Bogucharovo was always, before Prince Andrei settled in it, a private estate, and the men of Bogucharov had a completely different character from those of Lysogorsk. They differed from them in speech, clothing, and customs. They were called steppes. The old prince praised them for their endurance in their work when they came to help clean up the Bald Mountains or dig ponds and ditches, but did not like them for their savagery. The last stay in Bogucharovo of Prince Andrei, with his innovations - hospitals, schools and easier dues - did not soften their morals, but, on the contrary, strengthened in them those character traits that the old prince called savagery. Some obscure talk always went between them, either about listing them all as Cossacks, or about a new faith to which they would be converted, or about some royal lists, or about an oath to Pavel Petrovich in 1797 (about which they said that then the will still came out, but the gentlemen took it away), then about Peter Fedorovich, who will reign in seven years, under whom everything will be free and it will be so simple that nothing will happen. Rumors about the war and Bonaparte and his invasion combined for them with the same vague ideas about the Antichrist, the end of the world and pure will. In the vicinity of Bogucharov there were more and more large villages, state-owned and quitrent landlords. There were very few landowners living in this area; there were also very few servants and literates, and in the life of the peasants of this area were more noticeable and stronger than in others, those mysterious jets of Russian folk life, the causes and significance of which are inexplicable to contemporaries. One of these phenomena was the movement between the peasants of this area to move to some warm rivers, which manifested itself about twenty years ago. Hundreds of peasants, including Bogucharov's, suddenly began to sell their livestock and leave with their families somewhere to the southeast. Like birds flying somewhere beyond the seas, these people with their wives and children strove to go there, to the southeast, where none of them had been. They went up in caravans, bathed one by one, ran, and rode, and went there, to the warm rivers. Many were punished, exiled to Siberia, many died of cold and hunger on the road, many returned on their own, and the movement died down by itself just as it had begun without an obvious reason. But underwater jets did not stop flowing in this people and gathered for some new strength, which has to appear just as strange, unexpectedly and at the same time simply, naturally and strongly. Now, in 1812, for a person who lived close to the people, it was noticeable that these underwater jets produced strong work and were close to manifestation. Alpatych, having arrived in Bogucharovo some time before the death of the old prince, noticed that there was unrest among the people and that, contrary to what was happening in the Bald Mountains on a sixty-verst radius, where all the peasants left (leaving the Cossacks to ruin their villages), in the steppe zone , in Bogucharovskaya, the peasants, as was heard, had relations with the French, received some papers that went between them, and remained in their places. He knew through the courtyard people devoted to him that the peasant Karp, who had recently traveled with a state-owned cart, and who had a great influence on the world, returned with the news that the Cossacks were devastating the villages from which the inhabitants came out, but that the French did not touch them. He knew that another peasant had even brought yesterday from the village of Visloukhovo—where the French were stationed—a paper from the French general, in which the inhabitants were declared that no harm would be done to them, and that everything that was taken from them would be paid for if they remained. As proof of this, the peasant brought from Visloukhov one hundred rubles in banknotes (he did not know that they were fake), given to him in advance for hay. Finally, and most importantly, Alpatych knew that on the very day he ordered the headman to collect carts for the export of the princess's convoy from Bogucharov, in the morning there was a gathering in the village, at which it was supposed not to take it out and wait. Meanwhile, time was running out. The leader, on the day of the death of the prince, on August 15, insisted on Princess Marya that she leave on the same day, as it was becoming dangerous. He said that after the 16th he was not responsible for anything. On the day of the prince's death, he left in the evening, but promised to come to the funeral the next day. But the next day he could not come, because, according to the news he himself received, the French suddenly moved in, and he only managed to take his family and everything valuable from his estate. For about thirty years, Bogucharov was ruled by the headman Dron, whom the old prince called Dronushka. Dron was one of those physically and morally strong men who, as soon as they grow old, grow a beard, and so, without changing, live up to sixty or seventy years, without a single gray hair or lack of a tooth, just as straight and strong at sixty. like at thirty. Dron, soon after moving to warm rivers, in which he participated, like others, was made headman-burmist in Bogucharovo and since then he has been flawlessly in this position for twenty-three years. The men were more afraid of him than the master. Gentlemen, and the old prince, and the young, and the manager, respected him and jokingly called him a minister. During all the time of his service, Dron was never drunk or sick; never, not after sleepless nights, not after any kind of labor, did not show the slightest fatigue and, not knowing how to read and write, never forgot a single account of money and pounds of flour for the huge carts that he sold, and not a single shock of supper bread on every tithe of the Bogucharov fields. It was this Dron Alpatych, who came from the devastated Bald Mountains, called to him on the day of the prince's funeral and ordered him to prepare twelve horses for the carriages of the princess and eighteen carts for the convoy, which was to be raised from Bogucharov. Although the peasants were quitrents, the execution of this order could not meet with difficulties, according to Alpatych, since there were two hundred and thirty taxes in Bogucharovo and the peasants were prosperous. But Elder Dron, having listened to the order, silently lowered his eyes. Alpatych told him the men he knew and from whom he ordered to take carts. The drone answered that these peasants had horses in a cart. Alpatych named other men, and those horses did not have, according to Dron, some were under state-owned carts, others were powerless, and the horses of others died from starvation. Horses, according to Dron, could not be collected not only for wagon trains, but also for carriages. Alpatych carefully looked at Dron and frowned. Just as Dron was an exemplary peasant elder, so Alpatych not without reason managed the prince's estates for twenty years and was an exemplary manager. He is in the highest degree he was able to understand instinctively the needs and instincts of the people with whom he dealt, and therefore he was an excellent manager. Glancing at Dron, he immediately realized that Dron's answers were not an expression of Dron's thoughts, but an expression of that general mood of the Bogucharov world, by which the headman had already been captured. But at the same time, he knew that Dron, who had profited and hated by the world, had to fluctuate between two camps - the masters and the peasants. He noticed this hesitation in his gaze, and therefore Alpatych, frowning, moved closer to Dron. - You, Dronushka, listen! - he said. - Don't talk to me empty. His Excellency Prince Andrei Nikolaevich themselves ordered me to send all the people and not stay with the enemy, and there is an order from the king. And whoever remains is a traitor to the king. Do you hear? “I’m listening,” Dron answered, without raising his eyes. Alpatych was not satisfied with this answer. - Hey, Dron, it will be bad! Alpatych said, shaking his head. - The power is yours! Drone said sadly. - Hey, Dron, leave it! Alpatych repeated, taking his hand out of his bosom and solemnly pointing it to the floor under Dron's feet. “It’s not like I see right through you, I can see through everything three arshins under you,” he said, peering at the floor under Dron’s feet. The drone was embarrassed, glanced briefly at Alpatych and lowered his eyes again. - You leave nonsense and tell the people that they were going to go from their houses to Moscow and prepare carts Tomorrow morning under the princess's convoy, but don't go to the meeting yourself. Do you hear? The drone suddenly fell at its feet. - Yakov Alpatych, fire me! Take the keys from me, fire me for Christ's sake. - Leave it! Alpatych said sternly. “I can see right through you three arshins,” he repeated, knowing that his skill in following bees, knowing when to sow oats, and the fact that he had been able to please the old prince for twenty years, had long acquired the fame of a sorcerer and that his ability to see three arshins under a person is attributed to sorcerers. Dron got up and wanted to say something, but Alpatych interrupted him: - What did you think? Eh?.. What do you think? A? What should I do with the people? Dron said. - It blew up completely. I tell them... - That's what I say, - said Alpatych. — Do they drink? he asked curtly. “I’m all flustered, Yakov Alpatych: they brought another barrel. - So you listen. I'll go to the police officer, and you tell the people, and so that they leave it, and so that there are carts. “I am listening,” Dron replied. More Yakov Alpatych did not insist. He had ruled over the people for a long time, and he knew that the chief means of getting the people to obey was to show them no doubt that they might disobey. Having obtained from Dron a submissive “I am listening,” Yakov Alpatych was satisfied with this, although he not only doubted, but was almost sure that the carts would not be delivered without the help of a military team. And indeed, by the evening the carts had not been collected. There was again a meeting in the village near the tavern, and at the meeting it was supposed to drive the horses into the forest and not give out the wagon. Without saying anything about this princess, Alpatych ordered to lay down his own luggage from those who came from the Bald Mountains and prepare these horses for the princess's carriages, and he himself went to the authorities.

Subject: War and Peace

Summary novel "War and Peace" by L. N. Tolstoy (Volume III, part two)

Volume III

Part two

The author's thoughts about historical events and the role of historical figures in them. They are afraid, they are vain, they rejoice, they are indignant and they think that they know everything, but in reality they are involuntary tools of history and perform work hidden for them, but understandable for us. The role of Alexander and Napoleon in the events of 1812 and a brief overview of the war from its beginning to the abandonment of Smolensk. The reason for the death of the French army, according to the author, is their late entry into frosty winter Russia, on the one hand. On the other hand, the hatred that was in the Russian people. At the beginning of the war, the Russian army was stretched out, and therefore our goal was to lure the French into the interior of the country. Napoleon moves, although all the Russians are indignant. Barclay is appointed, but due to distrust of him, his power is limited. In addition, Bagration opposes Barclay. At this time, Napoleon approaches Smolensk, the inhabitants of the city burn their city. They are moving towards Moscow, arousing even greater hatred for the French. "Napoleon goes further, we retreat, and the very thing that was supposed to defeat Napoleon is achieved."

Bald Mountains. The old prince, after a quarrel with his son, alienates the Frenchwoman from himself. Letter from Julie Drubetskaya to Princess Marya. She writes that all of Moscow is praying for ours, and they, women, are having wonderful conversations, etc., etc. Letter from Prince Andrei about the course of the war and the approach of the enemy. Prince Andrei writes about the inconvenience of his father's position close to the theater of war and advises him to go to Moscow. Princess Mary is afraid for her brother and does not understand the cruelty that makes some people kill others. Dessal's conversation with the old prince about the war. The old prince is poorly aware of the danger of the approaching theater of war. He is sure that the war will end in Poland and the enemy will never penetrate further than the Neman.

The old prince is in his office reading his "remarks". He constantly reads those papers that, after his death, should be transferred to the king. Sending Alpatych to Smolensk. The Prince's conversation with Tikhon about Prince Andrei's letter. Memoirs of the old prince about his youth. He recalls the first words that were spoken at the first meeting with Potemkin, then he remembers the living empress, then her funeral. The prince thinks about returning by that time, so that he can be left in peace as soon as possible.

Seeing off and departure of Alpatych to Smolensk. Princess Marya writes a letter to the governor with a request to report on the extent of the danger in which the Bald Mountains are located. And if the danger is great, he orders Alpatych to return immediately. Alpatych stops in Smolensk with the merchant Ferapontov. All night there is a movement of Russian troops around the city. Alpatych with the governor. He writes a paper in which he assures that nothing threatens the city of Smolensk. At the same time, carts with household belongings of the inhabitants of the city constantly leave the gates of the city. Bombardment of Smolensk. At first, the people do not understand the significance of the bombardment; people try with interest to examine the flying cannonballs. The wound of the cook Ferapontov. Only at dusk did Napoleon stop bombing Smolensk. Soldiers run through the streets, shouting that the city is being surrendered. People collect those things that can be taken out and set fire to their houses. Alpatych's meeting with Prince Andrei, who writes to his father to immediately leave the Bald Mountains for Moscow. Berg, as a staff chief, makes a remark to Prince Andrei. He reproaches him for burning houses before his eyes, while he stands. Prince Andrei pays no attention to this remark.

Prince Andrei with his regiment on a campaign. The mood of Prince Andrei. He is very caring about his people, and they affectionately call him "our prince." With his former staff he was harsh, vicious and mocking. Visiting the deserted Bald Mountains. That summer there is a terrible heat, people and cattle languish, only at night you can breathe. A conversation with Alpatych - Prince Andrei mistakenly believes that his father, son and sister left for Moscow, while they are in Bogucharov. Prince Andrei listens to a report on the state of the property saved after the destruction of property by Russian soldiers. He tells Alpatych to leave himself and order the people to go to the Ryazan or Moscow Region province. Bathing soldiers in the pond. Bolkonsky's thoughts on "meat for cannons". And Prince Andrei becomes uneasy at the sight of a large number of bodies bathing in a dirty pond. Bagration's letter to Arakcheev with accusations against the Minister of War and Commander-in-Chief Barclay de Tolly. He assures that Napoleon was at Smolensk in such a bag from which he could not get out, and that the city was abandoned in vain. He writes that there is a rumor about the world, but nothing like that - Napoleon does not need the world. And the Russians, after all the humiliation, will not tolerate this. He says that you need to command one, not two. All of Russia is crying and scolding the Minister and the Commander-in-Chief.

Petersburg. Secular political circles: the French Rumyantsev circle. Helen and the circle of Anna Pavlov-na Scherer and their attitude to the war. In Helen's salon, the war is presented as empty demonstrations and will soon end. Talking in the salon of Anna Pavlovna about the appointment of a new commander-in-chief. Sharply negative judgment of Prince Vasily about Kutuzov. He says that Kutuzov did nothing but upset the sovereign. Appointment on August 9 of Kutuzov as full-time commander-in-chief of the Russian armies and the entire region occupied by troops. A conversation in Anna Pavlovna's salon about this appointment. Prince Vasily abruptly changes his attitude, passionately standing up for Kutuzov. One of those present reminds Prince Vasily that he recently said something else about Kutuzov. But Vasily easily gets out of this situation. He now adores Kutuzov and believes that everyone should do the same.

Movement of the French from Smolensk to Moscow. The historian of Napoleon says that he was drawn to the walls of Moscow unwittingly. Napoleon wants to take several battles to Moscow, but the Russians cannot afford this all the way to Bo-rodin. Lavrushka is captured by the French. He was one of those worldly lackeys who easily guess the desires of the bar and try to please them in everything. So now, having got to Napoleon, he quickly guesses what he wants, and tries to please and serve this person. Napoleon's conversation with Lavrushka. Napoleon asks him about the Russian army, he lies as far as possible. When asked about the battle and victory, Lavrushka confuses Napoleon. He pretends that he does not understand that he is talking to Napoleon, which deserves freedom. Napoleon releases Lavrushka.

After the return of Alpatych, the old prince sobered up and ordered to arm all his people. He announces that he is staying in the Bald Mountains. Princess Marya and Nikolushka are ordered to go to Bogucharovo, and from there to Moscow. But Princess Mary declares that she will not leave her father. The old prince is broken by paralysis. After the impact, he is transported to Bogucharovo. His illness. He lies in unconsciousness and constantly mutters something, moves his lips. He obviously suffers both physically and mentally. There is no hope for a cure. Changing the attitude of the old Bolkonsky to his daughter. The mood of Princess Mary. She often wishes to see signs of her father's nearing the end. For the first time, she is visited by thoughts about personal happiness, freedom from her father, even thoughts about the possibility of family happiness and love. She is embraced by that world of worldly fuss, from which she used to fence herself off. Fees on the road. Conversation between Princess Mary and her father. He asks his daughter for forgiveness for everything he has done. He says that Russia is dead and cries. The princess, unable to stand it, leaves the room. After her departure, the prince begins to talk again about his son, about Russia, and a second blow happens to him. Death of the old prince. Princess Mary cannot believe that her father is no more. A feeling of horror seizes her, and she faints into the hands of the doctors.

Characteristics of the Bogucharovsky peasants. These were peasants with a wild character, who could not be softened by the innovations of Prince Andrei - hospitals, schools, facilitating dues. Elder Dron. The men are more afraid of him than the master. Alpatych calls him and orders to put carts for Princess Marya's things in the courtyard in Bogucharovo. The peasants refuse to give carts to Princess Marya.

Woe to Princess Mary after the death of her father. She reproaches herself for waiting for the end of her father's illness. He's gone now, what should she do? The Frenchwoman Bourrienne brings to Princess Mary the announcement of the French General Rameau stating that the inhabitants should not leave their homes, and advises her not to leave Bogucharovo. The feeling of national pride of Princess Marya. She decides to go immediately, because she does not imagine herself in the hands and under the command of a French general. This thought horrifies her. Conversation between Princess Marya and Elder Dron. She asks for horses, but he says there are none. Then Princess Marya says that she will give bread to the peasants, if only he would give horses. But Dron refuses.

Dron collects a gathering of Bogucharovo peasants. Princess Marya's speech to the crowd. She urges them to go away with her to an estate near Moscow, where they will not be in need, and she will help in any way she can. Refusal of the peasants to let Princess Marya out of Bogucharov. Princess Mary, repeating the order to Dron that tomorrow there should be horses and carts, goes to her room.

Thoughts of Princess Mary about her father, his illness and death. She remembers her whole life. She thinks why her father did not call her in the last minutes of his life. She remembers the last time she saw his face, and horror seizes her again. With a wild cry, Marya runs out of the room.

Nikolai Rostov, Ilyin and Lavrushka, in search of provisions, stop by Bogucharovo. Alpatych informs Rostov about the rebellion of the peasants and their unwillingness to let the princess out of the estate. Rostov is angry at the antics of the men. He goes with Alpatych to the house. Meeting of Rostov with Princess Marya. She does not understand who Rostov is and why, but, recognizing in him a person of her circle, she looks at him with her deep eyes and tells about everything that happened in a breaking voice. Rostov introduced herself to Marya in a halo of romance: a poor girl abandoned in misfortune. And her look struck Rostov. He tells the princess that he vouches with honor that no one will prevent her from leaving Bogucharov. She thanks Rostov and cries. Rostov, embarrassed, leaves the room.

Rostov's anger against the rebellious peasants. Pacification of the rebellion by Rostov. He orders to bind the headman for treason. The rest of the peasants began to make excuses that, they say, due to their stupidity, they did not let the young lady out. Two hours later, the packing of things began, which was ordered by Dron himself, released at the request of Marya. Departure of Princess Mary from Bo-gucharovo. Impression of Nicholas and Princess Mary, made on each other. Marya thanks Rostov for the help. He says that anyone in his place did the same. He tries to change the subject of the conversation. Rostov, in her understanding, for the sake of her salvation, endangered himself, his kind and understanding eyes do not go out of her head. She asks herself if she loves him? She was ashamed to admit to herself that she was the first to love a man who, perhaps, will never love her, but she consoles herself with the fact that no one will ever know about this. Rostov was in the same frame of mind. Princess Mary was pleasant to him. His comrades joke that, going for hay, he picked up one of the richest brides in Russia. And he didn't mind marrying her. After all, this would make him happy, the happiness of his mother and, as he felt, the happiness of Princess Marya. But there was Sonya. What with her? This annoyed Rostov, especially when his comrades joked about him.

Kutuzov summons Prince Andrei to the main apartment. Arrival of Bolkonsky in Tsarevo-Zaimishche. Bolkonsky meets Denisov. In connection with their acquaintance, both recall their relationship to Natasha, but these memories are only a distant, poetic past. Review Kutuzov troops. He remains satisfied with the review and exclaims: “With such good fellows, everything retreat and retreat!” Affectionate reception of Prince Andrei by the commander-in-chief. Denisov sets out his plan for guerrilla warfare to Kutuzov. Kutuzov almost does not listen to Denisov, although it must be admitted that the plan is not bad. The personality of Kutuzov. Everything that was said to Kutuzov was sensible and clever, but he despised the mind in the war and knew something else that should have decided the matter. He despised them with his old age, experience.

An intimate conversation between Kutuzov and Prince Andrei about the war. Prince Andrei tells Kutuzov what he saw while driving through Russia. Kutuzov excitedly exclaims: “What have they brought!”, But he promises that everything will be fine, just give it time. His offer to Bolkonsky to stay with him and the refusal of Prince Andrei. Bolkonsky says that he fell in love with the regiment. Kutuzov agrees that there are so many advisers here, but there are no people. He promises Bolkonsky that the French will eat horse meat, it just takes time and patience. Characteristics of Kutuzov. The reassurance of Prince Andrei about general course cases after his conversation with Kutuzov. He has confidence in the person who is entrusted with this work. Kutuzov, according to Bolkonsky, "will not interfere with anything useful and will not allow anything harmful." Kutuzov understands that there is something that is stronger than him - the inevitable course of events, and he knows how to see and understand their meaning. It was thanks to these qualities that Kutuzov was elected commander in chief.

Moscow before the French invasion. Life in the city goes on as usual, as if there was no message about the war and the patriotic feeling that all Muscovites expressed. With the approach of the French to Moscow, their view of their position becomes more and more frivolous and frivolous. Rostopchin's posters humiliate the French in every possible way, underestimating them. Social evening at Julie Drubetskaya. Penalties for French. And although everyone tried to speak Russian, almost no one succeeds, because they "have neither the time nor the money to hire a Russian language teacher." Pierre's arrival for the evening. He collects his regiment and is going to go to war. The conversation turns to the ruined Rostovs, everyone pities them; about Marya Bolkonskaya, who recently lost her father and was saved by Nikolai Rostov.

Chapter XVIII

Pierre at home. He will think about what to do: stay in Moscow or go to the army? Pierre's intention to go to the army. The arrival of the princess to Pierre and a conversation about the danger of remaining in Moscow. She asks for an order to take her to St. Petersburg, since she is not going to live under Bonaparte rule. Pierre's trip to the village of Vorontsovo to inspect the balloon Leppikha. Returning home, Pierre is present at the execution of the French cook. Pierre is struck by the cruelty with which the execution takes place. All the way back, this picture haunts him. Pierre's departure to Mozhaisk to join the army. In Mozhaisk, beyond Mozhaisk, there were troops everywhere. And the further Pierre rode, the more and more of them became, so that Pierre was seized by anxiety and anxiety. He wants to sacrifice everything for everyone.

The author's discourse on Shevardino and Borodino battles. The author believes that these battles did not matter either for the French or for the Russians. But the wise Kutu-zov gives battle, although he loses Moscow and part of the army, and Napoleon accepts this battle, although he also loses part of the army and stretches the line of his troops even more. Description of how it happened battle of Borodino. It is believed that the battle was given, as the Russians were looking for a convenient place. Nothing of the kind, they went through many positions in their retreat, which were better than Borodin. The Russians, until August 25, did not think that the battle could take place at this place. The alleged and actual plan of the Russian troops during the battle. The battle of Borodino, according to the author, did not happen as it is described, using the proposed plan. It happened suddenly in an open area, where it was impossible to hold out for three hours without losing the entire army.

Pierre from Mozhaisk goes to the army and meets the convoy with the wounded. The wounded soldier tells Pierre that they want to attack all the people, one word - Moscow. Pierre's meeting with a familiar doctor. Pierre says that he intends to participate in the battle. The doctor advises to turn to Kutuzov. Militias are passing by. Pierre is struck by the strange thought that of all the past thousands, twenty are doomed to wounds, suffering, and maybe even death. Two militias worked on the field, although they were uniformed as expected. Pierre understands the meaning of the soldier's words about the whole people, about the solemnity and significance of the coming minute.

Pierre's review of the positions of the Russian troops at Borodino. Pierre wanted to see the battlefield, but there were fields around, fields, fires, troops, villages, barrows, but no positions. He can't even tell our troops from the enemy. He turns to the soldier for clarification, he shows where our fortifications are, where the French are, and says that tomorrow many of ours will be missing. Church procession. They carry the icon of the Smolensk Mother of God, which was taken out of Smolensk and since that time has been fussing with the army. On all faces there is a consciousness of the same solemnity of the moment. The presence at the prayer service of Kutuzov with his retinue. After the end of the prayer service, Kutuzov approaches the icon, bows to the ground, then kisses the icon. His example is followed by the entire headquarters and ordinary soldiers.

Pierre's meeting with Boris Drubetsky, Kaisarov and other acquaintances from Kutuzov's retinue. Although Kutuzov has lately driven out all unnecessary people from the headquarters, Boris was able to resist. He joined Count Benigsen, who opposed Kutuzov. On the faces of all Pierre's acquaintances there were anxiety and excitement, but not those that Pierre saw on the faces of the militia, but anxiety and excitement, driven by personal, intimate reasons. Kutuzov on the eve of the Battle of Borodino. Degraded Dolokhov at the commander-in-chief. He decides to curry favor, climbs at night to the French, etc. Kutuzov's conversation with Pierre. Dolokhov reconciles with Pierre before the battle. He says that tomorrow's battle will leave no one alive, and therefore wants to ask for forgiveness for all the trouble he caused Pierre. Pierre embraces Dolokhov with tears in his eyes.

Chapter XXIII

Pierre in Benigsen's retinue rides along the line of troops. Military orders of Bennigsen. Pierre doubts his ability to understand military affairs. But Pierre was not stupid in relation to military affairs, Benigsen was simply mistaken in some of his orders. Thus, he mistakenly accused the troops that were sent to the ambush of not understanding what they were doing. Bennigsen moves the troops forward on special orders, without saying anything about this to the commander in chief.

Bolkonsky on the eve of the Battle of Borodino. The mood and thoughts of Prince Andrei. No matter how cramped and unnecessary life was now for Bolkonsky, he feels excitement, as before Austerlitz. For the first time in his life, he clearly sees the possibility of death. And in the light of this idea, he understands how insignificant life is. “Tomorrow they will kill me,” he thinks. “And I won’t learn anything more about life because I won’t be.” He imagines the absence of himself in this life, and everything around him becomes threatening. The arrival of the officers of his regiment, followed by Pierre. Prince Andrei is not pleased to see people from his circle, and even more so Pierre, who, unwittingly, reminded him of the past. Pierre feels this attitude, he becomes uncomfortable.

Prince Andrei, not wanting to be alone with Pierre, invites the officers to sit and drink tea. Pierre's conversation with Prince Andrei and officers about the location of the Russian troops, about the commander in chief, about the war and about the upcoming battle. Prince Andrei is interested in whether Pierre understood the position of the Russian troops. He says that, like, yes. Then Prince Andrei says that Pierre knows more than anyone. The conversation turns to Barclay de Tolly. Irritation and excitement of Prince Andrei. He says that he is too cautious, and Russia does not need him anymore. Now Russia needs its own man. Although de Tolly is an honest man. His thoughts on the war. He expresses thoughts that Kutuzov is also guided by. In war there can be no orders on which the outcome depends. It all depends on the people and the occasion. Success, he says, depends on the feeling that is in him, in every soldier. The battle is won by the one who is determined to win it. Prince Andrei says that tomorrow many will fight only for their own interests: crosses, awards, glory. Bolkonsky is sure that tomorrow we will win. The officers, inspired by the commander's speech, leave in high spirits. When Pierre and Bolkonsky are left alone, the prince continues to express his opinion about the war. He says that the French are the enemy who destroyed his house, and everyone in this war thinks so. That is why they must be destroyed. Pierre agrees with a friend. -Prince Andrei escorts Pierre, at this moment Pierre gets the idea that this is their last meeting. Thinking about Natasha. He remembers Natasha and understands that he felt her soul, openness, sincerity. And to him [Anatole] all this was alien. And he is still alive and cheerful.

Napoleon before the Battle of Borodino. Morning toilet of the emperor of the French. Reception of the prefect of the palace Bosse. Bosse says that Napoleon will see the Russian capital in three days. Scene with a portrait of a son. In this portrait, his son pierces him with a stick Earth. Napoleon decides to show paternal tenderness. Tears fill his eyes, he sits down in front of the portrait. Napoleon, even in front of the portrait of his own son, remains commander-in-chief and emperor, showing his power. Napoleon's order to the army. The order says that victory depends entirely on the soldiers, who must now act as they did at Austerlitz, Friedland, Vitebsk and Smolensk.

Chapter XXVII

Inspection by Napoleon of the field of the upcoming battle. He drives across the field, peering thoughtfully at everything, now nodding in agreement, now shaking his head in disbelief. Napoleon's disposition. It consists of 62 guns and four dispositions: 1. The shells must cover the Russians. 2. Poniatowski, heading to the village, would bypass the left wing of the Russians. 3. General Kompan will move into the forest to capture the first Russian fortification. 4. You should cross the bridge in order to enter the line with other troops. The author's reasoning about the impracticability of this disposition. None of the above could be done: the shells did not reach the Russians, the path in the forest was blocked by the Russians, Kompan was repulsed, since he had to line up under canister fire. In addition, during the battle itself, Napoleon was so far away from him that he could not even give other orders in time.

Chapter XXVIII

The author's thoughts on the role of historical figures in historical events. The course of events, the author believes, is predetermined from above, "depends on the coincidence of all the arbitrariness of the people participating in these events." Napoleon did not influence the course of events in any way. It seemed to him that the whole thing happened according to his will. And therefore, in the battle of Borodino, Napoleon only superbly played the role of seeming boss.

Conversation between Napoleon and Bosse about Paris. Napoleon is nervous, but at the same time he tries to casually chat about various trifles. Napoleon's insomnia. Conversation with Rapp. Napoleon, he asks what he thinks will be good now their business? Rapp reminds Napoleon of his phrase: the wine is uncorked, we must drink it. Napoleon says that his poor army has dwindled after Smolensk, but we must only move forward, especially since tomorrow he will have to deal with Kutuzov! Night walk at the tent. The beginning of the Battle of Borodino. A shot rang out, another and another, merging and interrupting each other. The game has begun.

Pierre on the mound. Picture of the battlefield. He admires the panorama: the whole area is covered with troops and the smoke of shots. All this was lively, majestic and unexpected. Artillery fire was heard. Pierre suddenly wanted to be there, in the thick of it. Pierre rides for the general, whom Kutuzov sent to the crossing.

Pierre rides among the troops of the first line. He never thought that he would go to the front line. Everyone is surprised at this gentleman, who does not understand what he is doing here. Wounded. Pierre does not immediately understand who these people are, because a few minutes ago he saw them alive and unharmed. The Raevsky-go battery is a mound, which is surrounded on three sides by ditches. Pierre's observations on the battery. People with bags are running past him, guns are firing without ceasing. The soldiers at first have a sharply negative attitude towards Pierre, but then, seeing that he is not doing anything wrong, they joke with him and even give him the nickname "Our Master". The height of the battle. Killed. From the beginning of the battle, in front of Pierre's eyes, twenty people were killed from the redoubt, and the initial joyful excitement caused by the battle is replaced in Pierre's soul by another feeling. French attack. But the redoubt did not give up, although there were few shells left, the guns were still loaded and fired. Pierre tries to help, runs after the shells, but he is shell-shocked. And when Pierre regains consciousness, the box is gone.

Chapter XXXII

The French attack Raevsky's battery. Pierre does not immediately understand what is happening. But a Frenchman attacks him.

Pierre's fight with a French officer. Pierre, thanks to his strength, fights off the Frenchman, who, frightened, runs to his own. And Pierre runs back to the battery, stumbling over the wounded, who, as it seems to Pierre, are grabbing his legs. But before he had time to run, the Russian counterattack began, recapturing the battery from the French. Pierre's horror at the sight of the dead and wounded. Pierre, looking at all this, thinks that now everything will stop, the French will be horrified by what they have done. But the shooting and cannonade not only did not stop, they intensified and intensified.

Chapter XXXIII

Napoleon during the Battle of Borodino. His role is the leader of the battle. Napoleon looks through the chimney on the battlefield, but he cannot understand where his troops are, where the enemy is. All his orders are useless, they are constantly late. After all, in the heat of battle it was difficult to understand what was happening at the moment, and therefore the orders given by Napoleon were always incorrect. And everything on the battlefield was done not by order of Napoleon, and not even by order of the military leaders who were directly on the battlefield, but by the will of the crowd, which with each new decree of Napoleon lost discipline and rushed across the field. According to Tolstoy, this is what killed Napoleon.

Chapter XXXIV material from the site

Napoleon's marshals ask him for reinforcements. The French, contrary to all expectations, return from the field frustrated and frightened. Napoleon refuses to fortify, not understanding why they need it, because they have in their hands half of the army, aimed at the weak, unfortified wing of the Russians. But when once again Napoleon is asked for reinforcements, he sends them. The steadfastness of the Russian troops frightens the French call. Doubt and hesitation of Napoleon in victory. He does not understand why he is defeated, because everything was the same: the generals, he, the enemy, but nothing worked. Napoleon begins to think about accidents that could destroy him. Ride along the line of the battlefield. Everywhere in pools of blood lie the dead and wounded. Neither Napoleon nor any of his generals had ever seen such horror. Napoleon sees that in essence there is no battle. There is a senseless murder that will lead neither Russians nor French to anything. And for the first time the war seemed to him unnecessary and terrible. Napoleon is offered to introduce the old guard. But he returns to his fortification with the words: "Three thousand two hundred miles from France, I cannot let my guards be defeated."

Kutuzov as the leader of the Battle of Borodino. He does nothing, but allows to be done what needs to be done. He only follows that elusive force, which is called the spirit of the army, and directs it, as far as it is in his power. Confidence in victory. Kutuzov is pleased with the outcome of the first day: Murat was captured, the French fled from the left flank. But at the same time, he receives a report that the troops are in complete disorder. He gives the order for an attack for the next day, which says that the French will attack tomorrow. And exhausted people are comforted and encouraged by such an order.

Chapter XXXVI

Regiment of Prince Andrei in reserves under heavy fire from the French. With each new blow, there is less and less hope of survival for those who have not yet been killed. Prince Andrei paces through the ranks, wanting to cheer up the soldiers, but he sees that this is not necessary. He, like all soldiers, tries to keep from contemplating the terrible situation in which they find themselves. Projectiles fly overhead. He looks where they fall, in his system or not. One shell falls near Bolkonsky. They shout to him: "Lie down!". But Prince Andrei stands in indecision. He thinks that he is not yet ready to die, he does not want to die, but at the same time he remembers that they are looking at him. Wounding of Prince Andrei. He did not want to lie down when a grenade fell near him. He preferred to show that he was not afraid, he was badly wounded in the stomach. Bolkonsky is taken to the dressing station. The idea occurs to the prince that he is sorry to part with his life. From what? “There was something in this life that I did not understand and do not understand,” he thinks.

Chapter XXXVII

At the dressing station, plaintive groans and cries are heard, which merge for Bolkonsky "into one general impression of a naked, bloodied human body which seemed to fill the entire low tent." Prince Andrei at the dressing station notices the wounded Anatole Kuragin. Tom's leg was torn off, he lies and moans pitifully, helplessly. The mood of Prince Andrei. Half delirious, he tries to remember how he is related to this man without a leg. He remembers Natasha the way he first saw her at a ball in 1810, he also remembers the connection that exists between him and this person. And he feels sorry for Natasha. Bolkonsky finally understands why he is so sorry to part with his life: “Compassion, love for brothers, for those who love, love for those who hate us, love for enemies - yes, the love that God preached on earth, which the princess taught me Marya and whom I didn’t understand” — this is the reason for his unwillingness to part with his life.

Chapter XXXVIII

Napoleon on the Borodino battlefield. His appearance with thousands of dead this time does not leave Napoleon indifferent. He hastily leaves the battlefield. For a short time, personal human feeling takes precedence over that artificial phantom of life that he has served for so long. But Napoleon is informed that the French fire is tearing out the Russians in hundreds, and they are standing. And he again dutifully begins to fulfill "that cruel, sad and difficult, inhuman role that was intended for him." Characterization of Napoleon as a morally blind person. Never until the end of his life, Napoleon understood neither goodness, nor beauty, nor truth. He could not renounce his cruel deeds, and therefore renounced goodness and everything human. He imagines that by his will there was a war with Russia, and the horror of what happened does not strike his soul.

Chapter XXXIX

The author's discourse on the results and significance of the Battle of Borodino. According to history, the Battle of Borodino was lost by the Russians. But Tolstoy does not agree with this point of view. He believes that in this battle the Russians won a moral victory. “Not that victory, which is determined by the picked up pieces of matter on sticks, called banners, and the space on which the troops stood and are standing, but a moral victory, one that convinces the enemy of the moral superiority of his enemy and its impotence, was won by the Russians near Bo-rodin. The enemy saw before him a morally stable people, and therefore he lost his superiority.

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why in "war and peace" Bogucharov's rebellion? what is its significance? and got the best answer

Answer from A. F.[newbie]
1) ... the Bogucharov rebellion gives a distorted idea of peasant uprisings. The author of the novel does not seem to see the feudal order that permeated landlord life from top to bottom. Annenkov correctly noted that T. managed to get around the raznochintsy in the novel, and Turgenev pointed out the absence of a “Decembrist element” in War and Peace. Neither the influence of French educational philosophy, strong in the educated circle of the nobility, nor the influence of the foreign campaigns of 1814-1815 on the development of the Decembrist movement are adequately reflected in the novel. But other powerful layers of reality were deeply raised by T.; he so faithfully reflected some of the essential aspects of the life of Russian society and the state at the beginning of the last century, which thereby reflected the integrity of social contradictions. And the reasons and prerequisites for the Decembrist movement came forward with historical necessity...
2) ... And next to it is a scene that contrasts sharply with what has just been said. The rebellion of the Bogucharovo peasants serves as a direct continuation of the picture of the slave life of the serf villages belonging to Pierre Bezukhov. Pierre's villages were in the Kyiv province; the villages of the Bolkonskys, adjacent to their estate Bogucharovo, near Smolensk. But both in those and in others, poverty and slavery reigned, generated by serfdom. Depicting the Bogucharovo peasants, Tolstoy showed the real situation of the peasantry and its inextinguishable impulse towards a better, free life. You can say about them like this: they are the simple Russian people, whose rebellion reveals the social status of the winners Patriotic War. Because the Bogucharovo peasants are the brothers of the soldiers who participated in the Battle of Austerlitz, the peasants who live in the villages belonging to Pierre Bezukhov, those militia who, in the near future, will be met by the same Pierre on the Borodino field ...
3) ... he also wrote about the plight of a serf
peasantry, just a few pages for the whole vast epic. Scene
the Bogucharov rebellion is the only bright episode of this plan ...
Perhaps of all this, the 3rd paragraph reflects this problem more or less fully 🙂
good luck dear!

30. The problem of the people in "War and Peace" LN Tolstoy. Partisan movement. Scenes of the Bogucharov rebellion. Tikhon Shcherbaty and Platon Karataev.

In the novel, there are many images of peasants, soldiers, whose thoughts, considerations together make up the people's worldview. Irresistible force of the Russian people is fully felt in the heroism and patriotism of the inhabitants of Moscow, forced to abandon hometown, their treasure, but not conquered in the soul; peasants refuse to sell food and hay to enemies, create partisan detachments. L. Tolstoy showed real heroes, persistent and firm in fulfilling their military duties in the images of Tushin and Timokhin. The theme of the folk element is revealed more expressively in the depiction of guerrilla warfare. Tolstoy creates a vivid image of the partisan Tikhon Shcherbatov

Hatred for the enemyequally felt by representatives of all strata of Russian society, and patriotism and closeness to the people are most inherent in Tolstoy's favorite heroes Pierre Bezukhov, Andrey Bolkonsky, Natasha Rostova . The simple Russian woman Vasilisa, the merchant Feropontov, and the family of Count Rostov feel united in their desire to help the country. The spiritual strength that the Russian people showed in the Patriotic War of 1812 is the same strength that supported the activity Kutuzov as a talented Russian and commander. He was elected commander-in-chief "against the will of the sovereign and in accordance with the will of the people." That is why, according to Tolstoy, Kutuzov was able to fulfill his great historical mission, since each person is worth something not on his own, but only when he is part of his people. Thanks to unity, high patriotic enthusiasm and moral strength, the Russian people won the war.

"People's Thought" is the main idea of ​​the novel "War and Peace". Tolstoy knew that simple life people, with his "personal" destinies, vicissitudes, joy, make up the fate and history of the country. “I tried to write the history of the people,” said Tolstoy, the people in the broadest sense of the word. Therefore, the “folk thought” plays a huge role for the author, affirms the place of the people as a decisive force in history.

Phenomenon guerrilla warfully confirms the historical concept of Tolstoy. guerrilla war- this is a war of a people who, by their very nature, cannot live under the rule of invaders. Guerrilla warfare was made possible by the awakening in various people, regardless of social origin, the “swarm” principle, the spirit, the existence of which in every person, in every representative of the nation, Tolstoy is sure. Driven by different goals and interests, people of different classes are doing everything that can only be done to expel the enemy from their land. Tolstoy believes that their actions are caused by innate, instinctive patriotism. People who in peacetime calmly went about their daily business, during the war, for some reason, arm themselves and kill, drive away enemies. So the bees, flying freely over a vast territory in search of nectar, quickly return to their native hive when they learn about the invasion of the enemy.

The scene of the Bogucharov rebellion. The psychology of the peasants is excellently portrayed here; their very rebellion looks like the result of the action of the mysterious currents of people's life, that is, deep and significant causes are meant, and not superficial and accidental. In the context of the entire novel, the rebellion of the Bogucharov peasants is perceived as unpatriotic, although understandable: the peasants naively believed that the French emperor would give them freedom. The peasant unrest of 1812 was not at all covered in the works of official historiographers of that time. But in actual documents, in particular in Volkova's already mentioned letters, Tolstoy read a detailed story about rebel militias, which, undoubtedly, was refracted in a peculiar way in the episode of Bogucharov's rebellion. Social conflicts in all their sharpness and intensity, they were not widely reflected in the epic, the main purpose of which was to show the patriotic feat of the Russian people, the unity of the entire nation, rallied to repel the enemy. The national community was presented to Tolstoy as a fusion of the best part of the nobility with the whole people (the upper strata of St. Petersburg and Moscow society, sharply critically, ironically depicted in the novel, were excluded from this unity). The Decembrist theme determined at an early stage the composition of the conceived monumental work about the half-century history of Russian society (from 1812 to 1856), which was drawn to the artist's creative imagination. The historical preparation of the Decembrist movement was also reflected in the completed novel, although this theme did not take the main place in it. The pathos of "War and Peace" is in the affirmation of "people's thought".

Tikhon Shcherbaty is a simple peasant who independently started a war with the French. He explained to Denisov: “Two dozen marauders were beaten, otherwise we didn’t do anything ...” Staying with Denisov, Tikhon at first did all the dirty work: laying out fires, caring for horses, but it turned out that he was capable of "more. At night, he went to prey, bringing clothes and French weapons, and when ordered, he brought prisoners. Soon he was enrolled in the Cossacks. He always walked, but did not lag behind the cavalry. He carried a blunderbuss with him more for laughs, and his weapons were a lance and an ax, which he wielded "like a wolf's teeth". Tikhon not only embodies the strength and courage of a "simple Russian peasant". He, like many other "passing" heroes of the novel, enhances the characterization of the main characters. Petya Rostov, guessing that Tikhon killed a man during a sortie for "language" feels very embarrassed. Although this does not last long. Sitting at the table with the partisans, "Petya was in a state of enthusiastic, childlike love for all people." He tried to make everyone pleasant and treated everyone with raisins sent from home. Petya's death emphasizes the tough grandeur of the "Tikhons" and the weakness of the naive noble boys. "Ready," said Dolokhov coldly about Petya. Denisov drove up to the body of the boy. "I'm used to something sweet... Great raisins, take them all," he remembered. The image of Platon Karataev is self-sufficient in itself. What is worth at least his story about a merchant who was unjustly convicted of murder ... And at the same time Karataev plays essential role in the formation of the character of Pierre Bezukhov. It is known that for Karataev "life did not make sense as a separate life, it made sense only as a particle of the whole, which he constantly felt." Karataev lives in complete harmony with his surroundings. It merges with him like a drop with the ocean. For Pierre, after the execution scene, the world collapses. "The world collapsed before our eyes, and only meaningless ruins remained." It is Platon Karataev who brings him back to life. His special gift of love heals Pierre's soul. Having gone through the trials of captivity, knowing the organicity with the world, characteristic of Karataev, Pierre understands that all misfortunes are not from lack, but from excess. This surplus can be not only material, but also spiritual. Burdened with the spiritual excesses of civilization, a person becomes an observer, analyzing his life, which dries up the soul. Thinking about Karataev, Pierre, by a strange association, remembered his geography teacher. He showed him a globe, a living, oscillating ball. Its entire surface consisted of drops. These drops moved, now merging, then separating. "Here he is, Karataev, now he has spilled over and disappeared," thought Pierre, woke up and saw Karataev's dog. Pierre was already ready to understand that Karataev was killed ... There is an expression in theatrical art: to play an artist. Other artists enhance the role of the hero with their behavior. Leo Tolstoy used the same technique with great skill. Karataev, Shcherbaty not only enhance the characteristics of other heroes, they personify all Russian people, with powerful national strength and high feelings. "The Russians, who were half dying, did everything that could be done and should have been done to achieve a goal worthy of the people, and they are not to blame for the fact that other Russian people, sitting in warm rooms, intended to do what was impossible," noted Tolstoy, adding. "Historians who wrote about this event wrote a history of wonderful feelings and words of various generals, and not a history of events ..." Precisely because the work is saturated with images of people like Karataev and Shcherbaty, we can confidently say this is not a novel that describes, what events happened to people, how they lived and fought; this is a novel about what happened to the people, how people's self-consciousness changed. It was the people who won that war, it was the people who became the bearer of the main spiritual values. The mass of the people, consisting of Platons and Tikhonov.

why in "war and peace" Bogucharov's rebellion? what is its significance? and got the best answer

Answer from A. F.[newbie]
1) ... the Bogucharov rebellion gives a distorted picture of the peasant uprisings. The author of the novel does not seem to see the feudal order that permeated landlord life from top to bottom. Annenkov correctly noted that T. managed to get around the raznochintsy in the novel, and Turgenev pointed out the absence of a “Decembrist element” in War and Peace. Neither the influence of French educational philosophy, strong in the educated circle of the nobility, nor the influence of the foreign campaigns of 1814-1815 on the development of the Decembrist movement are adequately reflected in the novel. But other powerful layers of reality were deeply raised by T.; he so faithfully reflected some of the essential aspects of the life of Russian society and the state at the beginning of the last century, which thereby reflected the integrity of social contradictions. And the reasons and prerequisites for the Decembrist movement came forward with historical necessity...
2) ... And next to it is a scene that contrasts sharply with what has just been said. The rebellion of the Bogucharovo peasants serves as a direct continuation of the picture of the slave life of the serf villages belonging to Pierre Bezukhov. Pierre's villages were in the Kyiv province; the villages of the Bolkonskys, adjacent to their estate Bogucharovo, near Smolensk. But both in those and in others, poverty and slavery reigned, generated by serfdom. Depicting the Bogucharovo peasants, Tolstoy showed the real situation of the peasantry and its inextinguishable impulse towards a better, free life. One can also say about them this way: they are the simple Russian people, whose rebellion reveals the social position of the winners of the Patriotic War. Because the Bogucharovo peasants are the brothers of the soldiers who participated in the Battle of Austerlitz, the peasants who live in the villages belonging to Pierre Bezukhov, those militia who, in the near future, will be met by the same Pierre on the Borodino field ...
3) ... he also wrote about the plight of a serf
peasantry, just a few pages for the whole vast epic. Scene
the Bogucharov rebellion is the only bright episode of this plan ...
Perhaps of all this, the 3rd paragraph reflects this problem more or less fully 🙂
good luck dear!