Revolution of 1905 First Russian Revolution
	Russian empire
	Land hunger; numerous violations of workers' rights; dissatisfaction with the existing level of civil liberties; activities of liberal and socialist parties; The absolute power of the emperor, the absence of a national representative body and constitution.
Primary goal:	Improvement of working conditions; redistribution of land in favor of the peasants; liberalization of the country; expansion of civil liberties; ;
	Establishment of Parliament; Third June coup, the reactionary policy of the authorities; carrying out reforms; preservation of the problems of land, labor and national issues.
Organizers:	Party of Socialist Revolutionaries, RSDLP, SDKPiL, Polish Socialist Party, General Jewish Workers' Union of Lithuania, Poland and Russia, Latvian Forest Brothers, Latvian Social Democratic Labor Party, Belarusian Socialist Community, Finnish Active Resistance Party, Poalei Zion, "Bread and Freedom " and others
Driving forces:	Workers, peasants, intelligentsia, separate parts of the army
Number of participants:	Over 2,000,000
Enemies:	Army units; supporters of Emperor Nicholas II, various Black Hundred organizations.
Dead:
Arrested:

Russian Revolution of 1905 or First Russian Revolution- the name of the events that took place between January 1905 and June 1907 in the Russian Empire.

The impetus for the beginning of mass demonstrations under political slogans was "Bloody Sunday" - the execution by the imperial troops in St. Petersburg of a peaceful demonstration of workers led by priest Georgy Gapon on January 9 (22), 1905. unrest and uprisings took place in the fleet, which resulted in mass demonstrations against the monarchy.

The result of the speeches was an imposed constitution - the Manifesto of October 17, 1905, which granted civil liberties on the basis of inviolability of the person, freedom of conscience, speech, assembly and unions. The Parliament was established, consisting of the State Council and the State Duma.

The revolution was followed by a reaction: the so-called "Third of June Coup" of June 3 (16), 1907. The rules for elections to the State Duma were changed to increase the number of deputies loyal to the monarchy; local authorities did not respect the freedoms declared in the Manifesto of October 17, 1905; the agrarian question, the most significant for the majority of the population of the country, was not resolved.

Thus, the social tension that caused the First Russian Revolution was not fully resolved, which determined the prerequisites for the subsequent revolutionary uprising in 1917.

Causes of the Revolution

The development of forms of human activity into a new infrastructure of the state, the emergence of industry and types of economic activity, radically different from the types of economic activity of the 17th-19th centuries, entailed an aggravation of the need to reform the activities of government and authorities. The end of the period of essential importance of subsistence farming, an intensive form of progress in industrial methods, already for the 19th century required radical innovations in administration and law. Following the abolition of serfdom and the transformation of farms into industrial enterprises, a new institution of legislative power and normative legal acts for regulating legal relations were required.

Peasantry

Peasants were the most numerous class of the Russian Empire - about 77% of the total population. The rapid population growth in 1860-1900 led to the fact that the size of the average allotment decreased by 1.7-2 times, while the average yield for the specified period increased by only 1.34 times. The result of this imbalance was a constant drop in the average grain harvest per capita of the agricultural population and, as a result, a deterioration in the economic situation of the peasantry as a whole.

The course towards actively stimulating the export of grain, taken from the end of the 1880s by the Russian government, was another factor that worsened the food situation of the peasantry. The slogan "we won't finish it, but we'll take it out" put forward by Finance Minister Vyshnegradsky reflected the government's desire to support grain exports at any cost, even in the face of domestic crop failures. This was one of the reasons that led to the famine of 1891-1892. Since the famine of 1891, the crisis Agriculture more and more recognized as a protracted and deep ailment of the entire economy of Central Russia.

The motivation of peasants to increase the productivity of their labor was low. The reasons for this were stated by Witte in his memoirs as follows:

How can a person show and develop not only his work, but initiative in his work, when he knows that the land he cultivates after a while can be replaced by another (community), that the fruits of his labors will be divided not on the basis of general laws and testamentary rights, but by custom (and often custom is discretion) when he can be responsible for taxes not paid by others (mutual liability) ... when he can neither move nor leave his, often poorer than a bird's nest, home without a passport , the issuance of which depends on the discretion, when in a word, its life is to some extent similar to the life of a domestic animal, with the difference that the owner is interested in the life of the domestic animal, for this is his property, and Russian state this property is in excess at a given stage of development of statehood, and what is in excess is either little or not valued at all.

The constant reduction in the size of land allotments (“small land”) led to the fact that the general slogan of the Russian peasantry in the revolution of 1905 was the demand for land, due to the redistribution of privately owned (primarily landlord) land in favor of peasant communities.

industrial workers

By the 20th century, there was already a real industrial proletariat, but its position was approximately the same as the proletariat was in a number of other European countries in the first half of the 19th century: the most difficult working conditions, 12-hour working day (by 1897 it was limited to 11.5) , lack of social security in case of illness, injury, old age.

1900-1904: Growing crisis

The economic crisis of 1900-1903 aggravated all the socio-political problems of the country; the general crisis was also aggravated by the agrarian crisis, which engulfed the most important agricultural regions.

The defeat in the Russo-Japanese War showed the urgent need for reform. The refusal of the authorities to make any positive decisions in this direction also became one of the reasons for the start of the First Russian Revolution of 1905-1907.

The course of the revolution

After the events of January 9, P. D. Svyatopolk-Mirsky was dismissed from the post of Minister of the Interior and replaced by Bulygin; the post of St. Petersburg Governor-General was established, to which General D. F. Trepov was appointed on January 12.

By decree of Nicholas II of January 29, a commission was created under the chairmanship of Senator Shidlovsky with the aim of "immediately clarifying the reasons for the discontent of the workers of St. Petersburg and its suburbs and eliminating them in the future." Officials, manufacturers and deputies from the St. Petersburg workers were to become its members. The elections of deputies were two-stage: electors were elected at the enterprises, who, having united in 9 production groups, were to elect 50 deputies. At a meeting of electors on February 16-17, under the influence of the socialists, it was decided to demand from the government publicity of the meetings of the commission, freedom of the press, the restoration of 11 departments of the Gapon "Assembly" closed by the government, and the release of arrested comrades. On February 18, Shidlovsky rejected these demands as being beyond the competence of the commission. In response to this, the electors of the 7 production groups refused to send deputies to the Shidlovsk commission and called on the workers to strike. On February 20, Shidlovsky submitted a report to Nicholas II, in which he acknowledged the failure of the commission; on the same day, by tsar's decree, the commission of Shidlovsky was dissolved.

After January 9, a wave of strikes swept the country. On January 12-14, a general strike took place in Riga and Warsaw to protest against the execution of a demonstration of workers in St. Petersburg. A strike movement and strikes began in railways ah Russia. All-Russian student political strikes also began. In May 1905, a general strike of the Ivanovo-Voznesensk textile workers began, 70,000 workers went on strike for more than two months. In many industrial centers Soviets of Workers' Deputies arose.

Social conflicts aggravated by ethnic conflicts. In the Caucasus, clashes between Armenians and Azerbaijanis began, which continued in 1905-1906.

On February 18, a tsar's manifesto was published calling for the eradication of sedition in the name of strengthening true autocracy, and a decree to the Senate, allowing proposals to be submitted to the tsar's name to improve "state improvement". Nicholas II signed a rescript addressed to the Minister of Internal Affairs A. G. Bulygin with an order to prepare a law on an elected representative body - a legislative Duma.

The published acts, as it were, gave direction to further social movement. Zemstvo assemblies, city dumas, professional intelligentsia, who formed whole line all kinds of unions, individual public figures discussed issues of involving the population in legislative activity, about the attitude to the work of the “Special Conference” established under the chairmanship of Chamberlain Bulygin. Resolutions, petitions, addresses, notes, projects of state transformation were drawn up.

The February, April and May congresses organized by the zemstvos, of which the last one was held with the participation of city leaders, ended with the presentation to the Sovereign Emperor on June 6 through a special deputation of the all-subject address with a petition for popular representation.

On April 17, 1905, the Decree “On Strengthening the Principles of Religious Tolerance” was adopted, proclaiming freedom of religion for non-Orthodox confessions.

On June 21, 1905, an uprising began in Lodz, which became one of the main events in the revolution of 1905-1907 in the Kingdom of Poland.

On August 6, 1905, the State Duma was established by the Manifesto of Nicholas II as "a special legislative institution, which is given the preliminary development and discussion of legislative proposals and consideration of the schedule of state revenues and expenditures". The deadline for the convocation was set - no later than mid-January 1906.

At the same time, the Regulations on the Elections of August 6, 1905 were published, which established the rules for elections to the State Duma. Of the four most famous and popular democratic norms (universal, direct, equal, secret elections), only one turned out to be implemented in Russia - secret voting. The elections were neither universal, nor direct, nor equal. The organization of elections to the State Duma was assigned to the Minister of Internal Affairs Bulygin.

In October, a strike began in Moscow, which swept the whole country and grew into the All-Russian October Political Strike. October 12-18 at various industries industry, more than 2 million people went on strike.

On October 14, the Governor-General of St. Petersburg D.N. Trepov pasted proclamations on the streets of the capital, in which, in particular, it was said that the police were ordered to resolutely suppress the riots, “if there is resistance from the crowd, do not give empty volleys and cartridges do not regret."

This general strike, and above all the railroad strike, forced the Emperor to make concessions. The manifesto of October 17, 1905 granted civil liberties: personal inviolability, freedom of conscience, speech, assembly and association. Trade unions and professional political unions, Soviets of Workers' Deputies arose, the Social Democratic Party and the Socialist Revolutionary Party were strengthened, the Constitutional Democratic Party, the Union of October 17, the Union of the Russian People, and others were created.

Thus, the demands of the liberals were met. The autocracy went for the creation of parliamentary representation and the beginning of the reform (see Stolypin agrarian reform).

Stolypin's dissolution of the 2nd State Duma with a parallel change in the electoral law (the June 3 coup of 1907) meant the end of the revolution.

Armed uprisings

The declared political freedoms, however, did not satisfy the revolutionary parties, who were going to gain power not by parliamentary means, but by armed seizure of power and put forward the slogan "Finish off the government!". Fermentation engulfed the workers, the army and the navy (the uprising on the battleship Potemkin, the Vladivostok uprising, etc.). In turn, the authorities saw that there was no further way to retreat, and began to resolutely fight the revolution.

On October 13, 1905, the St. Petersburg Soviet of Workers' Deputies began its work, which became the organizer of the All-Russian October political strike of 1905 and tried to disorganize the country's financial system, calling for not paying taxes and taking money from banks. The deputies of the Council were arrested on December 3, 1905.

highest point unrest reached in December 1905: in Moscow (December 7 - 18) and other major cities. In Rostov-on-Don, on December 13-20, detachments of militants fought with troops in the Temernik area. In Yekaterinoslav, the strike that began on December 8 grew into an uprising. The working district of the city of Chechelevka was in the hands of the rebels until December 27.

Pogroms

After the publication of the tsar's manifesto on October 17, 1905, Jewish pogroms took place in many cities of the Pale of Settlement. The largest pogroms took place in Odessa (more than 400 Jews died), in Rostov-on-Don (over 150 dead), Yekaterinoslav - 67, Minsk - 54, Simferopol - over 40 and Orsha - over 30 dead.

Political assassinations

In total, from 1901 to 1911, about 17 thousand people were killed and wounded in the course of revolutionary terrorism (of which 9 thousand fell directly on the period of the revolution of 1905-1907). In 1907, up to 18 people died on average every day. According to the police, only from February 1905 to May 1906 were killed: governors general, governors and mayors - 8, vice-governors and advisers to provincial boards - 5, police chiefs, district chiefs and police officers - 21, gendarmerie officers - 8 , generals (combatants) - 4, officers (combatants) - 7, bailiffs and their assistants - 79, district guards - 125, policemen - 346, officers - 57, guards - 257, gendarmerie lower ranks - 55, security agents - 18, civil officials - 85, clerics - 12, rural authorities - 52, landowners - 51, manufacturers and senior employees in factories - 54, bankers and large merchants - 29.

Known victims of terror:

Party of Socialist Revolutionaries

The militant organization was created by the Socialist-Revolutionary Party in the early 1900s to fight against the autocracy in Russia through terror. The organization included from 10 to 30 militants headed by G. A. Gershuni, from May 1903 - by E. F. Azef. Organized the assassinations of the Minister of Internal Affairs D.S. Sipyagin and V.K. Plehve, the Kharkov governor, Prince I.M. Obolensky and Ufa - N.M. prepared assassination attempts on Nicholas II, Minister of Internal Affairs P. N. Durnovo, Moscow Governor-General F. V. Dubasov, priest G. A. Gapon, and others.

RSDLP

The combat technical group under the Central Committee of the RSDLP (b), headed by L. B. Krasin, was the central combat organization of the Bolsheviks. The group carried out mass deliveries of weapons to Russia, supervised the creation, training and arming of combat squads that participated in the uprisings.

The Military Technical Bureau of the Moscow Committee of the RSDLP is the Moscow military organization of the Bolsheviks. It included P.K. Sternberg. The bureau led the Bolshevik combat detachments during the Moscow uprising.

Other revolutionary organizations

• Polish Socialist Party (PPS). In 1906 alone, PPS militants killed and wounded about 1,000 people. One of the major actions was the Bezdan robbery of 1908.
• General Jewish Workers Union of Lithuania, Poland and Russia
• Socialist Jewish Workers' Party
• Dashnaktsutyun is an Armenian revolutionary-nationalist party. During the revolution, she actively participated in the Armenian-Azerbaijani massacre of 1905-1906. The Dashnaks killed quite a few administrative and private persons objectionable to the Armenians: General Alikhanov, governors: Nakashidze and Andreev, colonels Bykov, Sakharov. The revolutionaries blamed the tsarist authorities for fanning the conflict between Armenians and Azerbaijanis.
• Armenian Social Democratic Organization "Hunchak"
• Georgian National Democrats
• Latvian forest brothers. In the province of Courland in January-November 1906, up to 400 actions were carried out: representatives of the authorities were killed, police stations were attacked, and landowners' estates were burned.
• Latvian Social Democratic Labor Party
• Belarusian socialist community
• Finnish Active Resistance Party
• Jewish Social Democratic Party Poalei Zion
• Federation of Anarchists "Bread and Freedom"
• Federation of Anarchists "Black Banner"
• Anarchist Federation "Beznachalie"

Display in fiction

• Leonid Andreev's story "The Story of the Seven Hanged Men" (1908). The story is based on real events - hanging on Fox
• Nose, near St. Petersburg February 17, 1908 (old style) 7 members of the Flying Combat Detachment of the Northern Region of the Socialist Revolutionary Party
• Article by Leo Tolstoy "I can't be silent!" (1908) on government repression and revolutionary terror
• Sat. stories by Vlas Doroshevich "Whirlwind and other works of recent times"
• Poem by Konstantin Balmont "Our Tsar" (1907). The famous accusatory poem.
• Boris Pasternak's poem "The Nine Hundred and Fifth Year" (1926-27)
• Boris Vasiliev's novel "And there was evening and there was morning" ISBN 978-5-17-064479-7
• Stories by Yevgeny Zamyatin "Unlucky" and "Three days"
• Varshavyanka - a revolutionary song that became widely known in 1905

The revolution of 1905 is also called the First Russian Revolution. It was spawned by numerous social problems, the economic crisis and the dissatisfaction of the people with the defeat in the Russo-Japanese War. The revolution was of a bourgeois-democratic nature, the rebels demanded greater participation of the population in governing the country, limiting autocracy, increasing land allotments and reducing the length of the working day.

Causes of the First Russian Revolution

The prerequisites for a series of rallies and riots were the following problems:

• Falling living standards of the peasantry. From 1860 to 1900 the number of peasants doubled, and the average yield increased by 35%. Productivity per person has fallen despite gradual improvements in agricultural practices. Most peasants considered the distribution of arable land to be unfair, most of which still belonged to the landowners.
• Poor working conditions in industrial enterprises. Factory and factory workers worked 11 hours a day. Wages fluctuated throughout the year: decreased in winter and increased in summer, which made the financial situation of employees less stable. Sanitary and hygienic conditions left much to be desired.
• Lack of political rights and freedoms for most subjects of the empire. The country was led by an autocratic monarch with ministers, the government did not report to the citizens, people had no legal way to influence the decisions of the government.
• A shameful defeat in the Russo-Japanese War. Military failures undermined the international and domestic authority of the leadership of the empire.
• Outbreaks of nationalism in the outskirts. Many representatives of the non-Russian population were dissatisfied with the dependent position of their peoples and desired greater political and economic autonomy. In a number of cases, this was aggravated by enmity with the neighboring ethnic group that was part of the Russian Empire on the basis of religion, blood feud, etc.

Chronology of events

January 3 workers began to strike at the Putilov factory, the reason was the unfair dismissal of four people. The strike was organized by the "Meeting of Russian Factory Workers", the participants of which were the victims. The head of this organization was Pope Gapon. The strikers drew up a petition addressed to the tsar, in which they demanded:

• Release from prisons of all those who got there for their political and religious beliefs, as well as upholding labor rights.
• Proclamation of freedom of conscience, speech, religion. Ensuring the protection of the inviolability of the individual, ending censorship of printed publications.
• Free education for all groups of the population.
• Equality before the law and responsibility of officials to the people.

January 9 organized groups of workers moved to the government buildings of St. Petersburg. In total there were about 150 thousand people. The government knew about the intentions of the protesters and decided to block their passage to the city center. The demands of the military to stop the protesters ignored. The soldiers used their weapons. As a result, about 100 people died and 200-800 were injured. This event is now known as Bloody Sunday.

The shooting of the demonstration led to mass strikes throughout the country. The head of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, P. D. Svyatopolk-Mirsky, was dismissed, and A. G. Bulygin was appointed in his place. 18th of Febuary an act on the convocation of the State Duma is published.

Demonstrations do not stop, uprisings break out on the outskirts. The largest ones are in Poland and the Baltic States. In June, a significant event takes place - mutiny on the battleship "Potemkin"". The sailors shot the commander and part of the officers, after which they sailed to Romania. The government issues a decree forcing industrialists to raise wages in factories and plants.

Since 5 to 17 October happen All-Russian political strike. The railway communication, post office, telegraph stops, almost all large factories stop working. On the 14th, the police receive an order to violently suppress the riots. A 17 the king signed manifesto "On the improvement of the state order”, significantly increasing the personal and political rights of the citizens of the empire. There are many political parties.

In November-December, those who continue to protest are arrested by the police. Armed rebellions are suppressed by government troops. Battles take place in the cities: Moscow, Vladivostok, Nizhny Novgorod, Kharkov, Krasnoyarsk, etc.

In 1906-1907 the number of riots and strikes was sharply reduced. The government publishes an updated code of laws. Peasants are allowed to receive land for personal use upon leaving the community. July 3, 1907 the emperor dissolves the Duma and adopts a new electoral law.

The results of the revolution of 1905–1907

As a result of the First Russian Revolution, the political situation within the country changed significantly. Appeared new law edative organ, The State Duma, where representatives of many opposition parties of both liberal and socialist persuasion got. The king's power was limited.

In plants and factories shortened working day work has become better paid. The struggle for rights has led to the emergence of laws that protect ordinary employees of firms from arbitrariness on the part of management. For peasants canceled redemption payments, they were allowed to leave the community and take the land into private ownership.

The changes led to the growth of the influence of the bourgeoisie and involvement in capitalist relations more of people. The moral and psychological situation has changed, illusions about a good tsar began to wane, revolutionary personalities realized the effectiveness of violence and gained political and combat experience.

The results of the revolution did not fully suit any part of society. The demand for further reforms was great, and the authorities did not want further concessions.

The emergence of the Russian parliament took place in Russia in specific conditions and had its own characteristics:

• belated folding of the system of parliamentarism compared to that in Western Europe (in England in 1265, in France in 1302)
• the prerequisites for the folding of the parliament in Russia was the development of the zemstvo movement and the emergence of the so-called liberal zemstvo
• the beginning of the formation of the party system of Russia
• the development of revolutionary events and failures in foreign policy (defeat in the Russo-Japanese war) forced the autocracy to make decisions on the renewal of the monarchy

The development of a draft law on the establishment of the State Duma was entrusted to the Minister of Internal Affairs A. G. Bulygin. In July 1905, he presented a project for the creation of a supreme legislative advisory body (the so-called Bulygin Duma).

It was envisaged that the Duma would discuss laws, estimates of ministries and main departments, state revenues and expenditures, and cases of building railways. The procedure for elections to the Duma was established: by provinces and regions and big cities. Elections in the outskirts were to be carried out on the basis of special rules. The government's political maneuver was designed to attract monarchist and conservative forces, and above all the peasantry. The high electoral qualification deprived the workers, a significant part of the urban population, landless peasants and farm laborers of the right to participate in elections. However, the Bulygin Duma was boycotted by the vast majority of the Russian population. The revolution spread in breadth and depth, involving new detachments of working people in the struggle, penetrated into the army and navy, and by the autumn of 1905 reached its climax.

The complex and contradictory nature of the socio-economic and political development country led to the emergence of a revolutionary crisis.

Causes of the Revolution

1. economic:

• the contradiction between the capitalist modernization that began in the country and the preservation of pre-capitalist forms of economy (landownership, community, lack of land, agrarian overpopulation, handicraft industry);
• the global economic crisis of the early 20th century, which had a particularly severe impact on the Russian economy

2. social:

a complex of contradictions that have developed in society both as a result of the development of capitalism and as a result of its immaturity

3. political:

• crisis of the "tops", the struggle between the reformist and reactionary lines in the government, failures in the Russo-Japanese war, the activation of leftist forces in the country
• exacerbation of the socio-political situation in the country due to the defeat in the Russo-Japanese war of 1904-1905.

4. national:

• complete political powerlessness, lack of democratic freedoms and high degree exploitation of the working people of all nations

The alignment of socio-political forces on the eve of the revolution was represented by three main areas:

conservative, government direction

The basis is a significant part of the nobility and higher officials. There were several currents - from reactionary to moderate or liberal conservative (from K. P. Pobedonostsev to P. D. Svyatopolk-Mirsky).

The program is the preservation of the autocratic monarchy in Russia, the creation of a representative body with legislative advisory functions, the protection of the economic and political interests of the nobility, the expansion of the social support of the autocracy at the expense of the big bourgeoisie and the peasantry. The authorities were ready to go for reforms, but waited, hesitated, could not choose a specific model;

liberal direction

The basis is the nobility and the bourgeoisie, as well as part of the intelligentsia (professors, lawyers). There were liberal-conservative and moderate-liberal currents. The main organizations were the “Union of Zemstvo-Constitutionalists” by I. I. Petrunkevich and the “Union of Liberation” by P. B. Struve.

The program is to ensure democratic rights and freedoms, the abolition of the political monopoly of the nobility, dialogue with the authorities and the implementation of reforms "from above";

radical democratic direction

The basis is the radical intelligentsia, which sought to express the interests of the working class and the peasantry. The main parties were the Socialist Revolutionary Party (AKP) and the RSDLP.

The program is the abolition of the autocracy and landlordism, the convocation of the Constituent Assembly, the proclamation of a Democratic Republic, the solution of the agrarian, workers' and national Polls by radical democratic means. They defended the revolutionary Model of transformations "from below".

Tasks of the revolution

• the overthrow of the autocracy and the establishment of a democratic republic
• liquidation of class inequality
• introduction of freedom of speech, assembly, parties and associations
• the abolition of landownership and the allocation of land to the peasants
• reduction of the working day to 8 hours
• recognition of the right of workers to strike and the creation of trade unions
• establishing the equality of the peoples of Russia

In the implementation of these tasks were interested in the broad sections of the population. The revolution was attended by: most of the middle and petty bourgeoisie, the intelligentsia, workers, peasants, soldiers, sailors. In the end, it was nationwide in terms of goals and composition of participants and had a bourgeois-democratic character. The revolution lasted 2.5 years (from January 9, 1905 to June 3, 1907). Two lines can be distinguished in the development of the revolution, ascending and descending.

The ascending line (January - December 1905) - the growth of the revolutionary wave, the radicalization of demands, the mass nature of revolutionary actions. The range of forces advocating the development of the revolution is extremely wide - from liberals to radicals.

Main events: Bloody Sunday January 9 (Gapon, a petition from a documentary book) - the execution of a workers' demonstration in St. Petersburg; January-February - a wave of the strike movement in the country, the activation of the Social Revolutionary terror; May - formation of the first workers' council in Ivanovo-Voznesensk; spring-summer - activation of the peasant movement, "fire epidemic", 1st congress of the All-Russian Peasant Union, the beginning of performances in the army and navy (June - uprising on the battleship Potemkin); autumn - the peak of the revolution: the All-Russian October political strike, the adoption of the tsar's Manifesto on October 17 (democratic rights and freedoms are proclaimed in Russia, elections to the State Duma are guaranteed), liberals who form their own political parties (cadets and Octobrists) are moving to open criticism of the authorities. After October 17, the liberals move away from the revolution and enter into a dialogue with the authorities. Left radical forces, not satisfied with the Manifesto, are trying to ensure the further development of the revolution. But the balance of power in the country is already taking shape in favor of the authorities. The December armed uprising in Moscow was defeated, led to bloodshed, and was recognized by many revolutionaries as premature.

The descending line of the revolution (1906 – June 3, 1907) – the authorities take the initiative into their own hands. In the spring, the "Basic State Laws" are adopted, fixing the change in the political system (Russia is being transformed into a "Duma" monarchy), elections are held for the I and II State Dumas. But the dialogue between the authorities and society turned out to be unproductive. The Duma actually did not receive legislative powers.

On June 3, 1907, with the dissolution of the Second Duma and the publication of a new electoral law, the revolution ends.

The revolution forced Nicholas II to sign on October 17 the Manifesto "On the improvement of the state order", proclaiming:

• granting freedom of speech, conscience, assembly and association
• involvement of the general population in the elections
• obligatory procedure for approval by the State Duma of all issued laws

Numerous political parties arise and legalize in the country, formulating in their programs the requirements and ways of political transformation of the existing system and participating in elections to the Duma, the Manifesto laid the foundation for the formation of parliamentarism in Russia. This was a new step towards the transformation of the feudal monarchy into a bourgeois one. According to the Manifesto, the State Duma was characterized by certain features of the parliament. This is evidenced by the possibility of an open discussion of state issues, the need to send various requests to the Council of Ministers, and to make attempts to declare no confidence in the government. The next step was to change the electoral law. Under the new law of December 1905, four electoral curia were approved: from the landowners, the urban population, peasants and workers. Women, soldiers, sailors, students, landless peasants, laborers and some "foreigners" were deprived of the right to choose. The government, which continued to hope that the peasantry would be the backbone of the autocracy, provided it with 45% of all seats in the Duma. Members of the State Duma were elected for a term of 5 years. According to the Manifesto of October 17, the State Duma was established as a legislative body, although tsarism tried to evade this principle. The jurisdiction of the Duma was to include issues that require a legislative solution: the state list of income and expenses; state control report on the use of the state list; cases on alienation of property; cases on the construction of railways by the state; cases on the establishment of companies on shares. The State Duma had the right to request the government about illegal actions committed by ministers or chief executives. The Duma could not start a session on its own initiative, but was convened by decrees of the tsar.

On October 19, 1905, a decree was published on measures aimed at strengthening unity in the activities of ministries and main departments. In accordance with the decree, the Council of Ministers was reorganized, which was now entrusted with the leadership and unification of the actions of the chief heads of departments on management and legislation.

The meaning of the revolution

• the revolution changed the political situation in Russia: constitutional documents appeared (the Manifesto on October 17 and the "Basic State Laws", the first parliament was formed - the State Duma, the composition and functions of the State Council changed, legal political parties and trade unions were formed, the democratic press was developed)
• some limitation of autocracy (temporary) was achieved, although the possibility of making legislative decisions and all the fullness of executive power remained
• the socio-political situation of Russian citizens has changed: democratic freedoms have been introduced, censorship has been abolished, it is allowed to organize trade unions and political parties (temporarily)
• the bourgeoisie received a wide opportunity to participate in the political life of the country
• the material and legal situation of the working people has improved: in a number of branches of industry, wage and reduced working hours
• peasants achieved the abolition of redemption payments
• during the revolution, the prerequisites for agrarian reform were created, which contributed to further development bourgeois relations in the countryside
• the revolution changed the moral and psychological situation in the country: tsarist illusions in the countryside waned, unrest swept through part of the army and navy, the masses felt themselves subjects of history, the revolutionary forces accumulated significant experience in the struggle, including realizing the effective role of violence

Outcome

The end of the revolution led to the establishment of temporary internal political stabilization in the country. This time the authorities managed to take the situation under control and suppress the revolutionary wave. At the same time, the agrarian question remained unresolved, many feudal vestiges and privileges remained. As a bourgeois revolution, the revolution of 1905 did not fulfill all its tasks, it remained unfinished.

The prerequisites for the revolution were formed for decades, but when capitalism in Russia passed into the highest stage (imperialism), social contradictions escalated to the limit, resulting in the events of the first Russian revolution of 1905-1907.

Causes of the first Russian revolution

At the beginning of the 20th century, a noticeable decline began to be observed in the Russian economy. This resulted in increased public debts, which also led to a breakdown in monetary circulation. Oil in the fire added and crop failure. All these circumstances have shown the need to modernize the existing authorities.

After the abolition of serfdom, representatives of the most numerous class received freedom. Integration into existing realities required the emergence of new social institutions which were never created. The political reason was also the absolute power of the emperor, who was considered incapable of ruling the country alone.

The Russian peasantry gradually accumulated dissatisfaction due to the constant reduction of land allotments, which justified their demands for the provision of land from the authorities.

Dissatisfaction with the authorities grew after military failures and defeat in the Russo-Japanese War, and the low standard of living of the Russian proletariat and peasantry was expressed in dissatisfaction with a small number of civil liberties. In Russia by 1905 there was no freedom of speech, press, inviolability of the person and equality of everyone before the laws.

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In Russia there was a multinational and multi-confessional composition, however, the rights of many small peoples were infringed, which caused periodic popular unrest.

Difficult working conditions at plants and factories caused discontent among the proletariat.

The course of the revolution

Historians divide the First Russian Revolution into three stages, which are reflected in the table:

The peculiarity of the revolution was its bourgeois-democratic character. This is reflected in its goals and objectives, which included the limitation of autocracy and the final destruction of serfdom.
The tasks of the revolution also included:

• creation of democratic foundations - political parties, freedom of speech, press, etc.;
• reduction of the working day to 8 hours;
• establishment of equality of the peoples of Russia.

These requirements covered not one estate, but the entire population of the Russian Empire.

First stage

On January 3, 1905, the workers of the Putilov factory began a strike due to the dismissal of several workers, which was supported by large factories in St. Petersburg. The strike was headed by the “Assembly of Russian factory workers of the city of St. Petersburg”, headed by priest Gapon. In a short time, a petition was drawn up, which they decided to hand over personally to the emperor.
It consisted of five items:

• The release of all those who suffered for strikes, religious or political beliefs.
• Declaration of freedom of the press, assembly, speech, conscience, religion and personal integrity.
• Equality of all before the law.
• Compulsory free education for all citizens.
• Responsibility of ministers to the people.

On January 9, a procession was organized to the Winter Palace. Probably, the procession of the 140,000-strong crowd was perceived as revolutionary, and the ensuing provocation prompted the tsarist troops to open fire on the demonstrators. This event went down in history as "Bloody Sunday".

Rice. 1. Bloody Sunday.

On March 19, Nicholas II spoke to the proletariat. The king noted that he would grant forgiveness to the protesters. However, they themselves are to blame for the execution, and if such demonstrations are repeated, the executions will be repeated.

From February to March, a chain of peasant riots begins, occupying approximately 15-20% of the country's territory, which began to be accompanied by unrest in the army and navy.

An important episode of the revolution was the mutiny on the cruiser "Prince Potemkin Tauride" on June 14, 1905. In 1925, director S. Ezeinstein will make a film about this event called Battleship Potemkin.

Rice. 2. Film.

Second phase

On September 19, the Moscow press put forward demands for economic change, which were supported by factories and railroad workers. As a result, a major strike began in Russia, which lasted until 1907. More than 2 million people took part in it. Soviets of workers' deputies began to form in the cities. A wave of protests was picked up by banks, pharmacies, shops. For the first time, the slogan "Down with autocracy" and "Long live the republic" was sounded.

April 27, 1906 is considered the date of the beginning of parliamentarism. Satisfying the demands of the people, the first work in Russian history The State Duma.

Third stage

Unable to stop and overcome revolutionary activity, Nicholas II could only accept the demands of the protesters.

Rice. 3. Portrait of Nicholas II.

On April 23, 1906, the main code of laws was drawn up Russian Empire, which was amended according to revolutionary requirements.

On November 9, 1906, the Emperor signed a decree allowing peasants to receive land for personal use after leaving the community.

June 3, 1907 - the date of the end of the revolution. Nicholas II hung up a manifesto on the dissolution of the Duma and the adoption of a new law on elections to the State Duma.

The results of the revolution can be called intermediate. There were no global changes in the country. Other than the reform of the political system, there was no solution to other issues. Historical meaning this revolution was that it became a dress rehearsal for another, more powerful revolution.

What have we learned?

Speaking briefly about the First Russian Revolution in an article on history (Grade 11), it should be noted that it showed all the shortcomings and mistakes of the tsarist government and gave a chance to solve them. But for 10 years, most of the unresolved issues remained hanging in the air, which led to February 1917.

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Chronology

• January 9, 1905 "Bloody Sunday"
• May 1905 Formation of the first Soviet of Workers' Deputies in Ivanovo-Voznesensk
• October 1905 All-Russian October political strike
• October 17, 1905 Publication of the Manifesto “On the improvement of the state order”
• 1905 October Founding of the “Constitutional Democratic Party”
• 1905, November Establishment of the party "Union of October 17"
• Creation of the party "Union of the Russian people"
• 1906, April-June Activities of the First State Duma
• 1907, February-June Activities of the II State Duma
• June 3, 1907 Dispersal of the II State Duma
• 1907 - 1912 Activities of the III State Duma
• 1912 - 1917 Activities of the IV State Duma

First Russian Revolution (1905-1907)

Early 20th century for Russia it was stormy and difficult. In the context of the impending revolution, the government sought to preserve the existing system without any political changes. The nobility, the army, the Cossacks, the police, an extensive bureaucratic apparatus, and the church continued to remain the main socio-political support of the autocracy. The government used the age-old illusions of the masses, their religiosity, political obscurity. However, there have also been innovations. The government camp was heterogeneous. If rights sought to block all attempts at reform, defended unlimited autocracy, advocated the suppression of revolutionary uprisings, then in the government camp appeared and liberals, who understood the need to expand and strengthen the socio-political base of the monarchy, the union of the nobility with the top of the commercial and industrial bourgeoisie.

liberal camp formed at the beginning of the twentieth century. Its formation proceeded slowly due to the fact that the representatives of the bourgeoisie firmly stood on loyal positions, defiantly avoided political activity. 1905 was a turning point, but even at that time the Russian bourgeoisie was not particularly radical.

The liberals stepped up their activities on the eve of the revolution of 1905. They created their own illegal organizations: “ Union of Zemstvo-Constitutionalists" And " Liberation Union”.

The real fact of the prevailing liberal opposition to the autocracy was 1 zemstvo congress, opened November 6, 1904 in St. Petersburg. It adopted a program that reflected the main provisions of the programs of the Osvobozhdeniye and Zemstvo-constitutionalists. The congress was followed by the so-called “ banquet campaign”, organized by the Union of Liberation. The culmination of this campaign was a banquet held in the capital on the anniversary of the Decembrist uprising of 1825, at which 800 participants proclaimed the need for the immediate convocation of the Constituent Assembly.

The inglorious defeat on land and sea in the military conflict with Japan heated up the situation in Russian society, was a catalyst that accelerated the emergence of the revolution. Causes of the revolutionary explosion- the unresolved agrarian question, the preservation of landownership, a high degree of exploitation of the working people of all nations, an autocratic system, the absence of democratic freedoms. The accumulated social protest broke out, uniting various sections of the Russian population under a single slogan “ Down with autocracy!”.

The first stage of the revolution

Chronological framework the first Russian revolution January 9, 1905 - June 3, 1907"Bloody Sunday" became the starting point of the revolution.

On January 3, 1905, 12,000 workers at the Putilov factory stopped work in protest against the dismissal of four comrades. The strike spread to all enterprises in St. Petersburg. During the strikes, the workers decided to petition the tsar. The petition was drawn up by a headed priest Gapon Society of factory workers in St. Petersburg and received 150 thousand signatures. It was an amazing mixture of harsh demands (convening a Constituent Assembly, ending the war with Japan, etc.) and mystical blind faith in an almighty tsar.

In the morning January 9 the flow of people rushed to the Winter Palace, left by Nicholas II on January 6th. The workers were met with rifle shots. On Bloody Sunday, faith in the tsar was shot.

The news of the execution of workers in St. Petersburg caused a huge number of strikes in the country. In January 1905 alone, 440,000 workers went on strike. During the first third of 1905, 810,000 people were already on strike. In a number of cases, strikes and demonstrations were accompanied by clashes with the police and regular troops. In the course of the revolution, the proletariat created its own democratic organs for the leadership of the revolutionary struggle— Soviets of Workers' Deputies. The first Council arose in May 1905 during a strike in Ivanovo-Voznesensk.

In the spring of 1905, unrest spread to the village. Three large centers of the revolutionary movement of the peasants emerged - the Chernozem region, the western regions (Poland, the Baltic provinces) and Georgia. As a result of these performances, more than 2 thousand landowners' estates were destroyed.

flared up in June insurrection on the most modern vessel of the Russian Black Sea Fleet “Prince Potemkin-Tauride". Thus, the army also joined the revolution as an opposition force.

August 6, 1905 Nicholas II signed a decree establishing State Duma, which would be engaged in “preliminary development of laws”. This project sparked outrage. Bulygin Duma(by the name of the Minister of the Interior), because he limited the electoral rights of the population to a high estate and property qualification.

The second stage of the revolution

In autumn, the first stage of the revolution ends, which was characterized by the expansion of the revolution in depth and breadth, and the second stage begins. October - December 1905 - the highest rise of the revolution.

The economic strike of printers, which began in Moscow on September 19, soon turned into a nationwide strike. massive political strike. In early October, the Moscow railway junction joined the strike movement, which was a decisive factor in the spread of strikes throughout the country. The strike covered 120 cities of Russia. It was attended by 1.5 million workers and railway workers, 200 thousand officials and employees of state institutions, about 500 thousand representatives of the democratic strata of the city, at the same time, about 220 peasant demonstrations took place in the village. Trotsky, one of the leaders of the Social Democracy, later wrote about this event: knocked down absolutism”.

Count Witte presented the Tsar with a program of urgent reforms, and on October 13, 1905, he became Chairman of the Council of Ministers. Count Witte accepted this post from the emperor on the condition of approval of his program for improving the state order. This program was the basis of the famous Manifesta October 17. It should be emphasized that the concessions that tsarism made when issuing this manifesto were largely determined not by the desire to follow the path of reforms and transformations, but by the desire to extinguish the revolutionary fire. Only under the pressure of events, which it was no longer possible to contain by means of suppression and terror, did Nicholas II come to terms with the new situation in the country and choose the path of evolution towards the rule of law.

In the Manifesto, the tsar made promises to the Russian people:

1. Grant freedom of the individual, speech, freedom to create organizations;
2. Not to postpone the elections to the State Duma, in which all estates must participate (and the Duma will subsequently work out the principle of general elections);
3. No law shall be adopted without the consent of the Duma.

Many questions remained unresolved: how exactly the autocracy and the Duma would be combined, what were the powers of the Duma. The question of a constitution was not raised at all in the Manifesto.

The forced concessions of tsarism, however, did not weaken the intensity of the social struggle in society. The conflict between the autocracy and the conservatives supporting it, on the one hand, and revolutionary-minded workers and peasants, on the other, is deepening. Between these two fires were the liberals, in whose ranks there was no unity. On the contrary, after the publication of the Manifesto on October 17, 1905, the forces in the liberal camp became even more polarized.

This document was highly appreciated in moderate liberal circles, who immediately expressed their readiness to cooperate with the government and support it in the fight against the revolution. The leader of the radical wing, P.N. Milyukov, having received news of the manifesto, in Moscow in a literary circle delivered an inspirational speech with a glass of champagne: "Nothing has changed, the war continues."

Political parties in the revolution

liberal camp

The process of institutionalization of the liberal parties begins. Even during the All-Russian political strike on October 12, the liberal bourgeoisie convened its congress. Everything was ready for the proclamation Constitutional Democratic Party. But they did not want to create an illegal party, and therefore they dragged out the congress. When the manifesto appeared on October 17, the party was already proclaimed on October 18. The congress adopted the program, chartered, elected a provisional Central Committee. And in November 1905, a Octobrist Party(“Union October 17”). These are the two most numerous liberal parties, brought to life by the first revolution in Russia. By the winter of 1906, the number of the Cadet Party was 50-60 thousand people, the "Union of October 17" - 70-80 thousand people.

The social composition of the parties was far from homogeneous. Representatives of different social groups united here. The motives that guided people who joined the Kadets or Octobrists were very diverse.

To the party cadets included color intelligentsia, but in the central and local organizations there were also large landowners, and merchants, and bank employees, and prominent entrepreneurs of that time. There were 11 large landowners in the central committee of the party. The most famous surnames in Russia: F.A. Golovin - vowel of the county and provincial zemstvos, chairman of the II State Duma; Prince Pavel Dmitrievich Dolgorukov - district marshal of the nobility; N.N. Lvov - county marshal of the nobility, honorary magistrate, deputy of four dumas; DI. Shakhovskoy - district leader of the nobility, secretary of the First Duma.

The intelligentsia was represented by well-known scientists, such as the historian P.N. Milyukov, Academician V.I. Vernadsky, famous lawyers S.N. Muromtsev, V.M. Gessen, S.A. Kotlyarevsky. The Central Committee of the Constitutional Democratic Party consisted of at least one third of lawyers. party leader and her main ideologue P.N. Milyukov.

The Cadets considered the main method of struggle to be the legal struggle for political freedoms and reforms through the Duma. They raised questions about convening a Constituent Assembly, about the need to adopt a Constitution. Their political ideal was parliamentary monarchy. They proclaimed the idea of ​​separating the legislative, executive and judicial powers. The Cadets demanded a reform of local self-government, recognized the right to form a trade union, freedom of strikes, meetings, but did not recognize the people's right to self-determination, they believed that they could limit themselves only to the right to free cultural self-determination. They denied the social revolution, but believed that the political revolution could be caused by the "unreasonable" policy of the government.

Member of the governing bodies Octobrists Zemstvo figures played a particularly prominent role: D.N. Shipov- a prominent zemstvo figure, led the party in 1905.; Count D.A. Olsufiev - a large landowner, member of the State Council; Baron P.L. Korf - Comrade Chairman of the Central Committee of the "Union of October 17"; ON THE. Khomyakov - provincial marshal of the nobility (in the future chairman of the III State Duma); Prince P.P. Golitsyn is a member of the State Council. Even Rudolf Vladimirovich von Freiman, manager of affairs of His Imperial Majesty's office for the acceptance of petitions, joined the Octobrist party.

As for the representatives of the intelligentsia, figures of science and culture, among them were: the popular lawyer F.N. Plevako; IN AND. Guerrier - professor world history Moscow University; B.A. Suvorin is the editor of the Evening Time newspaper.

And of course, social support of the Octobrist party were, first of all, representatives of the big commercial and industrial bourgeoisie. In this sense, the Union of October 17 was much more bourgeois than the Kadet Party, which was based mainly on broad strata of the intelligentsia. Many bankers and industrialists became Octobrists, for example, the brothers Vladimir and Pavel Ryabushinsky, owners of a banking house and manufactories; A.A. Knoop - Chairman of the Moscow Bank; A.I. Guchkov (future chairman of the III State Duma), leader of the Octobrist Party in 1906.; his brothers, Konstantin, Nikolai and Fedor, who owned commercial banks in Moscow, tea trade, sugar beet factories, and publications of books and newspapers; M.V. Zhivago is the director of the Lensky gold mining association.

The Octobrists considered their goal to be to assist the government, following the path of reforms aimed at updating social order. They rejected the ideas of revolution and were supporters of slow reforms. Their political program was conservative. Opposing parliamentarism, they defended principle of hereditary constitutional monarchy with the Legislative State Duma. The Octobrists were supporters of a united and indivisible Russia (with the exception of Finland), the preservation of property, educational qualifications, settled residence to participate in elections to the State Duma, local self-government, court.

Conservative camp in the revolution

IN November 1905 the main landowner-monarchist party arose " Union of the Russian people". Nicholas II called this Union "a reliable support of law and order in our fatherland." The most prominent figures of the Union were Dr. A.I. Dubrovin (chairman), Bessarabian landowner V.M. Purishkevich, Kursk landowner N.E. Markov. Among the rather extensive network of the government camp, it should be noted such as the "Union of Russian People", "Russian Monarchist Party", "Society for Active Struggle against the Revolution", "People's Monarchist Party", "Union of Russian Orthodox People". These organizations were called Black Hundreds. Their programs were based on the inviolability of the autocracy, the privileged position Orthodox Church, great-power chauvinism and anti-Semitism. In order to win the workers and peasants over to their side, they advocated state insurance for workers, a reduction in the working day, cheap credit, and assistance to the migrant peasants. By the end of 1907, the Black Hundreds, primarily the Union of the Russian People, operated in 66 provinces and regions, and the total number of their members was more than 400 thousand people.

revolutionary camp

The leading parties of the revolutionary-democratic camp are Russian Social Democratic Labor Party (RSDLP) and the Party of Socialist Revolutionaries (SRs).

Held in Minsk V March 1898 I Congress of the RSDLP only proclaimed the creation of the RSDLP. Having neither a program nor a charter, the party existed and acted separately, in the form of separate organizational circles not connected with each other. After big preparatory work of the Russian Social Democrats, who held out in total for more than 5 years, the Second Congress of the RSDLP was prepared. The congress took place in July-August 1903 in Brussels, and then in London, and was essentially of a constituent nature. The main task of the congress is the adoption of the Program and Rules of the Party.

The party program consisted of two parts: minimum programs and maximum programs. Minimum program considered the immediate political tasks: the bourgeois-democratic revolution, which was supposed to overthrow the autocracy, establish a republic. Three groups of issues were identified to be resolved after the implementation of the immediate political tasks: 1) political demands(equal and universal suffrage, freedom of speech, conscience, press, assembly and association, election of judges, separation of church and state, equality of all citizens, the right of nations to self-determination, the destruction of estates); 2) economic demands of workers (8-hour working day, improvement of the economic and housing situation, etc.); 3) agricultural demands (the abolition of redemption and quitrent payments, the return of land taken from the peasants during the reform of 1861, the establishment of peasant committees). Maximum program defined the ultimate goal of social democracy: social revolution, establishing dictatorship of the proletariat for the socialist reconstruction of society.

At the II Congress of the RSDLP, it was also adopted charter fixing the organizational structure of the party, the rights and obligations of its members.

Party of Social Revolutionaries organizationally took shape in 1901 as an illegal one, the basis of which were former populists. The Social Revolutionaries (SRs) fully accepted the populist ideology, supplementing it with new ideas of the left-wing radical bourgeois-democratic strata Russian society. In general, the party was formed from disparate populist groups with various political overtones.

The third stage of the revolution. The State Duma is the first experience of Russian parliamentarism

At the height of the December armed uprising in Moscow, the government issued a decree “On changing the situation on elections to the State Duma” and announced preparations for elections.

This act allowed the government to reduce the intensity of revolutionary passions. January 1906 - June 3, 1907 - the third stage of the revolution, its retreat, decline. Center of gravity in social movement moves to State Duma- the first representative legislative institution in Russia. This is the most important political result of the events of 1905.

The State Duma existed for about 12 years, until the fall of the autocracy, and had four convocations. In the elections in I Duma in 1906 legal political parties formed in the country took part. The election was won by the left-liberal constitutional-democratic party (the Cadets), which won the majority of seats in the Russian parliament. Chairman became a member of the Central Committee of the Cadet Party, professor-lawyer S.A. Muromtsev.

Elections were held according to the class-curial principle: 1 elector from 2 thousand landowners, 1 from 4 thousand city owners, 1 from 30 thousand peasants and 1 from 90 thousand workers. A total of 524 deputies were elected. The socialist parties boycotted the elections to the First Duma, so the victory of the Kadet party (more than 1/3 of the seats), as the most radical of those participating in the elections, turned out to be inevitable. The victory of the Kadet Party became one of the main reasons for Witte's resignation. The head of the government, I.L. Goremykin categorically rejected all the demands put forward by the radical deputies: general elections, agrarian reform, universal free education, the abolition of the death penalty, and so on. As a result, on July 9, 1906, the Duma was dissolved. The new Prime Minister P.A. Stolypin had to subdue the opposition and pacify the revolution.

During the elections in II State Duma in February 1907(revolutionary parties also took part in them) the composition of the deputies turned out to be even more unacceptable for the government (about 100 deputies - socialists, 100 Cadets, 100 Trudoviks, 19 Octobrists and 33 monarchists). As a result, the Second Duma turned out to be even more left-wing than the First Duma. The main struggle was on the agrarian issue, the peasant deputies opposed the agrarian program of the government, developed by Stolypin.

In the midst of the recession of the revolution July 3, 1907 The Social Democratic faction of the Second State Duma was arrested on charges of plotting a coup. Herself The Duma was dissolved and announced a new electoral law. Thus, the autocracy violated the provision formulated by the Manifesto of October 17 that no new law is valid without the approval of the Duma. Even Nicholas II called the new electoral law "shameless." This situation in the political history of Russia is called " Third of June coup". He put an end to the revolution.

III State Duma was elected after the suppression of the revolution and became the first to serve the entire prescribed five-year term. Of the 442 seats, 146 were occupied by the right, 155 by the Octobrists, 108 by the Cadets, and only 20 by the Social Democrats. The Union of October 17 became the center of the Duma, and N.A. Khomyakov, then A.I. Guchkov.

In 1912 - 1917. worked IV State Duma(Chairman - Octobrist M.V. Rodzianko).