreviated as MAB) was adopted. According to this program, the state of the environment and human impact on the biosphere are studied. The main objectives of the program "Man and the Biosphere" are to predict the consequences of modern human economic activity, to develop ways for the reasonable use of the riches of the biosphere and measures for its protection.

In countries participating in the MAB program, large biosphere reserves are being created, where changes that occur in ecosystems without human influence are studied (Fig. 80).